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  • A61K31/13—Amines
  • A61K31/155—Amidines (), e.g. guanidine (H2N—C(=NH)—NH2), isourea (N=C(OH)—NH2), isothiourea (—N=C(SH)—NH2)
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  • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
  • A61K31/216—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acids having aromatic rings, e.g. benactizyne, clofibrate
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  • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
  • A61K31/222—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin with compounds having aromatic groups, e.g. dipivefrine, ibopamine
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  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
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  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
  • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
  • A61K31/4045—Indole-alkylamines; Amides thereof, e.g. serotonin, melatonin
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  • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
  • A61K31/403—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. carbazole
  • A61K31/404—Indoles, e.g. pindolol
  • A61K31/405—Indole-alkanecarboxylic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. tryptophan, indomethacin
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  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
  • A61K31/428—Thiazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings
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  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
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  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/451—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine having a carbocyclic group directly attached to the heterocyclic ring, e.g. glutethimide, meperidine, loperamide, phencyclidine, piminodine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/7008—Compounds having an amino group directly attached to a carbon atom of the saccharide radical, e.g. D-galactosamine, ranimustine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/14—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms, not forming part of a nitro radical
  • C07D209/16—Tryptamines
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  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/18—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
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  • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
  • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
  • C07D209/10—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
  • C07D209/18—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D209/20—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals substituted additionally by nitrogen atoms, e.g. tryptophane
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/40—Oxygen atoms
  • C07D211/44—Oxygen atoms attached in position 4
  • C07D211/52—Oxygen atoms attached in position 4 having an aryl radical as the second substituent in position 4
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  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/60—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D211/62—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals attached in position 4
  • C07D211/64—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals attached in position 4 having an aryl radical as the second substituent in position 4
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
  • C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
  • C07D277/68—Benzothiazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
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  • C07D277/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
  • C07D277/68—Benzothiazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 2
  • C07D277/82—Nitrogen atoms

Definitions

• the invention is in the fields of organic and medicinal chemistry.
• the invention relates to substituted diarylguanidines and analogs and derivatives thereof which are useful for the treatment or prevention of cancer and pain.
• Chemotherapy generally involves the administration of one or more, often, cytotoxic agents. Unlike surgery and radiation that are used for the treatment of local and regional disease, these drugs are distributed systemically and will usually exhibit some degree of efficacy in local, regional, and metastatic disease. Early drugs tended to damage DNA and derived some measure of selectivity by targeting rapidly proliferating populations of cells. Recent advances in cell and molecular biology have allowed pharmaceutical scientists to develop a number of new mechanism-based agents (e.g. taxol, gemcitabine, topotecan, etc.). These drugs potentially offer greater selectivity and reduced toxicity as they attempt to target biochemical or molecular pathways that are inherent to the malignant phenotype.
• cytotoxic agents Unlike surgery and radiation that are used for the treatment of local and regional disease, these drugs are distributed systemically and will usually exhibit some degree of efficacy in local, regional, and metastatic disease. Early drugs tended to damage DNA and derived some measure of selectivity by targeting rapidly proliferating populations of cells. Recent advances in cell and molecular biology have
• Apoptosis is a normal process through which damaged or senescent cells are eliminated.
• Apoptosis is an active and genetically programmed process that is highly regulated requiring gene transcription and the synthesis of specific proteins (Staunton, M.J. and Gaffney, E.F., Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 122:310 (1998); Hetts, S.W., J.A.M.A. 279:300 (1998)). Regulation of apoptosis occurs at three levels and involves cell survival or death signals, cell survival or death regulators, and cell death effector.
