WO2007017550A1 - Clústeres cuánticos atómicos estables, su procedimiento de obtención y uso de los mismos - Google Patents
Clústeres cuánticos atómicos estables, su procedimiento de obtención y uso de los mismos Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to new quantum clusters of atoms (AQCs) of metallic elements, characterized by being stable in solution, a method for obtaining them by kinetic control of the reaction and the uses of said AQCs as sensors (fluorescent, magnetic or chemical), electrocatalysts and as cytostatic and / or cytotoxic.
- AQCs quantum clusters of atoms
- quantum dots quantum dots
- the nucleation-growth theory is a classical thermodynamic theory that is based on the fact that the formation of a new phase (solid in this case) within a liquid (the initial solution with the reagents) always involves the appearance of an interface and, therefore, an additional interfacial energy (called Laplace energy) is required, given by the product of the interfacial tension of the solid that is formed by the interfacial area formed.
- Laplace energy an additional interfacial energy
- This energy means that particles that are smaller than a critical size are not stable and redissolve in the reaction medium. According to this theory, only particles larger than the critical size are capable of growing and forming the solid particles that are finally obtained.
- thermodynamic reasoning is valid in certain circumstances, mainly for the preparation of metal particles of sizes greater than 1-5 nm, however, this approach is not suitable for the preparation of AQCs or atomic clusters, since that in this case it does not make sense to talk about classical thermodynamic concepts such as: Laplace pressure, critical core, etc., so it does not make sense to talk about redisolution of clusters of sizes smaller than a critical one.
- the method object of the present invention has as an objective the production of stable, functionalized and controlled size AQCs (quantum clusters of atoms of metallic elements) in an easy and quantitative way, so that scaling for industrial production is easy and possible of this type of nano / subnano-materials.
- AQC nano / sub-nanometer particles formed by metallic elements
- isolated and stable atomic quantum clusters are provided, characterized by being composed of less than 500 metal atoms (Mn, n ⁇ 500, size ⁇ 2 nm), preferably composite AQCs for less than 200 metal atoms (Mn, n ⁇ 200, size ⁇ 1.9 nm), more preferably AQCs of sizes smaller than 1 nm, even more preferably between more than 2 and less than 27 metal atoms (Mn, 2 ⁇ n ⁇ 27, that is between about 0.4nm and 0.9nm in size) and even more preferably AQCs formed from 2 to 5 metal atoms and more specifically 2 or 3 atoms (corresponding to a size between 0.4 and 0.5 nm).
- AQCs formed from 2 to 5 metal atoms and more specifically 2 or 3 atoms (corresponding to a size between 0.4 and 0.5 nm).
- stable AQCs are understood as those groupings of atoms that retain the number of atoms over time and, therefore, their properties, so that they can be isolated and manipulated like any chemical compound.
- the metals from which these AQCs are formed are selected from Au, Ag, Co, Cu, Pt, Fe, Cr, Pd, Ni, Rh, Pb or its bi and multimetallic combinations.
- the AQC metals are selected from Au and Ag or their bimetallic combinations, due to the spectacular properties of some specific clusters of these metals, among which we can mention: catalysis, cytostatic properties, etc. to which reference will be made later.
- a process for the preparation of the AQCs described above consists in the reduction of the metal salt or ion (or metal salts or ions), and is characterized by a kinetic control so that the reduction of the metal salt or ion (metal salts or ions) is slowly produced, while simultaneously maintaining a Small speed constant and a low concentration of reagents.
- low concentration and small speed constant are understood as those values that lead to the system through the minimum potential energy of the corresponding reaction coordinate.
- concentrations of the metal ion and / or reducer lower than a concentration of 10 "3 M; and by speed constants smaller than those corresponding to half-reaction life times older than
- the procedure consists, as a minimum, of the following steps: a. a kinetic control for slow reduction, and b. maintain a low concentration of reagents in the reaction medium.
