Classifications

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Definitions

• the present invention relates to quinazolines and related heterocyclic compounds, and their therapeutic use. More particularly, it relates to compounds that interact with a histamine receptor, and their use for treating, reducing or preventing disorders and discomforts mediated by a histamine receptor.
• Histamine is important in human physiology because it is one of the chemicals released from certain cells (particularly mast cells) upon tissue injury or during the neutralisation of foreign material (e.g. antigens) by certain types of antibodies. Released histamine tends to dilate blood capillaries, often causing the skin to appear red and feel warm, and makes the capillaries more permeable, allowing fluid to escape into the surrounding tissue.
• the biological activity of histamine is closely related with allergic responses and its deleterious effects, such as inflammation.
• Events that induce the inflammatory response include physical stimulation (including trauma), chemical stimulation, infection, and invasion by microorganisms.
• the inflammatory response is characterised by pain, increased temperature, redness, swelling, reduced function, itch, or any combination of these.
• Mast cell degranulation releases histamine and leads to an inflammatory response.
• immunological stimuli and non-immunological stimuli may cause the activation, recruitment and degranulation of mast cells.
• the activation of mast cells initiates allergic inflammatory responses, which in turn cause the recruitment of other effector cells that further contribute to the inflammatory response.
• the numerous functions that are exerted by histamine are mediated through at least four pharmacologically distinct receptors, which are all members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family.
• the H 1 receptor is expressed in the brain, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. Many of its functions contribute to allergic responses, and H 1 receptor antagonists have been very successful drugs for the treatment of allergies.
• the H 2 receptor has been demonstrated to function as a key modulator for gastric acid secretion, and H 2 receptor antagonists are widely used for the treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers.
• the H 3 receptor is predominantly expressed in the human central nervous system.
• histamine receptors couple to different signalling pathways via different G-proteins.
• the histamine H 4 receptor is a seven-transmembrane, G-protein-coupled receptor with approximately 40% homology to the histamine H 3 receptor. However, in contrast to the H 3 receptor, the H 4 receptor is expressed at greater levels in e.g. mast cells, eosinophils and a variety of other cells of the immune system.
• histamine H 4 receptor antagonist inhibits histamine H 4 receptor-mediated calcium influx and chemotaxis of mast cells (Thurmond et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2004, 309 (1), 404-413) and eosinophils (Raible et al., Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994, 149 (6), 1506-1511).
• histamine H 4 is associated with cancer and itch. See J. K. Bell et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 142 (2), 374-380; and F. Cianchi et al., Clin. Cancer Res. 2005, 11, 6807-6815.
• Q is CR 1 or N
• X is CR 2 or N, provided that Q and X are not both N;
• Y is CR 3 or N
• Z is CH or N
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, or a hydrocarbon group which optionally contains one or more heteroatoms;
• R 7 is a heterocyclic group including one or more N atoms
• novel compounds are of formula I as defined above but wherein Z is N and X is C—NH—(CH 2 ) 2-4 —SO 2 R′ and R′ is R x or NR y R z wherein R x , R y and R z and each H or the same or different groups having up to 20 C atoms and optionally also heteroatoms.
• compounds of the invention can be used to treat, reduce or prevent disorders and discomforts mediated by the histamine H 4 receptor.
• they may be administered to a subject, e.g. as a pharmaceutical composition, in a therapeutically effective amount.
• Compounds of the invention may be chiral. This invention includes such compounds in any enantiomeric or diastereomeric form, including racemates. Compounds of the invention may also exist in different tautomeric forms, and atoms in different isomeric forms, and all are included.
