WO2007135984A1 - 電子写真感光体及び導電性基体の製造方法、並びに、画像形成装置及び電子写真カートリッジ - Google Patents
電子写真感光体及び導電性基体の製造方法、並びに、画像形成装置及び電子写真カートリッジ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2007135984A1 WO2007135984A1 PCT/JP2007/060219 JP2007060219W WO2007135984A1 WO 2007135984 A1 WO2007135984 A1 WO 2007135984A1 JP 2007060219 W JP2007060219 W JP 2007060219W WO 2007135984 A1 WO2007135984 A1 WO 2007135984A1
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- conductive substrate
- undercoat layer
- electrophotographic photosensitive
- photosensitive member
- metal oxide
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/75—Details relating to xerographic drum, band or plate, e.g. replacing, testing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/05—Organic bonding materials; Methods for coating a substrate with a photoconductive layer; Inert supplements for use in photoconductive layers
- G03G5/0528—Macromolecular bonding materials
- G03G5/0557—Macromolecular bonding materials obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsatured bonds
- G03G5/0564—Polycarbonates
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
- G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
- G03G5/0601—Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds
- G03G5/0612—Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds containing nitrogen
- G03G5/0616—Hydrazines; Hydrazones
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/10—Bases for charge-receiving or other layers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
- G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
- G03G5/142—Inert intermediate layers
- G03G5/144—Inert intermediate layers comprising inorganic material
Definitions
- Electrophotographic photosensitive member method for producing conductive substrate, image forming apparatus, and electrophotographic cartridge
- the present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a method for producing a conductive substrate used therefor, an image forming apparatus using the same, and an electrophotographic cartridge.
- Electrophotographic photoreceptors (hereinafter referred to simply as “photoreceptors”), which are the core of electrophotographic technology, have less pollution and are easier to manufacture as photoconductive materials than inorganic photoconductive materials.
- An organic photoreceptor using an organic photoconductive material having advantages has been developed.
- the organic photoreceptor is formed by forming a photosensitive layer on a conductive substrate (conductive support).
- the type of photosensitive member is a so-called single layer type photosensitive member having a single photosensitive layer (single layer type photosensitive layer) in which a photoconductive material is dissolved or dispersed in a binder resin;
- a so-called multilayer photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer (laminated photosensitive layer) composed of a plurality of layers formed by laminating a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material is known.
- the layer of the organic photoreceptor is usually formed by applying and drying a coating solution in which a material is dissolved or dispersed in various solvents because of its high productivity. At this time, in the undercoat layer containing the titanium oxide particles and the binder resin, the acid titanium particles and the binder resin are present in an incompatible state in the undercoat layer. For formation The coating solution is formed by coating with a coating solution in which titanium oxide particles are dispersed.
- such a coating liquid is obtained by wet-dispersing titanium oxide particles in an organic solvent with a known mechanical grinding device such as a ball mill, a sand grind mill, a planetary mill, or a roll mill for a long time. It was common to manufacture (for example, refer patent document 1).
- a known mechanical grinding device such as a ball mill, a sand grind mill, a planetary mill, or a roll mill for a long time.
- a known mechanical grinding device such as a ball mill, a sand grind mill, a planetary mill, or a roll mill for a long time.
- a known mechanical grinding device such as a ball mill, a sand grind mill, a planetary mill, or a roll mill for a long time.
- titanium oxide particles are aggregated into secondary particles, and by dispersing them in a form close to the primary particles, image defects such as black spots and color spots may be reduced.
- image defects such as black spots and color spots may be reduced.
- interference fringes may occur as one type of image defect. This is because the light written by a laser or light-emitting diode (LED) reflects and interferes with the substrate surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member or the coating film interface, and the light intensity that acts on the charge generation layer due to a subtle difference in coating film thickness. This is due to the fact that the sensitivity varies depending on the site due to unevenness.
- LED light-emitting diode
- Patent Documents 3 to 9 As a measure for preventing this interference fringe defect, a method of roughening the substrate surface is effective, and various roughening methods have been proposed (Patent Documents 3 to 9).
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11 202519
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-6-273962
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-105481
- Patent Document 4 JP-A-6-138683
- Patent Document 5 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-296679
- Patent Document 6 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-224437
- Patent Document 7 JP-A-8-248660
- Patent Document 8 JP-A-6-138683
- Patent Document 9 JP-A-1-123246
- the present invention was created in view of the background of the electrophotographic technology described above, and has a high-performance electrophotographic photosensitive member in which image defects such as black spots, color spots, and interference fringes hardly occur, and a conductive material used therefor. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a substrate, and an image forming apparatus and an electrophotographic cartridge using the same.
- the present inventors have good electrical characteristics even in different usage environments by managing the particle size of the acid-titanium particles in the undercoat layer within a specific range, It is possible to form high-quality images that are extremely difficult to develop image defects such as black spots and color spots, and to produce interference fringes when combined with a conductive substrate having a specific range of surface roughness. It was found that it is difficult to form a high-quality image, and the present invention has been achieved.
- the gist of the present invention is that metal oxide particles and binder resin are contained on a conductive substrate having a maximum surface roughness Rz of 0.8 ⁇ 2 / ⁇ .
- the undercoat layer is mixed with a solvent in which methanol and 1-propanol are mixed at a weight ratio of 7: 3.
- the volume average particle diameter of the metal oxide particles in the dispersed liquid measured by a dynamic light scattering method is 0.1 m or less.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member is characterized by having a cumulative 90% particle diameter of 0.3 / zm or less (claim 1).
- the surface shape of the conductive substrate is formed by cutting! (Claim 2).
- fine grooves are formed on the surface of the conductive substrate, and the shape of the grooves is preferably curved and discontinuous when the surface of the conductive substrate is developed on a plane (Claim 3). . Further, it is preferable that the grooves formed on the surface of the conductive substrate have a lattice shape.
- the kurtosis Rku of the surface of the conductive substrate is 3.5 ⁇ Rku ⁇ 25, and the groove width L formed on the surface of the conductive substrate is 0.5 ⁇ L ⁇ 6.O / zm. Is preferable (claim 5).
- Another aspect of the present invention is a method of manufacturing a conductive substrate provided in the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein a flexible material is brought into contact with the surface of the conductive substrate, and the surface of the conductive substrate is exposed.
- the method of manufacturing a conductive substrate is characterized in that it is relatively moved (Claim 6).
- the surface of the conductive substrate is subjected in advance to any one of cutting, ironing, grinding, and honing.
- a brush is preferably used (Claim 11), and in particular, a brush formed of a resin kneaded with a barrel is more preferably used (Claim 12).
- Still another subject matter of the present invention is that the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging means for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and image exposure is performed on the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- An image forming apparatus comprising: an image exposure unit that forms a latent image; a developing unit that develops the electrostatic latent image with toner; and a transfer unit that transfers the toner to a transfer target. (Claim 13).
- Still another gist of the present invention is that the electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging means for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and performing image exposure on the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member!
- An electrophotographic cartridge comprising at least one cleaning means for collecting the toner adhering to the electrophotographic photosensitive member (claim 14).
- a high-performance electrophotographic photosensitive member in which image defects such as black spots, color spots, and interference fringes are hardly exhibited, a conductive substrate used therefor, an image forming apparatus using the same, and an electronic device A photographic cartridge can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram for explaining an example of a method for roughening a conductive substrate according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the shape of a groove when the surface of the conductive substrate according to the present invention is developed in a plane.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing an example of the shape of a groove when the surface of the conductive substrate according to the present invention is developed in a plane.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for explaining an example of a method for producing a conductive substrate according to the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining an example of a method for producing a conductive substrate according to the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram for explaining an example of a method for producing a conductive substrate according to the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing a configuration of a wet stirring ball mill according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is an enlarged longitudinal sectional view schematically showing a mechanical seal used in a wet stirring ball mill according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing another example of a wet stirring ball mill according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a separator of the wet stirring ball mill shown in FIG. The
- FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing the main configuration of one embodiment of an image forming apparatus provided with the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum pattern with respect to CuKa characteristic X-rays of oxytitanium phthalocyanine used as a charge generating material in the electrophotographic photoreceptors of Examples and Comparative Examples of the present invention.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention has an undercoat layer containing metal oxide particles and a binder resin on a conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer. It is composed.
- a conductive substrate having a predetermined surface roughness is used, and an undercoat layer containing metal oxide particles having a predetermined particle size distribution is used. Use it.
- the conductive substrate according to the present invention has a maximum height roughness Rz within a predetermined range, thereby preventing interference fringe defects.
- the conductive substrate according to the present invention has a maximum surface roughness Rz of usually 0.8 m or more, preferably 1. O / zm or more, more preferably 1. or more, Usually, it is 2 m or less, preferably 1.8 m or less, more preferably 1.6 m or less. If the maximum height roughness Rz is too small, the scattering effect of reflected light may be insufficient, and if it is too large, defects such as image black spots may easily occur.
- the maximum height roughness Rz is defined in JIS B 0601: 2001.
- the surface of the conductive substrate as used herein refers to at least a part of the surface of the conductive substrate, but usually refers to an image forming region of the conductive substrate.
- the surface roughness is the maximum height roughness Rz in the above range
- the surface shape of the conductive substrate according to the present invention is not limited, and the surface of the conductive substrate is roughened. S '?
- the groove may be formed in a direction substantially orthogonal to the axis of the conductive substrate.
- Such grooves are often formed when the surface is roughened by cutting.
- the reflected light of the writing light to the photoconductor is scattered in a specific plane parallel to the substrate axis, and there is a possibility that the interference fringe suppression effect cannot be sufficiently obtained.
- the curved and discontinuous shape means a shape when a groove observed on the surface of the conductive substrate is projected on the plane, although the fine groove having the shape has a change in depth or the like, the opening exists in the surface of the substrate, and is substantially curved and discontinuous in a plane direction parallel to the surface of the substrate.
- the regularity of the reflected light on the surface of the conductive substrate is disturbed, and interference with the reflected light at the coating film (ie, undercoat layer or photosensitive layer) also occurs. Disturbed. This makes it possible to increase the interference fringe suppression effect.
- the direction of the reflected light scattered by the groove is a specific angular direction, but the groove shape is like an arc groove. The direction of the reflected light is slightly changed by making the curve as.
- the groove discontinuous the direction of reflected light at the groove seam changes. For these reasons, roughening with arc-shaped grooves complicates the direction of reflected light on the surface of the conductive substrate, and the effect of suppressing interference fringes is enhanced.
- the arc-shaped grooves are preferably formed in a lattice shape.
- a groove pattern in which a large number of arc-shaped grooves are formed is formed on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- the groove pattern is also preferably a lattice pattern.
- the maximum height roughness Rz is used. If it meets, there are no other restrictions, but it is preferable to satisfy the following conditions.
- the kurtosis Rku of the surface of the conductive substrate according to the present invention is usually 3.5 or more, preferably 4.2 or more, more preferably 4.5 or more, and usually 25 or less, preferably 15 or less, More preferably, it is 9 or less.
- Kurtosis Rku shows the sharpness of the roughness distribution waveform.
- Kurtosis Rku takes a large value when the arc-shaped groove is sparse, and tends to become smaller as the surface of the conductive substrate becomes rougher. There is a slight difference depending on the processing method. Usually, as the roughening progresses, Kurtosis Rku gradually decreases and converges to a value close to 3. For example, when roughening is performed by techniques such as hounging and blasting, Kurtosis Rku is usually about 2.5 to 3 in many cases. In addition, when roughening is performed by cutting using a cutting tool, the kurtosis Rku is usually about 2 to 3 due to the formation of serrated irregularities.
- the groove width L of the arc-shaped groove is usually 0.5 m or more, preferably 0.6 mm or more, more preferably 0.7 mm or more. m or more, and usually 6.0 ⁇ m or less, preferably 4. O / zm or less, more preferably 3. O / zm or less. If the groove width L is too narrow, the productivity of the conductive substrate may deteriorate, and if it is too wide, the depth of the unevenness on the surface of the conductive substrate also increases, and image defects such as black streaks tend to occur during image formation. It may be.
- the groove width L is a total of 100 grooves obtained by measuring the groove width at any five points for any 20 grooves on the surface of the conductive substrate observed at a magnification of 400 times with an optical microscope.
- the arithmetic average value of the width values can be measured as the groove width L.
- the conductive substrate according to the present invention preferably has the above-described maximum height roughness Rz, kurtosis Rku, and groove width L all within the above preferred ranges. That is, the conductive substrate of the present invention has a maximum surface roughness Rz of 0.8 ⁇ 2 / ⁇ , a surface kurtosis Rku of 3.5 ⁇ Rku ⁇ 25, and It is particularly preferable that the width L of the groove formed on the surface is 0.5 ⁇ L ⁇ 6.0 ⁇ m. [0028] [1-2. Configuration of Conductive Substrate]
- conductive substrate of the present invention those used in known electrophotographic photoreceptors can be used.
- examples thereof include a polyester film provided with a conductive layer, and an insulating substrate such as paper.
- a plastic film, a plastic drum, paper, a paper tube, etc., obtained by applying a conductive material such as metal powder, carbon black, copper iodide, and a polymer electrolyte together with an appropriate binder resin, are also included. .
- a plastic sheet or drum that contains a conductive material such as metal powder, carbon black, or carbon fiber and becomes conductive can be used.
- a plastic film or a belt subjected to a conductive treatment with a conductive metal oxide such as oxide tin or indium oxide can also be used.
- endless pipes made of metal such as aluminum are preferable.
- an endless nove of aluminum or an aluminum alloy (hereinafter sometimes collectively referred to as aluminum) can be suitably used as the conductive substrate according to the present invention.
- the method for producing the conductive substrate according to the present invention by roughening the conductive substrate is arbitrary.
- a general roughening method for example, the surface shape of the conductive substrate by cutting with a lathe or the like is used. And forming irregularities on the surface of the conductive substrate. This cutting process can realize the above-mentioned maximum height roughness Rz.
- a roughening method a flexible material is brought into contact with the surface of the conductive substrate, and is relative to the surface of the conductive substrate. Moved to It is preferable to roughen the surface.
- this roughening method will be described.
- a conductive substrate to be roughened is prepared.
- the conductive substrate is optional as described above, and among these, an endless pipe made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy is preferable.
- the molding method used when the endless pipe is molded and manufactured There is no limitation on the molding method used when the endless pipe is molded and manufactured.
- the forming method for example, extrusion, drawing, cutting, ironing, and the like are known, and the final endless pipe is often formed by combining these multiple processing steps. Usually, cutting and ironing are performed as the final process. Among these, molding by ironing is preferable because of excellent productivity. If the conductive substrate is formed by ironing, the time required for manufacturing the conductive substrate can be greatly reduced as compared to the case of forming by cutting.
- the endless pipe made of aluminum can be used as it is formed by the usual processing method as described above. However, in order to satisfy the mechanical accuracy required for an electrophotographic photosensitive member, ironing, cutting, grinding processing, hounging, etc. (pre-processing) should be performed before roughening. After conducting at least one of the above and forming irregularities on the surface of the conductive substrate to some extent, the conductive substrate obtained by a method of processing the surface to a predetermined surface roughness (the aforementioned maximum height roughness Rz) Preferred.
