Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
  • A23C19/00—Cheese; Cheese preparations; Making thereof
  • A23C19/02—Making cheese curd
  • A23C19/05—Treating milk before coagulation; Separating whey from curd
  • A23C19/052—Acidifying only by chemical or physical means
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
  • A23C19/00—Cheese; Cheese preparations; Making thereof
  • A23C19/02—Making cheese curd
  • A23C19/05—Treating milk before coagulation; Separating whey from curd
  • A23C19/054—Treating milk before coagulation; Separating whey from curd using additives other than acidifying agents, NaCl, CaCl2, dairy products, proteins, fats, enzymes or microorganisms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING THEREOF
  • A23C2250/00—Particular aspects related to cheese
  • A23C2250/25—Cheese with fat content lower than 0.5%, including cheese from skim milk, i.e. no addition of fats

Definitions

• This invention relates to a process for improving the yield of acid cheese cure in cheesemaking.
• U.S. Pat. No. 3,039,879 -- Vakaleris describes a process for increasing the yield of solids from milk during cottage cheese manufacture by retaining additional protein in the curd.
• Milk is heat treated at high temperatures between 127° C. to about 149° C. for short periods of time to denature the milk protein and immediately cooled. Between 40 and 80% of the protein is denatured. Denaturation in excess of 80% of the protein results in browning, cooked flavor and adverse conditioning of the protein so care must be taken during heat treating.
• the cooled, heat treated milk is converted into cottage cheese curd by setting the milk with lactic acid starter and rennin and then cutting the curd.
• U.S. Pat. No. 2,377,624 -- Gordon, issued Apr. 5, 1945 discloses a process which involves acidifying milk whey to a pH of 1.0 to 4.3 and then adding condensed phosphates to precipitate the protein from the whey.
• This process has several disadvantages. For example, specific gravity of the precipitated protein is not sufficiently high to permit its separation from the water phase using commercially available equipment. Protein separation is also complicated by its low concentration, i.e., about 0.5 to 0.6 parts by weight of soluble protein per 100 parts by weight of whey.
• Canadian Pat. No. 790,580 -- Wingerd, issued July 23, 1968 describes a milk protein phosphate reaction product obtained by acidifying whey, then denaturing the protein in the acidified whey by heat treating, thereafter adding a solution of potassium polyphosphate and a sodium salt solubilizer to precipitate the denatured protein from the whey and separating the precipitated protein reaction product by centrifuging or filtering.
• a condensed phosphate salt is added in sufficient amount to increase the yield of cheese curd by complexing milk protein in milk before or after acidification, the pH after acidification being from about 4.95 to about 5.3 and the temperature before and after acidification being from about 5° C. to about 40° C.
• the condensed phosphate salt forms complexes with whey proteins so the proteins remain in the curd and are not removed with the whey.
• orthophosphate salts and alkaline earth halides may be added as buffers.
• Temperature of the acidified milk and condensed phosphate salt mixture is then adjusted to from about 26° C. to about 40° C. and maintained at a temperature of from 26° C. to about 40° C. during addition of from about 0 to about 0.5 parts by weight of acidogen with the preferred amount being about 0.2 to about 0.5 parts by weight of acidogen and from about 0.01 parts to about 0.05 parts by weight of proteolytic enzyme per 100 parts by weight of acidified milk.
• This mixture is then allowed to remain quiescent at a temperature of from about 26° C. to about 40° C. for from about 45 minutes to about 2 hours to form an acid cheese curd suitable for making cottage cheese, bakers's cheese, quark cheese, cream chesse and Neufchatel cheese.
• the fluid milk used in this invention may be a reconstituted powdered milk or fluid milk product such as fresh skim milk, skim milk having about 1-4 percent by weight or more added NFMS (Grade A, Low Heat, non-fat-milk-solids), whole milk, milk-cream mixtures, half milk and half cream, reconstituted condensed milk and the like.
• the fluid milk may be obtained by reconstitution of powdered milk with water or a fluid milk.
• fluid milk products may include medium and high butter fat milk or cream having as much as 20 percent butterfat as well as milk having butter fat contents of from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight and a total nonfat solids content of from about 8% to about 16% by weight.
