Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P35/00—Preparation of compounds having a 5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] octane ring system, e.g. cephalosporin
  • C12P35/06—Cephalosporin C; Derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D501/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 5-thia-1-azabicyclo [4.2.0] octane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. cephalosporins; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulfur-containing hetero ring

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for the preparation of 3-cephalosporin C derivatives which are used in the preparation of ⁇ -lactam antibiotics.
• the invention relates to a process for the preparation of 3-thiolated derivatives of 3-acetoxy-methyl-7-amino-ceph-3-em-carboxylic acid.
• cephalosporins used in therapeutic applications are semi-synthetic and are produced by modifying the basic ⁇ -lactam structure in the material obtained from a fermentation broth of Acremonium chrysogenum or, after chemical transformation, from the products obtained from fermentation broths of Penicillium chrysogenum using different precursors.
• cephalosporin C [3-acetoxymethyl-7-(D-5-amino-5-carboxy pentan amido)-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid] is converted into 3-acetoxymethyl-7-amino-ceph-3-em-carboxylic acid, usually known as 7-amino cephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), by removing the lateral aminoadipic chain of the ⁇ -lactam ring.
• the 7-ACA is purified and crystallised, and is then used as starting material for subsequent modifications at the 7- and 3-position.
• 7-ACA is the base building block used in the synthesis of many important semi-synthetic cepahalosporin antibiotics that are of current interest in the biopharmaceutical industry.
• 7-ACA is the most widely used intermediate for reaction with heterocyclic thiols as it can be obtained either chemically or enzymatically on an industrial scale. This has been disclosed in several patents including U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,502,665; 3,954,745; 3,516,997; 3,979,383; 4,115,645; 4,317,907; 5,387,679; JP 55,139,327; EP 0167651 and WO-A-9302085.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,679 describes the reaction of 7-amino cephalosporanic acid with 2-mercapto-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (MMTD) in the presence of sodium bicarbonate in aqueous acetone, at pH 6-7. A yield of about 60-65% is achieved.
• MMTD 2-mercapto-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole
• the deacylation of cephalosporin C i.e., the elimination of the 7′-lateral side chain, is usually carried out chemically, for example using nitrosyl chloride in formic acid in the presence of acetonitrile (U.S. Pat. No. 3,367,933).
• Another method of deacylation involves the protection of the carboxyl group of aminopenteanoic chain, reaction with phosphorus pentachloride at ⁇ 55° C. and subsequent hydrolysis at low temperature with a mixture of water and methanol (BE 718,824).
• the first stage consists of using a D-amino acid oxidase (E.C. 1.4.3.3, hereinbelow indicated as DAAO) from different sources ( Trigonopsis variabilis , GB 1,272,769; Rhodotorula gracilis , EP 0,517,200; or Fusarium solari M-0718, EP 0,364,275).
• DAAO D-amino acid oxidase
• DAAO oxidises the lateral D-5-amido-carboxypentanoyl chain of cephalosporin C in the presence of molecular oxygen, to produce 7 ⁇ -(5-carboxy-5-oxopent-amido)-ceph-3-em-carboxylic acid (or ⁇ -ketoadipyl-7-aminocephalo-sporanic acid, hereinbelow indicated as ⁇ -ketoadipyl-7-ACA) and hydrogen peroxide, which chemically decarboxylate the ⁇ -ketoadipyl-7-ACA to 7 ⁇ -(4-carboxy butanamido)-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylic acid (or glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid, hereinbelow indicated as GL-7-ACA).
• a specific acylase for GL-7-ACA, glutaryl-7-ACA acylase (E.C. 3.5.1.3), is used, for example that of a Pseudomonas type microorganism (U.S. Pat. No. 3,960,662, EP 0496993) over expressed in E. coli , which deacylates the GL-7-ACA into 7-ACA.
• This procedure can be defined as an enzymatic-chemical-enzymatic (ECE) process, since the isolated GL-7-ACA comes from a bioconversion of solubilised cephalosporin C, then GL-7-ACA is reacted with the heterocyclic thiols and finally the 3-heterocyclic thio-derivative is enzymated with GL-7-ACA acylase.
• ECE enzymatic-chemical-enzymatic
• This low molar ratio reduces the yield of the 3-thio derivative and avoids the use of the other published process on the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of 3-modified cephalosporins, in which an enzymatic-enzymatic-chemical process (EEC) is proposed, using D-amino acid oxidase—glutaryl-7-ACA acylase and a chemical reaction with heterocyclic thiols (Jistiz et al., J. Org. Chem. 62, 9099, 1997).
