US3646500A - Electrical connector having a contact spring mounted in a housing cavity - Google Patents

Electrical connector having a contact spring mounted in a housing cavity Download PDF

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Publication number
US3646500A
US3646500A US861022A US3646500DA US3646500A US 3646500 A US3646500 A US 3646500A US 861022 A US861022 A US 861022A US 3646500D A US3646500D A US 3646500DA US 3646500 A US3646500 A US 3646500A
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United States
Prior art keywords
contact
spring
force
insertion axis
portions
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Expired - Lifetime
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US861022A
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English (en)
Inventor
Hermann Wessely
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/02—Contact members
    • H01R13/10—Sockets for co-operation with pins or blades
    • H01R13/11—Resilient sockets
    • H01R13/113—Resilient sockets co-operating with pins or blades having a rectangular transverse section

Definitions

  • An electrical connector of the type having a contact spring for unilaterally clamping a conductive contact member and being mounted within the cavity formed in a housing having a guide aperture intersecting the cavity and defining an insertion axis along which the contact member may be inserted for engagement with the contact spring, is characterized by the contact spring comprising an elastic contact portion normally biased toward the insertion axis for contacting an inserted conductor member with a predetermined unilateral contact force and a resilient portion attached to the contact portion and having a free end normally held in a deflected position by engagement with abutment means for outwardly biasing the contact to present an initial plugging force approaching zero and being deflectable to a position out of contact with the projection for presenting a sharply increasing plugging force and a gradually increasing contact force.
  • the present invention generally relates to electrical connectors and more particularly refers to an electrical connector of the type having a contact spring mounted in a housing cavity for plugging engagement with a conductive contact member to provide an electric connection.
  • a contact spring must fit snugly within a housing cavity to prevent the spring from being pushed rearwardly during insertion of the contact member, and the contact spring also must have sufficient clearance in the spring cavity or chamber to prevent the contact member from scrapping, hooking or impacting on the cavity or chamber walls.
  • the unilateral contact force between the contact spring and the contact member must not decrease below a minimum value, and on the other hand, the contact force may not exceed a maximum value that will cause abrasion of the contact coating, which may, for example be gold. Further, to assure a substantially consistent contact force, the contact spring should have a minimum elastic force fluctuation due to manufacturing tolerances which may occur in both the contact spring and the contact members.
  • Miniaturization of circuit components has also resulted in an increase in the number of contact members disposed on a circuit board for simultaneous plugging into a receptacle having a plurality of contact springs.
  • the plugging force i.e., the resistance to insertion of the contact member into the contact spring
  • the accumulated plugging forces of a plurality of contact springs to be simultaneously plugged may exceed the mechanical strength of the circuit plates.
  • a minimum plugging force and a sufficiently high contact force substantially independent of manufacturing tolerances in the production of the contact elements are contradictory.
  • a minimum plugging force and a sufficiently high contact force requires that the spring force increase rapidly in response to increased opening or deflection of the spring as the contact member is inserted, thereby requiring a spring deflection curve, i.e., a graphical representation describing the force exerted by the contact spring as a function of spring deflection, to be steeply sloped.
  • a spring deflection curve i.e., a graphical representation describing the force exerted by the contact spring as a function of spring deflection
  • That prior art spring has a lug or projection bent outwardly at an angle of approximately and having an end portion bearing down against a wall of the spring housing.
  • the point of support of the spring end shifts, due to deformation of the spring, toward a base wall of the cavity, thereby to increase the spring lever arm.
  • To shift the point of adhesion of that prior art spring on the chamber wall requires overcoming a frictional force which may increase the plugging force.
  • That spring also requires substantial space in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal extension of a multicontact spring bar, thereby limiting its use in a spring bar having a plurality of closely spaced rows of contacts.
  • a contact spring for unilaterally clamping a contact member and being mounted in a cavity of a housing having a guide aperture intersecting the cavity and defining an insertion axis along which a contact member may be inserted for engagement with the spring is characterized as comprising an elastic contact portion biased toward the insertion axis and an elastic leg portion attached to the contact portion and having a portion thereof held in a deflected position prior to a contact member being inserted, by engagement with abutment means and being deflectable out of contact with the projection as the contact member approaches a fully inserted position, thereby to elastically support the spring contact portion in a manner to provide a plugging force initially approaching zero and sharply increasing to the desired contact force as the contact member is inserted into the contact spring.