• the condensed phosphates used in this invention include the pyro-, meta-, poly- and ultraphosphates. Generically, the term encompasses all phosphates derived from acids containing less water than orthophosphoric acid (3H 2 O.P 2 O 5 ). Pyro-, meta- and polyphosphates are also called “molecularly dehydrated” phosphates because they can be prepared by a common procedure, dehydration of acid orthophosphates.
• Useful food grade "condensed phosphates" include:
• Potassium polymetaphosphate also known as potassium meta- phosphate and potassium Kurrol's Salt has the formula (KPO 3 )x and is a straight chain polyphosphate having a high degree of polymerization. It occurs as a white, odorless powder which is insoluble in water but is soluble in dilute solutions of sodium salts.
• Potassium pyrophosphate also known as tetrapotassium pyrophosphate has the formula K 4 P 2 O 7 and a molecular weight of 330.34. It occurs as colorless crystals or white, granular solid. Potassium pyrophosphate is hygroscopic and very soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol. A 1 in 100 solution has a pH of about 10.5.
• Potassium tripolyphosphate also known as pentapotassium triphosphate and potassium triphosphate has the formula K 5 P 3 O 10 and a molecular weight of 448.42. It occurs as white granules or a white powder. Potassium tripolyphosphate is hygroscopic and is very soluble in water. A 1 in 100 solution has a pH of between 9.2 and 10.1.
• Sodium acid pyrophosphate also known as disodium pyrophosphate and disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate has the formula Na 2 H 2 P 2 O 7 and a molecular weight of 221.94. It occurs as a freely water soluble, white fused mass or free-flowing powder.
• a 1 in 100 solution has a pH of about 4.
• Sodium polyphosphate also known as sodium metaphosphate; glassy sodium phosphate; sodium hexametaphosphate; sodium tetraphosphate; Graham's Salt; Kurrol's Salt; sodium trimetaphosphate; sodium tetrametaphosphate and insoluble sodium metaphosphate.
• the food grades include crystalline or amorphous commerical phosphates whose compositions range from (NaPO 3 ) x through Na x H 2 P x O 3x+1 to Na X+2 P x O 3x+1 . These phosphates are usually identified by the P 2 O 5 content or by the Na 2 O/P 2 O 5 ratio. They occur as colorless, glassy, transparent platelets, granules or powders. Except for insoluble sodium metaphosphate, they are hygroscopic, water soluble compositions.
• Amorphous sodium polyphosphate often referred to as “sodium hexametaphosphate,” has an Na 2 O/P 2 O 5 mole ratio of about 1.1.
• a 1 in 100 solution has a pH of about 7.
• Amorphous sodium polyphosphate often referred to as “sodium tetraphosphate,” has an Na 2 0/P 2 O 5 mole ratio of about 1.3.
• a 1 in 100 solution has a pH of about 7.8.
• the amorphous and crystalline metaphosphates have an Na 2 O/P 2 O 5 mole ratio of 1.
• a 1 in 100 solution has a pH of about 6.0.
• Sodium pyrophosphate also known as tetrasodium diphosphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate has the formula Na 4 P 2 O 7 and a molecular weight of 265.90. It is anhydrous or contains 10 molecules of water of hydration and occurs as a white, crystalline or granular powder. The decahydrate effloresces slightly in dry air. Sodium pyrophosphate is soluble in water but insoluble in alcohol. A 1 in 100 solution has a pH of about 10.
• Sodium tripolyphosphate also known as pentasodium triphosphate; triphosphate and sodium triphosphate has the formula Na 5 P 3 O 10 and a molecular weight of 367.86. It is anhydrous or contains 6 molecules of water of hydration. Sodium tripolyphosphate occurs as white, slightly hygroscopic granules or as powder. It is freely soluble in water. A 1 in 100 solution has a pH of about 9.5.
• Orthophosphate salts such as monocalcium phosphate, monosodium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, disodium phosphate or the like may be added as buffer to the fluid milk before or after acidification.
• the fluid milk may be acidified with a 10-90% by weight aqueous solution of a food grade free acid such as lactic acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, tartaric acid, adipic acid, glutaric acid, fumaric acid, glutaric anhydride, succinic acid or the like.