• EEC enzymatic-enzymatic-chemical process
• an enzymatic process for preparing 3-thiolated 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives comprising the steps:
• R is a heterocyclic group comprising at least one nitrogen atom and R 1 and R 2 are both hydrogen atoms or one of them is a hydrogen atom and the other is an acyl donor.
• 3-thiolated cephalosporin C of formula I is converted into a 3-thiolated-glutaryl-7-ACA of the formula II by:
• the compound of formula I is reacted with immobilised D-Amino acid oxidase at a pressure of about 2 bar absolute, a pH of from 6.0 to 8.0, and a temperature of from 20° C. to 30° C. for a period of from 0.5 to 3 hours.
• the process includes the step of washing the supported enzyme with a concentrated salt solution and adding hydrogen peroxide preferably in an amount equivalent to 30 to 50 ppm to the solution thus formed.
• the process comprises the step of eliminating excess hydrogen peroxide from the solution, preferably by adding a catalyst to the solution.
• the excess hydrogen peroxide is removed by adding catalase to the solution.
• a compound of formula II is converted into a compound of formula III by contacting a compound of formula II with immobilised glutaryl-7-ACA acylase.
• the reaction to form a compound of formula III from a compound of formula II is carried out at ambient pressure, at a pH of from 6.0 to 8.5 and at a temperature of from 20° C. to 35° C., for a period of from 0.5 to 3 hours under an inert atmosphere.
• the compound of formula III is precipitated by acidifying the reaction medium and the precipitate thus formed is subsequently washed and dried.
• the enzymes are immobilised using a suitable cross-linker agent in a suitable solid support.
• the enzymes are in the form of crystals of a size suitable for use as a biocatalyst.
• the enzymatic processes are carried out while maintaining the enzyme in dispersion in an aqueous substrate solution.
• the or each enzymatic process is carried out in a column.
• the process includes the step of recovering the enzyme for reuse.
• crystallisation of a compound of formula III is carried out at an acidic pH.
• One aspect of the invention provides a process of the invention wherein the enzymatic conversion of a 3 thiolated cephalosporin C of the formula I to form a 3 thiolated-7-ACA of the formula III is carried out in one step.
• compounds of formula I are in a solid form or in the form of a non-toxic salt thereof.
• Non-toxic salts may include cations used in the crystallisation of cephalosporin C which are non-toxic for humans such as zinc salts.
• the invention also provides a process for the preparation of Cephalosporin C antibiotics and derivatives thereof comprising forming a compound of formula III and subsequent enzymation.
• the antibiotic is selected from any one or more of cefazolin, cefazedone, cefoperazone, cefamandol, cefatriazine, cefotiam or ceftriaxone.
• the enzymatic process for preparing 3-thiolated 7-aminocephalosporanic acid derivatives comprises the steps:
• R is a heterocyclic group comprising at least one nitrogen atom
• the excess thiol is removed by adsorption on an anion exchange resin.
• the anion exchange resin is a microporous resin having a cross-linked acrylic copolymer structure.
• the anion exchange resin comprises an 8% cross-linking containing functional thialkyl benzyl ammonium group.
• the resin may be in the chloride, hydroxy, phosphate or acetate cycle.
• the excess thiol is removed by crystallisation.
• crystallisation is carried out at an acidic pH.
• the excess thiol is removed by crystallisation followed by adsorption on an anion exchange resin.
• the cephalosporin C is in an aqueous medium.
• the cephalosporin C is in the form of a concentrated cephalosporin C solution obtained from solid cephalosporin C or from a direct or purified cephalosporin C broth.
• the cephalosporin C may be in the form of a concentrated cephalosporin C solution or a concentrated cephalosporin C broth.
• the reaction process is carried out at a pH of between 5.5 and 8.0, at a temperature of from 60° C. to 80° C., for a period of from 1 to 12 hours.
• the reaction is carried out at a pH of approximately 6.0 and at a temperature of approximately 65° C.
• the thiol compound is present in an amount of between 1 and 5 mol/mol of cephalosporin C.
• R may be a heterocyclic group comprising at least one nitrogen atom and optionally a sulphur or oxygen atom.