- the methods of preparing clusters / nanoparticles are based on the nucleation-growth theory. According to this theory, it is necessary that the reaction of production of nanoparticles / clusters be very rapid in order to achieve a large number of nuclei. Once the nucleation is produced, the nuclei all grow in unison and in this way, nanoparticles of very monodispersed sizes are obtained.
- thermodynamic theory of nucleation-growth has been very successful in explaining the preparation of monodisperse particles of micro and sub-micrometer sizes, however, the question is raised as to the extent to which the formation of a 3 or 4 atomic quantum cluster atoms by chemical reaction in solution (for example, by reduction of a salt of the corresponding metal ion by means of a reducer) can be considered as a new phase.
- the formation of a metallic cluster of a few atoms by chemical reaction in solution is more similar to the innumerable examples that exist of formation of inorganic / organometallic chemical complexes (or also to the formation of polymers) from their reagents and
- the inorganic complex or the polymer, provided that its molecular weight is not too high
- the formation of a new compound is determined by the kinetics of the process of obtaining it. And this is precisely the basis on which the procedure proposed in the present invention is based: the use of kinetic control for the production of AQCs (atomic quantum clusters) of controlled size.
- Figure 1 shows a representative scheme of the variation of free energy that is put into play throughout a reaction of formation of metals in solution, from their metal ions.
- the reagents represent any metal ion in the presence of a reducer (or a cathode where the corresponding metal ion reduction takes place).
- the reaction begins with the formation of an AQC of 1 atom (Mi), after two (M 2 ), etc. until finally solid particles of the reduced metallic material (P) are formed.
- the figure represents the fact that as the AQC grows and approaches the size of a particle, P, (it is considered a particle when the number of atoms in the atomic cluster is high, of the order of n greater than approximately 500 atoms (n> approx.
- the energy differences between different AQCs is smaller. It is noteworthy that the scheme is very general and does not indicate the fact generally found in the practice that the potential valleys may be different (eg smaller for a smaller cluster than a larger one), as well as that the activation energies may vary from one cluster to another.
- clusters is not limited to the type of metallic element synthesized or to the electrochemical method itself, so that any other chemical method of reduction of metallic salts in solution can be used for the production of these atomic clusters, as long as the reaction slow down sufficiently - as will be specified later - to observe the evolution of the AQCs and stop the reaction (eg by cooling, dilution and / or fixing / separating the clusters of the reaction medium) at the time of interest.
- AQC of a certain size.
- biphasic / bicomponent systems water / organic compound
- biphasic / tricomponents such as microemulsions formed by water, organic compound and a detergent
- a very small concentration of reagents can be available in Ia
- Water interface / organic compound are especially suitable for the preparation of clusters in macroscopic quantities suitable for scaling industrial production. This can be understood qualitatively assuming that a reaction is as if a wheel slides along the potential energy curve represented in Figure 1.
- the energy communicated to said wheel is so large that it exceeds the maximum that is between the different valleys and ends up falling to the deepest valleys (that is, quickly transforming into large P particles size -more than 2-5 nm-).
- the present invention based on slowing the reaction involves communicating a very small energy to the wheel. This, therefore, will initially fall into the first minimum (cluster Mi) and only after an appreciable time will it fall successively into the following minimums corresponding to higher AQCs. That time / times it takes for the AQC to fall into the different minima can be optimized to allow time to separate the AQCs obtained (eg by precipitation) or to stabilize them by introducing a chemical agent or stabilized molecule into the reaction medium. .
- the initial introduction into the reaction medium of stabilizing agents may vary the minimum of the potential valley of some AQC / s. Its initial introduction can therefore be carried out to favor a certain type of AQCs and also to have more time for the manipulation of the AQC before its definitive stabilization and functionalization. In any case, its introduction is not essential for the method we propose here and which we continue to describe below.