- the pre-processing is performed in advance, and after forming irregularities on the surface of the conductive base to some extent, the arc-shaped groove is formed. It is preferable to make it.
- the productivity of the conductive substrate is improved.
- continuous or intermittent grooves extending in the axial direction, circumferential direction, etc. can be formed on the surface of the conductive substrate. The shape can be made more irregular as compared with the case where only the arc-shaped groove is formed, and this makes it possible to obtain a better interference fringe suppression effect.
- molding processes such as ironing and cutting work also act as the above-mentioned preliminary processes.
- a flexible material is used as a rubbing material on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- An arcuate groove is formed by contacting and relatively moving. As the rubbing material deforms at the contact site, the rubbing speed changes until the contact initiation force ends, so the groove shape becomes a curve.
- the groove shape is a curved line unless the conductive substrate and the rubbing material are in contact with each other in parallel. That is, when the arc-shaped groove according to the present invention is formed, the conductive base and the rotational axis of the rubbing material are not parallel to each other.
- Examples of the flexible material include, but are not limited to, rubber resin, sponge, brush, cloth, and non-woven fabric.
- abrasives in these flexible materials.
- the grooves can be made shallower by using fine gun particles, in this case, there is a possibility of clogging the turret just by reducing productivity.
- Aluminum or an alloy thereof may be used as the conductive substrate.
- clogged grinding powder is easily transferred to the surface of soft aluminum or an alloy thereof, and thus tends to be a foreign matter defect.
- the turret since the turret has almost no deformation at the contact area, the groove length is often short and linear.
- the brush to be used is preferably one in which a barrel is kneaded into a resin such as nylon.
- a commonly used grinding brush is a power that mainly uses the grinding force at the tip of the brush material (so-called “brush hair”). It can be used effectively. For this reason, the contact portion can be widened, the productivity can be improved, and further, the elasticity of the brush can be utilized to make gentle grinding with the unevenness not excessively large and the removal amount reduced. In addition, clogging is less likely to occur due to constant changes in the flexibility and contact area of the brush material. Taking advantage of this feature, it is also possible to use small-grained particles that are clogged and cannot be used for grinding stones, and the surface roughness can be easily kept low. This is also effective against image defects. Furthermore, the irregularity of the arc-shaped groove formed is also highly effective in suppressing interference fringes.
- the above-mentioned maximum height roughness Rz, kurtosis Rku and groove width L are determined by the brush material used. Controlled by physical properties such as length, hardness, implantation density, and particle size of the barrels kneaded into the brush, as well as processing conditions such as the number of rotations of the brush and the time for which the brush contacts the conductive substrate Can do.
- the maximum height roughness Rz is greatly influenced by the particle size of the abrasive grains kneaded into the brush, and when the abrasive grain size is large, the Rz also increases. Rz also tends to decrease.
- the particle diameter of the above-mentioned bullet is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and usually 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 35 ⁇ m or less.
- Kurtosis Rku is related to the frequency with which the brush contacts the conductive substrate, and in particular, the number of rotations of the brush, the processing time between the brush and the conductive substrate, and the number of times of roughening treatment with the brush. It depends on. Normally, Kurtosis Rku will become smaller at the beginning of the process as the process increases. Therefore, when the kurtosis Rku during the process is measured and the process is completed when the kurtosis Rku is within the above-mentioned preferred range, a conductive substrate having a desired arc-shaped groove can be obtained.
- the conditions for the roughening treatment may be constant or may be changed.
- the arc-shaped grooves can be formed in a lattice shape, which is preferable.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram for explaining an example of a method for roughening a conductive substrate.
- the conductive substrate 1 is rotatably held by the inner expanding and holding mechanism 2 and is rotated around a shaft (hereinafter referred to as “substrate shaft” t) 1A as the inner expanding and holding mechanism 2 rotates. It becomes.
- the wheel-shaped brush 3, which is a rubbing material formed of a flexible material, is movable and rotatable around a shaft (hereinafter referred to as "brush shaft") 3A. Arranged so as to be in contact with the substrate 1.
- the brush 3 can move relative to the conductive substrate 1 while rotating about the brush shaft 3A.
- the direction of movement of the brush 3 is arbitrary as long as the portion corresponding to the image forming area on the surface of the conductive substrate 1 can contact the brush 3, but is usually parallel to the axial direction of the conductive substrate 1 (see FIG. 1 Move up and down).
- the rotating shaft (usually the brush shaft 3A) of the brush 3 is in contact with the conductive substrate 1 in order to form an arc-shaped groove (see FIGS. 2 and 3). It is preferable that the positional relationship is not parallel.
- the rotation axis of brush 3 i.e., brush axis 3A
- the rotation axis of brush 3 is made conductive to prevent uneven machining due to the inclination of the rotation axis between conductive substrate 1 and brush 3 and uneven contact due to brush uneven wear. It is preferably set at a position (twisted position) that is not on the same plane with respect to the substrate axis 1A of the substrate 1.
- the brush 3 is brought into contact with the surface of the conductive substrate 1, and the brush 3 is rotated in the axial direction of the conductive substrate 1 while rotating the brush 3. Move it. At this time, the conductive substrate 1 is also rotated about the substrate axis 1A. In FIG. 1, the rotation directions of the conductive substrate 1 and the brush 3 are indicated by arrows.
- the brush 3 comes into contact with the conductive substrate 1 while being elastically deformed, so that an arc-shaped groove is formed on the surface of the conductive substrate 1.
- the rotation speed of the brush 3 is set low and the contact allowance is set small.
- an oblique arc-shaped groove as shown in FIG. 2 is formed.
- an oblique grid-like arc-shaped groove as shown in FIG. 3 is formed. Comparing the two is more preferable because it increases the productivity of the force that increases the rotation speed of the brush 3 and increases the contact allowance.
- the relative movement of the brush 3 with respect to the conductive substrate 1 is usually sufficient once. When moving a plurality of times, they may always move in one direction or may reciprocate relatively.
- the shape of the force brush using the wheel-like brush 3 is not limited!
- a cup-shaped brush 4 as shown in FIG. 4 may be used.
- both the shafts 1A and 4A may be on the same plane as long as the brush shaft 4A is not parallel to the base shaft 1A.
- parts indicated by the same reference numerals as those in FIG. 1 are the same as those in FIG.
- the configuration of the wheel-like brush 3 is not limited. Therefore, the brush material may be staggered in the conductive substrate 1, but in order to increase the implantation density, it is preferable that the brush is formed by a method such as winding the channel brush 4 around the shaft material.
- a plurality of brushes 3 may be used as shown in FIG.
- productivity is improved, and by changing the rotation conditions of each brush 3, the surface of the conductive substrate 1 can be made to have a rough surface with a more complicated shape, thereby suppressing interference fringes. The effect is further improved.
- parts indicated by the same reference numerals as in FIG. 1 represent the same parts as in FIG.
- polishing powder for example, powder of the conductive substrate 1 that has been cut off
- the brush 3 includes the gunshot
- the gunball may be detached from the brush 3 and remain on the surface of the conductive substrate 1. Therefore, when roughening, in order to remove fine particles such as abrasive particles and abrasive grains detached from the brush 3 from the surface of the conductive substrate 1, a cleaning solution is applied or immersed in the cleaning solution. It is preferable to implement. There are no restrictions on the cleaning solution, and various organic and water-based cleaning agents can be used. Nmonia-added water can also be used.
- the surface of the conductive substrate 1 is replaced with a cleaning solution to prevent surface corrosion. It is also possible to protect the surface of the conductive substrate 1 by roughening using a processing oil. Even in such cases, it is preferable to perform finishing cleaning after the surface roughening and before the formation of the undercoat layer. Further, in the step of cleaning the conductive substrate before forming the undercoat layer, the surface roughening step Incorporation of is more preferable for improving productivity. For example, as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 6 by incorporating a roughening brush 3 directly under the cleaning brush 5, it is possible to perform strong physical cleaning immediately after roughening, and the surface state of the conductive substrate 1 is cleaned. It is possible to roughen the surface while maintaining a smooth state.
- parts indicated by the same reference numerals as those in FIG. 1 are the same as those in FIG.
- the brush 3 is moved relative to the conductive substrate 1 by the movement of the brush 3, but by moving the conductive substrate 1, the brush 3 is moved relative to the conductive substrate 1. You may make it the brush 3 move relatively. Further, the brush 3 may move relative to the conductive substrate 1 by moving both the conductive substrate 1 and the brush 3.
- an anodized one may be used.
- anodizing it is desirable to perform sealing by a known method.
- the undercoat layer is a layer containing metal oxide particles and binder resin. Further, the undercoat layer may contain other components as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the undercoat layer according to the present invention is provided between the conductive substrate and the photosensitive layer, improves the adhesion between the conductive substrate and the photosensitive layer, conceals the dirt and scratches on the conductive substrate, impurities and the surface. Functions such as prevention of carrier injection due to inhomogeneity of physical properties, improvement of inhomogeneity of electrical characteristics, prevention of surface potential drop due to repeated use, prevention of local surface potential fluctuations that cause image quality defects, etc. It is a layer that has at least one of and is not essential for the development of photoelectric characteristics is there.
- any metal oxide particles that can be used for an electrophotographic photoreceptor can be used.
- metal oxides that form metal oxide particles include metal oxides containing one metal element, such as titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, and iron oxide. And metal oxides containing a plurality of metal elements such as calcium titanate, strontium titanate, and barium titanate. Among these, metal oxide particles made of metal oxide with a bandgap of 2-4 eV are preferred! /. If the band gap is too small, carrier injection with a conductive base force is likely to occur, and image defects such as black spots and color spots are likely to occur. In addition, if the band gap is too large, the charge transfer is hindered by the trapping of electrons, and the electrical characteristics may be deteriorated.
- the metal oxide particles only one type of particles may be used, or a plurality of types of particles may be used in any combination and ratio. Further, the metal oxide particles may be formed by using only one kind of metal oxide. The metal oxide particles are formed by using two or more kinds of metal oxides in an arbitrary combination and ratio. You can use anything you want!
- titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, and zinc oxide are preferred, and titanium oxide and acid aluminum are more preferred. Titanium is particularly preferred.
- the crystal form of the metal oxide particles is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the crystal form of metal oxide particles ie, acid titanium particles
- any of rutile, anatase, brookite, and amorphous is used. be able to.
- the crystal form of the titanium oxide particles may include those in a plurality of crystal states from those having different crystal states.
- the surface of the metal oxide particles may be subjected to various surface treatments.
- agents such as tin oxide, aluminum oxide, antimony oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon oxide and other organic substances, or stearic acid, polyol, organic silicon compounds and other organic substances. I'll give it a treatment.
- the surface is treated with an organosilicon compound.
- organosilicon compounds include silicone oils such as dimethylpolysiloxane and methylhydrogenpolysiloxane; organosilanes such as methyldimethoxysilane and diphenyldimethoxysilane; silanes such as hexamethyldisilazane; Examples thereof include silane coupling agents such as silane, y-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, and y-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.
- the metal oxide particles are particularly preferably treated with a silane treating agent represented by the structure of the following formula (i).
- This silane treatment agent is a good treatment agent with good reactivity with metal oxide particles.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represents an alkyl group.
- the number of carbon atoms in R 1 and IT is not limited, but is usually 1 or more, usually 18 or less, preferably 10 or less, more preferably 6 or less.
- suitable ones of R 1 and R 2 include a methyl group and an ethyl group.
- R 3 represents an alkyl group or an alkoxy group.
- the carbon number of R 3 is not limited, but is usually 1 or more, usually 18 or less, preferably 10 or less, more preferably 6 or less.
- suitable R 3 include methyl group, ethyl group, methoxy group, ethoxy group and the like.
- the outermost surface of these surface-treated metal oxide particles is usually treated with a treatment agent as described above.
- the surface treatment described above is performed only for one surface treatment.
- two or more surface treatments may be performed in any combination.
- a treating agent such as acid-aluminum, silicon oxide or acid-zirconium.
- the metal oxide particles subjected to different surface treatments may be used in any combination and ratio.
- metal oxide particles according to the present invention examples of those that have been commercialized!
- the metal oxide particles according to the present invention are not limited to the products exemplified below.
- titanium oxide particles examples include surface treatment, ultrafine titanium oxide “TTO-55 (N)”; ultrafine titanium oxide “TTO-55” coated with A1 O.
- TTO- 55 (S) high purity titanium oxide“ CR-EL ”; sulfuric acid method titanium oxide“ R-550 ”,“ R-580 ”,“ R-630 ”,“ R-670 ”,“ R-680 ” ”,“ R-780 ”,“ A-100 ”,“ A-220 ”,“ W-10 ”; Chlorinated titanium oxides“ CR-50 ”,“ CR-58 ”,“ CR-60 ”,“ CR ” — 60—2 ”,“ CR-67 ”; conductive titanium oxide“ SN-100P ”,“ SN-100D ”,“ ET-300W ”(above, manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.).
- titanium oxide such as “R-60”, “A-110”, “A-150”, etc., as well as “SR-1”, “R-GL”, “R—” with Al O coating
- Examples include “MT-100SAS” and “MT-500SAS” (manufactured by Tika Co., Ltd.) surface-treated with ganosiloxane.
- Specific examples of products of aluminum oxide particles include "Aluminium Oxide Cj (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.)".
- examples of specific products of silicon oxide particles include “200CF”, “R972” (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd.), “KEP-30” (manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.), and the like.
- tin oxide particles include rSN-100Pj (Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.).
- MZ-305S manufactured by Tika Co., Ltd.
- Tika Co., Ltd. can be cited as examples of specific products of acid zinc particles.
- the metal in the liquid in which the subbing layer, which is useful in the present invention, is dispersed in a solvent in which methanol and 1-propanol are mixed at a weight ratio of 7: 3.
- the volume average particle diameter is 0.1 ⁇ m or less and the cumulative 90% particle diameter is 0.3 ⁇ m or less as measured by the dynamic light scattering method of the oxide particles.
- the metal oxide particles according to the present invention have a volume average particle size of 0.1 m or less, preferably 95 nm or less, more preferably measured by a dynamic light scattering method in a dispersion for measuring an undercoat layer. 90 nm or less.
- a volume average particle size of 0.1 m or less, preferably 95 nm or less, more preferably measured by a dynamic light scattering method in a dispersion for measuring an undercoat layer. 90 nm or less.
- limiting in the minimum of the said volume average particle diameter Usually, it is 2 Onm or more.
- the electrophotographic photoconductor of the present invention has stable exposure and charge repetitive characteristics under low temperature and low humidity, and suppresses occurrence of image defects such as black spots and color spots in the obtained image. it can.
- the metal oxide particles according to the present invention have a cumulative 90% particle size measured by the dynamic light scattering method in the dispersion for measuring the undercoat layer, not more than 0.25, preferably not more than 0.25 / zm. It is preferably 0 or less.