• caspase a protease
• caspase a protease
• neuropeptide receptors have been detected in human cancer cells and in many cases the tumor cells not only respond to but also synthesize and release neuropeptides as part of an autocrine loop (Cuzitta, F., et al. , Nature 316:823 (1985)). Moreover, neuropeptides are increasingly implicated in control of cancer cell proliferation (Moody, T.W., et al, Life Sci. 37:105 (1985);
• Singh, T., etal, Lubrication Engineering 46:6% 1 -685 (1990) discloses the use of some N-2-benzothiazolyl-N,N',N"-triarylguanidines as additives for lubricating oil.
• U.S. Patent No. 3,501,557 discloses a process for preparing some 2- aminoethyl-thiophosphate salts.
• U.S. Patent No. 4,281,004 discloses the use of some phenylguanidine derivatives as hypoglycemic agents.
• U.S. Patent No. 4,686,283 discloses some polypeptide analogs of transforming and epidermal growth factor fragments for use as therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,510,380 discloses some nonpeptide bradykinin antagonists.
• U.S. Patent No. 5,608,106 discloses some salts of pyromellitic acid and their use as epoxy resin curing agents.
• European Patent Publication 188333 discloses some guanidine derivatives and their use as anti-inflammatory agents.
• diarylguanidine compounds that selectively induce apoptosis in cancer. These compounds exhibit significant anticancer activity both in vitro and in vivo providing an alternative approach for treating cancer that may translate into an improvement in long-term survival.
• a first aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for the treatment of cancer or pain in an animal subject, comprising administering to said animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of formula I:
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkylthiol, alkoxyalkyl and alkylthioalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol,
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of -N(R 7 ) — R 8 ,
• a 2-amino sugar which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and alknoyl, and is substituted on the 2-amino nitrogen
• Z is a (C,. 6 )alkylene group, which is optionally substituted by one or more substitutents independently selected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkylthiol
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and alkylthioalkyl, COR, CO 2 R and CONR x R y , each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy and carbonylamido, wherein R, R x and R y , are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, fused aryl
• R 5 and R 6 are each zero to four substituents and are independently selected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkylthiol, alkoxyalkyl and alkylthioalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, amino, nitro, acylamido
• R 7 is selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, COR, CO 2 R and CONR x R y , each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy and carbonylamido, wherein R, R x and R y , are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, fused ary
• R 8 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkylthiol, alkoxyalkyl and alkylthioalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and (b) alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxy
• R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are defined above and Y is a (C,. 6 )alkylene group, which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkylthiol, alkoxyalkyl and alkylthioalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted
• R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and 07029
• R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are defined above;
• R 10 is selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, COR, CO 2 R and CONR ⁇ R y , each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy and carbonylamido, wherein R, R x and R y are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, fused aryl,
• R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are defined above; k is 0 or 1 and X is a (C ] . 6 )alkylene group, which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkylthiol, alkoxyalkyl and alkylthioalky
• R u is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of [(CH 2 )-O-] y , (CH 2 ) -O-(CH 2 ) -O-(CH 2 ), and [(CH 2 )- where j is, at each occurrence, independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, provided that there are no two adjoining oxygens; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof.
