WO2001088502A9 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung zumindest eines bruchmechanischen materialparameters - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung zumindest eines bruchmechanischen materialparametersInfo
- Publication number
- WO2001088502A9 WO2001088502A9 PCT/EP2001/004734 EP0104734W WO0188502A9 WO 2001088502 A9 WO2001088502 A9 WO 2001088502A9 EP 0104734 W EP0104734 W EP 0104734W WO 0188502 A9 WO0188502 A9 WO 0188502A9
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- crack
- images
- test
- fracture
- determining
- Prior art date
Links
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/02—Details
- G01N3/06—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means
- G01N3/068—Special adaptations of indicating or recording means with optical indicating or recording means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/006—Crack, flaws, fracture or rupture
- G01N2203/0062—Crack or flaws
- G01N2203/0064—Initiation of crack
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/006—Crack, flaws, fracture or rupture
- G01N2203/0062—Crack or flaws
- G01N2203/0066—Propagation of crack
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/006—Crack, flaws, fracture or rupture
- G01N2203/0067—Fracture or rupture
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/06—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means
- G01N2203/0641—Indicating or recording means; Sensing means using optical, X-ray, ultraviolet, infrared or similar detectors
- G01N2203/0647—Image analysis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for determining at least one fracture mechanical material parameter, such as e.g. the critical stress intensity factor or the critical strain energy release rate, using any known fracture mechanical tests.
- at least one fracture mechanical material parameter such as e.g. the critical stress intensity factor or the critical strain energy release rate
- Fracture mechanical tests are all mechanical tests where a defined crack (i.e. a crack with a defined length and shape) in a solid (test specimen) by loading this test specimen by applying a force or deformation (and possibly also other loads such as e.g. a corrosive liquid) to tear (hereinafter referred to as crack initiation). Fracture mechanical tests are used to determine fracture mechanical material parameters by determining the crack length and the force and deformation required to initiate (or also propagate) the crack. This is based on fracture mechanics theories and models. There are two types of fracture mechanical tests:
- Fracture mechanics tests which require crack tracking, include (for example tests in which the rapid crack propagation is the subject of the investigation (eg when the speed of a rapidly spreading crack is determined), but also tests in which slow subcritical crack growth is investigated, which is triggered, for example, by a cyclical subcritical load.
- a continuously changing signal is detected which is proportional to the Rd length or has a predetermined relationship to it.
- Methods can be classified in this group in which a change in resistance, which is caused by a decrease in the residual ligament when cracks grow, is measured.
- the resistance of the sample is measured in the case of conductive samples, while the resistance of an applied conductive layer is measured in the case of an electrically insulating sample material.
- Another continuous method is to measure the deformation on the fracture specimen using a deformation transducer. This can be achieved, for example, by means of a strain gauge attached to the back of the sample.
- Discontinuous electrical processes are characterized in that the crack propagation is recorded as a discrete sequence of events.
- Signals from several strain gauges can be used here, the strain gauges being applied in succession above or below a propagating crack.
- a plurality of thin conductor tracks can be used, which are severed as a result of a crack progress, with a corresponding electrical evaluation, for example measuring a change in resistance, the respective severing can be detected.
- Fracture mechanical tests where crack detection methods are not absolutely necessary and are generally not used today, include “critical tests * *. These account for the majority of 'carried out today ( "fracture mechanics material testing. In is critical tests continuous increase in force or deformation which causes crack initiation based on an existing crack. The crack initiation is regarded as an event which is assigned to a defined point in time or a defined force and deformation value and a defined crack length. Slow (subcritical) crack propagation is neglected. In such critical tests, the crack length, ie the length of the crack introduced before the test, is determined by visual analysis of the fracture surfaces after the test.
- This fracture-mechanical method which is common today, for determining the critical stress intensity factor K ⁇ c and / or the critical expansion energy release rate G ⁇ c is associated with a high level of manual effort for the visual analysis of the fracture surfaces.
- the use of an automatic crack tracking even with such critical tests would make the test implementation more effective, since the length of the crack is determined automatically and no longer has to be determined manually after the test.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device which enable an automatic, less complex determination of fracture mechanical material parameters using optical methods.
- the present invention provides a method for determining at least one fracture mechanical material parameter of a test specimen, with the following steps:
- the present invention also provides a device for determining at least one fracture mechanical material parameter of a test specimen, with the following features:
- a device for determining the at least one fracture mechanical parameter on the basis of the crack length determined as a function of time and a further physical quantity recorded on the same time base a device for determining the at least one fracture mechanical parameter on the basis of the crack length determined as a function of time and a further physical quantity recorded on the same time base.
