US9239174B2 - Cascade floating intermediate temperature heat pump system - Google Patents

Cascade floating intermediate temperature heat pump system Download PDF

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Publication number
US9239174B2
US9239174B2 US13/030,066 US201113030066A US9239174B2 US 9239174 B2 US9239174 B2 US 9239174B2 US 201113030066 A US201113030066 A US 201113030066A US 9239174 B2 US9239174 B2 US 9239174B2
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Prior art keywords
compressor
heat pump
stage
evaporator
temperature
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US20120210736A1 (en
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Uwe Rockenfeller
Paul Sarkisian
Kaveh Khalili
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Rocky Research Corp
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Rocky Research Corp
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Assigned to ROCKY RESEARCH reassignment ROCKY RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KHALILI, KAVEH, ROCKENFELLER, UWE, SARKISIAN, PAUL
Priority to CA2826278A priority patent/CA2826278C/en
Priority to EP12859213.6A priority patent/EP2676083A4/en
Priority to JP2013554579A priority patent/JP5814387B2/ja
Priority to PCT/US2012/025290 priority patent/WO2013095688A1/en
Priority to MX2013009487A priority patent/MX341550B/es
Priority to CN201280009115.6A priority patent/CN103459944B/zh
Priority to KR1020137024730A priority patent/KR101551242B1/ko
Priority to TW101104964A priority patent/TWI573969B/zh
Publication of US20120210736A1 publication Critical patent/US20120210736A1/en
Priority to HK14104462.5A priority patent/HK1191392A1/zh
Publication of US9239174B2 publication Critical patent/US9239174B2/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B7/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with cascade operation, i.e. with two or more circuits, the heat from the condenser of one circuit being absorbed by the evaporator of the next circuit
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B30/00—Heat pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/02—Compressor control
    • F25B2600/025—Compressor control by controlling speed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/11—Fan speed control
    • F25B2600/111—Fan speed control of condenser fans
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00—Control issues
    • F25B2600/11—Fan speed control
    • F25B2600/112—Fan speed control of evaporator fans
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/21—Temperatures
    • F25B2700/2115—Temperatures of a compressor or the drive means therefor
    • F25B2700/21151—Temperatures of a compressor or the drive means therefor at the suction side of the compressor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/21—Temperatures
    • F25B2700/2115—Temperatures of a compressor or the drive means therefor
    • F25B2700/21152—Temperatures of a compressor or the drive means therefor at the discharge side of the compressor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/21—Temperatures
    • F25B2700/2116—Temperatures of a condenser
    • F25B2700/21161—Temperatures of a condenser of the fluid heated by the condenser
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/21—Temperatures
    • F25B2700/2117—Temperatures of an evaporator
    • F25B2700/21171—Temperatures of an evaporator of the fluid cooled by the evaporator
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/70—Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating
    • Y02B30/743—

Definitions

  • Heat pumps are often employed to provide heating or cooling to a target space or zone, often the indoor area of a residential or commercial building.
  • the most common type of heat pump is the air-source heat pump, which transfers and amplifies heat between a target space and the air in another space, often an ambient environment.
  • HVAC/R heating, ventilation, and air conditioning/refrigeration
  • heat pumps often utilize the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, in which a circulating refrigerant is used as the medium which absorbs heat from one space and subsequently rejects the heat elsewhere.
  • the refrigerant flows through an evaporator which absorbs heat and produces a vapor and then to a compressor that provides the necessary pressure increase before entering a condenser to reject the heat.
  • the refrigeration is then expanded to a low pressure using an expansion device such as a thermal expansion device (TXV) before returning to the evaporator.
  • TXV thermal expansion device
  • Fans or blowers are also often used to transfer the heating or cooling effect to the target space or ambient environment.
  • Single-stage vapor-compression systems are not practical for cold-climate heating applications due to the low suction pressure of the refrigerant at low ambient temperature and the difficulty of efficiently operating compressors at high compression ratios and compressing refrigerants with large specific volume.
  • One known cold-climate heating solution is a multi-stage cascade heat pump system, in which multiple separate vapor-compression cycles are coupled to each other with the evaporator of the higher-stage cycle removing the heat of the condensing refrigerant of the immediately lower stage cycle.
  • Each cycle in a multi-stage cascade system usually uses a different refrigerant suitable for that temperature, with the refrigerant selected to be best suited for its operating conditions.