- the lower limit of the cumulative 90% particle diameter is not limited, but is usually 10 nm or more, preferably 20 nm or more, more preferably 50 nm or more.
- the metal oxide particles are aggregated in the undercoat layer. Coarse metal oxide particle aggregates that can penetrate the front and back of the undercoat layer were contained, and the coarse metal oxide particle aggregates could cause defects during image formation.
- the charging means when a contact type is used as the charging means, when the photosensitive layer is charged, the charge moves from the photosensitive layer to the conductive support through the metal oxide particles, and the charging is appropriately performed. There was also a possibility that it could not be done.
- the cumulative 90% particle diameter is very small, so that there are very few large metal oxide particles that cause defects as described above. As a result, in the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of defects and the inability to appropriately charge, and high-quality image formation is possible.
- the volume average particle size and the cumulative 90% particle size of the metal oxide particles according to the present invention are determined by mixing the undercoat layer with methanol and 1-propanol at a weight ratio of 7: 3 (this is To prepare a dispersion for measuring the undercoat layer, and measuring the particle size distribution of the metal oxide particles in the dispersion for measuring the undercoat layer using a dynamic light scattering method. It is a value that can be obtained from the above.
- the speed of Brownian motion of finely dispersed particles is detected, and light scattering (Doppler shift) with different phases according to the speed is detected by irradiating the particles with a single laser beam.
- Doppler shift light scattering
- the volume average particle size and cumulative 90% particle size of the metal oxide particles in the undercoat layer measurement dispersion indicate that the metal oxide particles are stably dispersed in the undercoat layer measurement dispersion. And does not mean the particle size in the undercoat layer after the undercoat layer is formed.
- the volume average particle size and the cumulative 90% particle size were specifically measured by a dynamic light scattering particle size analyzer (MIC ROTRAC UPA model: 9340—UPA, hereinafter referred to as UPA). It is assumed that the following setting is used.
- UPA dynamic light scattering particle size analyzer
- the specific measurement procedure is as described above for the particle size analyzer (manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd., Document No. T15-490A00, Revision No. E). / And do it.
- Dispersion medium refractive index 1.35
- Density values are for titanium dioxide particles, and for other particles, the values described in the instruction manual are used.
- the sample concentration index (SIGNAL LEVEL) is 0.6 to 0.8.
- the particle size measurement by dynamic light scattering shall be performed at 25 ° C.
- the volume average particle size and the cumulative 90% particle size of the metal oxide particles according to the present invention are the values of the metal oxide particles when the particle size distribution is measured by the dynamic light scattering method as described above.
- the particle size at the point where the cumulative curve is 50% is the volume average particle size.
- Center diameter Median diameter
- the particle diameter at the point where the cumulative curve is 90% is the cumulative 90% particle diameter.
- the average primary particle diameter of the metal oxide particles according to the present invention is not limited, and is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the average primary particle size of the metal oxide particles according to the present invention is usually 1 nm or more, preferably 5 nm or more, and usually 10 nm or less, preferably 70 nm or less, more preferably 50 nm or less.
- the average primary particle diameter can be obtained by an arithmetic average value of particle diameters directly observed with a transmission electron microscope (hereinafter referred to as “TEM” as appropriate).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- any refractive index of the metal oxide particles according to the present invention can be used as long as it can be used for an electrophotographic photoreceptor.
- the refractive index of the metal oxide particles according to the present invention is usually 1.3 or more, preferably 1.4 or more, and usually 3.0 or less, preferably 2.9 or less, more preferably 2. 8 or less.
- the ratio of the metal oxide particles and the binder resin used is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the metal oxide particles are usually 0.5 parts by weight or more, preferably 0.7 parts by weight or more, more preferably 1. It is used in an amount of 0 part by weight or more, usually 8 parts by weight or less, preferably 4 parts by weight or less, more preferably 3.8 parts by weight or less, particularly preferably 3.5 parts by weight or less. If the amount of the metal oxide particles is too small relative to the binder resin, the electrical characteristics of the obtained electrophotographic photoreceptor deteriorate, and in particular, the residual potential may increase. Image defects such as black spots and color spots may increase in the image formed in this way. [0082] [II 2. Binder resin]
- Any binder resin used in the undercoat layer of the present invention can be used as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired. Usually, it is soluble in a solvent such as an organic solvent, and the undercoat layer is insoluble in a solvent such as an organic solvent used in a coating solution for forming a photosensitive layer and has low solubility. Use a material that does not substantially mix.
- binder resins examples include resins such as phenoxy, epoxy, polybutylpyrrolidone, polybulal alcohol, casein, polyacrylic acid, celluloses, gelatin, starch, polyurethane, polyimide, and polyamide. Can be used alone or cured with a curing agent.
- polyamide resins such as alcohol-soluble copolymerized polyamides and modified polyamides are preferred because of their good dispersibility and coating properties.
- polyamide resin examples include so-called copolymer nylon obtained by copolymerizing 6 nylon, 66 nylon, 610 nylon, 11 nylon, 12-nylon, etc .; N-alkoxymethyl modified nylon, N alkoxyethyl modified Examples thereof include alcohol-soluble nylon rosin such as a type in which nylon is chemically modified, such as nylon.
- Specific products include, for example, “CM4000”, “CM8000” (above, manufactured by Toray), “F-30K”, “MF-30”, “EF-30T” (above, manufactured by Nagase Chemtech Co., Ltd.) and the like. .
- a diamine component corresponding to the diamine represented by the following formula (ii) (hereinafter referred to as “diamin component corresponding to formula (ii)” t ⁇ as appropriate) is included as a constituent component.
- Copolymerization Polyamide resin is particularly preferably used.
- R 4 to R 7 represent a hydrogen atom or an organic substituent.
- m and n each independently represents an integer of 0 to 4. When there are a plurality of substituents, these substituents may be the same as or different from each other.
- Examples of suitable ones as organic substituent represented by R 4 to R 7, include hydrocarbon groups may be Idei contain a hetero atom.
- hydrocarbon groups may be Idei contain a hetero atom.
- alkyl groups such as methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group and isopropyl group
- alkoxy groups such as methoxy group, ethoxy group, n-propoxy group and isopropoxy group
- aryl groups such as a pyrenyl group, more preferably an alkyl group or an alkoxy group.
- Particularly preferred are methyl group and ethyl group.
- the carbon number of the organic substituent represented by R 4 to R 7 does not significantly impair the effects of the present invention! / As long as it is arbitrary, it is usually 20 or less, preferably 18 or less, more preferably 12 or less, Usually it is 1 or more. If the number of carbon atoms is too large, the solubility in the solvent deteriorates when preparing the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer, and even if it can be dissolved, it is stable as a coating solution for forming the undercoat layer. It shows a tendency to deteriorate.
- the copolymerized polyamide resin containing a diamine component corresponding to the formula (ii) as a constituent component is a constituent component other than the diamine component corresponding to the formula (ii) (hereinafter simply referred to as "other polyamide constituent components" as appropriate). t, u)) as a constituent unit.
- polyamide constituents include: ⁇ column free, y butyrolatatam, epsilon prolactam, laurinolactam, and other lactams; 1, 4 butanedicarboxylic acid, 1,12 dodecanedicarboxylic acid, 1,20 eicosa Dicarboxylic acids such as dicarboxylic acids; 1,4 butanediamine, 1,6 hexamethylenediamine, 1,8-otatamethylenediamine, 1,12 dodecandiamine and other diamines; piperazine and the like.
- examples of the copolymerized polyamide resin include those obtained by copolymerizing the constituent components into, for example, binary, ternary, quaternary and the like.
- the diamine corresponding to the formula (ii) occupying in all the constituent components
- the proportion of the component is not limited, but is usually 5 mol% or more, preferably 10 mol% or more, more preferably 15 mol% or more, and usually 40 mol% or less, preferably 30 mol% or less. If there are too many diamine components corresponding to formula (ii), the stability of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer may be deteriorated, and if it is too small, the change in the electrical characteristics under high temperature and high humidity conditions will increase. May be less stable against environmental changes.
- the copolymerization ratio represents the monomer charge ratio (molar ratio).
- the method for producing the copolyamide is not particularly limited, and a conventional polycondensation method of polyamide is appropriately applied.
- a polycondensation method such as a melt polymerization method, a solution polymerization method, and an interfacial polymerization method can be applied as appropriate.
- a monobasic acid such as acetic acid or benzoic acid
- a monoacid base such as hexylamine or aline may be contained in the polymerization system as a molecular weight regulator.
- binder resin may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the number average molecular weight of the binder resin according to the present invention is not limited.
- the number average molecular weight of the copolymerized polyamide is usually 10,000 or more, preferably ⁇ 15,000 or more, and usually 50,000 or less, preferably ⁇ is 3
- the undercoat layer of the present invention may contain components other than the above-described metal oxide particles, indah resin and solvent, as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the undercoat layer may contain additives as other components.
- Examples of the additive include sodium phosphite, sodium hypophosphite, phosphorous acid, hypophosphorous acid, heat stabilizers represented by hindered phenol, other polymerization additives, and antioxidants. Etc. One additive may be used alone, or two or more additives may be used in any combination and ratio.
- the thickness of the undercoat layer is arbitrary, but is usually 0.1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 0.3 / zm or more from the viewpoint of improving the photoreceptor characteristics and coating properties of the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention. More preferably, the range is 0.5 ⁇ m or more, usually 20 ⁇ m or less, preferably 15 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the surface shape of the undercoat layer according to the present invention is not limited, but usually the in-plane root mean square roughness (RMS), in-plane arithmetic average roughness (Ra), in-plane maximum roughness ( Characterized by P—V). These numbers are the values obtained by extending the standard length of root mean square height, arithmetic mean height, and maximum height to the reference plane in the JIS B 0601: 2001 standard. Using Z (X), the in-plane value, the root mean square roughness (RMS) is the root mean square of Z (X), and the in-plane arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) is Z (x).
- the average in-plane roughness (P—V) is the sum of the maximum peak height and the maximum valley depth of Z (x).
- the in-plane root mean square roughness (RMS) of the undercoat layer according to the present invention is usually in the range of lOnm or more, preferably 20 nm or more, and usually lOOnm or less, preferably 50 nm or less. If the in-plane Root Mean Square Roughness (RMS) is too small, the adhesion with the upper layer may be deteriorated. If it is too large, the coating thickness uniformity of the upper layer may be deteriorated.
- the in-plane arithmetic average roughness (Ra) of the undercoat layer according to the present invention is usually in the range of 1 Onm or more and usually 50 nm or less. If the in-plane arithmetic average roughness (Ra) is too small, the adhesion to the upper layer may be deteriorated, and if it is too large, the uniformity of the coating thickness of the upper layer may be deteriorated.
- the in-plane maximum roughness (P ⁇ V) of the undercoat layer according to the present invention is usually in the range of lOOnm or more, preferably 3 OOnm or more, and usually lOOOnm or less, preferably 800 nm or less. If the maximum in-plane roughness (P-V) is too small, the adhesion to the upper layer may deteriorate, and it is too large. In this case, there is a possibility that the coating thickness uniformity of the upper layer is deteriorated.
- the numerical value of the index (RMS, Ra, P-V) regarding the surface shape is measured by a surface shape analyzer capable of measuring the unevenness in the reference plane with high accuracy. It can be measured by any surface shape analyzer, but it must be measured by a method that detects irregularities on the sample surface by combining a high-accuracy phase shift detection method and interference fringe order counting using an optical interference microscope. Is preferred. More specifically, it is preferable to measure in the wave mode by interference fringe addressing method using Micromap of Ryoka System Co., Ltd.
- the undercoat layer according to the present invention was dispersed in a solvent capable of dissolving the binder resin binding the undercoat layer to obtain a dispersion (hereinafter referred to as “absorbance measurement dispersion”).
- absorbance measurement dispersion a dispersion capable of dissolving the binder resin binding the undercoat layer to obtain a dispersion.
- the absorbance of the dispersion usually exhibits specific physical properties.
- the absorbance of the absorbance-measuring dispersion can be measured by a generally known spectrophotometer. Conditions such as cell size and sample concentration when measuring absorbance vary depending on physical properties such as particle diameter and refractive index of the metal oxide particles used. , 400 ⁇ ! ⁇ 100 Onm), adjust the sample concentration appropriately so that the measurement limit of the detector is not exceeded.
- the cell size (optical path length) for measurement is 10 mm. Any cell may be used as long as it is substantially transparent in the range of 400 nm to 1000 nm, but it is preferable to use a quartz cell, particularly a sample cell and a standard cell. It is preferable to use a matched cell in which the difference in transmittance characteristics of the quasi-cell is within a specific range.
- the binder resin binding the undercoat layer is not substantially dissolved and formed on the undercoat layer.
- a binder resin binding the undercoat layer can be dissolved in the solvent to obtain a dispersion for absorbance measurement.
- the solvent capable of dissolving the undercoat layer is 400 ⁇ ! ⁇ Use a solvent that does not absorb large light in the wavelength range of lOOOnm.
- the solvent that can dissolve the undercoat layer include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol, and particularly methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol. In addition, these may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the difference (absorbance difference) from the absorbance of lOOOnm with respect to light is as follows. That is, the difference in absorbance is usually 0.3 (Abs) or less, preferably 0.2 (Abs) or less, when the refractive index of the metal oxide particles is 2.0 or more. Further, when the refractive index of the metal oxide particles is less than 2.0, it is usually 0.02 (Abs) or less, preferably 0.0 Ol (Abs) or less.
- the absorbance value depends on the solid content concentration of the liquid to be measured. Therefore, when measuring the absorbance, it is preferable to disperse the metal oxide particles in the dispersion so that the concentration thereof is in the range of 0.003 wt% to 0.0075 wt%.
- the regular reflectance of the undercoat layer according to the present invention usually shows a specific value in the present invention.
- the regular reflectance of the undercoat layer according to the present invention indicates the regular reflectance of the undercoat layer on the conductive substrate relative to the conductive substrate. Since the regular reflectance of the undercoat layer varies depending on the thickness of the undercoat layer, it is defined here as the reflectivity when the thickness of the undercoat layer is 2 m.
- the undercoat layer according to the present invention is converted to the case where the undercoat layer is 2 m.
- the ratio of the regular reflection of the conductive substrate to the light having a wavelength of 480 nm to the regular reflection of the conductive substrate to the light having a wavelength of 480 nm is usually 50% or more.
- the refractive index of the metal oxide particles contained in the undercoat layer is less than 2.0
- the specific power of regular reflection with respect to light with a wavelength of 400 nm of the undercoat layer is usually 50% or more with respect to regular reflection on the substrate.
- the undercoat layer contains a plurality of types of metal oxide particles having a refractive index of 2.0 or more, it contains a plurality of types of metal oxide particles having a refractive index of less than 2.0. Even if the same as above Such a regular reflection is preferable. Further, when the metal oxide particles having a refractive index of 2.0 or more and the metal oxide particles having a refractive index of less than 2.0 are simultaneously contained, the metal oxide having a refractive index of 2.0 or more is included.