- a preferred embodiment of the present invention to slow down the reaction, is to use a mild reducer, which is selected from the group comprising sodium hypophosphite, amines, sugars, organic acids, polymers (such as polyvinylpyrrolidone), radiation UV-VIS, ultrasound or electric current.
- a mild reducer which is selected from the group comprising sodium hypophosphite, amines, sugars, organic acids, polymers (such as polyvinylpyrrolidone), radiation UV-VIS, ultrasound or electric current.
- the preferable way to proceed is to generate the metal ion "in situ" at very low concentrations by means of the anodic dissolution (preferably at a constant current) of an electrode of the corresponding metal.
- the second option is to use a two-phase system (water / organic compound) in which the metal salt dissolves in the water and a reducer is chosen that only dissolves in the organic compound (for example, but not limited to, an amine, a thiol or a long hydrocarbon chain acid), so that the reaction only occurs at the interface and, therefore, with a very small effective local concentration of reagents.
- a reducer for example, but not limited to, an amine, a thiol or a long hydrocarbon chain acid
- saturated and unsaturated, cyclic, linear or branched hydrocarbons are used as organic compounds, such as, for example, but not limited to, hexane, heptane, isooctane, cyclohexane; as well as benzene or toluene.
- the organic water-compound interface in order to increase the yield of the reaction, can be increased using microemulsions formed by water, organic compound and a detergent that allow at the same time to maintain the local concentration of Very low reagents within the nanogotas that form the microemulsion.
- anionic detergents such as aliphatic or aromatic sulphonates, for example those derived from sulfocarboxylic acids, could be used as a detergent; cationic detergents such as bromide or alkylammonium acetates; or non-ionic detergents such as polyoxyethylene derivatives.
- the evolution of the clusters can be followed and, once the cluster of the desired size has been reached, it can be protected / stabilized in the reaction medium by adding a stabilizing agent, which consists of a molecule that contains organic groups (such as thiols, sulfides, amines, acids, thioethers, phosphines or amino acids, etc.) according to the metal from which the cluster is to be obtained.
- a stabilizing agent which consists of a molecule that contains organic groups (such as thiols, sulfides, amines, acids, thioethers, phosphines or amino acids, etc.) according to the metal from which the cluster is to be obtained.
- the separation of the cluster from the reaction medium can be done by precipitation by lowering the temperature and / or adding a solvent incompatible with the cluster taking advantage of the different solubility properties that the AQCs have according to their size, as well as by fixing them taking advantage of their different affinity for The stabilizer groups mentioned.
- the functionalized AQC could be obtained.
- the stabilizing agent must be a molecule that must have at least two ends with different chemical groups: one end with one of the groups already mentioned to join the AQC and another with any other organic group (among We can cite: double and triple bonds, alcoholic groups, acid groups or amine groups) for their interaction or subsequent binding to other molecules or atoms for specific applications
- functionalized AQCs can be prepared by adding dodecanothiol dissolved in pentane, observing the transfer of the clusters of the acetonitrile phase to the pentane phase.
- a water soluble thiol or thioether such as glutathione, thioglycol, thioacetic, etc. It also allows its functionalization and transfer to water, and an additional reaction can then be used to bind the thus functionalized AQCs to any other molecule, ion or substrate for the required final applications of the AQCs.
- the use of the AQCs described above, as electrocatalysts is described.
- These clusters are very stable electrochemically so that the range of potentials of work with dispersions of these clusters is limited by the values of the reduction and oxidation potentials of the medium in which they are dispersed.
- the stability of Ag clusters in TBAAc in the interval (-3.V to + 1.8V) has been verified.
- Their high electrochemical stability makes them suitable for applications in various types of electrocatalysis reactions.
- the AQCs have their electrocatalytic activity in reduction reactions, which include, among others, the reduction of oxygen and / or Ia of hydrogen peroxide.
- reduction reactions include, among others, the reduction of oxygen and / or Ia of hydrogen peroxide.
