WO2005024313A1 - 冷凍装置 - Google Patents
冷凍装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005024313A1 WO2005024313A1 PCT/JP2004/011770 JP2004011770W WO2005024313A1 WO 2005024313 A1 WO2005024313 A1 WO 2005024313A1 JP 2004011770 W JP2004011770 W JP 2004011770W WO 2005024313 A1 WO2005024313 A1 WO 2005024313A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- subcooling
- refrigerant
- flow path
- compressor
- sub
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
- F25B1/04—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with compressor of rotary type
- F25B1/047—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with compressor of rotary type of screw type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
- F25B1/10—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with multi-stage compression
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/13—Economisers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2600/00—Control issues
- F25B2600/25—Control of valves
- F25B2600/2509—Economiser valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/21—Temperatures
- F25B2700/2115—Temperatures of a compressor or the drive means therefor
- F25B2700/21151—Temperatures of a compressor or the drive means therefor at the suction side of the compressor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
- F25B2700/21—Temperatures
- F25B2700/2115—Temperatures of a compressor or the drive means therefor
- F25B2700/21152—Temperatures of a compressor or the drive means therefor at the discharge side of the compressor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to, for example, a refrigeration apparatus in which a compressor, a condenser, an expansion section, and an evaporator are sequentially connected.
- a supercooling heat exchanger was arranged between the condenser and the expansion valve.
- the liquid refrigerant from the condenser is branched, one of the liquid refrigerants is used as a mainstream liquid, and the other liquid refrigerant passes through the subcooling expansion valve and then passes through the supercooling heat exchanger.
- the mainstream liquid was supercooled and guided to the compression chamber of the compressor (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-248264: Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 1 JP-A-11-248264 (FIG. 1)
- an object of the present invention is to provide a refrigeration apparatus capable of improving the refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency (COP) by further increasing the degree of subcooling of the refrigerant immediately before the expansion section.
- COP refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency
- a refrigeration apparatus of the present invention includes:
- the compressor, the condenser, the expansion section, and the evaporator are sequentially connected, and are branched from a main flow path between the condenser and the expansion section to be connected to the compressor. At least two sub-channels;
- a subcooling expansion section provided in each of the sub-flow paths,
- It is characterized by including a supercooling heat exchanger that exchanges heat between the refrigerant on the outlet side of the subcooling expansion section and the refrigerant in the main flow path.
- the refrigerant in the main flow path is provided with the plurality of supercooling heat exchangers.
- the degree of subcooling (SC) of the refrigerant can be increased.
- the refrigeration apparatus of the present invention has a so-called three-stage or more expansion economizer cycle, compared to a refrigeration system having a conventional two-stage expansion economizer cycle, the refrigeration system immediately before the expansion section is provided.
- the refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency (COP) can be further improved by further increasing the degree of subcooling of the refrigerant.
- the compressor is a single stalled compressor having a screw rotor and a pair of gate rotors that sandwich the screw rotor so as to sandwich both sides of the screw rotor.
- One of the sub-flow paths is connected to one side of the pair of gate rotors as a boundary, and the other sub-flow path is connected to the other side of the pair of gate rotors as a boundary.
- the compressor is divided into two parts by the pair of gate rotors as boundaries.
- An economizer cycle can be applied to each compressed space, and a so-called three-stage expansion economizer cycle can be achieved, thereby improving performance.
- the refrigerating apparatus detects the temperature and pressure of the refrigerant on the discharge side of the compressor, and based on the detection result, opens the subcooling expansion section of one of the sub-flow paths.
- a sub-cooling control section for controlling the temperature and a temperature and a pressure of the refrigerant on the suction side of the compressor in the other sub-flow path, and based on the detection result, the sub-cooling of the other sub-flow path.
- a suction-side subcooling control unit that controls the opening degree of the expansion unit.
- the one subcooling expansion section is controlled by the discharge side subcooling control section, and the other subcooling expansion section is controlled by the suction side subcooling control.
- the two supercooling expansion sections are controlled at different temperatures and different temperatures. And pressure can be controlled.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified configuration diagram showing one embodiment of a refrigeration apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a PH diagram comparing a refrigeration apparatus of the present invention with a conventional refrigeration apparatus.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing control of a discharge side subcooling control unit and a suction side subcooling control unit.
- FIG. 1 shows a simplified configuration diagram which is an embodiment of the refrigeration apparatus of the present invention.
- a compressor 1 a condenser 2, an expansion section 3, and an evaporator 4 are sequentially connected in a ring shape to form a refrigeration cycle using a refrigerant.
- the gas-phase refrigerant discharged from the compressor 1 is deprived of heat in the condenser 2, and becomes a liquid phase.
- the pressure is reduced by the expansion section 3 to a two-phase state of a gas phase and a liquid phase.