- the ratio of the regular reflection of the undercoat layer to the light with a wavelength of 480 nm to the regular reflection of the conductive substrate with respect to the light with a wavelength of 480 nm, converted into the case where the undercoat layer is The force is preferably within the above range (50% or more).
- the thickness of the undercoat layer is 2 m.
- the thickness of the undercoat layer is limited to 2 m. Any film thickness can be used.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive film is formed using the undercoat layer forming coating solution (described later) used for forming the undercoat layer.
- a subbing layer having a thickness of 2 m can be applied and formed on a conductive substrate equivalent to the body, and the regular reflectance of the subbing layer can be measured.
- 0 represents the intensity of incident light.
- Equation (C) is the same as that called Lambert's law in the solution system, and can also be applied to the measurement of reflectance in the present invention. Transforming equation (c)
- the light that has reached the surface of the conductive substrate according to the formula (D) is regularly reflected after being multiplied by the reflectance R, and again passes through the optical path length L and exits to the surface of the undercoat layer. That is,
- the optical path length is a force that reciprocates to 4 m.
- the reflectivity T of the undercoat layer on any conductive substrate is the film thickness of the undercoat layer. It is a function of L (at this time, the optical path length is 2L) and is expressed as T (L). From equation (F)
- T (2) T (L) 2 / L (I)
- the reflectivity T when the undercoat layer is 2 m is measured by measuring the reflectivity T (L) of the undercoat layer. (2) can be estimated with considerable accuracy.
- the thickness L of the undercoat layer can be measured with an arbitrary film thickness measuring device such as a roughness meter.
- a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer containing a core and a binder resin is applied to the surface of the conductive substrate and dried to obtain an undercoat layer.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer according to the present invention is used for forming the undercoat layer, and contains metal oxide particles and a binder resin.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer according to the present invention contains a solvent.
- the undercoat layer-forming coating solution according to the present invention may contain other components as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the metal oxide particles are the same as those described as the metal oxide particles contained in the undercoat layer.
- the volume average particle diameter and the 90% cumulative particle diameter measured by the dynamic light scattering method of the metal oxide particles in the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer according to the present invention are the above-described undercoat layer, respectively. This is the same as the volume average particle size and cumulative 90% particle size measured by the dynamic light scattering method of the metal oxide particles in the measurement dispersion.
- the volume average particle diameter of the metal oxide particles is usually 0.1 ⁇ m or less ([volume average of metal oxide particles) (See Particle size)).
- the metal oxide particles are preferably present as primary particles.
- the particles present as agglomerated secondary particles are often mixed. Therefore, how the particle size distribution should be in that state is very important.
- the volume average particle diameter of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is in the above range (0.1 ⁇ m). m or less) to reduce precipitation and viscosity change in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer.
- the film thickness and surface property after forming the undercoat layer can be made uniform.
- the volume average particle size of the metal oxide particles is too large (over 0 .: m)
- precipitation and viscosity change in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer increase.
- the film thickness and surface properties after forming the undercoat layer become non-uniform, which may adversely affect the quality of the upper layer (such as the charge generation layer).
- the cumulative 90% particle size of the metal oxide particles is usually 0.3 m or less ([the cumulative total of metal oxide particles 90 % Particle diameter])).
- the metal oxide particles according to the present invention are present as spherical primary particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer.
- such metal oxide particles are not practically obtained.
- the present inventors have a cumulative 90% particle diameter that is sufficiently small, that is, the cumulative 90% particle diameter is specifically 0.3 m or less. Then, it was found that the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer can be stored for a long time with little gelation and viscosity change, and as a result, the film thickness and surface properties after forming the undercoat layer are uniform.
- the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer are too large, the film thickness and surface properties after the formation of the undercoat layer become non-uniform as a result of large gelation and viscosity change in the solution. Therefore, the quality of the upper layer (such as the charge generation layer) may be adversely affected.
- the volume average particle diameter and the cumulative 90% particle diameter of the metal oxide particles in the undercoat layer forming coating liquid are measured by using the metal oxide particles in the undercoat layer measurement dispersion liquid.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is not directly measured, and the volume average particle size and accumulation of the metal oxide particles in the above-described dispersion for measuring the undercoat layer are as follows. It is different from the measurement method of% particle size. Except for the following points, the volume average particle size and cumulative 90% particle size of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer are the same as those in the dispersion for measuring the undercoat layer. This is the same as the method for measuring the volume average particle size and 90% cumulative particle size of the metal oxide particles.
- the type of the dispersion medium is the coating for forming the undercoat layer.
- the refractive index of the solvent used in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is used as the dispersion medium refractive index.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is mixed with a mixed solvent of methanol and 1 propanol so that the sample concentration index (SIGNAL L EVEL) suitable for measurement is 0.6 to 0.8. Dilute.
- the volume particle diameter of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is considered not to change. Therefore, the volume measured as a result of the dilution is measured.
- the average particle size and the cumulative 90% particle size are handled as the volume average particle size and the cumulative 90% particle size of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer.
- the absorbance of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer according to the present invention can be measured by a generally known spectrophotometer. Since conditions such as cell size and sample concentration when measuring absorbance change depending on physical properties such as particle diameter and refractive index of the metal oxide particles used, they are usually in the wavelength region to be measured (in the present invention). In 400 ⁇ ! To lOOOnm), adjust the sample concentration as appropriate so that the measurement limit of the detector is not exceeded. In the present invention, the sample concentration is adjusted so that the amount of the metal oxide particles in the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer is 0.0007 wt% to 0.012 wt%.
- the solvent used to prepare the sample concentration is usually the solvent used as the solvent for the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer, but is compatible with the solvent for the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer and the binder resin.
- any material can be used as long as it does not cause turbidity when mixed and does not have large light absorption over the wavelength range of 400 nm to 1000 nm.
- Specific examples include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1 propanol, and 2-propanol; hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran; ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone. Etc. are used.
- the cell size (optical path length) for measurement is 10 mm. Any cell may be used as long as it is substantially transparent in the range of 400 nm to 1000 nm, but it is preferable to use a quartz cell, particularly a sample cell. It is preferable to use a matched cell in which the difference in transmittance characteristics of the standard cell is within a specific range.
- the binder resin contained in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is the same as that described as the binder resin contained in the undercoat layer.
- the content of the binder resin in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is arbitrary as long as the effect of the present invention is not significantly impaired, but is usually 0.5% by weight or more, preferably 1% by weight or more, Usually, it is used in the range of 20% by weight or less, preferably 10% by weight or less.
- any solvent can be used as long as it can dissolve the Norder sebum according to the present invention.
- an organic solvent is usually used.
- solvents include alcohols with 5 or less carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol or normal propyl alcohol; black mouth form, 1, 2 dichloroethane, dichloromethane, tricrene, carbon tetrachloride, 1, 2— And halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloropropane; nitrogen-containing organic solvents such as dimethylformamide; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene.
- the solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and in any ratio. Furthermore, even if the solvent alone does not dissolve the binder resin according to the present invention, the binder resin can be obtained by using a mixed solvent with another solvent (for example, the organic solvent exemplified above). If it can be dissolved, it can be used. In general, coating unevenness can be reduced by using a mixed solvent.
- a mixed solvent for example, the organic solvent exemplified above.
- the amount ratio between the solvent and the solid content such as metal oxide particles and binder resin is different depending on the coating method of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer. Depending on the application method to be applied, it may be used by appropriately changing so that a uniform coating film is formed. Specifically, the concentration of the solid content in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is usually 1% by weight or more, preferably 2% by weight or more, and usually 30% by weight or less, preferably 25% by weight or less. Is preferable from the viewpoint of the stability and coating properties of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer. Yes.
- the other components contained in the undercoat layer forming coating solution are the same as those described as the other components contained in the undercoat layer.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer according to the present invention has high storage stability.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer according to the present invention has a viscosity change rate after storage and storage at room temperature for 120 days (that is, viscosity after storage for 120 days).
- the value obtained by dividing the difference in viscosity from that at the time of preparation by the viscosity at the time of preparation) is usually 20% or less, preferably 15% or less, and more preferably 10% or less.
- the viscosity can be measured by a method according to JIS Z 8803 using an E-type viscometer (manufactured by Tokimec, product name ED).
- undercoat layer forming coating solution according to the present invention it is possible to produce an electrophotographic photosensitive member with high quality and high efficiency.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer according to the present invention contains the metal oxide particles as described above, and the metal oxide particles are dispersed in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer.
- the method for producing the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer according to the present invention usually has a dispersion step of dispersing the metal oxide particles.
- a known mechanical crushing device such as a ball mill, a sand grind mill, a planetary mill, or a roll mill may be used.
- the solvent to be used may be wet-dispersed in “dispersion solvent”).
- the dispersion solvent a solvent used for the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer may be used, or another solvent may be used.
- the metal oxide particles and the solvent used for the undercoat layer forming coating solution are mixed or solvent exchanged after the dispersion.
- the metal oxide particles must aggregate to have a predetermined particle size distribution. V, prefer to do the above mixing and solvent exchange, etc.
- a dispersion method using a dispersion medium is particularly preferred.
- U a dispersion device for dispersion using a dispersion medium
- any known dispersion device may be used. It doesn't matter.
- Examples of a dispersing device that disperses using a dispersion medium include a pebble mill, a ball mill, a sand mill, a screen mill, a gap mill, a vibration mill, a painter, and an attritor. Among these, those that can circulate and disperse metal oxide particles are preferable.
- wet stirring ball mills such as a sand mill, a screen mill, and a gap mill are particularly preferable from the viewpoints of dispersion efficiency, fineness of the reached particle diameter, ease of continuous operation, and the like.
- These mills may be either vertical or horizontal.
- the disc shape of the mill can be any plate type, vertical pin type, horizontal pin type or the like.
- a liquid circulation type sand mill is used.
- These dispersing devices may be implemented with only one type, or may be implemented with any combination of two or more types.
- volume average particles of metal oxide particles in the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer are used.
- the diameter and the cumulative 90% particle diameter can be within the above-mentioned range.
- the dispersion medium of the wet stirring ball mill is used.
- a dispersion medium having an average particle size of usually 5 ⁇ m or more, preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, and usually 200 m or less, preferably 100 m or less is used.
- Dispersion media with a small particle size tend to give a uniform dispersion in a short time. However, if the particle size becomes too small, the mass of the dispersion media may become too small and efficient dispersion may not be possible. .
- the use of the dispersion medium having the average particle diameter as described above is based on the production method described above, and the volume average particle diameter of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer and This is considered to be one reason why the cumulative 90% particle size can be kept within the desired range. Therefore, a dispersion medium having the above average particle size is used in a wet stirring ball mill.
- the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer produced using the dispersed metal oxide particles satisfactorily satisfies the requirements for the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer according to the present invention.
- the average particle size can be determined by sieving with a sieve described in JIS Z 8801: 20000 or by image analysis.
- the density can be measured by the Archimedes method.
- the average particle diameter and sphericity of the dispersion medium can be measured by an image analyzer represented by LUZEX50 manufactured by Reco.
- the density of the dispersing medium usually 5. 5gZcm 3 or more ones are used, the good Mashiku 5. 9gZcm 3 or more, more preferably 6. OgZcm 3 or more ones are used.
- dispersion using a higher density dispersion medium tends to give a uniform dispersion in a shorter time.
- the sphericity of the distributed media is preferably 1.08 or less, more preferably 1. Use distributed media having a sphericity of 07 or less.
- the material of the dispersion medium is any material that is insoluble in the dispersion solvent contained in the slurry and has a specific gravity greater than that of the slurry and does not react with the slurry or alter the slurry.
- Any known distributed media can be used. Examples include steel balls such as chrome balls (ball balls for ball bearings) and carbon balls (carbon steel balls); stainless steel balls; ceramic balls such as silicon nitride balls, silicon carbide, zirconium carbide, and alumina; titanium nitride, Examples thereof include a sphere coated with a film such as titanium carbonitride. Of these, ceramic balls are preferred, and in particular, zirconia fired balls are preferred. More specifically, it is particularly preferable to use the sintered zirconium beads described in Japanese Patent No. 3400836. Only one type of dispersion media may be used. Two or more types of dispersion media may be used in any combination and ratio.
- a cylindrical stator a slurry supply port provided at one end of the stator, a slurry discharge port provided at the other end of the stator, and filled in the stator
- the dispersion medium and the rotor that stirs and mixes the slurry supplied from the supply port and the discharge port are connected to the discharge port and are rotatably provided to separate the dispersion medium and the slurry by the action of centrifugal force.
- a separator provided with a separator for discharging the slurry from the discharge port.
- the slurry contains at least metal oxide particles and a dispersion solvent.
- the stator is a cylindrical (usually cylindrical) container having a hollow portion therein, and a slurry supply port is formed at one end and a slurry discharge port is formed at the other end. Furthermore, the inside hollow portion is filled with a dispersion medium, and the metal oxide particles in the slurry are dispersed by the dispersion medium. Slurry is supplied into the stator from the supply port, and the slurry in the stator is discharged out of the stator through the discharge port.
- the rotor is provided inside the stator, and stirs and mixes the dispersion medium and the slurry.
- a force V with a pin, disk, annular type, etc., or a rotor with a displacement type may be used!
- the separator separates the dispersion medium and the slurry.
- This separator is provided so as to be connected to the discharge port of the stator. Then, the slurry and the dispersion medium in the stator are separated, and the slurry is sent out of the stator through the stator discharge port.
- the separator used here is rotatably provided, preferably an impeller type, and the dispersion medium and slurry are separated by the action of centrifugal force generated by the rotation of the separator. It will be done.
- the separator may be rotated independently of the rotor, or may be rotated independently of the rotor.
- the wet stirring ball mill is provided with a shaft serving as a rotating shaft of the separator. Furthermore, it is preferable that a hollow discharge path communicating with the discharge port is formed in the shaft center of the shaft. That is, the wet stirring ball mill includes at least a cylindrical stator, a slurry supply port provided at one end of the stator, a slurry discharge port provided at the other end of the stator, a dispersion medium filled in the stator, and In addition to being connected to the rotor that stirs and mixes the slurry supplied from the supply port and the discharge port, it is rotatably provided, and the dispersion medium and the slurry are separated by the action of centrifugal force, and the slurry is discharged from the discharge port. Equipped with an impeller-type separator and a shaft that serves as the rotating shaft of the separator Furthermore, it is preferable that a hollow discharge passage communicating with the discharge port is formed in the shaft center! /.
- the discharge passage formed in the shaft communicates the rotation center of the separator and the discharge port of the stator. For this reason, the slurry separated by the dispersion media force by the separator is sent to the discharge port through the discharge path, and is discharged to the outside of the discharge rotor stator. At this time, since the centrifugal force does not act on the force axis passing through the shaft center of the discharge path, the slurry is discharged without kinetic energy. For this reason, kinetic energy is not wasted and useless power is not consumed.