• a second aspect of the present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions, comprising one or more compounds of Formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a third aspect of the present invention is directed to novel compounds of formula I:
• R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkylthiol, alkoxyalkyl and alkylthioalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol,
• a 2-amino sugar which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and alknoyl, and is substituted on the 2-amino nitrogen
• Z is a (C,. 6 )alkylene group, which is optionally substituted by one or more substitutents independently selected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkylthiol
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl and alkylthioalkyl, COR, CO 2 R and CONR x R y , each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy and carbonylamido, wherein R, R x and R y , are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, fused aryl
• R 5 and R 6 are each zero to four substituents and are independently selected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkylthiol, alkoxyalkyl and alkylthioalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, amino, nitro, acylamido
• R 7 is selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, COR, CO 2 R and CONR x R y , each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy and carbonylamido, wherein R, R x and R y , are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, fused ary
• R 8 is selected from the group consisting of aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aminoalkyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkylthiol, alkoxyalkyl and alkylthioalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and (b) alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxy
• R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are defined above, and Y is a (C w ) alkylene group, which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkylthiol, alkoxyalkyl and alkylthioalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted
• R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are defined above;
• R 10 is selected from the group consisting of (a) hydrogen and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, COR, CO 2 R and CONR x R y , each of which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy and carbonylamido, wherein R, R x and R y are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, fused aryl,
• R 1 , R 2 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are defined above; k is 0 or 1 and X is a (C,. 6 )alkylene group, which is optionally substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of (a) halogen, hydroxy, cyano, amino, nitro, acylamido, thiol, azido, formyl, carboxy, carbonylamido and (b) aryl, fused aryl, carbocyclic, heterocyclic, heteroaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, carbocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, acyloxy, alkoxy, alkylthiol, alkoxyalkyl and alkylthioalkyl,
• R 11 is, at each occurrence, independently selected from the group consisting of [(CH 2 )-O-] , (CH 2 )-O-(CH 2 )-O-(CH 2 ), and [(CH 2 )- N(R 7 )-] J -[(CH 2 )-O-] J , where j is, at each occurrence, independently 0, 1, 2, 3,
• FIG. 1 is a graph which compares the effects of the compound of Example 8 on normal human endothelial cells (AH-9) and human prostate cancer cells (DU145). Cells were exposed to the compound for seven days at the concentrations indicated. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTS assay.
• FIG. 2A is a bar graph which depicts the effect of the compound of Example 8 (l-[(N,N'-di-p-tolyl)amidino]-4-(trans- -cinnamyl)piperizine) on human prostate cancer in BDF/1 mice using the sub-renal capsule assay.
• FIG. 2B is a bar graph which depicts the effect of the compound of Example 8 on human pancreatic cancer in BDF/1 mice using the sub-renal capsule assay.
• FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of the compound of Example 8, at a dose of zero mg/kg (filled circles) and at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg (open circles), on human prostate cancer xenographs in BALB/C/NU mice.
• FIGs.4A-4C illustrate the effects of compound of Example 8 on HS578-T breast carcinoma cells. Cells were exposed to the compound at zero ⁇ M (FIG. 4A), 12.5 ⁇ M (HG.4B) or 25 ⁇ M (FIG. AC) for 24 hours, and the degree of DNA fragmentation measured by flow cytometry using the TUNEL assay.
• FIGs. 5A-5C illustrate the effects of the compound of Example 8 on human breast cancer cells (HS578-T). Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was assessed by flow cytometry as measured by the fluorescence of cation, JC - 1.
• FIG. 5A Cells were exposed to 25 ⁇ M of the compound and fluorescence measured at: 0 hours (FIG. 5A), 2 hours (FIG. 5B) and 5 hours (FIG. 5C).
• FIGs. 5D-5F illustrate the effects of compound of Example 8 on human prostate cancer cells (DU145). Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was assessed by flow cytometry as measured by the fluorescence of cation, JC-1. Cells were exposed to 25 ⁇ M of the compound and fluorescence measured at: 0 hours (FIG. 5D), 2.5 hours (HG. 5E) and 4.5 hours (FIG. 5F).
• FIG. 6 is an immunoblot illustrating the activation of caspase 3 in human breast cancer cells (HS578-T) exposed to 25 ⁇ M of the compound of Example 8. Cells were exposed to the compound for 0, 30, 60, 90, 150, and 240 minutes of treatment with peak activity occurring 90 minutes after drug addition.
• FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing the effect of 10 mg/kg (///), 20 mg/kg ( ⁇ ) and 30 mg/kg ( ⁇ ) orally administered 1 ,2-di-[(N,N' -di-p-tolyl)guanidinyl]ethane, compared to vehicle control, on late phase pain in the mouse formalin test.
• the differences between means significant at P ⁇ 0.05 by ANOVA.