  • Multi-stage cascade heat pump systems have the advantages of a lower evaporating temperature, smaller compression ratio and higher compressor volumetric efficiency when compared with single-stage systems.
  • a heat pump system comprising a first stage having a first compressor, a first condenser, a first expansion valve and a first evaporator.
  • the system also has a second stage having a second compressor, a second condenser, a second expansion valve, and a second evaporator.
  • the first condenser and second evaporator are positioned to pump heat from the first condenser to the second evaporator.
  • At least either the first compressor or second compressor is a variable-speed compressor.
  • the system also comprises an electronic control module configured to control the speed of at least the first compressor or second compressor. In is understood by those skilled in the art that multiple condensers may be used to deliver heat to multiple air-handlers.
  • variable-speed compressor uses two variable-speed compressors in each stage, it is understood by those skilled in the art that some of the benefits can also be attained by use of one variable-speed compressor and one fixed-speed compressor.
  • either the first compressor or second compressor is a fixed-speed compressor.
  • both the first compressor and second compressor are variable-speed compressors.
  • the first compressor, second compressor, or both are powered by variable-frequency drives.
  • the first compressor, second compressor, or both are powered by electronically commutated motors.
  • the first expansion valve, second expansion valve, or both are pulsing thermal expansion valves.
  • the heat pump system further comprises at least one variable-speed fan or blower.
  • the heat pump system further comprises a plurality of temperature sensors configured to send temperature data to the electronic control module. In some embodiments, the heat pump system further comprises a pressure sensor configured to send suction pressure data from the first stage to the electronic control module. In some embodiments, the heat pump system further comprises a first refrigerant in the first stage and a second refrigerant in the second stage. In some embodiments, the first refrigerant is different from the second refrigerant. In some embodiments, the heat pump system further comprises a third stage having a third compressor, a third condenser, a third expansion valve and a third evaporator and configured to pump heat from the second condenser to the third evaporator.
  • Also described herein are embodiments of methods of controlling a cascade heat pump system comprising providing a first heat pump stage having a first compressor, a first condenser and a first evaporator; providing a second heat pump stage having a second compressor, a second condenser and a second evaporator, wherein the first evaporator and second condenser are positioned to pump heat from the first condenser to the second evaporator, and wherein at least either the first or second compressor is a variable-speed compressor; and, controlling the speed of at least either the first or second compressor to maximize a coefficient of performance of the system at a predetermined thermal load.
  • either the first compressor or second compressor is a fixed-speed compressor.
  • both the first compressor and second compressor are variable-speed compressors.
  • controlling the speed comprises receiving data from at least one sensor.
  • the sensor is a pressure or temperature sensor.
  • the speed of at least either the first or second compressor is controlled by controlling power to a variable frequency drive.
  • the speed of at least either the first or second compressor is controlled by controlling power to an electronically commutated motor.
  • the method of controlling a cascade heat pump system further comprises controlling the speed of a fan configured to blow air over the first evaporator.
  • the method of controlling a cascade heat pump system further comprises controlling the speed of a fan configured to blow air over the second evaporator.
  • the method of controlling a cascade heat pump system further comprises providing a pulsing thermal expansion valve between the first condenser and the first evaporator. In some embodiments, the method of controlling a cascade heat pump system further comprises providing a pulsing thermal expansion valve between the second condenser and the second evaporator.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of a building with a common single-stage, single-speed heat pump.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment, a variable-speed two-stage cascade floating intermediate temperature heat pump (CFITHP) system.
  • CFITHP cascade floating intermediate temperature heat pump
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart depicting one embodiment of a control process which dynamically adjusts the speed of the compressors and fans/blowers to achieve maximized overall system efficiency.
  • the compressors and fans or blowers may be operated at independently variable speeds.
  • the intermediate temperature between the stages, and thus the temperature lift in each cycle can be continuously adjusted to result in maximized overall efficiency.
  • Variable-speed control allows a cascade heat pump system to maintain both a high capacity and coefficient of performance (COP) for either heating or cooling applications.
  • capacity refers to the rate at which a heat pump is able to release heat into, or reject heat from, a target space.
  • COP is an indication of the energy efficiency of a heat pump.