- Such a wet stirring ball mill may be in the horizontal direction! /, But is preferably in the vertical direction in order to increase the filling rate of the dispersion medium.
- the discharge port is preferably provided at the upper end of the mill. Further, in this case, it is desirable that the separator is also provided above the dispersion medium filling level.
- the supply port is provided at the bottom of the mill.
- the supply port is constituted by a valve seat, and a V-shaped, trapezoidal, or cone-shaped valve body that is fitted to the valve seat so as to be movable up and down and can be in line contact with the edge of the valve seat. Constitute.
- an annular slit can be formed between the edge of the valve seat and the valve body so that the dispersion medium cannot pass therethrough. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent a drop in the force distribution medium to which the slurry is supplied at the supply port.
- the slit is formed by the edge of the valve body and the valve seat, coarse particles (metal oxide particles) in the slurry are difficult to stagnate, and even if squeezed, they are likely to come out vertically and are not easily clogged.
- the valve body is vibrated up and down by the vibration means, the coarse particles trapped in the slit can be pulled out from the slit, and the stagnation itself does not easily occur.
- the shearing force is applied to the slurry by the vibration of the valve body, the viscosity is lowered, and the amount of slurry passing through the slit (that is, the supply amount) can be increased.
- the vibration means for vibrating the valve body for example, in addition to mechanical means such as a vibrator, means for changing the pressure of compressed air acting on the piston integrated with the valve body, for example, reciprocating compression Machine
- an electromagnetic switching valve for switching intake / exhaust of compressed air can be used.
- a screen for separating the dispersion medium and a slurry outlet are provided at the bottom so that the slurry remaining in the wet stirring ball mill can be taken out after the dispersion is completed. Desire! /
- the wet stirring ball mill is placed vertically, and the shaft is supported on the upper end of the stator, and an O-ring and a mechanical seal having a mating ring are mounted on the bearing portion for supporting the shaft at the upper end of the stator.
- an O-ring is fitted to the bearing part and an O-ring is fitted to the annular groove, the lower part of the annular groove is urged downward to expand. It is preferable to form a tapered cut that opens. That is, a wet stirring ball mill is supported by a cylindrical vertical stator, a slurry supply port provided at the bottom of the stator, a slurry discharge port provided at the upper end of the stator, and an upper end of the stator.
- a shaft that is rotationally driven by the drive means, a pin that is fixed to the shaft, and a pin, disk, or wheeler type rotor that stirs and mixes the dispersion medium filled in the stator and the slurry supplied from the supply port;
- the separator is provided near the outlet and separates the dispersed media from the slurry, and the mechanical seal is provided on the bearing that supports the shaft at the top of the stator, and the mechanical seal mating ring
- a tapered notch is formed in the lower part of the annular groove in which the O-ring to be contacted expands downward. But preferably,.
- the mechanical seal is provided at the upper end of the stator above the liquid surface level at the axial center where the dispersion medium or slurry has little kinetic energy.
- the lower part of the annular groove into which the O-ring fits is expanded downward by cutting and the clearance is widened, so that slurry and dispersion media enter and swallow or solidify. Therefore, the mating ring, which is hard to cause clogging, can follow the seal ring smoothly, and the mechanical seal function can be maintained.
- the separator includes two disks having blade engagement grooves on opposing inner surfaces, a blade fitted in the engagement groove and interposed between the disks, and a blade. It is preferable to comprise a supporting means for sandwiching the interposed disk from both sides.
- a cylindrical stator As the wet stirring ball mill, a cylindrical stator, a slurry supply port provided at one end of the stator, a slurry discharge port provided at the other end of the stator, and the stator filled A dispersion medium and a rotor that stirs and mixes the slurry supplied from the supply port, and is connected to the discharge port and is rotatably provided in the stator. The dispersion medium and the slurry are rotated by the action of centrifugal force. And a separator for discharging the slurry from the discharge port.
- the separator is provided with two disks each provided with a blade fitting groove on the opposite inner surface, and the fitting.
- the support means is composed of a step of a shaft that forms a stepped shaft and a cylindrical presser that fits the shaft and presses the disc, and the step and the presser of the shaft support the blade. It is configured so that the intervening disk is sandwiched and supported from both sides.
- the separator preferably has an impeller type configuration.
- stirrer used for producing the undercoat layer coating solution of the present invention is not limited to those exemplified here.
- FIG. 7 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the wet stirring ball mill of this embodiment.
- slurry (not shown) is supplied to a vertical wet stirring ball mill, pulverized by stirring with the dispersion medium (not shown) in the mill, and then the dispersion medium is separated by a separator 14.
- the oil is discharged through a discharge passage 19 formed in the shaft center of the shaft 15 and is circulated and ground through a return route (not shown).
- the vertical wet-stir ball mill is a vertically-oriented cylinder with force as shown in detail in Fig. 7.
- the stator 17 is provided with a jacket 16 through which cooling water for cooling the two mills is passed, and is rotatably supported at the upper part of the stator 17 at the shaft center of the stator 17.
- the shaft 15 is provided with a mechanical seal shown in FIG. 2 and has a hollow discharge passage 19 at the upper axis, and a pin or disk-shaped rotor 21 protruding radially at the lower end of the shaft 15.
- a pulley 24 that is fixed to the upper portion of the shaft 15 and transmits a driving force
- a rotary joint 25 that is attached to the opening end of the upper end of the shaft 15, and a medium that is fixed to the shaft 15 near the upper portion in the stator 17.
- the separator 14 is composed of a pair of disks 31 fixed to the shaft 15 at a predetermined interval and a blade 32 connecting the both disks 31 to form an impeller.
- the separator 14 rotates together with the shaft 15. Centrifugal force is applied to the dispersion medium and the slurry that have entered between the disks 31 and the dispersion medium is blown outward in the radial direction due to the difference in specific gravity, while the slurry is discharged through the discharge path 19 at the center of the shaft 15. It is supposed to let you.
- the slurry supply port 26 includes an inverted trapezoidal valve body 35 that fits up and down to a valve seat formed at the bottom of the stator 17, and a bottomed cylinder that protrudes downward from the bottom of the stator 17.
- an annular slit (not shown) is formed between the valve seat and the valve seat 35 so that the slurry is supplied into the stator 17. It has been.
- valve body 35 at the time of raw material supply rises against the pressure in the mill due to the supply pressure of the slurry fed into the cylindrical body 36, and forms a slit between the valve seat 35 and the valve seat. ! /
- the valve body 35 can be lifted and lowered up to the upper limit position in a short cycle so that stagnation can be eliminated.
- the vibration of the valve body 35 may be constantly performed, or may be performed when the slurry contains a large amount of coarse particles.
- the valve body 35 vibrates. It may be performed in conjunction with As shown in detail in FIG. 8, the mechanical seal is formed by pressing the mating ring 101 on the stator side to the seal ring 100 fixed to the shaft 15 by the action of the panel 102 and mating with the stator 17. Sealing with the ring 101 is performed by an O-ring 104 that fits into the stator-side fitting groove 103.In FIG.
- the lower side of the O-ring fitting groove 103 faces downward.
- a taper-shaped cut (not shown) that expands is inserted, and the length of the minimum clearance “a” between the lower side of the fitting groove 103 and the mating ring 101 is narrow, and media and slurry enter.
- the movement of the mating ring 101 is not hindered and the seal with the seal ring 100 is not damaged.
- the rotor 21 and the separator 14 are fixed to the same shaft 15.
- the rotor 21 and the separator 14 are fixed to separate shafts arranged on the same axis and are driven to rotate separately.
- the structure is simplified because only one driving device is required.
- the rotor and the shaft are attached to different shafts and are separated.
- the rotor and the separator can be driven at optimum rotational speeds, respectively.
- the ball mill shown in FIG. 9 has a shaft 105 as a stepped shaft, a separator 106 is inserted from the lower end of the shaft, and then a spacer 107 and a disk or pin-shaped rotor 108 are alternately inserted, A stopper 109 is fixed to the lower end of the shaft with a screw 110, and a separator 106, a spacer 107 and a rotor 108 are sandwiched and connected by a step 105a of the shaft 105 and the stopper 109, and the separator 106 is shown in FIG.
- a pair of discs 115 each having a blade fitting groove 114 formed on the inner surface thereof, a blade 116 interposed between the two discs and fitted in the blade fitting groove 114, and both discs 115 And an annular spacer 113 having a hole 112 communicating with the discharge passage 111 to form an impeller.
- the wet stirring ball mill of the present embodiment is configured as described above, the slurry is dispersed by the following procedure. That is, the wet stirring of this embodiment A dispersion medium (not shown) is filled in the ball mill stator 17 and driven by external power to rotate the rotor 21 and separator 14 while a certain amount of slurry is sent to the supply port 26. As a result, slurry is supplied into the stator 7 through a slit (not shown) formed between the edge of the valve seat and the valve body 35.
- the slurry in the stator 7 and the dispersion medium are stirred and mixed, and the slurry is pulverized.
- the dispersion medium and the slurry that have entered the separator 14 are separated by the difference in specific gravity due to the rotation of the separator 14, and the dispersion medium having a high specific gravity is blown outward in the radial direction, whereas the slurry having a low specific gravity is formed on the shaft. It is discharged through a discharge passage 19 formed at the center of 15 shafts and returned to the raw material tank.
- the particle size of the slurry is appropriately measured at a stage where the pulverization has progressed to some extent. When the desired particle size is reached, the raw material pump is stopped once, then the mill operation is stopped, and the pulverization is terminated.
- the filling rate of the dispersion medium filled in the wet stirring ball mill is usually 50% or more. Preferably it is 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, and usually 100% or less, preferably 95% or less, more preferably 90% or less.
- the separator may be a screen or a slit mechanism, but as described above, the impeller type is the desired vertical type. It is preferable. It is desirable that the wet stirring ball mill be oriented vertically and the separator be placed on the top of the mill. Especially when the filling rate of the dispersion medium is set in the above range, the grinding is most efficiently performed and the separator is set at the media filling level. This makes it possible to prevent the dispersion medium from being discharged onto the separator.
- the operating conditions of the wet-stirred ball mill applied to disperse the metal oxide particles include the volume average particle diameter and cumulative 90% particle diameter of the metal oxide particles in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer. , Stability of coating solution for forming the undercoat layer, coating formation of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer The surface shape of the undercoat layer thus formed and the characteristics of the electrophotographic photosensitive member having the undercoat layer formed by coating the undercoat layer forming coating solution are affected. In particular, the slurry supply speed and the rotational speed of the rotor have a large influence.
- the slurry supply speed is related to the time during which the slurry stays in the wet-stirred ball mill, and is therefore affected by the volume of the mill and its shape.
- the volume of the wet-stirred ball mill 1 It is usually in the range of 20 kgZ hours or more, preferably 30 kgZ hours or more, and usually 80 kgZ hours or less, preferably 70 kgZ hours or less per liter (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as L).
- the rotational speed of the rotor is affected by parameters such as the shape of the rotor and the gap with the stator, but in the case of a commonly used stator and rotor, the peripheral speed of the rotor tip is usually 5 mZ seconds or more. It is preferably in the range of 8 mZ seconds or more, more preferably 10 mZ seconds or more, and usually 20 mZ seconds or less, preferably 15 mZ seconds or less, more preferably 12 mZ seconds or less.
- the dispersion medium is usually used in a volume ratio of 1 to 5 times that of the slurry.
- a dispersion aid that can be easily removed after dispersion. Examples of the dispersion aid include sodium chloride and sodium nitrate.
- the dispersion of the metal oxide particles is preferably carried out in the presence of a dispersion solvent in a wet manner.
- components other than the dispersion solvent may coexist.
- examples of such components that may coexist include binder resin and various additives.
- the dispersion solvent is not particularly limited, but if the solvent used in the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is used, it is preferable that steps such as solvent exchange are not required after dispersion. Any one of these dispersion solvents may be used alone. Two or more of these dispersion solvents may be used in any combination and ratio, and may be used as a mixed solvent.
- the amount of the dispersion solvent used is usually 0.1 parts by weight or more, preferably 1 part by weight or more, and usually 500 parts by weight with respect to 1 part by weight of the metal oxide to be dispersed. Part or less, preferably 100 parts by weight or less.
- the temperature at the time of mechanical dispersion is a force that can be carried out at a temperature higher than the freezing point of the solvent (or mixed solvent) and lower than the boiling point. It is performed in the following range.
- the slurry force dispersion medium is separated and removed, and further subjected to ultrasonic treatment.
- the ultrasonic treatment applies ultrasonic vibration to the metal oxide particles.
- the ultrasonic treatment conditions such as vibration frequency are not particularly limited, but ultrasonic vibration is usually applied by an oscillator having a frequency of 10 kHz or more, preferably 15 kHz or more, and usually 40 kHz or less, preferably 35 kHz or less.
- the output of the ultrasonic oscillator there is no particular limitation on the output of the ultrasonic oscillator, but normally 100W to 5kW is used.
- the amount of slurry to be treated at one time is usually 1L or more, preferably 5L or more, more preferably 10L or more, and usually 50L or less, preferably 30L or less, more preferably 20L or less.
- the output of the ultrasonic oscillator is preferably 200 W or more, more preferably 300 W or more, further preferably 500 W or more, preferably 3 kW or less, more preferably 2 kW or less, and even more preferably 1.5 kW or less. It is.
- the method of applying ultrasonic vibration to the metal oxide particles is not particularly limited.
- a method of directly immersing an ultrasonic oscillator in a container containing slurry, or a container outer wall containing slurry examples include a method of bringing an ultrasonic oscillator into contact, and a method of immersing a container containing slurry in a liquid that has been vibrated by an ultrasonic oscillator.
- a method of immersing a container containing slurry in a liquid that has been vibrated by an ultrasonic oscillator is preferably used.
- the liquid to be vibrated by the ultrasonic oscillator is not limited, but examples thereof include water; alcohols such as methanol; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene; and fats and oils such as silicone oil. . Among these, it is preferable to use water in consideration of safety in production, cost, cleanability and the like.
- the efficiency of ultrasonic treatment changes depending on the temperature of the liquid. Is preferably maintained. The added ultrasonic vibration may increase the temperature of the liquid to which vibration is applied.
- the temperature of the liquid is usually 5 ° C or higher, preferably 10 ° C or higher, more preferably 15 ° C or higher, and usually 60 ° C or lower, preferably 50 ° C or lower, more preferably 40 ° C or lower. Sonication is preferred over the temperature range.
- any container can be used as long as it is a container that is usually used to contain a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer used for forming a photosensitive layer for an electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- a resin-made container such as polyethylene and polypropylene
- a glass container such as polyethylene and polypropylene
- metal cans are preferred, and 18 liter metal cans are preferably used as specified in JIS Z 1602. This is because it is strong against impacts that are hardly affected by organic solvents.
- the slurry after dispersion and the slurry after ultrasonic treatment are used after being filtered as necessary in order to remove coarse particles.
- a filtration medium in this case, any filtering material such as cellulose fiber, rosin fiber, glass fiber or the like usually used for filtration may be used.