• 8 is a bar graph showing the effect of 5 mg/kg (///), 10 mg/kg ( ⁇ ), 30 mg/kg ( ⁇ ) and 50 mg/kg (
• alkyl refers to both straight and branched chain radicals of up to 12 carbons, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl.
• alkenyl is used herein to mean a straight or branched chain radical of 2-20 carbon atoms, unless the chain length is limited thereto, including, but not limited to, ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-l-propenyl, 1- butenyl, 2-butenyl, and the like.
• the alkenyl chain is 2 to 10 carbon atoms in length, more preferably, 2 to 8 carbon atoms in length most preferably from 2 to 4 carbon atoms in length.
• alkynyl is used herein to mean a straight or branched chain radical of 2-20 carbon atoms, unless the chain length is limited thereto, wherein there is at least one triple bond between two of the carbon atoms in the chain, including, but not limited to, acetylene, 1-propylene, 2-propylene, and the like.
• the alkynyl chain is 2 to 10 carbon atoms in length, more preferably,
• alkenyl or alkynyl moiety there is an alkenyl or alkynyl moiety as a substituent group
• unsaturated linkage i.e., the vinylene or acetylene linkage is preferably not directly attached to a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur moiety.
• alkoxy is used herein to mean a straight or branched chain radical of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, unless the chain length is limited thereto, bonded to an oxygen atom, including, but not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, and the like.
• the alkoxy chain is 1 to 10 carbon atoms in length, more preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms in length.
• aryl as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic groups containing from 6 to 12 carbons in the ring portion, preferably 6-10 carbons in the ring portion, such as phenyl, naphthyl or tetrahydronaphthyl.
• heteroaryl refers to groups having 5 to 14 ring atoms; 6, 10 or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array; and containing carbon atoms and 1, 2 or 3 oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur heteroatoms (where examples of heteroaryl groups are: thienyl, benzo[ ⁇ ]thienyl, naphtho[2,3- ⁇ ]thienyl, thianthrenyl, furyl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathienyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, purinyl, 4
• aralkyl or "arylalkyl” as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to C,. 6 alkyl groups as discussed above having an aryl substituent, such as benzyl, phenylethyl or 2-naphthylmethyl.
• cycloalkyl as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to cycloalkyl groups containing 3 to 9 carbon atoms. Typical examples are cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl and cyclononyl.
• halogen or "halo" as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to chlorine, bromine, fluorine or iodine with chlorine being preferred.
• aminoalkyl as employed herein by itself or as part of another group refers to an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms which is substituted with one or more amino groups.
• heterocycle or “heterocyclic ring,” as used herein except where noted, represents a stable 5- to 7-membered mono- or bicyclic or stable 7- to 10- membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring system any ring of which may be saturated or unsaturated, and which consists of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized, and including any bicyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring.
• heterocyclic ring Especially useful are rings containing one oxygen or sulfur, one to three nitrogen atoms, or one oxygen or sulfur combined with one or two nitrogen atoms.
• the heterocyclic ring may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable structure.
• heterocyclic groups include piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl,
• quaternary ammonium salts which are formed, e.g., from inorganic or organic acids or bases.
• acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate
• Base salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth.
• the basic nitrogen- containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl; and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others.
• Preferred acids for forming acid addition salts include HC1 and acetic acid.
• esters of the compounds of the present invention include the alkyl and aralkyl esters of carboxyl containing compounds as well as the alkanoate and aralkanoate esters of hydroxy containing compounds.
• Preferred alkyl and aralkyl esters include the methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl esters of carboxyl containing compounds.
• Preferred alkanoate and aralkanoate esters include the formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and phenylacetic esters of hydroxy containing compounds.
• the compounds of the present invention are administered in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose.
• Exemplary amounts are in the dosage range of about 0.1 to about 500 mg/kg, preferably between 0.1 to 50 mg/kg body weight, using a dosing regime consisting of a single or 2-4 divided daily doses.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be administered to any animal that can experience the beneficial effects of the compounds of the invention. Foremost among such animals are humans, although the invention is not intended to be so limited.