- the crack length is usually determined using a suitable scaling method so that the pixel coordinates can be converted into coordinates with length units and with reference to the sample geometry.
- the other physical quantity recorded on the same time base is usually the force that is exerted on the test specimen during the mechanical fracture test.
- the deformation of the test specimen and / or the temperature thereof can also be recorded. When working with constant and 'known force or deformation,' is below the physical one recorded on the same time base Size to understand the constant and known force or deformation.
- the present invention is based on the knowledge that by utilizing the possibility of storing digital images and the powerful computing technology available today, there is the potential to implement automated crack tracking.
- an efficient, automated, sequential digital image analysis is carried out to replace the manual analysis.
- adapted or newly developed digital image processing methods are used to determine the position of the crack tip in digitally stored images in a reliable and reproducible manner, so that an automatic sequential image analysis is possible without the need for manual intervention.
- image processing methods can include the use of suitable image recognition algorithms, for example digital edge filters in combination with segmentation methods or alternatively gray value correlation methods and hybrid methods which combine elements of filter and correlation methods in order to determine the crack length as a function of time.
- a crack length / time curve is thus automatically determined using an optical method, on the basis of which fracture mechanical parameters, for example the critical stress intensity factor or the critical strain energy release rate, can be determined using conventional calculation methods.
- fracture mechanical parameters for example the critical stress intensity factor or the critical strain energy release rate
- crack length / force / time triple value or crack length / deformation / time triple value are generally determined according to the invention, on the basis of which the fracture mechanical parameter is determined.
- additional physical variables can be added, for example , the temperature or the humidity the test specimen and / or the environment are recorded and used for evaluation.
- the method according to the invention eliminates the manual effort for recording the length of the crack or the crack progress. Fracture mechanical material characterization is therefore much quicker and more convenient to carry out. Due to the automatic fracture mechanical evaluation, no special knowledge is required to carry out and evaluate the tests, so that the tests can be carried out by unskilled personnel.
- both the crack initiation phase and the crack propagation phase are advantageously detected, which results in further advantages.
- Much more information on material behavior is obtained without additional or with reduced testing and evaluation effort compared to previous practice, since not only a single static value is obtained for the crack initiation, but also through the analysis of both the crack initiation phase and the phase of the Crack propagation also provides information about the dynamics of the fracture behavior of a material.
- the critical stress intensity factor, Kic, and / or the critical strain energy release rate, G lc are preferably calculated as a function of the crack progress by means of a calculation of the tensile force-time curve with the crack length-time curve by known calculation methods.
- certain materials for example hardened reactive resins, it is thus advantageously possible to determine reliable and reproducible fracture mechanical material parameters.
- the K ⁇ c value which is measured for the initiation of the crack, is often too high, since the crack cannot be formed sufficiently flat and perpendicular to the direction of force, so that the conventional method delivers values that are too high
- analysis of the crack propagation phase that is to say the detection of the entire R curve according to the invention, detects the intrinsic material property.
- the fracture toughness ie K Ic or G ⁇ C
- the fracture toughness is a local property of a material, so that they have no scatter in the sense. Therefore, the present invention has an enormous further advantage even with inhomogeneous materials. If one drives the spatial resolution into the order of magnitude of the inhomogeneities, which is easily possible in many cases, then one can even determine this by recording the R curve, i.e. the location-based recording of the fracture toughness of the material, namely when these inhomogeneities also exist express in locally different fracture toughness.
- the method according to the present invention is an optical method, crack initiation and crack propagation can be detected without contact and without the need for prior calibration or sample preparation.
- Another advantage of the method according to the invention compared to electrical methods for crack tracking is that, in contrast to electrical methods, not only the projection of the crack propagation onto the direction perpendicular to the direction of force (or direction of detection, for example the change in resistance) is recorded, but the exact xy- Path of crack propagation can be followed. This makes it possible to carry out a two-dimensional fracture mechanical analysis of the crack propagation behavior, as a result of which the accuracy and meaningfulness are significantly increased compared to conventional methods.
- La) and 1b) are schematic representations for illustrating a digital image evaluation method carried out according to the present invention.
- the method can also be applied to other standard geometries, for example the so-called “single edge notch three point bending * *”.
- the present invention can generally be applied to all fracture mechanical methods and investigations in which the detection of the crack length and / or the change over time thereof is required.
- the present invention is in no way limited in particular in the following three aspects.
- the first aspect relates to different sample geometries, which are reflected in the respective geometry factors in the formula for calculating K ⁇ c or in corresponding formulas for calculating G ⁇ 0 .