- a so-called wind filter in which various fibers are wound around a core material is preferable because of a large filtration area and high efficiency.
- the core material any conventionally known core material can be used. Examples of the core material include stainless steel core material, polypropylene, and the like, and the core material made of resin not dissolved in the slurry or the solvent contained in the slurry.
- the slurry thus obtained further contains a solvent, a binder resin (binder), other components (auxiliaries, etc.) as necessary, and is used as a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer.
- the metal oxide particles may be used before or during the dispersion or sonication process, during or after the process, the solvent for the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer, the binder resin, and the necessary It may be mixed with other components used according to the above. Therefore, mixing of the metal oxide particles with the solvent, binder resin, and other components does not necessarily have to be performed after the dispersion or ultrasonic treatment.
- the undercoat layer forming coating liquid according to the present invention can be efficiently produced and storage stability is higher.
- a coating solution for forming an undercoat layer can be obtained. Therefore, a higher quality electrophotographic photoreceptor can be obtained efficiently.
- the undercoat layer according to the present invention can be formed by applying the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer according to the present invention onto a conductive substrate and drying it.
- the method for applying the coating liquid for forming the undercoat layer according to the present invention is not limited, but for example, dip coating, spray coating, nozzle coating, snail coating, ring coating, bar coating coating, roll coating coating, blade coating. Etc. These coating methods may be carried out with only one kind, or any combination of two or more kinds may be carried out.
- Examples of the spray coating method include air spray, airless spray, electrostatic worker spray, electrostatic worker spray, rotary atomizing electrostatic spray, hot spray, hot airless spray and the like.
- the transport method disclosed in the republished Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-805198, that is, the cylinder It is preferable to carry out the continuous work without rotating the workpiece in the axial direction while rotating the workpiece. As a result, an electrophotographic photoreceptor excellent in uniformity of the thickness of the undercoat layer can be obtained with a comprehensively high adhesion efficiency.
- a method of applying the snail there is a method using an injection coating machine or a curtain coating machine disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 52-119651, and a method disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-231966.
- the opening force there are a method of continuously flying the paint in a streak shape, a method using a multi-nozzle body disclosed in JP-A-3-193161, and the like.
- the total solid concentration of the coating solution for forming the undercoat layer is usually 1% by weight or more, preferably 10% by weight or more and usually 50% by weight or less, preferably 35% by weight or less.
- the coating film is dried, but it is preferable to adjust the drying temperature and time so that necessary and sufficient drying is performed.
- the drying temperature is usually 100 ° C or higher, preferably 110 ° C or higher. Above, more preferably 115 ° C or higher, and usually 250 ° C or lower, preferably 170 ° C or lower, more preferably 140 ° C or lower.
- a hot air dryer, a steam dryer, an infrared dryer, a far-infrared dryer, or the like can be used.
- any structure applicable to a known electrophotographic photoreceptor can be employed.
- a so-called single-layer photosensitive member having a single-layer photosensitive layer that is, a single-layer photosensitive layer
- a photoconductive material is dissolved or dispersed in a binder resin
- examples include a so-called multilayer photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer (that is, a multilayer photosensitive layer) composed of a plurality of layers formed by laminating a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer containing a charge transport material.
- a photoconductive material exhibits the same performance as a function regardless of whether it is a single layer type or a multilayer type.
- the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention may be in any known form, but comprehensively considering the mechanical properties, electrical characteristics, manufacturing stability, etc. of the photosensitive member.
- a stacked type photoreceptor is preferred.
- a sequentially laminated photoreceptor in which an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer are laminated in this order on a conductive substrate is more preferable.
- any material that has been proposed for use in the present application can be used.
- examples of such substances include azo pigments, phthalocyanine pigments, anthanthrone pigments, quinacridone pigments, cyanine pigments, pyrylium pigments, thiapyrylium pigments, indigo pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, And squaric acid pigments.
- Particularly preferred are phthalocyanine pigments or azo pigments.
- Phthalocyanine pigments provide high sensitivity to relatively long wavelength laser light, and azo pigments have sufficient sensitivity to white light and relatively short wavelength laser light. And each is excellent.
- a phthalocyanine compound when used as the charge generation material, a high effect is shown and preferable.
- the phthalocyanine compounds include metal-free phthalocyanine, copper, indium, gallium, tin, titanium, zinc, vanadium, silicon, germanium, and other metals, or oxides, halides, hydroxides, alkoxides, and the like.
- the Examples include talocyanine.
- the crystal form of the phthalocyanine compound is not limited, but in particular, the highly sensitive crystal forms X-type, ⁇ -type metal-free phthalocyanine, ⁇ -type (also known as
- phthalocyanines ⁇ type (
- oxytitanium that exhibits a main diffraction peak at the Bragg angle (2 0 ⁇ 0.2 °) force of 27.3 ° of the X-ray diffraction spectrum for CuKa characteristic X-rays.
- Phthalocyanine, oxytitanium phthalocyanine which shows the main diffraction peaks at 9.3 °, 13.2 °, 26.2 ° and 27.1 °, 9.2. 14.1. 15.3. 19.7. , 27.1.
- Phthalocyanine and black gallium phthalocyanine exhibiting diffraction peaks at 7.4 °, 16.6 °, 25.5 ° and 28.3 ° are preferred.
- oxytitanium phthalocyanine showing a main diffraction peak at 27.3 ° is particularly preferred.
- oxytitanium phthalocyanine showing a main diffraction peak at 9.5 °, 24.1 ° and 27.3 ° is used. Especially preferred.
- the phthalocyanine compound may be a single compound or a mixture of two or more compounds or a mixed crystal state.
- the mixed or mixed crystal state of the phthalocyanine compound here, the respective constituent elements may be mixed and used later, or phthalocyanine for synthesis, pigmentation, crystallization, etc. It may be the one in which a mixed state is produced in the production process step of the system compound. Examples of such treatment include acid paste treatment, grinding treatment, solvent treatment, and the like.
- the method for generating the mixed crystal state For example, as described in JP-A-10-48859, two types of crystals are mixed, mechanically ground and made amorphous, and then treated with a solvent. Can be converted into a specific crystal state.
- a charge generating substance other than the phthalocyanine compound may be used in combination.
- charge generation materials such as azo pigments, perylene pigments, quinacridone pigments, polycyclic quinone pigments, indigo pigments, benzimidazole pigments, pyrylium salts, thiapyrylium salts, squalium salts, and the like can be used.
- the charge generation material is dispersed in the photosensitive layer forming coating solution, but it may be pre-ground before being dispersed in the photosensitive layer forming coating solution.
- Pre-grinding is a force that can be performed using various apparatuses. Usually, a ball mill, a sand grind mill, or the like is used. Any grinding media can be used as the grinding media to be fed into these grinding devices as long as the grinding media is not pulverized during the grinding treatment and can be easily separated after the dispersion treatment. Examples thereof include beads, balls, and the like such as glass, alumina, zirconia, stainless steel, and ceramics.
- the volume average particle diameter is 500 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 250 ⁇ m or less.
- the volume average particle diameter of the charge generation material may be measured by any method commonly used by those skilled in the art, but is usually measured by a normal sedimentation method or a centrifugal sedimentation method.
- charge transport material examples include: polymer compounds such as polyvinyl carbazole, polyburpyrene, polyglycidyl carbazole, polyacenaphthylene; polycyclic aromatic compounds such as pyrene and anthracene; indole derivatives, imidazoles Derivatives, force rubazole derivatives, pyrazole derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, oxazole derivatives, thiadiazole derivatives, etc .; p Jetylaminobenzaldehyde 1 N, N-diphenylhydrazone, N-methylcarbazole 3-carbaldehyde Hydrazone compounds such as N, N diphenylhydrazone; 5— (4— (di-p-tolylamino) benzylidene) — 5H-dibenzo (a, d) cyclohept Styryl compounds such as ten; triarylamine compounds such as
- a hydrazone derivative a strong rubazole derivative, a styryl compound, a butadiene compound, a triarylamine compound, a benzidine compound, or a combination of these is preferably used.
- These charge transport materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the photosensitive layer according to the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention is formed in a form in which a photoconductive material is bound with various binder resins.
- the binder resin for the photosensitive layer any known kind of binder resin that can be used for the electrophotographic photoreceptor can be used.
- Specific examples of binder resin for photosensitive layer include polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylic acid ester, polymethacrylic acid ester, polyester, polyarylate, polycarbonate, polyesterolate polycarbonate, polyvinylenosetter.
- the layer containing a charge generating substance is usually a charge generating layer.
- a charge generation material may be included in the charge transport layer as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the charge generating material is usually dispersed in the photosensitive layer forming coating solution, but there is no limitation on the dispersion method. Examples include a rumill dispersion method, an attritor dispersion method, and a sand mill dispersion method.
- the particle size of the charge generating substance in the photosensitive layer forming coating solution is usually reduced to 0. 1 or less, preferably 0.3 m or less, more preferably 0.15 m or less.
- the film thickness of the charge generation layer is an arbitrary force. Usually 0.1 m or more, preferably 0.15 m or more, and usually 2 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or less. is there.
- the usage ratio of the charge generation material in the charge generation layer is 100 parts by weight of the binder resin for the photosensitive layer contained in the charge generation layer.
- the amount is usually 30 parts by weight or more, preferably 50 parts by weight or more, and usually 500 parts by weight or less, preferably 300 parts by weight or less. If the amount of the charge generating substance used is too small, the electrical characteristics as an electrophotographic photoreceptor may not be sufficient, and if it is too large, the stability of the coating solution may be impaired.
- plasticizers for improving film formability, flexibility, mechanical strength, etc. additives for suppressing residual potential, and for improving dispersion stability. It may contain a dispersion aid, a leveling agent for improving coating properties, a surfactant, silicone oil, fluorine oil and other additives. These additives may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is a so-called single layer type photosensitive member, it is contained in a matrix mainly composed of a binder resin for a photosensitive layer and a charge transporting material having the same mixing ratio as the charge transporting layer described later.
- the charge generating material is dispersed.
- the volume average particle diameter of the charge generation material is usually not more than 0, preferably not more than 0.3 / zm, more preferably not more than 0.15 m.
- the film thickness is arbitrary.
- the force is usually 5 m or more, preferably 10 m or more, and usually 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 45 ⁇ m or less.
- the amount of the charge generating material dispersed in the photosensitive layer is arbitrary, but if it is too small, sufficient sensitivity is obtained. The degree of charge may not be obtained, and if it is too large, the chargeability and sensitivity may be lowered. Therefore, the content of the charge generating material in the single-layer type photosensitive layer is usually 0.5% by weight or more, preferably 1.0% by weight or more, and usually 50% by weight or less, preferably 45% by weight or less. is there.
- the photosensitive layer of a single-layer type photoreceptor also has a known plasticizer for improving film formability, flexibility, mechanical strength, etc., an additive for suppressing residual potential, and improved dispersion stability. It may contain a dispersion aid for the coating, a leveling agent for improving coating properties, a surfactant, silicone oil, fluorine-based oil and other additives. These additives may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the layer containing a charge transport material is usually a charge transport layer.
- the charge transport layer may be formed of a resin having a charge transport function alone, but a configuration in which the charge transport material is dispersed or dissolved in the binder resin for the photosensitive layer is more preferable.
- the thickness of the charge transport layer can be any force. Usually 5 m or more, preferably 10 m or more, more preferably 15 ⁇ m or more, and usually 60 ⁇ m or less, preferably 45 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 27 ⁇ m. m or less.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention is a so-called single layer type photosensitive member
- the single layer type photosensitive layer is a matrix in which the charge generating material is dispersed, and the charge transporting material is a binder resin. A composition dispersed or dissolved therein is used.
- the binder resin used in the layer containing the charge transport material the above-described binder resin for photosensitive layers can be used.
- examples of materials that are particularly suitable for use in a layer containing a charge transport material include butyl polymers such as polymethylmetatalylate, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride, and copolymers thereof, polycarbonate, polyarylate, Polyester, polyester carbonate, polysulfone, polyimide, phenoxy, epoxy, silicone resin, etc., as well as partially crosslinked cured products thereof.
- this binder resin may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together by arbitrary combinations and a ratio.
- the ratio of the binder resin to the charge transport material is arbitrary as long as the effects of the present invention are not significantly impaired.
- the charge transport material is usually 20 parts by weight or more, preferably 30 parts by weight or more, more preferably 40 parts by weight or more, and usually 200 parts by weight or less, preferably 150 parts by weight or less, based on 00 parts by weight. Preferably it is used in the range of 120 parts by weight or less.
- the layer containing the charge transporting material may be formed of an anti-oxidation agent such as a hindered phenol or hindered amine, an ultraviolet absorber, a sensitizer, a leveling agent, or an electron-withdrawing material as necessary.
- an anti-oxidation agent such as a hindered phenol or hindered amine, an ultraviolet absorber, a sensitizer, a leveling agent, or an electron-withdrawing material as necessary.
- Various additives such as these may be contained. These additives may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio.
- the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention may have other layers in addition to the above-described undercoat layer and photosensitive layer.
- a conventionally known surface protective layer or overcoat layer mainly composed of a thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer may be provided.
- any method can be used with no limitation on the method of forming each layer other than the undercoat layer of the photoreceptor.
- a coating solution obtained by dissolving or dispersing the substance contained in the layer in a solvent (photosensitive layer forming coating solution).
- the coating solution for forming the charge generation layer, the coating solution for forming the charge transport layer, etc. is applied by using a known method such as a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a ring coating method, and the like, followed by drying.
- the coating solution may contain various additives such as a leveling agent, an anti-oxidation agent, and a sensitizer for improving the coating property, if necessary.
- the solvent used in the coating solution is not limited, but an organic solvent is usually used.
- preferred solvents include, for example, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, 1-hexanol, and 1,3-butanediol; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and cyclohexanone; , Tetrahydrofuran, and ethylene ether monomethyl ether; 4-methoxy 4-methyl 2-pentano Ether ketones such as benzene; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and black benzene; esters such as methyl acetate and ethyl acetate; N, N dimethylformamide, N, N dimethyl Amides such as acetate amide; and sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide.
- solvents alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers and ether ketones are particularly preferred. More preferable examples include toluene, xylene, 1-hexanol, 1,3 butanediol, tetrahydrofuran, 4-methoxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, and the like.
- the above solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more in any combination and ratio! /.
- the solvent include 1,2-dimethoxy ester, among which ethers, alcohols, amides, sulfoxides, sulfoxides, ether ketones and the like can be mentioned.
- Ethers such as tantalum and alcohols such as 1-pronool V are suitable.
- Particularly preferred are ethers.
- a coating solution is produced using oxytitanium phthalocyanine as a charge generating substance, the surface properties of the phthalocyanine such as crystal form stability and dispersion stability are also obtained.
- the amount of solvent used in the coating solution is not limited, and an appropriate amount may be used depending on the composition of the coating solution, the coating method, and the like.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention can obtain a good image without causing image defects such as black spots, color spots, and black stripes while preventing fringes due to interference of exposure light.