• compositions of the present invention can be administered by any means that achieves their intended purpose.
• administration can be by oral, parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, transdermal, buccal, rectal or ocular routes.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also be administered directly within the post-operative space following the removal of a solid tumor.
• the compound can be administered alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents or in conjunction with surgery or radiation therapy.
• the dosage administered will be dependent upon the age, health, and weight of the recipient, any concurrent treatments, frequency of treatment, and the nature of the effect desired.
• the pharmaceutical preparations can contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically.
• compositions of the present invention are manufactured in a manner that is, itself, known, for example, by means of conventional mixing, granulating, dragee-making, dissolving, or lyophilizing processes.
• pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained by combining the active compounds with solid excipients, optionally grinding the resulting mixture and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired or necessary, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
• Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as saccharides, for example, lactose or sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol, cellulose preparations and/or calcium phosphates, for example, tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate, as well as binders, such as, starch paste, using, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
• fillers such as saccharides, for example, lactose or sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol, cellulose preparations and/or calcium phosphates, for example, tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate, as well as binders, such as, starch paste, using, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, tragacan
• disintegrating agents can be added, such as, the above-mentioned starches and also carboxymethyl-starch, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as, sodium alginate.
• Auxiliaries are, above all, flow-regulating agents and lubricants, for example, silica, talc, stearic acid or salts thereof, such as, magnesium stearate or calcium stearate, and/or polyethylene glycol.
• Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings that, if desired, are resistant to gastric juices.
• concentrated saccharide solutions can be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
• suitable cellulose preparations such as, acetylcellulose phthalate or hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose phthalate, are used.
• Dye stuffs or pigments can be added to the tablets or dragee coatings, for example, for identification or in order to characterize combinations of active compound doses.
• Other pharmaceutical preparations that can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as, glycerol or sorbitol.
• the push-fit capsules can contain the active compounds in the form of granules that may be mixed with fillers such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
• the active compounds are preferably dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as, fatty oils or liquid paraffin.
• stabilizers may be added.
• Sui table formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form, for example, water- soluble salts, alkaline solutions and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.
• Especially preferred alkaline salts are ammonium salts prepared, for example, with Tris, choline hydroxide, Bis-Tris propane, N-methylglucamine, or arginine.
• One or more modified or unmodified cyclodextrins can be employed to stabilize and increase the water solubility of compounds of the present invention.
• Useful cyclodextrins for this purpose are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,727,064, 4,764,604, and 5,024,998.
• suspensions of the active compounds as appropriate oily injection suspensions can be administered.
• suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils, for example, sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, for example, ethyl oleate or triglycerides or polyethylene glycol-400 (the compounds are soluble in PEG-400).
• Aqueous injection suspensions can contain substances that increase the viscosity of the suspension, for example, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, and/or dextran.
• the suspension may also contain stabilizers.
• cancer cancer
• tumor progression Compounds of the present invention inhibit tumor progression.
• the compounds can be employed to treat cancer, in a patient in need thereof.
• treatment of cancer or “treating cancer” is intended description of an activity of compounds of the present invention wherein said activity prevents, alleviates or ameliorates any of the symptoms known in the art to be associated with the pathology commonly known as “cancer.”
• cancer refers to the spectrum of pathological symptoms associated with the initiation or progression, as well as metastasis, of malignant tumors.
• tumor is intended, for the purpose of the present invention, a growth of tissue that occurs as a consequence of the dysregulation of cell growth, cell cycling, cell division, and/or cell death.
• the tumor that is particularly relevant to the invention is the malignant tumor, one in which the primary tumor has the properties of invasion or metastasis or which shows a greater degree of anaplasia than do benign tumors.
• treatment of cancer or “treating cancer” refers to an activity that prevents, alleviates or ameliorates any of the primary phenomena (initiation, progression, metastasis) or secondary symptoms associated with the disease.