  • COP of a cascade heat pump system is defined as the ratio of the amount of heat pumped (i.e., transferred) by the system to the target space to the amount of work inputted into the system:
  • COP heating Q H ⁇ W i
  • Q H is the system heating capacity (heat transferred across the condenser to the target space)
  • ⁇ W i represents the sum of the work input into the system.
  • COP is defined as the ratio of heat transferred by the system from the target space to the amount of work inputted into the system:
  • COP cooling Q C ⁇ W i
  • Q C is the system cooling capacity (heat transferred across the evaporator from the target space)
  • ⁇ W i represents the sum of the work input into the system.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a common configuration for a heat pump system that is configured to heat or cool a residential or commercial building.
  • the heat pump system 110 includes at least one compressor 120 , outdoor evaporator/condenser 130 , expansion valve 140 , and indoor evaporator/condenser 150 , all of which are in fluid communication via tubing 160 which carries a refrigerant (not shown).
  • Fan 170 and blower 180 are shown to transfer the heating or cooling effect of the evaporator/condensers 130 , 150 to either the outdoor ambient environment 105 or to the indoor target space 195 of the building 190 .
  • the heat pump system depicted in FIG. 1 is a single-speed, single-stage vapor-compression system.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of a variable-speed, two-stage cascade floating intermediate temperature heat pump (CFITHP) system 200 , shown configured to provide heat to a target space 298 .
  • the CFITHP system 200 includes two vapor-compression systems, or stages, 220 , 240 , which are coupled to each other by a cascade heat exchanger 230 , wherein the refrigerant in evaporator 248 of the second stage is evaporated using heat supplied from condenser 224 which contains the condensing refrigerant of the first stage 220 .
  • Each stage 220 , 240 utilizes a thermodynamic vapor-compression cycle in which a refrigerant travels through a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator.
  • the first stage 220 and second stage 240 cycles are identified by points 201 - 204 and 205 - 208 , respectively. From 201 to 202 , the first stage 220 refrigerant is compressed by the compressor 222 elevating the pressure of the first stage 220 refrigerant.
  • the first stage 220 refrigerant is then converted from vapor to a saturated or sub-cooled liquid by the condenser 224 , thereby releasing heat, Q X , into the second stage 240 evaporator portion 248 of the cascade heat exchanger 230 .
  • the first stage 220 refrigerant passes through the expansion valve 226 , which reduces the pressure of the first stage 220 refrigerant, thereby cooling the first stage 220 refrigerant.
  • the first stage 220 refrigerant travels through the evaporator 228 , wherein the first stage 220 refrigerant takes in heat, Q C , from the ambient environment 296 , causing the first stage 220 refrigerant to become saturated or slightly superheated vapor.
  • the second stage 240 refrigerant is compressed by the compressor 242 elevating the pressure of the second stage 240 refrigerant.
  • the second stage 240 refrigerant is then converted from a vapor to a saturated or sub-cooled liquid by the condenser 244 , thereby releasing heat, Q H , into the target space 298 .
  • the second stage 240 refrigerant passes through the expansion valve 246 , which reduces the pressure of the second stage 240 refrigerant, thereby cooling the second stage 240 refrigerant.
  • the second stage 240 refrigerant travels through the evaporator 248 , wherein the second stage 240 refrigerant takes in heat, Q X , from the first stage 220 condenser 224 via the cascade heat exchanger 230 , causing the second stage 240 refrigerant to become vapor.
  • the cascade heat exchanger 230 provides efficient heat transfer between the first stage 220 condenser 224 and the second stage 240 evaporator 248 .
  • the cascade heat exchanger may be any type of heat exchanger, including, but not limited to, tube-in-tube, shell-and-tube, plate-type, micro-channel or mini-channel, and spiral heat exchangers.
  • the refrigerant in the second stage 240 should usually have a higher boiling-point than the refrigerant in the first stage 220 .
  • the use of the higher boiling point refrigerant in the second stage requires less pressure, often a lower compression ratio, and therefore, less second stage compressor work.
  • the CFITHP system may use R-134a in the second stage and R-410a in the first stage.
  • the boiling point of R-134a is 40° F. higher than the boiling point of R-410a.
  • the CFITHP system uses a higher boiling point refrigerant in the first stage and a lower boiling point refrigerant in the second stage.
  • the CFITHP system may use R-410a in the second stage and R-134a in the first stage.
  • the CFITHP system uses the same refrigerant in both stages.