- the two-phase refrigerant (wet gas) is given heat in the evaporator 4 to be in a gaseous state, and the gaseous refrigerant is sucked by the compressor 1 and pressurized. After that, it is discharged again by the compressor 1.
- the compressor 1 for example, a single screw compressor is used. More specifically, the compressor 1 includes a screw rotor la, and a pair of gate rotors lb, lb that engage with each other so as to sandwich the screw rotor la from both sides. A compression chamber is formed by the engagement between the gears and the teeth of the pair of gate rotors lb, lb, and the refrigerant is compressed to a high pressure in the compression chamber.
- the condenser 2 includes a fan 7, and the refrigerant is cooled by air cooling of the fan 7.
- the expansion section 3 for example, an electronically controlled expansion valve or a capillary tube is used.
- the evaporator 4 for example, a heat exchanger that cools water (liquid heat medium) with the refrigerant is used.
- the refrigerating apparatus includes two sub-flow paths 11, 11 branched from a main flow path 10 between the condenser 2 and the expansion section 3 and connected to the compressor 1.
- the main flow path 10 and the sub flow path 11 are configured by piping.
- an upstream sub flow path 11 and a downstream sub flow path 11 are formed.
- the upstream sub flow path 11 is connected to one side of the pair of gate rotors lb, lb as a boundary, and the downstream sub flow path 11 Is connected to the other side with the pair of gate rotors lb, lb as boundaries.
- the upstream sub flow path 11 communicates with a middle part of the compression chamber existing on one side of the pair of gate rotors lb, lb as a boundary, and the downstream sub flow path 11
- the pair of gate rotors lb, lb communicates with the middle part of the compression chamber on the other side of the boundary.
- each of the sub-flow paths 11 a sub-cooling expansion section 12, and a sub-cooling heat exchange section that exchanges heat between the refrigerant on the outlet side of the sub-cooling expansion section 12 and the refrigerant in the main flow path 10.
- the container 13 is installed.
- an upstream subcooling heat exchanger (high-stage economizer) 13 and a downstream subcooling heat exchanger (low-stage economizer) 13 are arranged along the main flow path 10.
- the sub-flow path 11 is branched from the main flow path 10 on the downstream side of the subcooling heat exchanger 13, but the subcooling heat The branch may be branched from the main flow path 10 on the upstream side of the exchanger 13.
- the liquid-phase refrigerant in the main flow path 10 coming out of the condenser 2 first flows into the upstream sub-flow path. It is diverted to the flow path 11.
- the liquid-phase refrigerant in the upstream sub-flow path 11 is decompressed by the supercooling expansion section 12 to become a two-phase refrigerant of a gas phase and a liquid phase.
- the liquid phase refrigerant heat of the main flow path 10 is deprived to become a gaseous phase refrigerant, which is sucked into the compressor 1 .
- the liquid-phase refrigerant in the main flow path 10 is cooled through the upstream subcooling heat exchanger 13.
- the cooled liquid-phase refrigerant in the main flow path 10 is diverted to the downstream sub flow path 11.
- the liquid-phase refrigerant in the downstream sub-flow path 11 is decompressed in the supercooling expansion section 12 to become a two-phase refrigerant of a gas phase and a liquid phase.
- Heat is taken from the liquid-phase refrigerant in the main flow path 10 through the subcooling heat exchanger 13 on the side of the main passage 10 to become a gas-phase refrigerant, which is sucked into the compressor 1 .
- the liquid-phase refrigerant in the main flow path 10 is cooled via the subcooling heat exchanger 13 on the downstream side.
- the two supercooling heat exchangers 13 and 13 are provided. Therefore, every time the refrigerant in the main flow path 10 passes through the two subcooling heat exchangers 13, 13, the degree of liquid subcooling of the refrigerant can be increased.
- the refrigerating apparatus of the present invention since the refrigerating apparatus of the present invention has a three-stage expansion economizer cycle including three expansion sections 3, 12, 12 and two supercooling heat exchangers 13, 13, the conventional refrigerating apparatus has a conventional structure. As compared with a refrigeration system having a two-stage expansion economizer cycle consisting of two expansion valves and one supercooling heat exchanger, the degree of subcooling of the refrigerant immediately before the expansion section 3 is further increased. Thus, refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency (C ⁇ P) can be further improved.
- C ⁇ P refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency
- the upstream-side supercooling heat exchanger (three-stage expansion ECO upper stage)
- the subcooling heat exchanger on the downstream side increases the degree of liquid subcooling (SC) compared to the conventional refrigeration system (two-stage expansion) indicated by the dotted line, The refrigeration capacity is improved.
- the refrigeration apparatus of the present invention detects the temperature and pressure of the refrigerant on the discharge side of the compressor 1 and, based on the detection result, the downstream subcooling expansion section 1.