• Cancers that are treatable are broadly divided into categories including carcinoma, lymphoma and sarcoma.
• Sarcomas that can be treated by the composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to: amelioblastic sarcoma, angiolithic sarcoma, botryoid sarcoma, endometrial stroma sarcoma, ewing sarcoma, fascicular sarcoma, giant cell sarcoma, granulositic sarcoma, immunoblastic sarcoma, juxaccordial osteogenic sarcoma, coppices sarcoma, leukocytic sarcoma (leukemia), lymphatic sarcoma (lympho sarcoma), medullary sarcoma, myeloid sarcoma (granulocitic sarcoma), austiogenci sarcoma, periosteal sarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma (histiocytic lymphoma), round cell sar
• Lymphomas that can be treated by the composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to: Hodgkin's disease and lymphocytic lymphomas, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, NPDL, NML, NH and diffuse lymphomas.
• Cancers that are treatable using compounds described by this invention include but are not limited to solid tumors.
• Example solid tumors that can be treated by the composition of the present invention include, but are not limited to: solid tumors of the breast, brain, ovary, uterus, prostrate, skin, colorectum, kidney, neuroendocrine system, pancreas and lung.
• the compounds of the invention are also useful for treating, preventing and ameliorating pain including neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, surgical pain and chronic pain.
• the compounds of the invention may be used to treat, prevent or ameliorate pain that is the result of surgery, trauma, headache, arthritis, pain associate with terminal cases of cancer, and pain associated with degenerative diseases.
• the compounds of the present invention may also be used to treat phantom pain that results from the amputation of an extremity.
• the KDS series is a collection of novel small molecular weight synthetic organic compounds that are based on the molecular template of cinnarizine, a drug that is currently in clinical use and acts as an antagonist of the neuropeptide, substance P.
• substance P causes contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle and functions to modulate inflammatory and immune responses.
• cancers of the lung Cuzitta, E, et al., Nature 576:823 (1985); Moody, T.W., etal, Life Sci.37: 105 (1985); Sethi, T., etal, Cancer Res.52:2737s (1992); Siegfried, J.M., et al., 7. Biol. Chem.
• Cytotoxicity was observed in all three tumor-types at concentrations in the high nanomolar to low micromolar range (Table 1). This observation is particularly important as both prostate and pancreatic cancers are generally reported to be resistant to chemotherapy. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activities of these KDS series compounds were comparable to the cytotoxic activities of doxorubicin, etoposide and vinblastine, three chemotherapeutic agents that are widely used clinically.
• Table 1 indicates that seven compounds have significant cytotoxicity activity against a spectrum of human tumors, including the hormone-independent prostate cancer cell line DU145, breast cancer cell line HS578T, and pancreas cancer cell line HS766T.
• FIG. 1 In a separate experiment (FIG. 1 ), normal human endothelial cells (AH-9) and human prostate cancer cells (DU145) were exposed to increasing concentrations of the compound of Example 8 for seven days. In contrast to the cancer cells where the compound of Example 8 causes significant cytotoxic activity with an EC 50 of 3.4 ⁇ M, AH-9 cells were resistant to the effects of the drug with an EC 50 of 95 ⁇ M. These data suggest that this series of compounds selectively targets cancer cells.
• Example 27 In Vivo Efficacy
• Example 8 Based on the results of the in vitro cytotoxicity studies, the compound of Example 8 was selected for evaluation in two in vivo tumor models. This compound exhibits significant antitumor activity when tested against pancreatic and prostate cancer cell lines grown in the mouse sub-renal capsule producing greater than 95% inhibition of tumor growth with no apparent toxicity. The compound was also active when administered to nude mice bearing human prostate cancer xenografts.
• Human cancer cells can be grown in the sub-renal capsule of immuno- competent mice where, for a limited period of time, they escape detection by the mouse's immune system.