- image defects such as black spots, color spots, and black stripes
- the following benefits may be obtained.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention when used for image formation, it is possible to form a high-quality image while suppressing the influence of the environment.
- the layer contained coarse metal oxide particles in which oxidic particles were aggregated, and the coarse metal oxide particles could cause defects during image formation.
- a contact type is used as the charging means, a conductive group is passed from the photosensitive layer through the metal oxide particles when the photosensitive layer is charged. There was also a possibility that the charge would move to the body and it would not be possible to charge properly.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention since the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention has an undercoat layer using metal oxide particles having a very small average particle diameter and a good particle size distribution, Therefore, high-quality image formation is possible.
- an embodiment of an image forming apparatus (an image forming apparatus of the present invention) using the electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
- the embodiment is not limited to the following description, and can be arbitrarily modified without departing from the gist of the present invention.
- the image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member 201, a charging device (charging means) 202, an exposure device (exposure means; image exposure means) 203, a developing device (developing means) 204, and a transfer device.
- An apparatus (transfer means) 205 is provided, and a cleaning device (tally wing means) 206 and a fixing device (fixing means) 207 are further provided as necessary.
- the image forming apparatus of the present invention includes the above-described electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention as the photosensitive member 201. That is, the image forming apparatus of the present invention forms an electrostatic latent image by performing image exposure on the electrophotographic photosensitive member, charging means for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- an image forming apparatus comprising: an image exposing means for developing; a developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image with a toner; and a transferring means for transferring the toner to a transfer object.
- an undercoat layer containing metal oxide particles and a binder resin On a conductive substrate having a height roughness Rz of 0.8 ⁇ 2 / ⁇ , an undercoat layer containing metal oxide particles and a binder resin, and on the undercoat layer An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a formed photosensitive layer, wherein the metal oxide in a liquid in which the undercoat layer is dispersed in a solvent in which methanol and 1-propanol are mixed at a weight ratio of 7: 3.
- the volume average particle diameter measured by the dynamic light scattering method of the particles is 0.1 l / zm or less and is cumulative. 90% particle size of the provided with what 0.5 is 3 m or less.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201 is not particularly limited as long as it is the above-described electrophotographic photosensitive member of the present invention.
- the above-described photosensitive layer is formed on the surface of a cylindrical conductive substrate.
- the drum-shaped photoconductor is shown.
- a charging device 202 Along the outer peripheral surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201, a charging device 202, an exposure device 203, a developing device 204, a transfer device 205, and a cleaning device.
- Each device 206 is deployed.
- the charging device 202 charges the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201, and uniformly charges the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201 to a predetermined potential.
- the charging device is preferably disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photoreceptor 201.
- a roller-type charging device (charging roller) is shown as an example of the charging device 202, but other corona charging devices such as corotron and scorotron, and contact-type charging devices such as charging brushes are often used. It is done.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201 and the charging device 202 are designed to be removable from the main body of the image forming apparatus as a cartridge including both (hereinafter, referred to as a photosensitive member cartridge as appropriate).
- a photosensitive member cartridge as appropriate.
- the photosensitive cartridge can be removed from the image forming apparatus main body, and another new photosensitive cartridge can be mounted on the image forming apparatus main body. It is connected.
- the toner described later is often stored in the toner cartridge and designed to be removable from the main body of the image forming apparatus. When the toner in the used toner cartridge runs out, this toner cartridge is removed. It can be removed from the main body of the image forming apparatus and installed with another new toner cartridge.
- the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201, the charging device 202, and a cartridge equipped with all of the toner may be used.
- the exposure device 203 can be of any type as long as it can perform exposure (image exposure) on the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201 to form an electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201.
- Exposure may be performed by a photoreceptor internal exposure method. The light used for the exposure is arbitrary.
- the exposure is performed with monochromatic light with a wavelength of 780 nm, monochromatic light with a wavelength slightly shorter than 600 nm to 700 nm, or monochromatic light with a wavelength shorter than 350 nm to 600 nm. Good. Of these, exposure with monochromatic light with a short wavelength of 350 nm to 600 nm is preferred, and exposure with monochromatic light with a wavelength of 380 nm to 500 nm is more preferred.
- the developing device 204 develops the electrostatic latent image.
- Any apparatus such as a dry development system such as a cascade development, a one-component conductive toner development, a two-component magnetic brush development, or a wet development system can be used.
- the developing device 204 includes a developing tank 241, an agitator 242, a supply roller 243, a developing roller 244, and a control member 245, and has a configuration in which toner T is stored inside the developing tank 241. ing.
- a replenishing device (not shown) for replenishing toner T may be attached to the developing device 204 as necessary.
- This supply device is configured to be able to supply toner T from a container such as a bottle or a cartridge.
- the supply roller 243 is formed of a conductive sponge or the like.
- the developing roller 244 is made of a metal roll such as iron, stainless steel, aluminum, or nickel, or a resin roll obtained by coating such a metal roll with silicone resin, urethane resin, fluorine resin, or the like.
- the surface of the developing roller 244 may have a smooth surface or a rough surface if necessary.
- the developing roller 244 is disposed between the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201 and the supply roller 243, and is in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201 and the supply roller 243, respectively.
- the supply roller 243 and the developing roller 244 are rotated by a rotation drive mechanism (not shown).
- the supply roller 243 carries the stored toner T and supplies it to the developing roller 244.
- the developing roller 244 carries the toner T supplied by the supply roller 243 and contacts the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201.
- the regulating member 245 is made of a resin blade such as silicone resin, urethane resin, a metal blade such as stainless steel, aluminum, copper, brass, phosphor bronze, or a blade obtained by coating such metal blade with resin. Is formed.
- the regulating member 245 contacts the developing roller 244 and is pressed with a predetermined force against the developing roller 244 side by a spring or the like (a general blade linear pressure is 5 to 500 gZcm). If necessary, the regulating member 245 may be provided with a function of imparting charging to the toner T by frictional charging with the toner dies.
- the agitator 242 is rotated by a rotation driving mechanism, and agitates the toner T and conveys the toner T to the supply roller 243 side.
- a plurality of agitators 242 may be provided with different blade shapes and sizes.
- the type of toner T is arbitrary, and in addition to powdered toner, polymerized toner using suspension polymerization method, emulsion polymerization method, or the like can be used. Especially when polymerized toner is used, Those having a small particle size of about 8 / ⁇ are preferred, and the toner particles can be used in a variety of shapes from a nearly spherical shape to a potato-like spherical force deviating. The polymerized toner is excellent in charging uniformity and transferability, and is suitably used for high image quality.
- the transfer device 205 uses a device using any method such as electrostatic transfer methods such as corona transfer, roller transfer, and belt transfer, pressure transfer method, and adhesive transfer method, which are not particularly limited in type. can do.
- the transfer device 205 includes a transfer charger, a transfer roller, a transfer belt, and the like disposed so as to face the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201.
- the transfer device 205 applies a predetermined voltage value (transfer voltage) having a polarity opposite to the charging potential of the toner cartridge, and transfers a toner image formed on the electrophotographic photosensitive member 201 to a transfer material (transferred material, paper, medium). It is to be transferred to ⁇ .
- transfer material transferred material, paper, medium
- any cleaning device such as a brush cleaner, a magnetic brush cleaner, an electrostatic brush cleaner, a magnetic roller cleaner, and a blade cleaner, which are not particularly limited, can be used.
- the cleaning device 206 collects the residual toner that adheres to the photosensitive member 201 by scraping the residual toner with a cleaning member. However, if there is little or almost no toner remaining on the surface of the photoconductor, the tallying device 206 may be omitted.
- the fixing device 207 includes an upper fixing member (fixing roller) 271 and a lower fixing member (fixing roller) 272, and a heating device 273 is provided inside the fixing member 271 or 272.
- FIG. 11 shows an example in which a heating device 273 is provided inside the upper fixing member 271.
- the upper and lower fixing members 271, 272 are made of a known heat fixing member such as a fixing roll in which a metal tube made of stainless steel, aluminum or the like is coated with silicon rubber, a fixing roll in which fluorine resin is further coated, or a fixing sheet. Can be used.
- the fixing members 27 1 and 272 are configured to supply pressure to each other by a panel or the like that supplies a release agent such as silicone oil in order to improve releasability. Also good.
- the fixing device is not particularly limited in its type, and a fixing device of an arbitrary method such as heat roller fixing, flash fixing, oven fixing, pressure fixing, etc. can be provided.
- an image is recorded as follows. That is, first, the surface (photosensitive surface) force of the photosensitive member 201 is charged to a predetermined potential (for example, ⁇ 600 V) by the charging device 202. At this time, charging can be performed by superimposing an AC voltage on a DC voltage that can be charged by a DC voltage.
- a predetermined potential for example, ⁇ 600 V
- the photosensitive surface of the charged photosensitive member 201 is exposed by the exposure device 203 according to the image to be recorded, and an electrostatic latent image is formed on the photosensitive surface. Then, development of the electrostatic latent image formed on the photosensitive surface of the photosensitive member 201 is performed by the developing device 204.
- the developing device 204 thins the toner T supplied by the supply roller 243 with a regulating member (developing blade) 245 and has a predetermined polarity (here, the same polarity as the charged potential of the photosensitive member 201). And negatively charged), conveyed while being carried on the developing roller 244, and brought into contact with the surface of the photoreceptor 201.
- the final image is obtained by passing the fixing device 207 and thermally fixing the toner image onto the recording paper P.
- the image forming apparatus may have a configuration capable of performing, for example, a static elimination process.
- the neutralization step is a step of neutralizing the electrophotographic photosensitive member by exposing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a fluorescent lamp, LED, or the like is used as the neutralizing device.
- the light used in the static elimination process is often light having an exposure energy that is at least three times that of the exposure light.
- the image forming apparatus may be further modified.
- the image forming apparatus may be configured such that a pre-exposure process, an auxiliary charging process, or the like can be performed, or offset printing may be performed. May be configured as a full-color tandem system using a plurality of types of toner.
- the photosensitive member 201 is configured as a cartridge in combination with the charging device 202 as described above, it is preferable that the photosensitive member 201 further includes a developing device 204.
- the cartridge may be configured as an integral cartridge (electrophotographic cartridge), and the electrophotographic cartridge may be detachable from the main body of an electrophotographic apparatus such as a copying machine or a laser beam printer. That is, the electrophotographic cartridge of the present invention forms an electrostatic latent image by performing image exposure on the electrophotographic photosensitive member, charging means for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and the charged electrophotographic photosensitive member.
- Image exposing means developing means for developing the electrostatic latent image with toner, transfer means for transferring the toner to a transfer target, fixing means for fixing the toner transferred to the transfer target, and the electrophotographic photosensitive member
- An electrophotographic cartridge including at least one cleaning means for collecting the toner adhered to the surface, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a maximum surface roughness Rz of 0.8 ⁇ 2 / ⁇ .
- An electrophotographic photoreceptor having an undercoat layer containing metal oxide particles and a binder resin on a conductive substrate that is ⁇ , and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, Undercoat layer with methanol and 1 propano
- the volume average particle diameter of the metal oxide particles in a liquid dispersed in a solvent mixed with 7: 3 by weight is measured by the dynamic light scattering method and is 0.1 l / zm or less. And a 90% cumulative particle diameter of 0.3 m or less.
- the image forming apparatus and the electrophotographic cartridge of the present invention a high-quality image can be formed.
- the transfer device 5 is placed in contact with the photoconductor via a transfer material, the image quality is likely to deteriorate.
- the image forming apparatus and the electrophotographic cartridge of the present invention are such a device. This is effective because there is little possibility of quality degradation.
- An alloy substrate 1 was produced.
- a part of the prepared substrate 1 was left, and using the set substrate 1, the in-plane arithmetic average roughness Ra, maximum height roughness Rz, and Kurtosis Rku of the substrate 1 were measured.
- a surface roughness measuring instrument “Surfcom 480A” manufactured by Tokyo Seimitsu Co., Ltd. was used, and the values measured in accordance with JIS B0601: 1994 were read as defined in JIS B0601: 2001. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Rutile-type titanium oxide with an average primary particle size of 40 nm (“TT055N” manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.) and 3% by weight of methyldimethoxysilane (“TSL8117J” manufactured by Toshiba Silicone Co., Ltd.) with respect to the titanium oxide.
- Disperse lkg of raw slurry made by mixing 50 parts of surface-treated titanium oxide obtained by mixing with a Henschel mixer and 120 parts of methanol, and Zirconia beads (YTZ manufactured by Nitsukato Co., Ltd.) with a diameter of about 100 ⁇ m.
- As a media an ultra apex mill (UAM-015 type) manufactured by Kotobuki Industry Co., Ltd.
- a mixed solvent of the above-mentioned titanium oxide dispersion and methanol Z1-propanol Z-toluene, and epsilon prolatatam [compound represented by the following formula ( ⁇ )] ⁇ bis (4 amino-3-methylcyclohexyl) Methane [compound represented by the following formula (B)] Z hexamethylenediamine [compound represented by the following formula (C)] Z decamethylene dicarboxylic acid [compound represented by the following formula (D)] Z Kutadecamethylenedicarboxylic acid [Compound represented by the following formula (E)] composition molar ratio force 60% Z15% Z5% Z15% Z5% force Output 120 after dissolving Ultrasonic dispersion treatment with an OW ultrasonic oscillator is performed for 1 hour, and further filtered through a PTF E membrane filter (Advantech Mytex LC) with a pore size of m.
- Table 2 shows the particle size distribution (volume average particle size and cumulative 90% particle size) of the coating solution A for forming the undercoat layer measured using the UPA.
- the undercoat layer forming coating solution A was applied onto the substrate 1 by dip coating so that the film thickness after drying was 1.5 m and dried to form an undercoat layer.
- the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope, almost no agglomerates were observed.
- oxytitanium phthalocyanine having a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum pattern for CuKa characteristic X-rays shown in FIG. 12 and 280 parts by weight of 1,2-dimethoxyethane are mixed together and mixed with sand. Dispersion treatment was performed for 2 hours with a grind mill to prepare a dispersion.
- this dispersion 10 parts by weight of polyvinyl butyral (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., trade name “Denkabutyral” # 6000C), 253 parts by weight of 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 85 parts by weight of 4-methoxy
- a PTFE membrane filter with a pore size Mytecs LC manufactured by Advantech. Filtration was performed to prepare a coating solution 1 for a charge generation layer.
- the charge generation layer coating solution 1 is applied by dip coating and dried to form a charge generation layer on the undercoat layer so that the film thickness after drying is 0.4 m. It was.
- a charge transport layer coating solution prepared by dissolving 0.05 part by weight of silicone oil in 64 parts by weight of tetrahydrofuran Z toluene (8Z2) mixed solvent was applied so that the film thickness after drying was 17 m. And air-dried at room temperature for 25 minutes.
- photoreceptor P1 This electrophotographic photoreceptor is designated as photoreceptor P1.
- a drive flange member is attached to the photoreceptor P1 obtained in this way, and manufactured by Canon.