• R 1 is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-5 alkenyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl (such as phenyl), heteroaryl, —C 1-4 alkyl-aryl such as benzyl or phenethyl, —C 1-4 alkyl-heteroaryl, such as heteroarylethyl, O-aryl such as O-phenylaryl, O-heteroaryl, NH-aryl such as NH-phenyl, NH-heteroaryl, S-aryl (such as S-phenyl), S-heteroaryl, O—C 1-4 alkyl-aryl such as O—CH 2 -phenyl, O—(CH 2 ) 2 -phenyl or O—(CH 2 ) 4 -phenyl, O—C 1-4 alkyl-heteroaryl such as O—(CH 2 ) 2 -heteroary
• R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-5 alkenyl, C 2-5 alkynyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 alkylthio, C 3-6 cycloalkyl, O—C 3-6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, O-phenyl, NH-phenyl, S-phenyl, O—C 1-4 alkyl-phenyl such as O—(CH 2 ) 2 -phenyl or O—(CH 2 ) 4 -phenyl, C 1-4 alkyl-aryl such as CH 2 CH 2 -phenyl, CF 3 , O—CF 3 , S—CF 3 , hydroxy, nitro, cyano, O—C 1-4 alkyl-N(CH 3 ) 2 , O—(CH 2 ) 3 —N(CH 3 ) 2 and NR a R b
• R 7 is a heterocyclic group comprising one or more N atoms. It is bonded to the bicyclic nucleus via a N or C atom, bonding via N being preferred.
• This group may be mono- or bi-cyclic, and optionally carries substituents, e.g. substituents as defined above.
• R 7 is selected from 4-7 membered heterocyclyl, C 3-7 cycloalkyl-4-7 membered heterocyclyl and bis-(4-7 membered heterocyclyl).
• R 7 is selected from cyclic amines, spiroamines and bridged cycloamines.
• R 7 may in particular be selected from any of the following groups
• n 1 or 2;
• R 8 and R 9 are independently H or C 1-3 alkyl
• R 10 is H, C 3-5 alkenyl with no sp 2 -carbon member attached directly to the R 10 -attached nitrogen member, C 3-5 alkynyl with no sp-carbon member attached directly to the R 10 -attached nitrogen member, CH 2 CH 2 OH, C 1-4 alkyl-O—C 1-4 alkyl or C 1-6 alkyl which is optionally substituted by halogen, cyano, hydroxy, carboxy, amino, C 1-6 alkylamino, N,N-di(C 1-6 alkyl)amino, C 1-6 alkylthio, C 1-6 alkoxy or C 3-8 cycloalkyl;
• R 10 may be taken together with R 9 , wherein the R 9 -attached carbon member, and the R 10 -attached nitrogen member form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered heterocyclic ring, wherein said ring has 0 or 1 additional heteroatoms selected from O, S, NH and NC 1-6 alkyl, and wherein said heterocyclic ring is substituted with 0, 1, 2 or 3 substituents each selected from C 1-3 alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, amino and C 1-3 alkoxy;
• q 1, 2 or 3;
• r is 0 or 1;
• R 11 is a hydrogen atom or C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by halogen, cyano, hydroxy, carboxy, amino, N—(C 1-6 alkyl)amino, N,N-di(C 1-6 alkyl)amino, C 1-6 alkylthio, C 1-6 alkoxy, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl; and
• R 12 , R 13 , R 14 and R 15 are independently hydrogen or C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by halogen, cyano, hydroxy, carboxy, amino, C 1-6 alkylamino, N—(C 1-6 alkyl)amino, N,N-di(C 1-6 alkyl)amino, C 1-6 alkylthio, C 1-6 alkoxy, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl.
• R is H or any substituent, e.g. methyl or ethyl
• the curved lines represent the bond of the amine group with the heterocyclic scaffold.
• Amines 5 and 6 are examples of spiroamines.
• Amines 7, 8, 9 and 10 are examples of compounds that have stereoisomers, of which all forms (e.g. S- and R-isomers) are included.
• R 7 may also be linked to the bicyclic nucleus via a C atom.
• examples of such groups are 7-octahydroindolizinyl and 1-methyl-4-piperidinyl.
• R x , R y and R z may each be any of the groups defined above. These include alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and also heterocyclic rings defined by NR y R z . Each may be substituted.