• R is a heterocyclic group selected from any one or more of the group comprising thienyl, diazolyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, triazinyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pirimidinyl, benzo thiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, or any derivative thereof, preferably 5-methyl-1,3.4-thiadiazol-2-yl, 1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl or 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl.
• compounds of formula I are in a solid form or in the form of a non-toxic salt thereof.
• the invention provides a compound of the formula:
• R is a heterocyclic group comprising at least one nitrogen atom, obtained by a process of the invention.
• the invention also provides a compound of the formula:
• R is 5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl.
• the invention provides a compound of the formula:
• R is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl.
• the invention also provides a process for the preparation of cephalosporin C antibiotics and derivatives thereof comprising forming a compound of formula I as hereinbefore defined and subsequent enzymation of the compound of formula I.
• the antibiotic is selected from any one or more of cefazolin, cefazedone, cefoperazone, cefamandol, cefatriazine, cefotiam and ceftriaxone.
• CEE chemical-enzymatic-enzymatic process
• R is a heterocyclic comprising at least a nitrogen atom with or without a sulphur or oxygen, such as thienyl, diazolyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiatriazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl or their substituted derivatives in any of the possible positions of the above mentioned heterocyclic structure, available for substitution.
• thienyl diazolyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiatriazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzo
• the enzymatic conversion of the compound I into the 3-thiolated glutaryl-7-ACA (compound II) is carried out in aqueous solution with a pH of about 6.5 to 8.0, preferably at pH 7.0. This avoids the problem of increasing instability of cephalosporanic compounds at pH levels above 8.
• the reaction temperature can be operated from 15° C. to 35° C., and is normally fixed to 20° C.
• concentration of 3-thiolated cephalosporin C derivatives can vary from 35-150 mM.
• Molecular oxygen acts as a co-substrate for the oxidative deamination. This is sparged into the reaction solution through a bottom diffuser at a flow rate from 0.01 to 1 vol/vol of solution/minute, preferably at 0.1 vvm under a suitable mechanical stirring. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the art that the rate of stirring may vary according to a wide range of design parameters and reaction characteristics. Ordinarily, the stirring would be in the range 20-500 rpm. This design of bioreactor is preferred to a percolation column containing the immobilised crystalline enzyme, in which it is difficult to obtain adequate transfer of oxygen, thus reducing the final yield of 3-thiolated glutaryl-7-ACA.
• the time required for complete transformation is of the order of 0.5 to 3 hours, depending on the operating conditions, but is typically approximately 1 hour.
• reaction solution still contains some un-degraded intermediate compounds of formula IV, which are converted to compounds of formula II using external hydrogen peroxide.
• compounds of formula II can remain bound to the resin in which the enzymes are immobilised.
• the reactor solution is discharged with overpressure to a holding tank and the enzyme is washed with a 100 mM phosphate buffer at a pH of 7.0.
• Other buffer solutions with similar characteristics may be used.
• This buffer wash is combined with the reaction solution, which mixture is then titrated with hydrogen peroxide, final concentration in solution 30-50 ppm for 30-50 minutes at about 25° C., preferably to 35 ppm for 30 minutes.
• H 2 O 2 is eliminated before passing to the next step by a suitable enzyme, such as catalase, a suitable reducing agent such as pyruvic acid, alkaline sulphites or any other suitable catalyst in soluble or immobilised form.
• a suitable enzyme such as catalase, a suitable reducing agent such as pyruvic acid, alkaline sulphites or any other suitable catalyst in soluble or immobilised form.
• the enzymatic removal of H 2 O 2 is preferred in this invention to preserve the quality and purity of the final product.
• the final solution after H 2 O 2 titration is adjusted to a pH of approximately 7.5 to 8.5, preferably to pH 8.0 with a concentrated organic or inorganic base, such as ammonia, before being transferred to the second bioreactor charged with a suitable wet immobilised or crystalline glutaryl-7-ACA acylase preparation.