- Stable dispersions of Ag, Au, Pt, Cu clusters that have catalytic properties have been synthesized. These properties arise as a result of the enormous reducing power that metal clusters of a few M n atoms possess (n ⁇ 50-100).
- the silver and gold clusters are capable of adsorbing oxygen gas contributing to the dissociation of the molecule and, consequently, lowering the energy necessary for its electroreduction. In example 3 this fact is widely verified.
- the AQCs exhibit their electrocatalytic activity in alcohol oxidation reactions.
- Another aspect of the present invention provides the use of the AQCs described above for the preparation of anticancer drugs for their cytostatic and / or cytotoxic properties.
- FIGURE 1 A first figure.
- Figure 1 shows a representative scheme of the variation of free energy that is put into play throughout a reaction of formation of metals in solution, from their metal ions.
- the reagents represent any metal ion in the presence of a reducer (or a cathode where the corresponding metal ion reduction takes place).
- Mi refers to an AQC of 1 atom, M 2 of two, etc.
- P refers to the solid particles of the reduced metallic material.
- FIGURE 2 shows the characteristic spectrum of Au AQCs obtained by precipitation and stabilized with dodecanothiol.
- Figure 3 shows a transmission electron microscopy of synthesized Au AQCs clusters. It should be noted that the sizes observed by microscopy (very polydispersed and larger than approx. 1-2 nm) do not really correspond to Au particles but to clusters of AQCs.
- FIGURE 4 shows a transmission electron microscopy of synthesized Au AQCs clusters. It should be noted that the sizes observed by microscopy (very polydispersed and larger than approx. 1-2 nm) do not really correspond to Au particles but to clusters of AQCs.
- FIGURE 4 shows a transmission electron microscopy of synthesized Au AQCs clusters. It should be noted that the sizes observed by microscopy (very polydispersed and larger than approx. 1-2 nm) do not really correspond to Au particles but to clusters of AQCs.
- FIGURE 4 shows a transmission electron microscopy of synthesized Au AQCs clusters.
- Figure 4 shows the measurements made by mass spectrometry by flight time.
- FIGURE 5 shows the UV-VIS spectrum of larger AQCs, both those initially dispersed in the reaction liquid, and those obtained by precipitation, protected by dodecanothiol, and redispersed again in chloroform.
- FIGURE 6 Figure 6 shows an electron microscopy photograph of the mixtures of AQCs of AUi 2 and Au 2 I, which are formed by joining 4 and 7 Au 3 clusters.
- Figure 7 shows the UV-VIS spectrum of Ag AQCs synthesized according to example 2.
- Figure 8 shows an electron microscopy photograph of the Ag AQCs synthesized according to example 2.
- FIGURE 9 This Figure shows the UV-Vis spectrum of AQCS of Ag after 5 days after the synthesis.
- FIGURE 1 1 shows the UV-Vis spectrum of Ag AQCs after 13 days after the synthesis.
- This Figure shows an electron microscopy photograph of the sample of Ag AQCs after 13 days after the synthesis.
- NP 0.1 and NP 0.2 shows the absorbance (proportional to the concentration of cells) as a function of the concentration of Ag clusters added.
- the absorbance corresponding to the cells without treatment is shown as a reference.
- the results are compared with the effect of pure solvent and puromycin.
- the different bars show the results obtained at a different number of hours (O, 24 and 48 hours).
- NP 45 and NP 46 shows the absorbance (proportional to the concentration of cells) as a function of the concentration of added Au clusters.
- the absorbance corresponding to the cells without treatment is shown as a reference.
- the results are compared with the effect of pure solvent and puromycin.
- the different bars show the results obtained at a different number of hours (O, 24 and 48 hours).
- Au the metal from which the AQCs were formed
- -Electrolytic dissolution and stabilizing agent 0.1 M in tetrabutyl ammonium bromide in acetonitrile.