- a discharge-side supercooling control unit 14 that controls the opening degree of the compressor 2 and the temperature and pressure of the refrigerant on the suction side of the compressor 1 in the upstream sub-flow path 11 are detected.
- An intake side subcooling control unit 15 that controls the opening degree of the subcooling expansion unit 12 is provided.
- the discharge side subcooling control unit 14 calculates the current current SH value from the temperature and the high pressure value of the refrigerant in the discharge pipe of the compressor 1 and sets a predetermined target SH value. Opening control is performed by comparing with the SH value.
- the suction side subcooling control unit 15 calculates the current current SH value from the temperature and pressure value of the refrigerant in the outlet pipe of the upstream side subcooling heat exchanger 13, and sets a preset target SH value.
- the opening degree control is performed by comparing with.
- the SH value is a degree of superheat (superheat), and is a temperature indicating a difference from a temperature in a saturated state.
- a temperature-sensitive expansion valve is used, which can be inexpensive as compared with an electronic expansion valve.
- an electronic expansion valve may be used as the subcooling expansion section 12.
- the downstream-side subcooling expansion unit 12 is controlled by the discharge-side subcooling control unit 14, and the upstream-side subcooling expansion unit 12 is controlled by the suction-side subcooling control unit 15. Therefore, the two supercooling expansion sections 12 and 12 can be individually controlled based on different temperatures and pressures.
- the upstream subcooling expansion section 12 is controlled by the discharge side subcooling control section 14, and the downstream subcooling expansion section 12 is controlled by the downstream subcooling expansion section 12.
- the control may be performed by a suction side subcooling control unit 15 provided separately in the flow path 11.
- three or more sub-flow paths 11, the subcooling expansion section 12, and the supercooling heat exchanger 13 may be provided, respectively.
- one subcooling expansion section may be provided. 12 is controlled by the discharge side subcooling control unit 14, and the other subcooling expansion units 12 are controlled by the suction side subcooling control unit 15 provided in each of the sub-flow paths 11.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)
- Applications Or Details Of Rotary Compressors (AREA)
- Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
- Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/570,326 US7640762B2 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2004-08-17 | Refrigeration apparatus |
EP04771731A EP1669694A4 (en) | 2003-09-05 | 2004-08-17 | FREEZING DEVICE |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2003313439A JP4433729B2 (ja) | 2003-09-05 | 2003-09-05 | 冷凍装置 |
JP2003-313439 | 2003-09-05 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005024313A1 true WO2005024313A1 (ja) | 2005-03-17 |
Family
ID=34269770
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2004/011770 WO2005024313A1 (ja) | 2003-09-05 | 2004-08-17 | 冷凍装置 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7640762B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1669694A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4433729B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100476316C (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI285249B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005024313A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008039332A (ja) * | 2006-08-09 | 2008-02-21 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | マルチ型ヒートポンプ式空気調和機 |
KR101333984B1 (ko) * | 2006-10-17 | 2013-11-27 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 공기조화기 |
CN101573579A (zh) | 2006-12-29 | 2009-11-04 | 开利公司 | 经济器热交换器 |
DE102007013485B4 (de) * | 2007-03-21 | 2020-02-20 | Gea Refrigeration Germany Gmbh | Verfahren zur Regelung einer CO2-Kälteanlage mit zweistufiger Verdichtung |
JP4969287B2 (ja) * | 2007-03-28 | 2012-07-04 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 冷凍サイクル装置 |
JP4989507B2 (ja) * | 2008-02-15 | 2012-08-01 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 冷凍装置 |
JP4931848B2 (ja) * | 2008-03-31 | 2012-05-16 | 三菱電機株式会社 | ヒートポンプ式給湯用室外機 |
EP2314953B1 (en) * | 2008-06-13 | 2018-06-27 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Refrigeration cycle device and control method therefor |
US9121627B2 (en) * | 2010-09-14 | 2015-09-01 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | System and method for controlling an economizer circuit |
KR101252173B1 (ko) * | 2010-11-23 | 2013-04-05 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 히트 펌프 및 그 제어방법 |