• Acidification may be at a temperature of above 0° C. to about 30° C. with the preferred temperature being about 20° C. to about 30° C. to obtain a pH of about 4.95 to about 5.30 with the preferred pH being about 5.00 to about 5.20.
• the acid must be added in such a way that the milk is acidified to the desired pH at the desired temperature without precipitation of casein or any alteration that will prevent curd formation in this process.
• the teachings relating to useful milk acidification methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,882,250 -- Loter et al, issued May 6, 1975 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,620,768-- Corbin issued Nov. 16, 1971, are incorporated by reference herein.
• an acidified powdered milk such as described in my copending application titled "Cheese Manufacture," U.S. Ser. No. 711,605, filed on Aug. 4, 1976 may be used.
• a primary factor in successful acidification of milk is the avoidance of casein precipitation (acid coagulation) caused by excessive local acidity.
• casein precipitation acid coagulation
• various methods of acidification can be used. For example, acidification can be successfully carried out in the laboratory using a small amount of milk under rapid agitation, such as in a blender, with concentrated acid such as 85 percent phosphoric being added directly into the milk container a drop at a time from a pipette.
• a change in any of the acidification variables can be easily compensated for by adjusting other variables. For example, if the milk temperature is at the low end of the range (slightly above 0° C.), a more concentrated acid solution can be introduced, or the acid addition rate increased, or both of these factors varied. All of these factors may be varied within the limits of this invention up to the point where casein begins to precipitate. Taking another example, if the acid is introduced cold at a 10 percent dilution, then it can be introduced into the milk more rapidly, or it can be introduced at a higher temperature (approaching 30° C.), or both of these latter factors can be varied as indicated, but to a lesser degree.
• the milk may be maintained at about the same temperature and from about 0.2 to about 0.5 parts by weight of at least one acidogen based on 100 parts by weight of acidified milk, and from about 0.01 to about 0.05 parts by weight of aqueous proteolytic enzyme solution based on 100 parts by weight of acidified milk are added to the milk.
• the resulting mixture is agitated during and after acidogen and enzyme addition until uniform.
• the acidified milk is then maintained at about the same temperature while quiescent until the acid liberated from the acidogen and the action of the proteolytic enzyme both bring about coagulation of the milk. It takes from about 45 minutes to about 2 hours after addition of the acidogen and proteolytic enzyme for a cuttable cheese curd to form.
• An acidogen such as D-glucono-delta-lactone, the low melting lactide (m.p. 41°-42° C.) of lactic acid, acetic anhydride, heptonolactone (the lactone of glucoheptonic acid) or the like can be used.
• Preparation of this low melting lactic acid lactide is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,982,654-- Hammond and Deane, issued May 2, 1961.
• the proteolytic enzyme can be commercial rennin, Rennet, a diluted rennet extract, a pepsin-rennin mixture, a vegetalbe-derived enzyme clotting agent or the like. Other enzymes such as pepsin, papain and ficin may be used alone or in combination with rennin, the preferred enzyme. Rennin is obtained from the stomach of suckling calves. Rennet, a commerical dried extract containing rennin can also be used. See Merck Index, page 911 (Merck & Co., Inc. --1968--8th ED).
• the Rennet of commerce is usually a solution of the enzyme rennin, stabilized, and with preservatives added and standarized in strength to a certain coagulating or clotting power.
• Useful commerical aqueous rennin solutions include Hansen's Rennet Extract and Hansen's Cottage Cheese Coagulator available from Hansen's Laboratory, Inc., Milwaukee, Wis.
• Another enzyme that may be used is produced by pure culture fermentation of the organism Mucor Miehei. This enzyme is available commercially in units standarized to rennet extract.
• the heated, acidified milk contaning acidogen and enzyme is then allowed to remain in a quiescent state at just in excess of 16° C. to about 41° C. with the optimum temperature being about 27° C. to 32° C. for about 45 minutes to about 120 minutes to obtain a cuttable cheese curd.
• the cheese curd is then cut and cooked. It can be cut into large (3/4-inch, 5/8-inch, 1/2-inch) or small (3/8-inch or 1/4-inch) cubes.
• the cooking rate in the process of this invention is faster than the cooking rate in the cultured process, that is, about 30 minutes to about 90 minutes compared to about 90 minutes to about 150 minutes. Draining and washing of the cooked curd can be carried out using conventional cheesemaking procedures.