• a heterocyclic group contains up to 6, 10 or 20 C atoms and up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
• the group may comprise one ring or fused rings, and may be saturated or partially or wholly unsaturated.
• alkyl as used herein includes straight-chain and branched hydrocarbon groups.
• alkenyl as used herein includes straight-chain and branched hydrocarbon groups as above with at least one carbon-carbon double bond (sp 2 ).
• alkynyl as used herein includes straight-chain and branched hydrocarbon groups as above with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond (sp). Hydrocarbons having a mixture of double bonds and triple bonds are grouped as alkynyls herein.
• alkoxy as used herein includes straight-chain and branched alkyl groups with a terminal oxygen linking the alkyl group to the rest of the molecule.
• aryl as used herein includes any functional group or substituent comprising an aromatic ring.
• the aryl may be selected from moieties comprising a phenyl, naphtyl or biphenyl.
• the aryl may comprise one or more heteroatoms, in which case the aryl may be referred to as “heteroaryl”.
• Preferred examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridine, furane, thiophene, triazole and tetrazole.
• Any hydrocarbon group may be, for example, a C 1-20 hydrocarbon, preferably a C 1-12 hydrocarbon, and more preferably a C 1-10 hydrocarbon. This range applies also to other groups, including heterocyclic groups, and also as a preference.
• substitutions and combinations of substitutions recited herein refer to substitutions that are consistent with the valency of the member being substituted.
• the “pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or solvate thereof” refers to those salts, ester forms and solvates of the compounds of the present invention that would be apparent to the pharmaceutical chemist, i.e. those that are non-toxic and that would favourably affect the pharmacological properties of said compounds of the present invention.
• Those compounds having favourable pharmacological properties would be apparent to the pharmaceutical chemist, i.e. those that are non-toxic and that possess such pharmacological properties to provide sufficient palatability, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
• Other factors, more practical in nature, that are important in the selection are cost of raw materials, ease of crystallisation, yield, stability, hygroscopicity, and flowability of the resulting bulk drug.
• Representative bases that may be used in the preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the following: ammonia, L-arginine, benethamine, benzathine, calcium hydroxide, choline, deanol, diethanolamine, diethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methyl-glucamine, hydrabamine, 1H-imidazole, L-lysine, magnesium hydroxide, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholine, piperazine, potassium hydroxide, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine, secondary amine, sodium hydroxide, triethanolamine, tromethamine and zinc hydroxide.
• esters examples include C 1-7 alkyl, C 5-7 cycloalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, and phenyl-C 1-6 alkyl esters.
• Preferred esters include methyl esters.
• n is preferably 1.
• R 8 and R 9 are hydrogen atoms, while R 10 is a methyl group.
• R 7 is the group of formula (III)
• a preferred class of compounds is quinazoline compounds of the invention, wherein X and Y are CR 3 , and Q and Z are N. Particularly preferred compounds are those quinazolines wherein at least three groups out of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are hydrogen atoms. Further preferred compounds are those quinazolines wherein R 7 is 4-methylpiperazino.
• quinoline compounds of the invention wherein X is CR 1 and Y is CR 3 .
• Particularly preferred compounds are those quinolines wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are hydrogen atoms. It is further preferred that R 7 is 4-methylpiperazino.
• R′ is preferably NR y R z including heteroaryl (optionally substituted) or heterocyclic such as morpholino. Alternatively, one or both or R y and R z may be H. Examples of SO 2 R′ are
• R′ may include fused ring structures.
• An example is dihydroindolyl.
• Table 1 illustrates compounds of the invention.
• Activity Class the following signs have the following meaning: “-” refers to a K i (the constant of inhibition in an H 4 binding assay (see the working examples hereinabove)>10 ⁇ M; “+/ ⁇ ” means 10 ⁇ M ⁇ K i ⁇ 1 ⁇ M and “+” means K i ⁇ 1 ⁇ M.
• the present invention includes prodrugs of the compounds of the invention.
• such prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds that are readily convertible in vivo into the bio-active compound.