  • Other refrigerants may be used, including, but not limited to, R-12, R-22, R-290, R-404a, R-407c, R-417a, R-500, R-502, R-600a, R-717, and R-744.
  • the CFITHP system 200 is configured to pump heat from the ambient environment 296 to a target space 298 .
  • the refrigerant flow may be reversed, resulting in the evaporators 228 / 248 acting as condensers and the condensers 224 / 244 acting as evaporators.
  • the CFITHP system 200 would pump heat from the target space 298 to the ambient environment 296 , cooling the target space 298 .
  • Reversal of the refrigerant flow, and hence reversal of the direction of heat transfer may be achieved using reversing valves known in the art.
  • a single condenser 244 is used to deliver heat to the target space 298 .
  • multiple condensers may be used to deliver heat to the target space 298 , for example, by delivering heat to multiple air-handlers.
  • multiple evaporators may be used, for example, by delivering cooling to multiple air-handlers.
  • the CFITHP system 200 includes a sensor configured to send first stage suction pressure data and a sensor configured to send indoor (i.e. target space) temperature data.
  • the ECOM may further receive data from a user input device 290 and an electronic memory 292 .
  • the user input device includes a user interface.
  • the ECOM 270 independently and dynamically varies the speeds of the compressors 222 , 242 and fans/blowers 262 , 264 to achieve maximized system efficiency for a given capacity, measured by COP.
  • some embodiments include cascade heat pump systems with three or more stages.
  • a known cascade heat pump system configuration is altered by replacing the compressors with variable-speed compressors and further providing an electronic control module that is configured to control the speeds of the variable-speed compressors.
  • some embodiments are not limited to the organization of the cascade system depicted in FIG. 2 , but rather are directed to the improvement of known cascade systems—which may vary in composition from the system depicted in FIG. 2 —by the addition of variable-speed compressor control as described herein.
  • variable-speed compressors only one stage uses a variable-speed compressor, while the other stage uses a fixed-speed compressor.
  • One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that some of the benefits from using two variable-speed compressors can be realized by using one variable-speed compressor with one fixed-speed compressor.
  • VFDs power the compressors in a cascade heat pump system
  • the system to adjust—i.e., “float”—the intermediate temperature in the cascade heat exchanger to result in the highest overall system COP.
  • the overall COP of the system varies with the temperature lift in each cycle, which is dependant on the intermediate temperature in the cascade heat exchanger.
  • the use of VFDs to power the compressors in a cascade heat pump system further increases the efficiency of the system by optimizing temperature overlap between the condenser 224 of the first stage 220 with the evaporator 248 of the second stage 240 within the cascade heat exchanger 230 .
  • the variable speed of each of the compressors 222 , 242 allows the CFITHP system 200 to independently adjust the condenser temperature in the first stage 220 and the evaporator temperature of the second stage 240 to optimize overlap. This allows operation at the thermodynamic “sweet spot” of maximized efficiency for each of the vapor-compression stages 220 , 240 at a given capacity.
  • ⁇ T temperature difference between the lower stage condenser and upper stage evaporator.
  • ⁇ T temperature difference between the second stage condenser and the target space temperature, as well as between the first stage evaporator and the ambient environment temperature is also necessary.
  • ⁇ T is a function of the thermal energy (heat flux) to be moved across the heat exchangers (i.e., condensers or evaporators). At part-load conditions, the heat flux is lower, thereby requiring a lower ⁇ T.
  • the CFITHP system 200 can control ⁇ T for each heat exchanger to an ideal value corresponding to maximum overall system efficiency, wherein the temperature overlap is optimized.
  • VFDs removes the limitation on the system to be cycled on or off.
  • a heat pump system with VFDs can operate the compressors at a speed corresponding to the heating or cooling load of the environment having its temperature controlled. For example, if the controlled environment requires 5000 watts of heating, the compressor can be operated at a speed corresponding to providing the necessary 5000 watts of heat. This allows for improved energy efficiency in the system because energy inefficiencies experienced with repeatedly starting and stopping the compressor is avoided and heat transfer surfaces will operate with higher efficiencies.
  • the temperature deadband around the setpoint in a controlled environment is dramatically reduced when compared to conventional heat pump systems in which the compressor is either on or off.
  • the control system works with a deadband characteristic.
  • temperature excursions correspond to the deadband.