- the second aspect is the type of stress. Constant force, continuously (monotonically) increasing force or deformation, cyclical force (with increasing amplitude), temperature-induced stresses and crack propagation due to corrosive effects, i.e.
- the invention can in principle be applied to all these different loads, as long as the crack progress can be observed with a camera.
- the third aspect is the type of fracture mechanical theory on which the experiment is carried out and evaluated. In the example explained, the theory of linear-elastic fracture mechanics is the basis. Likewise, the application of the invention is also conceivable for fracture mechanics methods and test evaluations which are based on theories of flow fracture mechanics or elastic-plastic fracture mechanics.
- a force is exerted on a test body via corresponding clamps by the clamps at a constant speed, for example 1 mm / min, apart.
- the force thus exerted on the test specimen is detected by means of any force detection device, for example the load cell of a tensile / pressure test machine, in which case the analog signal is tapped from this load cell (a DC voltage, for example between -5 and + 5V, which is proportional to the force is) and is stored digitally as a function of time in the PC via an analog / digital converter card.
- a frame grabber is used to read the images from the video camera from the same PC and to store them digitally in RAM.
- the times of the force measurement and the image recording are precisely synchronized with one another, with a low frame rate (such as, for example, 10 Hz), the force can also be appropriately averaged over the period of the image recording, with which the noise can be reduced.
- a low frame rate such as, for example, 10 Hz
- this averaging may not be necessary.
- the triggering of the start of the image recording can take place, for example, by setting a force threshold value which is below the critical force which is required for the crack initiation in a material-specific manner.
- the image and force recording can also be started manually, e.g. then when the testing machine, i.e. the load on the compact tensile body is started with a constant pull-off speed of the testing machine (i.e. with a constant rate of deformation).
- the synchronization of the test machine start and the start of the force and image recording by the PC is not necessary here, since force (and possibly, if this is also read into the PC (which was not given in the example shown) also deformation) and image recording are already synchronized internally by the acquisition on the same time basis in a PC.
- This crack propagation which begins depending on the material when a certain deformation or force is reached, is thus recorded by recording and storing digital images of the sample surface (in a suitable image section), with the time of the image recording being stored with each image.
- the stored images are sequentially subjected to digital image analysis. drive subjected to determine the position of the crack tip from each image.
- the crack length is thus obtained as a function of time (since a defined time of recording (or more correctly a time span) can be assigned to each image).
- Various digital image analysis methods can be used to determine the exact crack tip position.
- the scribe reflects light at an angle to the sample surface, so that a brightness gradient arises from above to below the crack.
- An edge filter is then applied to the raw image thus generated (FIG. 1 a), which emphasizes the brightness gradient of transitions in one direction.
- Edge filters of this type are known in the field of digital image processing.
- a vertical edge filter was used, which emphasizes the brightness gradient from the transition from above 2 to below 4 of the crack 6.
- binarization with a suitable threshold value suppresses other structures, which are also amplified by the edge filter, but whose intensity in this example is significantly lower than that of the crack.
- these pixel coordinates are then in coordinates Converted units of length, whereby this coordinate system is related to the sample geometry by the scaling and is therefore not only scaled i-xo, but also x 0 in relation to a suitable position of the sample (such as the right edge).
- the gray value correlation method can be used to determine the position of the crack tip.
- the displacement of surface structures that provide a contrast (i.e. different gray values) between successive images is analyzed and a two-dimensional field of displacement vectors is calculated as a function of time.
- the crack tip position is determined by evaluating the displacement field.
- the two-dimensional deformation field in the crack tip environment can also be analyzed by fracture mechanics from the two-dimensional field of displacement vectors.
- the deformation can be recorded additionally or, as in this example, the deformation can be calculated from the time at a constant and known deformation speed.
- this force-deformation curve 10 as shown schematically in FIG. 2a), the area of a triangular segment is shown according to the area method of Gurney and Hunt. tes .DELTA.U, and divided by the crack progress .DELTA.a associated with this triangular surface, the crack progress being shown as curve 12 in FIG. 2b).
- the zero point for the determination of the triangular area is determined by extrapolating a straight line, which is determined by adapting to the linear part of the force-deformation curve (the part of the curve which precedes the crack initiation).
- the resulting critical expansion energy release rate G ⁇ c is shown in Fig. 2d).
- the fracture mechanics evaluation described above is based on theories of linear elastic fracture mechanics. However, other evaluations are also possible for determining fracture mechanical parameters when carrying out the present invention, for example using methods of non-linear, elastic-plastic fracture mechanics.