• the acid cheese curd is processed with the additional steps of:
• the acid cheese curd is processed with the additional steps of:
• the acid cheese curd is processed with the additional steps of:
• the original milk should contain enough cream so as to have a fat content of about 10.5 to about 11.5 percent.
• the original milk should contain enough cream so as to have a fat content of about 5 to about 6 percent.
• This example demonstrates preparation of cottage cheese curd using sodium polyphosphate.
• This example demonstrates preparation of cheese curd using polyphosphates and a pre-acidified skim milk powder.
• a pre-acidified skim milk powder was prepared by intimately mixing the following finely ground food-grade acids with a second 15 pound portion of NFMS: 120 g tartaric acid, 120 g citric acid, 72 g malic acid and 84 g adipic acid.
• the pre-acidified skim milk powder was reconstituted using the reconstituted skim milk prepared in the preceding paragraph at 18° C. and the powder funnel system, to obtain a skim milk having approximately 10.7% solids.
• the reconstituted acidified skim milk pH was 5.11.
• the skim milk was then warmed, with agitation, from 18° C. to 36° C. where its pH was 5.09.
• Weight of drained curd was 56.75 lbs. Yield, based on 280 lbs skim milk was 20.27% or 1.89 lbs of curd per each 1 lb of NFMS used. Moisture in the curd was 79.4% (80% is legal maximum). Weight of the curd calculated to an 80% moisture level was 58.45 lb. Yield of curd was 20.87% or 1.95 lb of curd per each 1 lb of NFMS (powdered skim milk) used.
• Whey having a pH of 4.45 was drained from the cubes.
• the curd cubes were then washed 3 times with successively colder water washes, drained after each wash, transferred to a cheesecloth bag and drained for the last time.
• the drain curd weighed 345 g and had a moisture content of 80%.
• the dry curd yield was 17.7%.
• the skim milk contained about 9% solids giving a solids recovery yield of 1.96 lbs dry curd per pound of skim milk solids.
• a total of 30 gal (260.75 lb) of commercial pasturized skim milk having a total solids content of 9.2%, a temperature of 3° C. and a pH of 6.7 was charged into a cheese vat. Then 200 ml of undiluted 85% phosphoric acid was slowly poured into skim milk and dispersed rapidly using hand-paddle agitation. The pH of the acidified skim milk was 5.44. An additional 50 ml of 85% phosphoric acid was stirred into acidified milk using the same procedure. After the second acid addition, the milk pH was 5.29.
• the acidified skim milk was then warmed with stirring to 27° C. and 70 g monocalcium phosphate 420 g sodium polyphosphate ("Vitrafos," Stauffer Chemical Co.) were added with stirring. Continued stirring and warmed the milk to 41° C. where the milk had a stable, rich, creamy appearance and a pH of 5.30.
• the milk was then allowed to stand undisturbed for 1 hr at 40° C. and formed a medium firm, typical cottage cheese type curd.
• the curd was cut with 5/8 inch wire cheese knives. Allowed the cut curd cubes to set and "heal" for 1/2 hr.
• the drained curd cubes were slightly soft, but "meaty.” There was no free whey inside of cubes. Weight of drained curd was 54.25 lb and the moisture content was 83.3%. Weight of curd cubes calculated to 80% moisture, was 45.3 lbs. Yield was 17.37% of 1.89 lb dry curd per pound of skim milk solids.
• the acidified skim milk was warmed by circulating warm water through the jacket of the cheese vat. When the milk temperature reached 19° C., 10 g monocalcium phosphate and 475 g sodium polyphosphate ("Vitrafos," Stauffer Chemical Co.) were added with stirring. The stirred skim milk was warmed to 41° C. Appearance of milk at 41° C. was rich, creamy, clean with no specks or foam and the pH was 5.25.
• Moisture in curd was 83.0%. Weight of curd calculated to 80% moisture was 51.21 lb. Yield based on 283.85 lb skim milk (261.25 lb starting skim plus 22.6 lb skim milk from the 950 g added skim milk powder) was 18.04%. Yield on total skim milk solids present (26.25 lb total non-fat milk solids) was 1.95 lb curd per pound of non-fat milk solids.