• a suitable wet immobilised or crystalline glutaryl-7-ACA acylase preparation Commercially available preparations, such as are available from Roche Molecular Biochemicals are suitable for the purpose.
• the pH is maintained by dosing the reaction with the same organic or inorganic base as above described by using an autotitrator fixed at about pH 8.0.
• the operating temperature may be from about 15° C. to 25° C., and is preferably 20° C.
• the conversion time varies from 0.5 to 2 hours, depending on the operating conditions, but usually is about 1 hour.
• a stream of nitrogen is flowed through a bottom diffuser at about 0.01 vol/vol/min under a gentle agitation
• the solution is filtered and the resin, in which glutaryl-7-ACA acylase is immobilised, is washed with, preferably 100 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0.
• the process of the invention is new and permits a good overall product yield, better quality (in terms of colour and purity), easy isolation, a continuous operation of the process and the reuse of the enzymes avoiding the poisoning by the remaining heterocyclic thiol after chemical reaction.
• the process according to the present invention represents a surprising improvement over known three-stage processes for obtaining 3-heterocyclic thiolated-7-aminocephalosporanic acid because cephalosporin C in solution is first reacted with a heterocyclic thiol.
• cephalosporin C derived directly from the fermentation broth.
• the process thus avoids the need to crystallise cephalosporin C as a metal salt, and, at the same time, eliminates the need for the use and recovery of organic solvents. Further, it reduces yield losses on the overall recovery process for cephalosporin C. Since the 3 substituted derivatives are more stable in solution than the parent cephalosporin C, overall fermentation yields are effectively increased still further.
• the highly selective removal of excess thiol allows compounds of formula I to be prepared at a very high purity level with very low levels ( ⁇ 0.2 mg/ml) of heterocyclic thiols present.
• the process has several important advantages. It allows compounds of formula I to be used as a substrate for enzymatic processes without the poisoning of the enzymes. As a result the enzymes may be used repeatedly. In addition the process does not require the use of toxic reagents or the need to isolate intermediates thereby providing a continuous process.
• the reaction of nucleophilic substitution in the 3′position is carried out in an aqueous medium, dissolving the heterocyclic thiol and any non-toxic cephalosporin C salt in water by addition of a basic compound which form a water soluble salt, such as alkali metal hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide or preferably alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate.
• a basic compound which form a water soluble salt such as alkali metal hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide or preferably alkali metal carbonate or bicarbonate.
• any commercially available salt of cephalosporin C and of the heterocyclic thiols can be used in the process of this invention without changing the fundamentals of the process.
• both reactants are mixed together in the same reactor, before or after heating the solution to a temperature from approximately 60° C. to 80° C. at a pH value of between 5.5 and 8.0.
• the temperature and pH are maintained preferably at approximately 65° C. and 6.0 respectively, for a period of time of approximately 1 hour to 4 hours.
• the heterocyclic thiol/cephalosporin C molar ratio is an important variable in the yield of the reaction and has to be optimised for each heterocyclic thiol used.
• Molar ratios are between 1.0 and 4.0, preferably at a molar ratio of approximately 4.
• cephalosporin C remains quite stable with low ⁇ -lactam ring degradation, compared to a cephalosporin C solution without the thiol, which is completely degraded within 40 min at 80° C.
• the reaction mixture is cooled to a temperature from about 2° C. to about 10° C., with or without acidification at a pH of from pH 3.0 to 5.5, preferably approximately 5.2, with strong mineral acids, such as hydrogen halides or oxy acids.
• This acidification step gives in some cases, crystallisation of the heterocyclic thiol, with the concomitant possibility of reuse for a new reaction.
• the resulting solution after the reaction with or without the acidifying step is subjected to subsequent purification by chromatography.
• Different resins and types of chromatography may be used on an industrial scale.
• microporous resin offers certain advantages. They are less fragile, require less care in handling and possess higher loading capacities. As they have no discrete pores solute ions diffuse through the particle to interact with exchange sites. The total exchange capacity of the mentioned resin is in the order of 1,4 meq/ml.