  • the deadband of the system is 4° F. If the temperature is set to 72° F., once the temperature of the environment is 72° F., the compressor is turned off. However, because of the 4° F. of deadband, the compressor will not be turned on again until the temperature of the environment is 68° F.
  • the electronic control system incrementally increases and decreases the speed of the compressor to provide precise control of the temperature in the environment. As a result, there is less or no deadband, and, accordingly, significantly reduced trade-off between consistency of temperature and power consumption.
  • ECMs electronically commutated motors
  • control circuitry which can provide variable-speed control for the ECM.
  • control circuitry may be used to reduce the voltage supplied to the motor.
  • a substantially smooth control voltage dependent on the variable voltage supplied to the motor, may be applied to control a pulse width modulator, which produces output pulses which also control the flow of energy to the motor.
  • VFDs variable speed control
  • Other alternatives to using VFDs to provide variable speed control for the compressors include, but are not limited to, direct control.
  • direct control the speed of a DC motor is controlled by varying armature voltage or field current.
  • the CFITHP system 200 also utilizes one or more fans/blowers 262 , 264 .
  • fan and blower power requirements are affected even more dramatically with variable-speed operation rather than fixed speed operation.
  • the power consumption is approximately 50% based on run time.
  • variable-speed operation based on the governing fan laws, only 12.5% of the power is required when the air flow rate is 50%. With modern motor technologies, virtually all of this performance improvement can be realized.
  • Condenser and evaporator performance are also strongly affected by the modulation of thermal load.
  • the effectiveness of each of the heat exchangers increases with decreasing thermal load. This has the effect of raising the evaporator temperature and lowering the condenser temperature, thereby reducing the load on the compressor, and thus its power consumption.
  • the electronic control system can vary fan/blower speeds which also impact the intermediate temperature in the cascade heat exchanger.
  • variable-speed fan or blower operation may be achieved using any means, that provides variable speed control, including, but not limited to VFDs, ECMs, or direct motor control.
  • the number, arrangement, type, and speed control of fans and/or blowers may vary given the requirements and restrictions for a given system.
  • the CFITHP system may use only one single-speed outdoor (i.e. ambient environment) fan, and one variable-speed indoor (i.e. target space) blower powered by an ECM.
  • no variable-speed type fan/blower is used.
  • the CFITHP system 200 incorporates an electronic control module (ECOM) 270 to control the variable-speed operation of at least one of the compressors 222 , 242 and fans/blowers 262 , 264 .
  • the ECOM may take the form of a circuit board, but may also comprise a general purpose computer, or any other device capable of receiving inputs, analyzing the inputs, and outputting control signals.
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart depicting one embodied control process by which the ECOM 270 dynamically varies the speed of one or more of the compressors 222 , 242 and fans/blowers 262 , 264 to achieve maximized overall system efficiency, measured by COP.
  • the ECOM inputs the data to be used for control of the system.
  • these data include, but are not limited to, the target space (e.g. indoor) temperature, the ambient temperature, the temperature in the first stage condenser, the temperature in the second stage evaporator, the electrical characteristics (e.g., amperage, voltage, and/or phase angle) of system components, the compressor speeds, and the fan/blower speeds.
  • the data used for optimizing heat pump operation include first stage suction pressure and indoor (i.e. target space) temperature.
  • first stage suction pressure one can provide first stage suction temperature or outdoor (i.e. ambient) temperature.
  • second stage condensing temperature or second stage condensing pressure may include, for example, the thermophysical properties of the refrigerants used, and the efficiency curves for the compressors and fans/blowers.
  • Some of these data may be inputted from one or more sensors 280 , 282 , 284 , 286 within the system, while others may be inputted from other sources, including but not limited to, for example, from electronic memory 292 , a thermostat 288 , or a user input device 290 .
  • the ECOM 270 determines the thermal load of the system.
  • thermal load is predetermined can be provided by user input or from an electronic memory.
  • the ECOM uses the current delivered system capacity as the thermal load.
  • the ECOM determines the thermal load based on the difference between the indoor temperature and a desired temperature.
  • second stage calls for space conditioning from the thermostat 288 are used to increase capacity until the second stage call is alleviated.
  • the objective is to provide a heat flux that keeps the target space 298 at the desired temperature.
  • the desired temperature may be provided, for example, by a thermostat 288 , user input device 290 , electronic memory 292 , or any other source.