• the term “administering” shall encompass the treatment of the various disorders described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound that may not be specifically disclosed, but that converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to the patient.
• the term “compound”, when applied to compounds of this invention encompasses any specific compound according to the present invention or any compound (or prodrug) that converts to the specifically disclosed compound in vivo after administration, even if such prodrug is not explicitly disclosed herein.
• Compounds of the present invention are antagonists, inverse agonists or agonists, including partial agonists, of histamine H 4 receptors. Thus, these compounds reversibly or irreversibly bind to the histamine H 4 receptor. Further, some compounds may possess affinity for the histamine H 1 receptor in addition to H 4 R affinity. Such compounds may be able to modulate inflammatory diseases with both a H 4 R and H 1 R component more efficiently than only selective H 1 R or selective H 4 R ligands. Without wishing to be bound by theory, this is considered to be indicative of therapeutic utility.
• an antagonist may also be obtained by an inverse agonist or a partial agonist.
• Inverse agonism describes the property of a compound to actively turn off a receptor that displays constitutive activity.
• Constitutive activity can be identified in cells that have been forced to over-express the human H 4 receptor.
• Constitutive activity can be measured by measuring cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) levels or by measuring a reporter gene sensitive to cAMP levels after a treatment with a cAMP stimulating agent such as forskolin.
• cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
• a reporter gene sensitive to cAMP levels after a treatment with a cAMP stimulating agent such as forskolin.
• Cells that over-express H 4 receptors will display lower cAMP levels after forskolin treatment than non-expressing cells.
• Compounds that behave as H 4 agonists will dose-dependently lower forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels in H 4 -expressing cells.
• Compounds that behave as H 4 inverse agonists will dose-dependently stimulate cAMP levels in H 4 -expressing cells.
• Compounds that behave as H 4 antagonists will block either H 4 agonist induced inhibition of cAMP or H 4 inverse agonist induced increases in cAMP.
• Compounds of the invention may be administered to a subject, in therapy, e.g. for the treatment of inflammation.
• “Inflammation” as used herein refers to the response that develops as a consequence of release of inflammatory mediators, such as histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines, chemokines, which in turn is caused by at least one stimulus, which can be for example an immunological stimulus or a non-immunological stimulus.
• inflammatory mediators such as histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines, chemokines
• subject as used herein includes animals and in particular mammals including and preferably being a human, a dog, a cat, a horse, a rat, a rabbit, a mouse, and a non-human primate, which animal is in need of observation, experiment, treatment or prevention in connection with the relevant disease or condition.
• composition includes a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, including in the therapeutically effective amounts, as well as any product that results directly or indirectly from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
• terapéuticaally effective amount as used in this description and the appending claims is meant to be that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.
• the compounds of the invention are useful for the amelioration of symptoms associated with the treatment and/or the prevention of conditions and diseases such as inflammatory disorders, allergic disorders, dermatological disorders, autoimmune disease, lymphatic disorders, immunodeficiency disorders and cancer, including the more specific conditions and diseases given above.
• the invention is also directed to a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing an H 4 receptor-mediated condition in a subject, comprising a therapeutically effective amount for treating, reducing or preventing an H 4 receptor-mediated condition of at least one H 4 receptor antagonist or partial agonist or inverse agonist according to the present invention.
• Such pharmaceutical compositions typically also comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention features an anti-inflammatory composition, comprising a therapeutically effective amount for treating or preventing inflammation of at least one anti-inflammatory compound according to the present invention.
• compositions typically also comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Another example of the invention is the use of a compound according to the present invention in the preparation of a medicament for treating any one of the conditions referred to herein; one of such conditions is inflammation.
• Another example of the invention is the use of a compound according to the present invention in the treatment or prevention of any one of the conditions referred to herein; one of such conditions is inflammation.
• the invention is also directed to a method for treating or preventing inflammation in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in connection with an inflammatory response a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a therapeutically effective amount of at least one anti-inflammatory compound according to the present invention.