  • the elastic support provides a gradually increasing contact force subsequent to the deflected portion lifting out of contact with the abutment means, thereby to reduce any effect manufacturing tolerances may have on the unilateral contact force.
  • FIG. la is an isometric view of one embodiment of an unmounted contact spring embodying the features of the present invention.
  • FIG. lb is a side elevational view of the contact spring shown in FIG. la and illustrating a spring housing in cross section;
  • FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating a deflection curve of the contact spring shown in FIGS. Ia and lb with the abscissa representing deflection of the spring by insertion of a contact member and the ordinate representing the unilateral force between the contact spring and the contact member.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic view illustrating basic elements of the contact spring to facilitate understanding of the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating variations in plugging force as a function of the depth of insertion of the contact member with the abscissa representing the inserted depth and the ordinate representing the plugging force;
  • FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 are isometric views illustrating alternative embodiments of contact springs constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8a is a fragmentary transverse sectional view similar to FIG. lb and illustrating a further alternative embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8b is a fragmentary end elevational view of the contact spring illustrated in FIG. 8a with the housing shown in cross section;
  • FIG. 9 is a fragmentary side elevational view of a still further embodiment of the present invention.
  • a contact spring 10 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention, comprises a U-shaped member composed of an elastic, conductive material, for example sheet copper, and having a pair of generally upstanding elastic leg portions 11 and 12 connected by a base portion 13.
  • a sheet-form mounting plate 14 characterized by an offset connecting lug 15 is secured to the spring base 13 by spotwelding or other suitable securement means and is clamped in a recess 16 formed between mating housing parts 17 and 18 composed of insulating material, thereby to securely support the contact spring within the housing.
  • the connecting lug 15 extends beyond the housing parts 17 and 18 to facilitate connecting a lead thereto.
  • each of the contact tabs 20 and 21 have first portions as at 23 and 24 bent inwardly of the U-shaped contact spring 10 and converging toward each other and second or upper portions as at 26 and 27 diverging away from each other to form a mouth or entrance for receiving a contact member (not shown).
  • each leg With the contact tabs 20 and 21 punched from the upstanding spring legs 11 and 12, upper portions of each leg have a parallel pair of narrow strips as at 28 and 29 interconnected at the upper free ends by a transversely extending bridge portion as at 31.
  • the upper housing part 17 has a guide aperture 32 formed therein and defining an insertion axis 33 contained within a juncture plane passing between the contact tabs 20 and 21 and along which the contact member may be inserted for deflection of and engagement with the contact spring for completing an electric connection.
  • the guide aperture 32 intersects a spring cavity 34 receiving the contact spring 10 and defined by the housing parts 17 and 18.
  • the upper free ends 22 and 23 of the spring legs ll and 12 are deflected outwardly and held in the deflected position by abutting engagement with abutment means including a pair of projections 36 and 37 extending inwardly of the cavity 34 and oppositely disposed at peripheral edge portions of the insertion aperture 32, thereby to initially outwardly bias the con tact tabs 20 and 21 so that curved portions of the tabs bearly contact each other along the juncture plane containing the insertion axis 33 and thus presenting an initial resistance to in sertion of the contact member, or plugging force, approaching zero.
  • abutment means including a pair of projections 36 and 37 extending inwardly of the cavity 34 and oppositely disposed at peripheral edge portions of the insertion aperture 32, thereby to initially outwardly bias the con tact tabs 20 and 21 so that curved portions of the tabs bearly contact each other along the juncture plane containing the insertion axis 33 and thus presenting an initial resistance to in sertion of the contact member
  • those projections form centering bridges for guiding the contact member along the insertion axis 33 and for centering the opposed contact tabs 20 and 21, thereby to prevent loose plugging even when the contact member is initially inserted at an angle eschewed relative to the insertion axis.
  • the contact spring 10 and housing parts 17 and 18 form a so-called headcentering contact spring.
  • those projections may be sufficiently long to provide a large overlapping of the spring legs 11 and 12, since the contact is not dimensionally restricted in that direction.