- Monochrome laser beam printer LBP Installed in the cartridge of 850, formed an image, and visually evaluated the image. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Table 3 for interference fringes, black spots, and black stripes, each was “ ⁇ ” when it was incapacitated, “ ⁇ ” when it was confirmed that it was acceptable but it was unacceptable for use. In this case, “X” is displayed.
- the roughened tube was washed.
- After removing the degreasing agent by immersing in water it was immersed in pure water at 82 ° C for 10 seconds, pulled up at a speed of 10 mmZ second, and dried with hot water.
- finish drying was performed for 10 minutes in a clean oven at 150 ° C, and the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature.
- a substrate 2 having curved and discontinuous, oblique lattice-like grooves as shown in FIG. 3 was obtained on the surface of the substrate.
- a part of the substrate 2 thus formed was set aside for measurement of surface roughness and groove width, and an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer were formed on the substrate 2 after another cleaning in the same manner as in Example 1. Photoconductor P2 was obtained.
- Example 3 the in-plane arithmetic average roughness Ra, maximum height roughness Rz, and kurtosis Rku of the substrate 2 that had been set aside were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. Further, the maximum value (horizontal groove maximum value) and minimum value (horizontal groove minimum value) of the groove width L of the groove formed on the surface of the substrate 2 are observed with an optical microscope. Measured from the photograph of the substrate surface photographed (400 times). The results are also shown in Table 3. [0253] [Example 3]
- a part of the substrate 3 thus formed was set aside for measuring the surface roughness and groove width, and a photosensitive layer was formed on the substrate 3 after another cleaning in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a photoreceptor P3. .
- a photoreceptor P3 thus obtained, an image was formed in the same manner as in Example 1, and the image evaluation was performed visually. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 2 the in-plane arithmetic average roughness Ra, maximum height roughness Rz, and kurtosis Rku of the substrate 3 that had been set aside were measured. Further, the maximum value (maximum value of the lateral groove) and the minimum value (minimum value of the lateral groove) of the groove width L of the groove formed on the surface of the substrate 3 were measured. The results are also shown in Table 3.
- a part of the substrate 4 formed in this manner was set aside for measurement of surface roughness and groove width, and a photosensitive layer was formed on the substrate 4 after another cleaning in the same manner as in Example 1 to prepare a photoconductor P4. Got. Using the photoreceptor P4 thus obtained, an image was formed in the same manner as in Example 1, and the image evaluation was performed visually. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 2 the in-plane arithmetic average roughness Ra of the substrate 4 that had been set aside, the maximum Height roughness Rz and kurtosis Rku were measured, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum value (maximum value of the transverse groove) and the minimum value (minimum value of the transverse groove) of the groove width L of the groove formed on the surface of the substrate 4 were measured. The results are also shown in Table 3.
- the base material is a nylon material containing alumina abrasive grains ("Sangrit" manufactured by Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.) with a diameter of 0.3 mm and a particle size of # 1000 (average particle size of 16 ⁇ m).
- the processing conditions were the same as in Example 1 except that the base rotation speed was 250 rpm, the brush rotation speed was 750 rpm, the contact allowance was 6 mm, the lifting speed was lOmmZ seconds, and the sprinkling water amount was 1 LZ. Curved and discontinuous, oblique grooves were formed to obtain a substrate 5.
- a part of the substrate 5 formed in this manner was set aside for measuring the surface roughness and the groove width, and a photosensitive layer was formed on another tube that had been cleaned in the same manner as in Example 1. Obtained. Using the photoreceptor P5 thus obtained, an image was formed in the same manner as in Example 1, and the image evaluation was performed visually. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 2 the in-plane arithmetic average roughness Ra, maximum height roughness Rz, and kurtosis Rku of the substrate 5 that had been set aside were measured. Further, the maximum value (maximum value of the transverse groove) and the minimum value (minimum value of the transverse groove) of the groove width L of the groove formed on the surface of the substrate 5 were measured. The results are also shown in Table 3.
- particle size # 1000 average particle size 16m
- the roughening processing conditions are: substrate rotation speed 300rpm, brush rotation speed 100rpm, contact allowance 4mm, lifting speed ImmZ seconds, sprinkling water amount
- a substrate 6 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the conditions were 1 LZ, and a curved and discontinuous, oblique groove as shown in FIG. 2 was formed on the surface of the substrate.
- the undercoat layer forming coating solution B was applied onto the substrate 6 by dip coating so that the film thickness after drying was 2 m, and dried to form an undercoat layer.
- the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope, almost no agglomerates were observed.
- a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer were formed on the undercoat layer in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a photoreceptor P6.
- a coating liquid C for forming an undercoat layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the rotor peripheral speed at the time of dispersing with an Ultra Apex mill was set to 12 mZ seconds, and the physical properties were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. .
- the results are shown in Table 2.
- the undercoat layer forming coating solution C was applied onto the substrate 3 by dip coating so that the film thickness after drying was 2 m, and dried to form an undercoat layer. When the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope, almost no agglomerates were observed.
- a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer were formed on the undercoat layer in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a photoreceptor P7.
- substrate rotation speed 250rpm brush rotation speed 750rpm
- contact allowance 6mm pulling speed 8mmZ seconds
- a curved, discontinuous, oblique groove as shown in FIG. 3 was formed on the surface of the substrate to obtain a substrate 7.
- the undercoat layer forming coating solution D was applied onto the substrate 7 by dip coating so that the film thickness after drying was 2 m, and dried to form an undercoat layer.
- the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope, almost no agglomerates were observed.
- a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer were formed on the undercoat layer in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a photoreceptor P8.
- a photoreceptor P8 Using the photoreceptor P8 thus obtained, an image was formed in the same manner as in Example 1, and the image evaluation was performed visually. The results are shown in Table 3.
- the undercoat layer forming coating solution D was applied onto the substrate 8 by dip coating so that the film thickness after drying was 2 m, and dried to form an undercoat layer.
- the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope, almost no agglomerates were observed.
- a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer were formed on the undercoat layer in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a photoreceptor P9.
- the outer diameter was 30 mm, the length was 346 mm, and the thickness was 1.
- Surface roughening was performed in the same manner as in Example 2 using a base made of A3003 aluminum alloy specified in JIS H4040 of Omm, and a base 9 was obtained. A part of the substrate 9 was set aside, and in the same manner as in Example 2, the in-plane arithmetic average roughness Ra, the maximum height roughness Rz, the kurtosis Rku, and the substrate 9
- the maximum value (maximum value of the transverse groove) and the minimum value (minimum value of the transverse groove) of the groove width L of the groove formed on the surface were measured. The results are shown in Table 3.
- Undercoat layer forming coating solution D was applied onto the substrate 9 by dip coating so that the film thickness after drying was 2 m, and dried to form an undercoat layer.
- the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope, almost no agglomerates were observed.
- the substrate 10 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the pulling speed was set to 1.3 mmZ seconds. A part of the substrate 10 was left, and the substrate was used in the same manner as in Example 2 to obtain the substrate. 10 in-plane arithmetic average roughness Ra, maximum height roughness Rz, kurtosis Rku, and maximum (horizontal groove maximum) and minimum (groove minimum) of groove width L of the groove formed on the surface of substrate 10 Each value was measured. The results are shown in Table 3.
- a photosensitive layer was formed on the substrate 10 in the same manner as in Example 10 to obtain a photoreceptor P11.
- the produced photoreceptor P11 was mounted on a cartridge of a copying machine (product name: Workio DP1820) manufactured by Panasonic Communication Co., Ltd., and an image was formed. As a result, a good image was obtained.
- the substrate 11 was obtained by forming a curved and discontinuous, oblique groove as shown in FIG.
- Undercoat layer forming coating solution E was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2, except that the weight ratio of the surface-treated titanium oxide Z-copolymerized polyamide was 2Z1. With respect to the coating solution E for forming the undercoat layer, the physical properties were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
- Undercoat layer-forming coating solution E was applied onto the substrate 11 by dip coating so that the film thickness after drying was 2 m, and dried to form an undercoat layer.
- the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope, almost no agglomerates were observed.
- a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer were formed on the undercoat layer in the same manner as in Example 10 to obtain a photoreceptor P12.
- the photoconductor on the cartridge (product name: Workio C262) manufactured by Panasonic Communication Co., Ltd. (as an integrated cartridge, it has a two-component toner, a contact charging roller member, and a blade cleaning member). When formed, a good image could be obtained.
- Example 13 Using an iron pipe made of A300 3 aluminum alloy specified in JIS H4040 with an outer diameter of ⁇ 30mm, length of 388mm, and thickness of 0.75mm, roughening treatment was performed in the same manner as in Example 11, and the surface of the substrate was Curved and discontinuous, oblique grooves as shown in FIG. 3 were formed to obtain a substrate 12.
- a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer were formed on the substrate 12 in the same manner as in Example 12 to obtain a photoreceptor P13.
- a photosensitive layer was formed on the substrate 13 in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a photoreceptor P14.
- a coating liquid F for forming an undercoat layer was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that it was not dispersed using an apex mill.
- Undercoat layer-forming coating solution An undercoat layer was formed on the substrate 1 by dip coating so that the film thickness after drying was 1.5 m. When the surface of the undercoat layer was observed with a scanning electron microscope, aggregates were observed.
- a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer were formed thereon in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a photoreceptor P15.
- particle size # 1000 average particle size 16m
- alumina abrasive grains Alignment, brush rotation speed 750rpm, contact allowance 10mm, pulling speed 5mmZ seconds
- a base 14 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the amount of sprinkled water was 1 LZ, and a curved, discontinuous, oblique groove was formed.
- a photosensitive layer was formed on the substrate 14 in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a photoreceptor P16.
- a photosensitive layer was formed on the substrate 3 in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2 to obtain a photoreceptor P17.
- a photosensitive layer was formed on the substrate 15 in the same manner as in Example 10 to obtain a photoreceptor P18.
- Example 8 Using an A300 3 aluminum alloy ironing tube specified in JIS H4040 with an outer diameter of ⁇ 30mm, length of 388mm, and thickness of 0.75mm, roughening treatment was performed in the same manner as in Example 8 to obtain a base body 16. .
- a photosensitive layer was formed on the substrate 16 in the same manner as in Example 12 to obtain a photoreceptor P19.
- the maximum height roughness of the surface Rz is 1.4 m.
- O606 A6063 aluminum specified in JIS H4040 An alloy substrate 17 was produced.
- a part of this substrate 17 was left, and the same was used to measure the in-plane arithmetic average roughness Ra, maximum height roughness Rz and kurtosis Rku of the substrate 17 in the same manner as in Example 1. .
- the results are shown in Table 3.
- a photosensitive layer was formed on the substrate 17 in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a photoreceptor P20.
- brush material with diameter ⁇ 0.55mm brush material with diameter ⁇ 0.55mm
- particle size # 500 average particle size 34 ( ⁇ m) nylon material containing alumina abrasive grains (DuPont's “Tinex 8”)
- rough surface processing conditions substrate rotation speed 250rpm, brush rotation speed 750rpm, contact allowance 6mm, lifting speed 1.
- a substrate 18 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the conditions were 3 mmZ seconds and the amount of sprinkling water was 1 LZ.
- a photosensitive layer was formed on the substrate 18 in the same manner as in Example 10 to obtain a photoreceptor P21.
- the present invention can be used in any industrial field, and in particular, can be suitably used for electrophotographic printers, facsimiles, copiers, and the like.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
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CN2007800179984A CN101449210B (zh) | 2006-05-18 | 2007-05-18 | 电子照相感光体和导电性基体的制造方法以及成像装置和电子照相盒 |
US12/300,943 US20100158561A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 | 2007-05-18 | Electrophotographic photosensitive body, method for producing conductive base, image forming device, and electrophotographic cartridge |
EP07743654.1A EP2019339B1 (en) | 2006-05-18 | 2007-05-18 | Electrophotographic photosensitive body, method for producing conductive base, image forming device, and electrophotographic cartridge |
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JP2006-139528 | 2006-05-18 | ||
JP2006139528 | 2006-05-18 |
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US (1) | US20100158561A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2019339B1 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20080104066A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101449210B (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI452449B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2007135984A1 (ja) |
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JP2020507550A (ja) * | 2017-02-17 | 2020-03-12 | エボニック オペレーションズ ゲーエムベーハー | 酸化アルミニウムおよび二酸化チタンで被覆されたリチウム混合酸化物粒子およびその製造方法 |
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CN101449211B (zh) * | 2006-05-18 | 2012-03-07 | 三菱化学株式会社 | 电子照相感光体、成像装置和电子照相盒 |
US8518616B2 (en) | 2010-03-08 | 2013-08-27 | Konica Minolta Business Technologies, Inc. | Electrophotographic photoreceptor and image forming method |
JP5857827B2 (ja) * | 2012-03-22 | 2016-02-10 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ、及び画像形成装置 |
JP2017159357A (ja) * | 2016-03-11 | 2017-09-14 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 金属筒状体の製造方法、電子写真感光体用基材の製造方法、電子写真感光体の製造方法及びインパクトプレス加工用金属塊 |
US11084001B2 (en) * | 2016-09-04 | 2021-08-10 | Ariel Scientific Innovations Ltd. | Selectively-permeable membrane |
JP2018054707A (ja) * | 2016-09-26 | 2018-04-05 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 画像形成装置及びプロセスカートリッジ |
CN110573351B (zh) * | 2017-04-27 | 2021-08-10 | 京瓷株式会社 | 装饰部件 |
JP2020046452A (ja) * | 2018-09-14 | 2020-03-26 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 浸漬塗布用支持体、電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ、及び画像形成装置 |
JPWO2020262129A1 (ja) * | 2019-06-24 | 2020-12-30 | ||
US11619907B2 (en) * | 2021-03-10 | 2023-04-04 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Process cartridge |
US20220291600A1 (en) * | 2021-03-10 | 2022-09-15 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus |
JP2023061679A (ja) * | 2021-10-20 | 2023-05-02 | キヤノン株式会社 | 電子写真感光体、プロセスカートリッジ、および電子写真装置 |
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---|---|---|---|---|
JP2020507550A (ja) * | 2017-02-17 | 2020-03-12 | エボニック オペレーションズ ゲーエムベーハー | 酸化アルミニウムおよび二酸化チタンで被覆されたリチウム混合酸化物粒子およびその製造方法 |
JP7287892B2 (ja) | 2017-02-17 | 2023-06-06 | エボニック オペレーションズ ゲーエムベーハー | 酸化アルミニウムおよび二酸化チタンで被覆されたリチウム混合酸化物粒子およびその製造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TW200807188A (en) | 2008-02-01 |
CN101449210B (zh) | 2011-12-21 |
US20100158561A1 (en) | 2010-06-24 |
EP2019339B1 (en) | 2015-08-12 |
EP2019339A4 (en) | 2009-12-30 |
TWI452449B (zh) | 2014-09-11 |
CN101449210A (zh) | 2009-06-03 |
KR20080104066A (ko) | 2008-11-28 |
EP2019339A1 (en) | 2009-01-28 |
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