• heterocyclic thiols by the process of the invention is particularly advantageous on an industrial scale as the elute of the column can be used for enzymation without isolation of the modified cephalosporin C and represents a new concept in the field of cephalosporin intermediates wherein the impurities are bound to the column and the ⁇ -lactam derivative is simply eluted by water.
• the column is typically regenerated with a 1.5 N solution of a strong mineral acid, such as hydrogen halide containing variable amounts of an organic solvent, preferably 10-20% acetonitrile.
• a strong mineral acid such as hydrogen halide containing variable amounts of an organic solvent, preferably 10-20% acetonitrile.
• concentration of the thiol in the eluate is higher than 0.2 mg/ml
• a strong regeneration using 3 N HCl and 40% acetonitrile may be carried out.
• regeneration with successive NaOH and HCl solutions may be carried out.
• the thiol is concentrated and reused.
• the column is rinsed with deionised water to remove excess regenerant before the next cycle.
• the first bed volume of the rinse should be performed at the flow rate used for regeneration. The remainder is run at the adsorption flow rate.
• the 3-thiolated derivative (TXC) has been found to be surprisingly good substrate, compared with unmodified cephalosporin C.
• the process of the present invention therefore provides an improved and more economical process for the preparation of cephalosporin C derivatives.
• a second important aspect of the process of the invention is the use of enzymes in a re-usable form, either immobilised on a solid support or in the form of large stabilised crystals. This last requirement is important in producing a process to be operated on an industrial scale.
• a further important advantage of the present invention is the ease of transferring the chemical solution after the removal and recovery of excess thiol to the first enzymatic reactor and from it to the second enzymatic reactor. This enables the process to be conducted continuously with a single liquid stream from cephalosporin C concentrate or prepared batch solution to 3-thiolated-7-ACA derivative, which is easy to crystallise compared with unmodified 7-ACA.
• Examples 1 to 5 illustrate the preparation of 3-thiolated-7-ACA derivatives of formula I from cephalosporin C.
• Examples 6 to 10 illustrate the preparation of 3-thiolated-7-ACA derivatives of formula III through the formation of 3-thiolated-glutaryl-7-ACA derivatives of formula I.
• MMTD 2-mercapto-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole
• Cephalosporin C TDC MMTD Time (mins) (moles) (moles) (moles) (moles) 0 0.06 0.00 0.24 120 0.01 0.039 0.20 240 0.0012 0.042 0.195
• the reaction mixture was then cooled to approximately 4° C., where the crystallisation of the excess MMTD begins.
• the pH was acidified with stirring (150 rpm) to a pH 5.2 with 37% hydrochloride acid and left under slow stirring (50 rpm) for 60 minutes for the completion of crystallisation.
• the precipitated MMTD was filtered and dried at 35° C. under vacuum. 23 g of recovered MMTD was obtained (purity 99% by HPLC) with a recovery yield of about 95%.
• the filtrate (825 ml) containing 0.042 moles of the TDC and MMTD 0.016 moles was adjusted to pH 7.25 with 3 M ammonia and loaded onto an Amberlite IRA-400 column in chloride cycle (bed volume equal to 180 ml) covered with deionised water at flow rate 20 ml/min. Once loaded, the column was washed with deionised water (ca 100 ml) until 97% recovery of loaded TDC with a 94% purity by HPLC.
• the pH of the effluent was about 5.4 and was neutralised to 7.0 with 3 M ammonia.
• the remaining MMTD was 0.0009 moles ( ⁇ 0.2 mg/ml), which is less than 6% of the remaining MMTD after its crystallisation by decreasing the pH. With this low level of MMTD ( ⁇ 1% of the original MMTD after chemical reaction), enzymation of TDC is possible.
• the column is regenerated with 1 L of 1.5 M HCl containing 10% acetonitrile and rinsed free of the excess regeneration by washing with 2 liters of deionised water.
• the resin can be subjected to a strong regeneration using 1 liter of 3 M HCl with 40% acetonitrile.
• TDC solution at pH 5.0, it was loaded onto a Amberlite XAD-2 adsorption column and the column was washed with water. After washing, the resin was eluted with water, and 25 ml portions were pooled. A fraction containing 98.5% TDC by HPLC was lyophylised and subjected to analysis:
• the TDC derivative was prepared as described in Example 1 and the filtrate containing it was loaded onto different types of resins.