- Functionalized AQCs were prepared by adding dodecanothiol dissolved in pentane, observing the transfer of the clusters of the acetonitrile phase (which became transparent) to the pentane phase (which turned yellow).
- Figure 2 shows the characteristic spectrum of Au AQCs obtained by precipitation and stabilized with dodecanothiol.
- Figure 3 shows a transmission electron microscopy of synthesized Au AQCs clusters. It should be noted that the sizes observed by microscopy (very polydispersed and larger than approx. 1-2 nm) do not really correspond to Au particles but to clusters of AQCs. The small size of these makes its direct observation by electron microscopy not possible and its presence can only be observed by the appearance of a black cloud as the background of the microscope grid, together with the formation of clusters (clusters) of these AQCs of very different sizes that are observed as blacker areas in the grid. The fact that the darkest areas do not correspond to particles, is also corroborated by the absence of the plasmonic band that should be visible in the case that they were not clusters of AQCs but particles of nanometric sizes.
- this cluster is an Au 3 indicates that the initially obtained clusters (brown), precursors of the present AQC of 3 atoms, are formed by 2 atoms. It is noted that, even unprotected, these 2 atom clusters (Au 2 ) are stable in the reaction medium for approximately 2 hours. That time would be sufficient for its precipitation, isolation and subsequent protection and / or functionalization.
- the unprotected Au 3 AQCs (in the absence of thiol) were stable under those conditions for several months. After 5 months the evolution of these AQCs was observed towards the formation of other larger AQCs, easily observable by the color change from yellow to red to the naked eye. These new larger AQCs precipitated (due to their lower solubility, since this decreases as the size of the AQC increases, due to the decrease in the entropy of the mixture). Precipitation can also be favored by decreasing the temperature. Thus, for example, the formation of an appreciable red precipitate was observed from an aliquot of the AQCs dissolution at 0-C.
- Figure 5 shows the UV-VIS spectrum of these last larger AQCs, both those initially dispersed in the reaction liquid, and those obtained by precipitation, protected by dodecanothiol, and redispersed again in chloroform.
- the new bands that appear at 410 nm and 520 nm are indicative of the existence of mixtures of AQCs of AUi 2 and Au 2 i, which are formed by joining 4 and 7 clusters of Au 3 , respectively.
- Figure 6 shows a photograph of electron microscopy of these AQCs. Again, due to their small size, only a blackish background is observed, as well as in some parts darker spots of different sizes from the formation of denser clusters of these AQCs.
- the values of the experimental parameters indicated in this example are only indicative, by way of from example.
- Other values of current densities, elements used for the cathode, temperatures and types and concentrations of the background electrolyte, as well as protective agent can also be used for the same purpose provided that a sufficiently small concentration of metal ions is maintained in the medium reaction so that the reaction passes through the minimum potential energy.
- the synthesis was carried out by mixing two microemulsions, one with the reducer and another with the silver salt.
- the silver salt microemulsion was prepared by adding 0.54 mL of the aqueous solution of AgNO 3 to that of AOT in isooctane, while that of the reducer was obtained by adding 0.54 mL of the aqueous solution of the sodium hypophosphite reducer to AOT Ia in isooctane.
- the addition of the AgNO 3 microemulsion on the reducing microemulsion was carried out keeping the drip constant for 50 minutes.
- the mixture had a yellow color that acquires greater intensity with the passage of time becoming blackish due to an increase in the concentration of the
- FIG. 8 shows a photograph of electron microscopy of Ag's AQCs. Again, it is the same as with Au's AQCs: only a grayish spot is observed to which some clusters of said AQCs are superimposed.
- the AQCs thus obtained evolved after several hours with the formation of a new cluster of 4 atoms associated with the presence of a band located around 260 nm.
- Figure 1 1 shows a photograph of the latter AQCs that, as can be seen, are still much smaller than 1 nm, so they can only be seen as a gray spot on The grid in which they were deposited.