- the method can also be used in the same way for other standard test specimen geometries. By using the area method for determining G ⁇ c , the method can also be applied to test specimens of undefined geometry and / or composition.
- the method according to the invention enables fracture mechanical tests to be carried out more quickly, more conveniently and more error-free than before, the quality of the information being significantly expanded.
- the method is also suitable for fracture mechanical methods in which other crack tracking methods are already used today, for example detection slow crack growth under a subcritical dynamic or static load.
- the present invention considerably simplifies the design of the test, since no additional sample preparation and calibration are required.
- the advantage of freedom from calibration can also rule out sources of error if conventional methods are replaced by the method according to the invention.
- Paris curves can be obtained using the method according to the invention.
- a higher spatial resolution is achieved according to the present invention, so that when examining a slow subcritical crack growth, a higher accuracy is achieved with a simultaneous considerable simplification of the test design, since no sample preparation is required.
- samples with irregular geometry and / or inhomogeneous nature for example material composites or bonds, can also be used in a simple manner using the present invention which have no analytical relationships between external force, crack length and fracture mechanical parameters, are characterized by fracture mechanics.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10023752.5 | 2000-05-15 | ||
DE2000123752 DE10023752B4 (de) | 2000-05-15 | 2000-05-15 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bestimmung zumindest eines bruchmechanischen Materialparameters eines Prüfkörpers |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2001088502A2 WO2001088502A2 (de) | 2001-11-22 |
WO2001088502A3 WO2001088502A3 (de) | 2002-05-23 |
WO2001088502A9 true WO2001088502A9 (de) | 2002-09-19 |
Family
ID=7642108
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2001/004734 WO2001088502A2 (de) | 2000-05-15 | 2001-04-26 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur bestimmung zumindest eines bruchmechanischen materialparameters |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
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DE (1) | DE10023752B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2001088502A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2112496A3 (de) * | 2008-04-23 | 2013-04-10 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Verfahren zur wiederholten Bestimmung der Bondfestigkeit aneinandergebondeter Substrate |
EP2818491A1 (de) | 2013-06-28 | 2014-12-31 | Evonik Industries AG | Härtbare Zusammensetzung mit hoher Bruchzähigkeit |
EP2765162A1 (de) | 2013-02-06 | 2014-08-13 | Evonik Industries AG | Härtbare Zusammensetzung mit hoher Bruchzähigkeit |
US9994671B2 (en) | 2013-02-06 | 2018-06-12 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Curable composition with high fracture toughness |
EP2835389A1 (de) | 2013-08-07 | 2015-02-11 | Evonik Industries AG | Härtbare Zusammensetzung mit hoher Bruchzähigkeit |
CN110006747A (zh) * | 2019-02-11 | 2019-07-12 | 中国石油天然气集团有限公司 | 一种钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测方法 |
CN113063343B (zh) * | 2021-03-23 | 2022-09-23 | 南京云起共振电力科技有限公司 | 一种基于应变信号波形失真评价的转轴裂纹检测方法 |
CN117079062B (zh) * | 2023-10-17 | 2023-12-26 | 深圳市城市交通规划设计研究中心股份有限公司 | 一种基于路面裂缝分析方法的动静态影响参数分析方法 |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH501650A (de) * | 1968-12-19 | 1971-01-15 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von neuen Azepinderivaten |
DE3688268D1 (de) * | 1985-01-25 | 1993-05-19 | Nippon Kokan Kk | Anordnung zum nachweis von durch ermuedung verursachten rissen. |
DE4127116A1 (de) * | 1991-08-16 | 1993-02-18 | Univ Schiller Jena | Einrichtung zur messung mechanischer werkstoffkennwerte und zur beobachtung und auswertung von risssystemen eines bauteils |
DE4128233A1 (de) * | 1991-08-26 | 1993-03-04 | Univ Schiller Jena | Verfahren zur objektivierten ermittlung von festigkeit und bruchmechanischen kennwerten von glaesern sowie keramischen und glaskeramischen werkstoffen |
FR2706613B1 (fr) * | 1993-06-17 | 1995-09-01 | Aerospatiale | Procédé pour déterminer la résistance à la déchirure ductile d'un matériau. |
-
2000
- 2000-05-15 DE DE2000123752 patent/DE10023752B4/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2001
- 2001-04-26 WO PCT/EP2001/004734 patent/WO2001088502A2/de active Application Filing
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2001088502A3 (de) | 2002-05-23 |
WO2001088502A2 (de) | 2001-11-22 |
DE10023752A1 (de) | 2001-11-29 |
DE10023752B4 (de) | 2004-09-09 |
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