  • the contact spring 10 of the present invention includes elastic contact tabs 20 and 21 separately supported on the elastic spring legs 11 and 12, which in turn are normally held in a deflected position by abutting engagement with the projections 36 and 37 in a manner to outwardly bias the contact tabs for providing an initial plugging force approaching zero.
  • the contact member is inserted central portions of the spring legs Hand 12 intermediate the clamped and free ends thereof are out wardly deflected until the spring legs lift away from the projections 36 and 37 which occurs as the contact member approaches a fully inserted position.
  • the deflection curve of each of the elastic leg portions 11 or 12 has a sharply increasing portion as at a due to a decreasing biasing force counteracting the unilateral contact force between the contact portions 20 and 21 and the contact member.
  • one of the spring legs 11 or 12 of the contact spring 10 is schematically shown in FIG. 3 and identified by the reference character F.
  • the elastic leg portion of leaf spring F has one end portion E unilaterally clamped to represent the lower end of the spring legs and has a free end portion thereof deflected and held in the deflected position by abutment with the projection or support Z. Due to the deflection of the elastic spring F, the support Z exerts a biasing force on the free end of the spring as represented by the force vector V, thereby to produce a torque Me on the spring F at the clamped end portion E.
  • the biasing force P necessary for further deflection of the contact point K is only dependent upon the properties of the spring portion between the clamped end portion E and the contact point K.
  • the deflecting force required for deflection after the free end lifts out of contact with the projection increases at a considerably lesser rate than when the free end is in contact with the projection, as represented by the upper portion B of the deflection curve as illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • a contact M is superimposed on the graphical representation of the deflection curve with dashed lines separated by the distance A representing minimum and maximum widths of the contact member due to manufacturing tolerances.
  • the steeply sloped portion A of the deflection curve represents the rapid increase in the deflection force F while the free end of the spring is in contact with the abutment 2
  • the substantially flatter portion B of the curve represents the increase in the deflection force subsequent to the free end moving out of contact with the projection, which occurs at a deflection of f
  • the deflection f corresponds to one-half of the minimum thickness of the contact member M taking into consideration manufacturing tolerances of the contact member and the contact spring, thereby positioning any variation in the deflection force P, or in the contact force between the contact member and the contact spring, in the substantially flat portion B of the deflection curve, and thus minimizing variations on the contact force due the manufacturing tolerances.
  • the contact spring and the projections are desirable to dimension the contact spring and the projections so that the tolerance range begins at the deflection f Point C on the graph represents the intersection of the flatter portion B of the curve with the insertion axis 33, or a longitudinal axis of the contact member M, and the ordinate of the point C would be the initial force necessary to deflect the spring F, or initial plugging force, which would occur if the free end of the spring was not initially deflected and held in the deflected position by abutting engagement with the projection Z.
  • FIG. 4 Differences in the required plugging force for an elastically centered contact spring, constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention, and a similarly configured, nonelastically centered spring are graphically represented in FIG. 4. That graph illustrates the calculated course of the plugging force S as a function of the plugging path W or extent of the insertion of the contact member into the contact spring.
  • the solid line curve a represents the plugging force for an elastically centered spring
  • the dashed line b represents a noncentered spring.
  • the plugging force for an elastically centered contact spring steadily increases from zero to a maximum value and then decreases to a constant value necessary for overcoming sliding friction between the contact member and the contact spring.
  • the initial plugging force has a value substantially exceeding the maximum value for an elastically centered spring, and the plugging force steeply decreases until overcoming the adhesive friction and then gradually decreases to the constant terminal value necessary for overcoming the sliding friction.
  • the plugging force for a nonelastically centered contact spring is approximately 40 percent higher than the plugging force of an elastically cen tered contact spring, constructed in accordance with the prin ciples of the present invention.
  • contact springs constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention may have various alternative configurations, and structural elements of the alternative embodiments having a similar configuration to those shown in FIGS. la and 1b are identified with like reference characters to which a small letter a, b or c has been added.
  • two pairs of contact tabs as at a, 20a and 21a, 21a are respectively punched from opposite, lateral side edge portions of the spring legs 11a and 120. That embodiment is particularly appropriate for planar contact members as opposed to arcuately shaped contact members.
  • the contact tabs 20]: and 21b are attached at an upper end portion thereof to the spring legs 11b and 12b, thereby to further lessen any possibility of damage to the contact tabs by an end portion of the contact member abutting the free end of the tabs.