- Au's AQCs if they were not stabilized and / or separated (eg by precipitation), the AQCs continued to grow, reaching successively larger sizes.
- the size of nanoparticles was reached, clusters larger than approx. 500 atoms, finally observing the appearance of the plasmonic band that indicated the disappearance of quantum effects of size and the formation of particles larger than approx. 1-2 nm.
- clusters formed by bi or multimetallic combinations are obtained depending on the number and concentration of the metal ions used.
- Electrocatalytic activity of metal clusters in the reduction of oxygen is Electrocatalytic activity of metal clusters in the reduction of oxygen.
- the electrocatalytic activity of the metal clusters was checked by comparing the voltammetric response in the reduction of oxygen.
- TBAAc tetrabutyl ammonium acetate
- Electrocatalytic activity of metal clusters in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O 2 has been verified by making measurements in free solutions of O 2 containing H 2 O 2 as the only species susceptible to reduction.
- Figure 13 shows linear sweep voltammetries in aqueous solution of H 2 O 2 containing 0.024M and 0.5M H CIO 4.
- vitreous carbon curve a
- Pt wire was used as a counter electrode. The potentials are referred to the Ag / CIAg electrode (saturated).
- Electrocatalytic activity of metal clusters in the oxidation of alcohols is Electrocatalytic activity of metal clusters in the oxidation of alcohols.
- the electrocatalytic activity of the metal clusters in the oxidation of alcohols was verified, and more specifically the use of Ag clusters in the oxidation of methanol. Said oxidation occurs in the range of OV to +1 V. To verify this effect, the Ag clusters, dispersed in acetonitrile, were deposited on polycrystalline Pt.
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ES06778474T ES2799308T3 (es) | 2005-08-03 | 2006-07-28 | Clústeres cuánticos atómicos estables, su método de obtención y uso de los mismos |
KR1020087005221A KR101361266B1 (ko) | 2005-08-03 | 2006-07-28 | 안정한 원자 양자 클러스터, 그 제조방법 및 용도 |
JP2008524535A JP6186103B2 (ja) | 2005-08-03 | 2006-07-28 | 原子量子クラスター、その製造方法およびその使用方法 |
KR1020137030859A KR101424943B1 (ko) | 2005-08-03 | 2006-07-28 | 안정한 원자 양자 클러스터, 그 제조방법 및 용도 |
US11/997,859 US9421610B2 (en) | 2005-08-03 | 2006-07-28 | Stable atomic quantum clusters, production method thereof and use of same |
EP06778474.4A EP1914196B1 (en) | 2005-08-03 | 2006-07-28 | Stable atomic quantum clusters, production method thereof and use of same |
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ES200502041A ES2277531B2 (es) | 2005-08-03 | 2005-08-03 | Procedimiento para la obtencion de clusteres cuanticos atomicos. |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP7190818B2 (ja) | 2022-12-16 |
US9421610B2 (en) | 2016-08-23 |
ES2277531B2 (es) | 2008-07-16 |
JP6186103B2 (ja) | 2017-08-23 |
ES2277531A1 (es) | 2007-07-01 |
CN101248003A (zh) | 2008-08-20 |
ES2799308T3 (es) | 2020-12-16 |
KR101424943B1 (ko) | 2014-08-01 |
KR20130140212A (ko) | 2013-12-23 |
JP2018111885A (ja) | 2018-07-19 |
EP1914196A1 (en) | 2008-04-23 |
US20090035852A1 (en) | 2009-02-05 |
JP2015063759A (ja) | 2015-04-09 |
KR20080039467A (ko) | 2008-05-07 |
JP2009507996A (ja) | 2009-02-26 |
KR101361266B1 (ko) | 2014-02-11 |
EP1914196B1 (en) | 2020-05-06 |
EP1914196A4 (en) | 2010-12-29 |
JP6364319B2 (ja) | 2018-07-25 |
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