• the glutaryl-7-ACA derivative (TDG) and 7-ACA derivative (7-TDA) were prepared as in Example 1 using glutaryl-7-ACA and 7-ACA as starting material. The following data was obtained from the filtrate of the Amberlite IRA-400.
• TDG and TDA appear to remain bound to the Amberlite IRA-400 as well as the MMTD.
• a solution of concentrated sodium cephalosporin C was prepared by dissolving 33.23 g of sodium cephalosporin C (75% free acid, 0.06 moles purity 98% by HPLC) in 200 ml of water.
• the concentrated cephalosporin C solution was added and the mixture was stirred at about 70° C. for 120 minutes, controlling the reaction kinetic until the level of cephalosporin C was below 3%.
• the reaction mixture was cooled at about 4° C., but crystallisation of the excess of MMTZ did not start, even when the pH was decreased.
• the solution containing 0.04 moles of the TZC derivative from MMTZ and 0.19 moles of MMTZ was adjusted to pH 7.25 with 3 M ammonia and loaded onto an Amberlite IRA-400 column in chloride cycle (bed volume equal to 150 ml) covered with deionised water at flow rate 20 ml/min. After the first pass through the column the remaining MMTZ was higher than 13% of the initial (0.032 moles).
• the column was washed with deionised water (ca 90 ml) until 97% recovery of loaded TZC with a 87% purity by HPLC.
• the pH of the effluent was about 5.4 and was neutralised to pH 7.0 with 3 M ammonia.
• the remaining MMTZ concentration was 0.0013 moles, which is less than 1% of the original MMTZ after chemical reaction. With this low level of MMTZ, enzymation of the derivative is possible without poison the enzyme.
• the columns were regenerated with 1 L of 1.5 M HCl containing 10% acetonitrile and rinsed free of the excess regeneration by washing with 2 liters of deionised water.
• a solution of concentrated sodium cephalosporin C was prepared by dissolving 33.23 g of sodium cephalosporin C (75% free acid, 0.06 moles, purity 98% by HPLC) in 200 ml of water.
• the concentrated cephalosporin C solution was added and the mixture was stirred at about 75° C. for 75 minutes, controlling the reaction kinetic until the level of cephalosporin C was below 2%.
• Time Cephalosporin C minutes (moles) (moles) TTC (moles) TTZ (moles) 0 0.06 0 0.24 75 0.0011 0.036 0.19
• the reaction mixture was cooled at about 4° C., but crystallisation of the excess of TTZ does not start, even when the pH was decreased.
• the solution containing the 0.036 moles of TTC and 0.19 moles of TTZ was adjusted to pH 7.25 with 3 M ammonia and loaded onto an Amberlite IRA-400 column in chloride cycle (bed volume equal to 209 ml) covered with deionised water at flow rate 20 ml/min. After the first column the remaining TTZ was 0.015 moles.
• the column was washed with deionised water (ca 120 ml) until 60% recovery of loaded TTC with a 90% purity by HPLC.
• the pH of the effluent was about 5.4 and was neutralised to pH 7.0 with 3 M ammonia.
• the remaining TTZ concentration was 0.00096 moles, which is less than 1% of the original TTZ after chemical reaction. With this level of TTZ, enzymation of the derivative is possible without poisoning the enzyme.
• the columns were regenerated with 1 L of 1.5 M HCl containing 10% acetonitrile and rinsed free of the excess regeneration by washing with 2 liters of deionised water.
• the TDC solution was fed into a 1.5 liter stirred reactor with 82.5 g (30.3 Roche's Units/g) of wet immobilised D-amino acid oxidase available from Roche Molecular Biochemicals and produced as described in WO-A-9516773.
• the conversion was performed at 20° C., 400 rpm and with an oxygen flow through a bottom diffuser of 0.1 vol/vol/min at 2 bar absolute pressure.
• the pH was titrated to pH 7.0 with 3 M ammonia by an autotitrator.
• the conversion was controlled by HPLC an a reverse phase column Nucleosil 120 3-C18 125 ⁇ 8 ⁇ 4 mm the mobile phase was 20 mM acetate ammonium pH 5.5 containing 4% acetonitrile at 1 ml/min with a 260 nm detector.
• the TDC appeared at 7.0 minutes, the ⁇ -ketoadipyl-intermediate at 8.5 min and the TDG (the 3-thiolated glutaryl-7-ACA) at 11.5 min.
• TDG ⁇ -ketoadipyl-thiolated derivative
• the residual hydrogen peroxide was removed by adding 10 ⁇ l of soluble Corynebacterium glutamicum catalase (650 kU, available from Roche Molecular Biochemicals) for 5 minutes.
• the resulting TDG solution was adjusted to pH 8.0 with 3 M ammonia and transferred to a 1.5 L stirred reactor containing 57.08 g (87.6 Roche's Units/g) of wet immobilised glutaryl-7-ACA acylase (available from Roche Molecular Biochemicals).
• the conversion was performed at 20° C., 250 rpm and with a nitrogen flow through a bottom diffuser of 0.01 vol/vol/min at ambient pressure.