  • the ECOM monitors the target space temperature over time in order to determine the thermal load.
  • the indoor temperature is inputted and then a time rate change of indoor temperature is calculated to determine temperature vs. time in order to either increase or decrease heat pump capacity. Delivered capacity directly affects the speed at which the indoor temperature changes. Therefore, the ECOM may set the thermal load to correspond to a target rate of change of indoor temperature.
  • the target rate of change of indoor temperature may be affected by multiple considerations, including, but not limited to, energy efficiency, comfort, noise levels, user input, time of day, and/or sensor input.
  • the ECOM forecasts the future demand load of the system, for example, by using extrapolation or linear regression given a series of previous indoor temperature data. The ECOM may then determine the thermal load to meet the future demand load instead of the immediate demand load.
  • the ECOM 270 determines the ideal compressor speeds and fan/blower speeds that result in the maximum system COP for the thermal load.
  • the ECOM uses an optimization process to determine the most efficient combination of lower cycle and upper cycle temperature lifts—and thus the ideal compressor and fan/blower speeds—for the thermal load.
  • the optimization process takes into account numerous factors affecting efficiency, including but not limited to: compressor capacity and efficiency curves for various suction temperatures/pressures; fan/blower efficiency curves for heat rejection/delivery to the target space; and temperature overlap necessary for efficient heat flux across each heat exchanger.
  • the optimization process determines the most efficient first cycle and second cycle temperature lifts, and the corresponding ideal compressor and fan/blower speeds necessary to achieve those ideal temperature lifts.
  • a person of ordinary skill in the art will understand how to develop such an optimization process, which may be derived, for example, using theory, empirical data, or a combination of the two.
  • the optimization process determines the ideal compressor and fan/blower speeds by calculating the system COP at the thermal load for a range of potential temperature lifts, and then selecting the temperature lifts corresponding to the highest overall system COP. Then, the optimization process determines the ideal compressor speeds and fan/blower speeds corresponding to the selected temperature lifts.
  • the ECOM can calculate the COP of the system from the work required by the compressors and fans/blowers to achieve each set of potential temperature lifts.
  • the work required by the compressors and fans/blowers can be determined by compressor and fan/blower efficiency curves.
  • the optimization process also takes into account the necessary temperature overlap for efficient heat flux across each heat exchanger. Although this example describes determining ideal speeds of the compressors and fans/blowers, in some embodiments, only the ideal compressor speeds are determined.
  • the ECOM 270 adjusts the compressor speeds and fan/blower speeds in to their ideal speeds in order to reach the maximum system COP meeting thermal load.
  • the ECOM sends data (e.g., a signal) to each controller 272 , 274 , 276 and 278 to increase, reduce, or maintain speed as necessary to match the ideal speed determined by the optimization process.
  • the ECOM 270 verifies the system COP has been maximized by measuring actual delivered system capacity and work input, and comparing those values to those determined in the optimization process. In other embodiments, the ECOM verifies that the delivered system capacity meets the thermal load.
  • the ECOM determines COP has not been maximized or that thermal load has not been met, it can make corrective adjustments. These corrective adjustments may include, for example, increasing or decreasing one or more compressor and/or fan/blower speeds.
  • the ECOM may also adjust the data it uses for the optimization process to reflect actual measured conditions.
  • the ECOM 270 waits a predetermined amount of time before cycling back to the step 310 .
  • the predetermined time may include, for example, 0.01 seconds, 0.05 seconds, 0.1 seconds, 0.02 seconds, 0.5 seconds, 1 second, 2 seconds, 5 seconds, 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 10 minutes, 1 hour, 1 day, or any value lower, higher, or there between the previous values.
  • the control process is repeated immediately, without waiting a predetermined amount of time.
  • the control process is repeated upon the occurrence of an even other than the passage of a specific amount time, including, for example, user input, time of day, date, or sensor input.
  • the step of determining thermal load and the step of determining ideal system conditions are undertaken at the same time.
  • the thermal load, and corresponding rate of target space temperature change may be determined as a function of system COP. For example, if a higher thermal load is more efficient at raising target space temperature to the desired temperature, then the thermal load would be set at the higher value to result in increased energy efficiency.
  • Some considerations, such as the maximum system capacity, comfort, minimum temperature rates of change, and noise, for example, may still provide limitations for the thermal load determination in this embodiment.