• the acidified skim milk was then warmed to 32° C. Milk pH at 32° C. was 4.96. Then 6 g of D-glucono-delta-lactone was added with mechanical agitation and the mixture stirred for 1 min. Diluted 0.35 ml cottage cheese coagulator (dilute rennet extract, Hansen's)with 20 ml water, added the diluted coagulator to the skim milk and stirred the mixture for 1 min. After this addition, pH of the milk was 4.92.
• Pasteurized skim milk (1850 gal having a total solids of 9.2%) was acidified in-line, at 8° C., by metering undiluted 85% phosphoric acid into the milk line leading to the cheese vat to obtain an acidified milk having a pH of 4.95.
• the acidified skim milk was mechanically agitated and heated to 32° C. by circulating warm water through the vat jacket. During heating, three 16 lb portions of sodium polyphosphate ("Vitrafos," Stauffer Chemical Co.) were added between 10° C. and 16° C. to the milk. On heating to 32° C., the skim milk had a pH of 5.2. A solution of 80 pounds of D-glucono-delta-lactone in 15 gal of water was prepared, poured into the acidified milk at 32° C. and the mixture stirred for 4 min.
• Vitrafos sodium polyphosphate
• Cottage cheese coagulator (dilute rennin solution) was prepared by diluting 23.5 fl oz of standard strength cottage cheese coagulator (dilute rennet extract, Hansen's), in 2 gal of water, poured into the acidified milk mixture and stirred for 3 min.
• the skim milk was then allowed to set undisturbed at 32° C. for 105 min and formed a normal cottage cheese curd.
• the curd was cut with 1/4 inch wire knives and allowed to "heal" for 15 min.
• the whey had a pH of 4.65. Diluted 54 fl oz of 85% phosphoric acid with 2 gal of warm water and poured the diluted acid over the cut curd cubes which were then cooked and stirred in the usual manner to 49° C. in 90 min.
• Weight of dry curd obtained was 2790 lb having a moisture content of 77.19%. Calculated to an 80% moisture content, the dry curd weight would be 3182 lb. Dry curd yield was 20%, or on a solids basis, 2.17 lb curd per pound skim milk solids.
• skim milk An equal volume of skim milk, from the same bulk tank, was made into cottage cheese by culturing with a bacterial starter, and no phosphate was added to the skim milk.
• Cheese curd obtained from this vat was 2403 lb after adjustment to an 80% moisture content. Yield of cultured curd was 15.1%, or on a solids basis, 1.64 lb curd per pound skim milk solids.
• This example demonstrates preparation of a polyphosphate baker's cheese product.
• the acidified skim milk was warmed to 32° C. and 5.6 g D-glucono-delta-lactone (acidogen) added. The milk was then stirred for one min and then 0.3 ml cottage cheese coagulator (dilute rennet extract, (Hansen's) diluted with 5 ml water was added to the skim milk. The milk was then stirred for 1 min and allowed to set undisturbed for 1 hr at 32° C. A very soft, smooth curd formed.
• the curd was cuttable, but not a firm cut.
• the curd was broken up using a spatula and gentle mechanical stirring.
• the curd-whey mixture had a pH of 4.9.
• 0.75 ml 85% phosphoric acid was added and the curd stirred for 1 min.
• Whey pH was 4.65.
• the curd-whey mixture was filtered through coarse filter paper, then drained further in a cheesecloth bag, with slight pressure on bag to obtain an acceptable baker's cheese.
• Moisture in the curd was 73.0% and pH was 4.6.
• Weight of curd was 243 g. When calculated to an 80% moisture level, weight of curd was 328 g. A percentage yield of 16.8% did not appear to be high until the low solids content (8.4%) of the starting skim was considered. On a solids basis, the yield was 2.0 lbs curd per lb of solids, which is well above normal.
• pH of milk was 6.42.
• the acidified skim milk was then warmed to 33° C., with stirring, in a 41° C. water bath.
• the pH of the warm milk was 5.13.
• 0.9 ml cottage cheese coagulator dilute rennet extract, Hansen's
• the milk was allowed to set undisturbed for 1 hr at 33° C. A rather firm, cottage cheese type curd formed.