• the pH value was titrated to pH 8.0 with 3 M ammonia by an autotitrator.
• the conversion was controlled by HPLC with the same conditions as D-AAO reaction.
• the retention time for the product, 7-amino-3-[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thiomethyl]-cephalosporanic acid was 7.2 minutes.
• TDC was used with and without heterocyclic thiol removal by chromatography in a strong anion exchanger Amberlite® IRA-400.
• the level of MMTD after crystallisation step was 2.56 mg/ml.
• the amount of MMTD was less than 0.2 mg/mL, which represents less than 1% of the original MMTD used.
• the following table shows how without the chromatographic step the length of the D-amino acid oxidase time doubles after 4 cycles, whereas it remains the same ( ⁇ 100 minutes), after 12 cycles in the case of TDC with traces of MMTD.
• the second enzyme glutaryl-7-ACA-acylase it seems that the hydrogen peroxide produced and added after the first reaction destroys traces of MMTD, preserving its catalytic activity with reaction times of about 50 minutes.
• the TZC solution was fed into a 1.5 liter stirred reactor with 82.5 g (30.3 Roche's Units/g) of wet immobilised D-amino acid oxidase available from Roche Molecular Biochemicals and produced as disclosed in WO-A-9516773.
• the conversion was performed at 20° C., 400 rpm and with an oxygen flow through a bottom diffuser of 0.1 vol/vol/min at 2 bar absolute pressure.
• the pH was titrated to pH 7.25 with 3 M ammonia by an autotitrator.
• the conversion was controlled by HPLC an a reverse phase column Nucleosil 120 3-C18 125 ⁇ 8 ⁇ 4 mm; the mobile phase was 20 mM ammonium acetate pH 5.5 with 4% acetonitrile at 1 ml/min with a 260 nm detector.
• the TZC appeared at 3.0 minutes, the ⁇ -ketoadipyl-intermediate at 3.6 min and the TZG at 4.6 min (the 3-thiolated glutaryl-7-ACA).
• the residual hydrogen peroxide was removed by adding 10 ⁇ l of soluble Corynebacterium glutamicum catalase (650 kU, available from Roche Molecular Biochemicals) for 5 minutes.
• the resulting TZG solution was adjusted to pH 8.0 with 3 M ammonia and transferred to a 1.5 L stirred reactor contained 57.08 g (87.6 Roche's Units/g) of wet immobilised glutaryl-7-ACA acylase (available from Roche Molecular Biochemicals).
• the conversion was performed at 20° C., 250 rpm and with a nitrogen flow through a bottom diffuser of 0.01 vol/vol/min at ambient pressure.
• the pH value was titrated to pH 8.0 with ammonia by an autotitrator.
• the conversion was controlled by HPLC with the same conditions as D-AAO reaction.
• the retention times for the product, 7-amino-3-[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-thiomethyl]-cephalosporanic acid (herein-below referred as TZA) was 3.2 minutes.
• TZC was used with and without heterocyclic thiol removal by chromatography in a strong anion exchanger Amberlite® IRA-400.
• the level of MMTZ after chemical reaction step was 27.6 mg/ml
• After the chromatographic step onto an Amberlite® IRA-400 strong anion exchanger was 0.2 mg/ml, which represent less than 1% of MMTZ used.
• TTA 7-amino-3-[(1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)-thiomethyl]-cephalosporanic acid
• the TTC solution was fed into a 1,5 liter stirred reactor with 82.5 g (30.3 Roche's Units/g) of wet immobilised D-amino acid oxidase available from Roche Molecular Biochemicals and produced as disclosed in WO 95/16773.
• the conversion was performed at 20° C., 400 rpm and with an oxygen flow through a bottom diffuser of 0.1 vol/vol/min at 2 bar absolute pressure.
• the pH was titrated to pH 7.25 with 3 M ammonia by an autotitrator.
• the conversion was controlled by HPLC an a reverse phase column Nucleosil 100-5 C18 250 ⁇ 8 ⁇ 4.6 mm; the mobile phase was 25% methanol in 10 mM tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate and 15 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate at 1 ml/min with a 260 nm detector.
• the TTC appeared at 4.3 minutes, the ⁇ -ketoadipyl-intermediated at 6.8 min and the 3-thiolated glutaryl-7-ACA (TTG) at 8.2 min.
• TTK ⁇ -ketoadipyl-thiolated derivative
• the residual hydrogen peroxide was removed by adding 10 ⁇ l of soluble Corynebacterium glutamicum catalase (650 kU, available from Roche Molecular Biochemicals) for 5 minutes.
• the resulting TTG solution was adjusted to pH 8.0 with 3 M ammonia and transferred to a 1,5 L stirred reactor contained 57.08 g (87.6 Roche's Units/g) of wet immobilised glutaryl-7-ACA acylase (available from Roche Molecular Biochemicals). The conversion was performed at 20° C., 250 rpm and with a nitrogen flow through a bottom diffuser of 0.01 vol/vol/min at ambient pressure. The pH value was titrated to pH 8.0 with ammonia by an autotitrator.