  • This methodology for achieving maximum overall system efficiency may be carried out by a human operator; however, the use of the ECOM 270 provides faster, more accurate system adjustment.
  • the expansion valves 226 , 246 comprise pulsing thermal expansion valves (PTXVs), as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,675,982, 6,843,064, and 5,718,125, which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • PTXVs pulsing thermal expansion valves
  • PTXVs pulse to modulate the flow of refrigerant.
  • TXVs thermal expansion valves
  • PTXVs pulse to modulate the flow of refrigerant.
  • Conventional TXVs generally modulate refrigerant superheat in a ⁇ 7° F. range, whereas PTXVs allow precise modulation of superheat as close as ⁇ 0.5° F.
  • PTXVs increase the COP of a heat pump by utilizing the surface area of the evaporator fully.
  • a PTXV protects the compressor by eliminating potential flooding that may occur if the refrigerant has not fully evaporated before entering the compressor.
  • the PTXV also has a much faster response to changing flow and pressure conditions.
  • the pulsation effect also increases heat transfer in the evaporator and condenser since the liquid pulsations break up the thermal and hydrodynamic boundaries in these heat exchangers, thereby increasing their effectiveness.
  • PTXVs are also beneficial because the CFITHP system utilizes varying compressor-speeds, which results in variable refrigerant flows to the condenser and to the evaporator.
  • Conventional TXVs are often too sluggish in their response and may not be able to handle or take advantage of varying refrigerant flows and hunt or flood, thereby reducing evaporator efficiency and system performance.
  • PTXVs are used to produce a full range of evaporator superheat control at all refrigerant flows without starving or flooding the evaporator. Such refrigerant control is especially important at lower refrigerant flow rates resulting from variable compressor speeds.
  • PTXVs are capable of operating over a wide range of capacities, resulting in high turndown ratios, including, but not limited to 1.5:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1, 9:1 and 10:1.
  • the turndown ratio is defined as the ratio of maximum controlled refrigerant flow to minimum controlled refrigerant flow.
  • the PTXVs may be mechanical valves such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,675,982 and 6,843,064, or electrically operated valves of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,718,125. Such valves operate to control refrigerant-flow to the evaporator throughout the variable refrigerant flow ranges from the compressor and condenser.
  • the CFITHP system provided the highest COP heating compared to both the single-speed single-stage system and the single-speed two-stage cascade system.
  • the COP heating of 3.2 for the CFITHP system was 12.3% higher than the single-speed two-stage cascade system, and 23% higher than the single-speed single-stage system.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
  • Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
US13/030,066 2011-02-17 2011-02-17 Cascade floating intermediate temperature heat pump system Active 2032-06-10 US9239174B2 (en)

Priority Applications (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/030,066 US9239174B2 (en) 2011-02-17 2011-02-17 Cascade floating intermediate temperature heat pump system
CN201280009115.6A CN103459944B (zh) 2011-02-17 2012-02-15 级联浮动中间温度热泵***
TW101104964A TWI573969B (zh) 2011-02-17 2012-02-15 串聯式浮動中介溫度熱幫浦系統
JP2013554579A JP5814387B2 (ja) 2011-02-17 2012-02-15 カスケードフローティング中温ヒートポンプシステム
PCT/US2012/025290 WO2013095688A1 (en) 2011-02-17 2012-02-15 Cascade floating intermediate temperature heat pump system
MX2013009487A MX341550B (es) 2011-02-17 2012-02-15 Sistema de bomba de calor de temperatura intermedia flotante en cascada.
CA2826278A CA2826278C (en) 2011-02-17 2012-02-15 Cascade floating intermediate temperature heat pump system
KR1020137024730A KR101551242B1 (ko) 2011-02-17 2012-02-15 캐스케이드 플로팅 중간온도 히트펌프 시스템
EP12859213.6A EP2676083A4 (en) 2011-02-17 2012-02-15 Cascade floating intermediate temperature heat pump system
HK14104462.5A HK1191392A1 (zh) 2011-02-17 2014-05-12 級聯浮動中間溫度熱泵系統

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CA2826278C (en) 2016-08-30
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US20120210736A1 (en) 2012-08-23
WO2013095688A1 (en) 2013-06-27
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CA2826278A1 (en) 2013-06-27
KR101551242B1 (ko) 2015-09-08

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