• the curd was cut into 3/8 inch cubes, allowed to set and "heal" for 40 min.
• Whey pH was 5.15. Diluted 1 ml 85% phosphoric acid with 20 ml hot water and distributed the diluted acid over top of the cut curds. Whey pH was 4.82.
• the cut curds were cooked and stirred in usual manner to 52° C. in 1 hr. Curds were "meaty" with no free-whey inside curd particles. Drained whey from curds and washed drained curds with successively colder water, drained last water, then drained further in a cheesecloth bag. Weight of draind curds was 367 g representing a yield of 18.8%. Moisture in curds was 71.3%. Calculated to an 80% moisture basis, weight of curds was 526.6 g. Yield was 27% or 2.39 lbs curd per lb NFMS.
• This example is a control experiment to determine cheese curd yield when a polyphosphate is not added.
• a mixture of 1.2 g fumaric acid, 1.2 g citric acid and 0.8 g succinic anhydride was ground in a mortar to a fine powder. This powder was intimately mixed into 100 g of low heat, non-fat-milk-solids (skim milk powder).
• the resulting water solution had a pH of 6.17.
• Cut curd into 3/8 inch cubes Whey exuded in a normal manner and had a pH of 4.7. Heated the cut curds, cooked and stirred for 25 min to a temperature of 53° C. Curds cooked and shrunk in a normal manner. Drained whey having a pH of 4.55. Washed curds 3 times with successively colder water; let drain. Weight of drained curds was 142 g representing a yield of 14.56% or 1.42 lbs curd per lb of NFMS. Moisture in curds was 79.2%. Calculated to 80% moisture, weight of curds was 147.7. Yield of 80% moisture cheese curd was 15.15% or 1.47 lbs curd per lb NFMS.
• This example shows cheese curd yield is improved when a polyphosphate is added.
• a mixture of 1.6 g fumaric acid and 1.6 g citric acid was ground in a mortar to a fine powder. This powder was intimately mixed into 57 g of non-fat-milk-solids (skim milk powder).
• the resulting water solution had a pH of 6.3.
• This example shows cheese curd yield is further improved when additional polyphosphate is added.
• a mixture of 1.6 g tartaric acid, 1.0 g citric acid and 0.6 g malic acid was ground in a mortar to a fine powder. This powder was intimately mixed with 57 g non-fat-milk-solids (skim milk powder).
• the resulting water solution had a pH of 5.65.
• This example shows that yield is increased, if polyphosphate is added to a vat of cheese milk, the milk is then acidified by adding a lactic-acid producing bacterial culture and making cottage cheese by the usual culturing method.
• Skim milk takes on a watery, pale appearance due to the polyphosphate altering the colloidal state of the calcium. (The normal white appearance returns as acid is produced and the calcium returns to its original colloidal state). Skim milk was warmed, with stirring, to 32° C. At 32° C., 5 gals of an actively growing, lactic-acid producing, bacterial starter was added and stirred in thoroughly. Milk was allowed to set for 1 hr to ripen, titratable acidity increased to 0.20% indicating the culture to be growing and unaffected by the added polyphosphate.
• Curd was cut into 1/4 inch cubes, using wire knives. Cut was clean, easy, slightly soft but curds did not break up.
• Curds were washed with two water washes, first wash at 27° C. and second, final, wash at 8° C.
• Weight of drained curds was 118 lbs. Moisture in drained curds was 80.81%. Calculated to an 80% moisture basis the weight of curd was 113.22 lbs. Yield, based on 788 lbs total skim milk, was 14.37%, or on a solids basis, 1.66 lbs. curd per lb of NFMS.
• a control vat of cultured cottage cheese was made, using the same herd milk, in the same equipment and by the same cheese maker.

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• 1976
  • 1976-08-04 US US05/711,606 patent/US4053643A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1977
  • 1977-08-03 DE DE19772735023 patent/DE2735023A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1977-08-03 NL NL7708613A patent/NL7708613A/nl not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1977-08-03 IL IL52646A patent/IL52646A0/xx unknown
  • 1977-08-03 GB GB32568/77A patent/GB1539991A/en not_active Expired
  • 1977-08-03 BE BE179857A patent/BE857423A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1977-08-03 FR FR7723918A patent/FR2360259A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
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