Landscapes

• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Zoology (AREA)
• Biotechnology (AREA)
• Microbiology (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Biochemistry (AREA)
• Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
• Cephalosporin Compounds (AREA)
• Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)

Priority Applications (1)

Applications Claiming Priority (15)

Related Child Applications (1)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=27513105

Family Applications (5)

Family Applications Before (1)

Family Applications After (3)

Country Status (7)

Cited By (4)

Families Citing this family (10)

Citations (57)

Family Cites Families (13)

• 2002
  • 2002-04-18 JP JP2002583656A patent/JP2004537985A/ja active Pending
  • 2002-04-18 JP JP2002583440A patent/JP2004538265A/ja active Pending
  • 2002-04-18 KR KR10-2003-7013615A patent/KR20040014498A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2002-04-18 EP EP02735276A patent/EP1379531A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 2002-04-18 WO PCT/EP2002/004354 patent/WO2002086143A2/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2002-04-18 EP EP02745246A patent/EP1381690A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 2002-04-18 AU AU2002316862A patent/AU2002316862A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2002-04-18 WO PCT/EP2002/004353 patent/WO2002085914A2/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2002-04-18 AU AU2002310863A patent/AU2002310863A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2002-04-18 CN CNA028097653A patent/CN1531539A/zh active Pending
  • 2002-04-18 KR KR10-2003-7013616A patent/KR20040014499A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2002-04-18 CN CNA028097661A patent/CN1531598A/zh active Pending
  • 2002-04-19 US US10/125,458 patent/US6730497B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2002-04-19 US US10/125,554 patent/US6642020B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2003
  • 2003-09-25 US US10/669,379 patent/US20040067549A1/en not_active Abandoned
• 2004
  • 2004-03-19 US US10/803,874 patent/US20040175783A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2004-03-19 US US10/804,079 patent/US20040181056A1/en not_active Abandoned

Patent Citations (64)

Non-Patent Citations (22)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events