• the invention also features methods for treating or preventing an H 4 receptor-mediated condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition that comprises a therapeutically effective amount of at least one H 4 receptor antagonist, partial agonist or inverse agonist according to the present invention.
• Embodiments of methods for treating or preventing inflammation in a subject that comprise administering to the subject in connection with an inflammatory response a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one anti-inflammatory compound according to the present invention include methods wherein at least one of the following is satisfied: said inflammatory response is a response to a physical stimulus; said inflammatory response is a response to a chemical stimulus; said inflammatory response is a response to infection; said inflammatory response is a response to an invasion by a body that is foreign to said subject; said inflammatory response is a response to an immunological stimulus; said inflammatory response is a response to a non-immunological stimulus; said inflammatory response is a response to at least one of the conditions: allergy, asthma, chronic obstructed pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and more specifically wherein said inflammatory bowel disease is at least one of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, allergic
• the compounds of the invention can be used in the treatment of or therapy against cancer.
• the compounds of the invention can be used to reduce, suppress or avoid itch.
• Pruritis is a disease that is caused by both a H 1 R and H 4 R component and may benefit from such dual action ligands.
• Administration “in connection with” an inflammatory response according to the present invention includes administration at a time that it is at least one of prior to, at the onset of, and after inflammation is detected.
• aspects of the invention include (a) a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound according to the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; (b) a packaged drug comprising (1) a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least a compound according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and (2) instructions for the administration of said composition for the treatment or prevention of any one of the conditions referred to herein, such as an H 4 -mediated disease or condition, and more particularly inflammation.
• This invention provides methods for treating, reducing or preventing an H 4 -mediated condition in a subject, said methods comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a composition comprising at least one compound according to the invention.
• the action of the H 4 receptor is involved.
• the invention features a method for treating an H 4 mediated condition in a subject, said method comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective H 4 -antagonising amount of a composition comprising at least one compound according to the invention.
• treating a disorder means eliminating, reducing or otherwise ameliorating the cause and/or effects thereof. Terms such as to “inhibit” the onset of a disorder or event, and to “prevent” a disorder or condition mean preventing, delaying or reducing the likelihood of such onset.
• unit dose is used herein to refer to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for subjects, each unit containing a predetermined effective, pharmacologic effective amount of the active ingredient calculated to produce the desired pharmacological effect.
• the specifications for the novel unit dosage forms of this invention are determined by, and are directly dependent on, the characteristics of the active ingredient, and on the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active ingredient for therapeutic use in subjects.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be prepared using conventional pharmaceutical excipients and compounding techniques.
• suitable unit dosage forms are tables, capsules, pills, powders, powder packets, granules, wafers, and the like, segregated multiples of any unit dosage form, as well as liquid solutions, and suspensions.
• Some liquid forms are aqueous, whereas other embodiments of liquid forms are non-aqueous.
• Oral dosage forms may be elixirs, syrups, capsules, tablets and the like.
• solid carriers examples include those materials usually employed in the manufacture of pills or tablets, such as lactose, starch, glucose, methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, mannitol and the like, thickeners such as tragacanth and methylcellulose USP, finely divided SiO 2 , polyvinylpyrrolidone, magnesium stearate, and the like.
• Typical liquid oral excipients include ethanol, glycerol, water and the like.
• excipients may be mixed as needed with diluents (for example, sodium and calcium carbonates, sodium and calcium phosphates, and lactose), disintegrants (for example, cornstarch and alginic acid), granulating agents, lubricants (for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and talc), binders (for example starch and gelatine), thickeners (for example paraffin, waxes, and petrolatum), flavouring agents, colouring agents, preservatives, and the like by conventional techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art of preparing dosage forms.
• Coatings can be present and include for example glyceryl monostearate and/or glyceryl distearate.
• Capsules for oral use include hard gelatine capsules in which the active ingredient is mixed with a solid diluent, and soft gelatine capsules, in which the active ingredient is mixed, with water or an oil, such as peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil.