• the sub-renal capsule assay provides a convenient system to study the effect of drugs on the growth of tumor cells in vivo (Bogden, A.E., et al, Exp. Cell Biol. 47:281 ( 1979)). Briefly, female BDF mice weighing 18-20g were anesthetized, the left kidney exteriorized and a small nick was made in the kidney capsule for implantation of tumor cells.
• Approximately lx 10 6 human prostate (DU14) or pancreatic cancer (HS766T) cells were prepared as a fibrinogen-jelled pellet (Stratton, J.A., et al, Gynecol Oncol. 19:336 (1984); Stratton, J.A., etal, Gynecol. Oncol 50:416 (1988)) and implanted beneath the renal capsule.
• the compound of Example 8 was administered for five days by daily intraperitoneal injection beginning the day after implantation. One day after the final injection, the animals were killed and the tumor volume was measured. Tumor growth was determined by subtracting the initial size of the implant from the size of the implant size following treatment (Stratton, J.A., et al, Gynecol.
• DU145 tumor cells were injected subcutaneously into the flank of male nude mice (day 0). Palpable tumors develop within 14 days at which time the animals were treated for two weeks with daily intraperitoneal injections of either the compound of Example 8 or the control vehicle. Tumors were measured every two days and volume of tumor was calculated using the formula:
• Tumor volume length x (width) x 0.4
• the KDS series of compound were designed based on the hypothesis that they would induce apoptosis by blocking the action of neuropeptides and would therefore exhibit cytoreductive activity.
• human prostate cancer cells were exposed to the compound of Example 8 and examined for evidence of apoptosis. Three pieces of evidence strongly support the role of apoptosis in the cytotoxicity induced by these compounds.
• flow cytometric analysis of cancer cells treated with the compound of Example 8 using terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) revealed a pattern of DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptosis.
• mitochondrial transmembrane potential as measured by FACS analysis of the sequestered fluorescent cations JC-1 was reduced in cancer cells exposed to the compound of Example 8.
• western blots of treated cells revealed the enzymatic cleavage and activation of the caspase 3 proenzyme, a cell death effector.
• the TUNEL assay examines DNA fragmentation using flow cytometry to detect DNA that is labeled with fluorescein dUTP compared to the total nuclear DNA content of the cell as measured using propidium iodide.
• a representative experiment is shown in FIGs. 4A-4C.
• Human HS578T breast cancer cells were treated with either 12.5 or 25 ⁇ M of the compound of Example 8 for 24 hours.
• DNA fragmentation occurs in a relatively intact nucleus, giving rise to a higher fluorescent intensity (x-axis) with stable staining by propidium iodide (y-axis).
• PI propidium iodide
• Mitochondrial membrane depolarization is an early event in apoptosis. Recent studies have indicated that upon induction of apoptosis, mitochondria lose the ability to sequester charged cations and release the caspase activator protein, cytochrome c from internal stores (Kluck, R.M., et al, Science 275: 1132 ( 1997);
• caspase-3 When cells are induced to undergo apoptosis the cell death effector, caspase-3 (CPP-32), is cleaved and activated by proteolytic enzymes.
• DNA fragmentation, changes in mitochondrial permeability, and the cleavage and activation of caspase-3 provide compelling evidence that apoptosis is the primary mechanism through which the KDS series of compounds induces its antitumor effects. Based on these data, it is believed that these compounds are blocking a cell survival signal that is mediated through one or more neuropeptide receptors.
• mice Male CF-1, 20-25 g were placed in Plexiglass jars for at least 1 hr to accommodate to the environment. The animals received either test drug at 5-50 mg/kg p.o. or the appropriate volume of vehicle (normal saline). Thirty minutes after p.o. dosing mice were injected with formalin (20 ⁇ l of 2.5% formaldehyde solution in saline) into the dorsal surface of the right hind paw. Mice were observed for behavior in 5 min. intervals for 1 hr after formalin injection.

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