KR101382084B1 (ko) * | 2011-09-07 | 2014-04-04 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 공기 조화기 |
JP5792585B2 (ja) * | 2011-10-18 | 2015-10-14 | サンデンホールディングス株式会社 | 冷凍機、冷蔵ショーケース及び自動販売機 |
KR101873597B1 (ko) * | 2012-02-23 | 2018-07-31 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 공기 조화기 |
US9733005B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2017-08-15 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | Subcooling system with thermal storage |
KR102103360B1 (ko) * | 2013-04-15 | 2020-05-29 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 공기조화기 및 그 제어방법 |
CN103344067B (zh) * | 2013-06-17 | 2015-09-09 | 江苏科立德制冷设备有限公司 | 一种低温涡旋并联压缩冷凝机组 |
CN103307817B (zh) * | 2013-06-17 | 2015-08-05 | 江苏科立德制冷设备有限公司 | 一种涡旋并联压缩冷凝机组 |
US10595535B2 (en) * | 2014-02-10 | 2020-03-24 | Ibex Bionomics Llc | Bio-derived compositions for use in agriculture |
US10595536B2 (en) * | 2014-02-10 | 2020-03-24 | Ibex Bionomics Llc | Bio-derived compositions |
US10047985B2 (en) | 2014-03-10 | 2018-08-14 | Johnson Controls Technology Company | Subcooling system with thermal energy storage |
WO2017203642A1 (ja) * | 2016-05-25 | 2017-11-30 | 三菱電機株式会社 | スクリュー圧縮機及び冷凍サイクル装置 |
WO2019084870A1 (zh) * | 2017-11-02 | 2019-05-09 | 太仓富华特种电机有限公司 | 一种冷却力可调的工业用冷却机组 |
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JPH02287058A (ja) * | 1989-04-26 | 1990-11-27 | Daikin Ind Ltd | スクリュー冷凍機 |
JPH0460348A (ja) * | 1990-06-27 | 1992-02-26 | Daikin Ind Ltd | スクリュー冷凍装置 |
JPH05322334A (ja) * | 1992-05-20 | 1993-12-07 | Hitachi Ltd | 多段圧縮冷凍サイクルおよびその起動方法 |
JPH09210480A (ja) * | 1996-01-31 | 1997-08-12 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 二段圧縮式冷凍装置 |
JP2000220893A (ja) * | 1999-02-01 | 2000-08-08 | Ebara Corp | 半密閉形スクリュー冷凍機 |
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US2463881A (en) * | 1946-07-06 | 1949-03-08 | Muncie Gear Works Inc | Heat pump |
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US2897659A (en) * | 1954-08-09 | 1959-08-04 | Ckd Stalingrad Narodni Podnik | Apparatus for gas and liquid cooling in compressor plants with two- or multistage cooling circuit |
GB1555330A (en) * | 1978-03-21 | 1979-11-07 | Hall Thermotank Prod Ltd | Rotary fluid machines |
US4602485A (en) * | 1983-04-23 | 1986-07-29 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Refrigeration unit including a hot gas defrosting system |
JP3443443B2 (ja) | 1993-12-24 | 2003-09-02 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | スクリュ式冷凍機 |
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JPH11248264A (ja) | 1998-03-04 | 1999-09-14 | Hitachi Ltd | 冷凍装置 |
JP2001099498A (ja) * | 1999-09-30 | 2001-04-13 | Dairei:Kk | 非共沸系混合冷媒を用いた冷凍システム |
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US6694750B1 (en) * | 2002-08-21 | 2004-02-24 | Carrier Corporation | Refrigeration system employing multiple economizer circuits |
WO2005119141A1 (en) * | 2004-05-28 | 2005-12-15 | York International Corporation | System and method for controlling an economizer circuit |
US20060064257A1 (en) * | 2004-09-21 | 2006-03-23 | Graham Packaging Company, L.P. | Test device for measuring a container response |
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-
2003
- 2003-09-05 JP JP2003313439A patent/JP4433729B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-08-17 CN CNB2004800255274A patent/CN100476316C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-08-17 US US10/570,326 patent/US7640762B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-08-17 EP EP04771731A patent/EP1669694A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-08-17 WO PCT/JP2004/011770 patent/WO2005024313A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2004-09-03 TW TW093126730A patent/TWI285249B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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JPH02287058A (ja) * | 1989-04-26 | 1990-11-27 | Daikin Ind Ltd | スクリュー冷凍機 |
JPH0460348A (ja) * | 1990-06-27 | 1992-02-26 | Daikin Ind Ltd | スクリュー冷凍装置 |
JPH05322334A (ja) * | 1992-05-20 | 1993-12-07 | Hitachi Ltd | 多段圧縮冷凍サイクルおよびその起動方法 |
JPH09210480A (ja) * | 1996-01-31 | 1997-08-12 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 二段圧縮式冷凍装置 |
JP2000220893A (ja) * | 1999-02-01 | 2000-08-08 | Ebara Corp | 半密閉形スクリュー冷凍機 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP1669694A4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP4433729B2 (ja) | 2010-03-17 |
JP2005083609A (ja) | 2005-03-31 |
US20070017249A1 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
US7640762B2 (en) | 2010-01-05 |
TWI285249B (en) | 2007-08-11 |
CN100476316C (zh) | 2009-04-08 |
EP1669694A1 (en) | 2006-06-14 |
CN1846099A (zh) | 2006-10-11 |
EP1669694A4 (en) | 2009-04-08 |
TW200513620A (en) | 2005-04-16 |
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