• Parenteral dosage forms may be prepared using water or another sterile carrier. Parenteral solutions can be packaged in containers adapted for subdivision into individual doses. For intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intravenous use, the compounds according to the invention will be generally provided in sterile aqueous solutions or suspensions, buffered to an appropriate pH and isotonicity. Suitable aqueous vehicles include Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride. Aqueous suspensions may include suspending agents such as cellulose derivatives, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, and gum tragacanth, and a wetting agent, such as lecithin.
• suspending agents such as cellulose derivatives, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, and gum tragacanth, and a wetting agent, such as lecithin.
• Suitable preservatives for aqueous suspensions include ethyl and n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate.
• Parenteral formulations include pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions, emulsions, and sterile powders for the preparation thereof.
• carriers include water, ethanol, polyols (propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Fluidity can be maintained by the use of a coating such as lecithin, a surfactant, or maintaining appropriate particle size.
• Carriers for solid dosage forms include (a) fillers or extenders, (b) binders, (c) humectants, (d) disintegrating agents, (e) solution retarders, (f) absorption accelerators, (g) adsorbants, (h) lubricants, (i) buffering agents, and (j) propellants.
• Compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents; antimicrobial agents such as parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, and sorbic acid; isotonic agents such as sugar or sodium chloride; absorption-prolonging agents such as aluminium monostearate and gelatine; and absorption-enhancing agents.
• adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents
• antimicrobial agents such as parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, and sorbic acid
• isotonic agents such as sugar or sodium chloride
• absorption-prolonging agents such as aluminium monostearate and gelatine
• absorption-enhancing agents such as aluminium monostearate and gelatine.
• Physiologically acceptable carriers are well known in the art.
• liquid carriers are solutions in which compounds according to the invention form solutions, emulsions, and dispersions.
• Compatible antioxidants such as methylparaben and propylparaben, can be present in solid and/or liquid compositions, as can sweeteners.
• compositions according to the invention may include suitable emulsifiers typically used in emulsion compositions.
• Gelling agents may also be added to compositions according to this invention.
• Polyacrylic acid derivatives, such as carbomers are examples of gelling agents, and more particularly, various types of carbopol.
• Suspensions may be prepared as a cream, an ointment, including a water-free ointment, a water-in-oil emulsion, an oil-in-water emulsion, and emulsion gel, or a gel.
• Compounds according to the present invention can be administered by oral or parenteral routes, including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, rectal, intracisternal, intravaginal, intravesical, topical or local administration, and by inhalation (bucal or nasal, preferably in the form of a spray).
• oral administration the compounds according to the invention will be generally provided in the form of tablets, capsules, or as a solution or suspension.
• Other methods of administration include controlled release formulations, such as subcutaneous implants and dermal patches.
• compositions according to the invention may be ascertained by conventional methods.
• the specific dosage level required for any particular subject will depend on a number of factors, including severity of the condition, type of symptoms needing treatment, the route of administration, the weight, age, and general condition of the subject, and the administration of other medicaments.
• the daily dose (whether administered as a single dose or as divided doses) will be in the range of from about 0.01 mg to about 1000 mg per day, more usually from about 1 mg to about 500 mg per day, and most usually from about 10 mg to about 200 mg per day.
• a typical dose will be expected to be between about 0.0001 mg/kg and about 15 mg/kg, especially between about 0.01 mg/kg and about 7 mg/kg, and most especially between about 0.15 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg.
• Oral dose ranges include from about 0.01 to 500 mg/kg, daily, more preferably from about 0.05 to about 100 mg/kg, taken in 1-4 separate doses. Some compounds of the invention may be orally dosed in the range of about 0.05 to about 50 mg/kg daily, while others may be dosed at 0.05 to about 20 mg/kg daily. Infusion doses can range from about 1.0 to about 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 ⁇ g/(kg ⁇ min) of inhibitor, admixed with a pharmaceutical carrier over a period ranging from several minutes to several days. For topical administration, compounds of the present invention may be mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier at a concentration from about 0.1 to about 10% of drug to vehicle.
• Capsules, tablets or other formulations may be of between 0.5 and 200 mg, such as 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 25, 35, 50 mg, 60 mg, and 100 mg and can be administered according to the disclosed methods.
• Daily dosages are envisaged to be, for example between 10 mg and 5000 mg for an adult human subject of normal weight.
• the compounds of the invention can be prepared according to processes within the skill of the art and/or according to processes of this invention, such as those described in the schemes and examples that follow and by matrix or combinatorial methods.
• Potassium-3-phthalimidopropane-1-sulfonate (6.0 g) was suspended in dry toluene (25 ml) under a nitrogen atmosphere and heated to reflux. Then 4.11 g of PCl 5 was added in portions and the mixture was heated at reflux for 60 minutes. A second portion of 4.11 g of PCl 5 was added and heating was continued for 90 minutes. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and crushed ice was added to the residual solid. When the ice had just molten, the solid was filtered off and dried in vacuo to yield 5.64 g (87%) of a solid.
• DIPEA hydrochloric acid salts or other salts of the corresponding sulfonamide precursors
• 2,4,6-Trichloroquinazoline (200 mg) was added to a solution of DIPEA (0.46 ml) and 3-aminopropane-N-methylsulfonamide hydrochloride (162 mg) in THF (3.0 ml) and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solution was diluted with EtOAc and washed with water and brine. Drying over Na 2 SO 4 and removal of the solvent gave a solid that was purified over SiO 2 (EtOAc: Hex, 1:1) to yield the 3-(2,6-dichloro-quinazoline-4-amino)-N-methylpropanesulfonamide intermediate.
• 2,4,6,8-Tetrachloroquinazoline 200 mg was added to a microwave tube containing EtOAc (3.0 ml) and DIPEA (0.27 ml).
• 2-aminoethane-N-phenylsulfonamide 164 mg was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at r.t. until TLC indicated almost complete conversion of the starting material to the mono-substituted quinazoline.
• N-methylpiperazine ⁇ 1.0 ml was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 120° C. for 10 minutes under microwave irradiation. The obtained mixture was then diluted with EtOAc and washed with water and brine.
• HEK 293T cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 50 IU/ml penicillin, and 50 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin in 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37° C. Approximately 4 million cells were seeded in a 10-cm dish and cultured overnight before transfection. For transfection of each dish of cells, the transfection mixture was prepared in 1 ml serum-free DMEM and contained 5 ⁇ g of human H 4 R receptor plasmid and 15 ⁇ l of 1 mg/ml 25 kDa linear polyethyleneimine (Polyscience, Inc., USA).
• DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
• FBS fetal bovine serum
• streptomycin 50 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin
• the mixture was incubated for 10-15 minutes at room temperature before it was added into the monolayer cell culture loaded with 5 ml fresh cell culture medium. Two days after transfection the cells were washed with PBS containing 1 mM EDTA, collected as pellet by centrifuging, and stored at ⁇ 20° C. until use.
• pellets of transfected cells were homogenized in H 4 R binding buffer (100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4).
• the saturation binding assay was performed using different concentrations of [ 3 H]histamine (Perkin-Elmer Life Science, Inc., USA), while non-specific binding was determined by incubation in the presence of 3-10 ⁇ M of JNJ 7777120 in a total assay volume of 200 ⁇ l.
• the membranes were typically incubated with 10 ⁇ 4 to 10 ⁇ 11 M of ligands (stock concentration was 10 mM 1 DMSO) in the presence of [ 3 H]histamine in a total volume of 200 ⁇ l.
• reaction mixtures were incubated for 1 hour at room temperature (22° C.), and harvested on 96-well glass fiber C plates that were pretreated with 0.3% 750 kDa PEI.
• the binding assay data were analyzed using Prism 4.0 (Graphpad Software Inc., USA).

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