  • contact tabs 20c and 210 from sheet material independent of the spring legs 11c and 12c and attach the contact tabs to the spring legs by welding or other suitable securement means.
  • the last-mentioned embodiment requires a somewhat more expensive manufacturing operation, that embodiment permits an optimum selection of materials for the contact tabs and the spring legs.
  • FIGS. 3a, db and 9 it is also contemplated by the present invention to provide a contact spring of the socalled laterally centered type, as generally indicated at 40, wherein projections 41 for holding portions of the spring in a deflected position prior to insertion of the contact member are disposed along opposite sidewalls as at 42 of the spring cavity 43 defined by the housing 44 for guiding side edge portions of the contact member disposed laterally of the contact spring.
  • the contact spring 40 is a generally U-shaped sheet-form member composed of an elastic, conductive material and having a mounting plate including a connecting lug secured to a medial or base portion (not shown) of the Ushaped member.
  • Upstanding spring leg portions 46 and 47 of the contact spring 40 each have a pair of centering tabs as at 48 punched outwardly therefrom at laterally opposite side portions and attached along an upper edge to form integral tabs.
  • Associated pairs of the centering tabs 48 disposed on similar lateral sides of the contact spring 40 converge inwardly of the U-shaped contact spring and toward an insertion axis 49 defined by the guide aperture 51 formed in the housing 44 and intersecting the spring cavity 43.
  • Contact portions or tabs 52 are formed by bending a central portion of the spring legs 46 and 47 intermediate the pair of centering tabs 48 into a tuliplike configuration. With the contact spring 40 properly mounted in the cavity 43 so that lower free end portions of the centering tabs 48 are outwardly deflected by abutting engagement with opposite side edges as at 53 of the projections 41, the contact portions 52 are outwardly biased to provide an initial plugging force approaching zero. The outward bias provided by the centering tabs 48 decreases the deflection force otherwise necessary to spread the contact tabs 52 as the contact member is inserted.
  • the centering tabs are deflected out of engagement with the projections 41, thereby to render further increases in the deflection force and corresponding contact force dependent solely upon the elastic characteristics of the spring legs 46 and 47. In that manner, a deflection curve similar to that shown in FIG. 2 is provided for an elastically, laterally centered contact spring.
  • a still further embodiment of the present invention contemplates eliminating the necessity for centering projections similar to the projections 41 by initially bending the lateral centering tabs 48a past the insertion axis 490 so that in the rest position, without the contact member being inserted, opposed ones of the centering tabs 48a engage along a juncture plane containing the insertion axis.
  • the contact portions or tabs 52a are outwardly biased by coaction between the opposed centering tabs 48a, thereby to provide a sharply increasing plugging force until the centering tabs are deflected out of contact, at which time the deflection force or contact force gradually increases with further deflection of the contact tabs.
  • contact springs constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention need not have a substantially U-shaped configuration, but may comprise a single leaf spring anchored at a lower end portion to a spring housing.
  • a contact spring of that configuration has particular utility in plug connectors for direct plugging of printed circuit panels.
  • a bilaterally printed circuit board may be directly plugged in a manner to form separate electric connections on opposite side surfaces of the panel.
  • An electrical connector for receiving a contact member comprising:
  • a contact member means forming a housing having a cavity formed therein and a guide aperture intersecting the cavity and defining an insertion axis along which a contact member may be inserted; a generally U-shaped contact spring having a medial base portion clamped to a cavity wall portion disposed opposite said guide aperture and a pair of generally upstanding elastic leg portions disposed on opposite sides of the insertion axis, elastic contact portions disposed on said pair of elastic leg portions and converging toward the insertion axis for engagement by the contact member to form an electric connection,
  • said contact portions including substantially rectangular tabs punched along three sides from said elastic leg portions and being inwardly bent along a fourth side;
  • abutment means attached to said housing means and extending inwardly of said cavity
  • said abutment means having a pair of oppositely disposed projections attached at peripheral edge portions of said guide aperture for guiding the contact member.
  • an electric contact device having a contact spring mounted on one of its sides in a spring housing in a manner to form a detachable electric contact engageable with a contact pin which determines an insertion axis
  • said contact spring being divided into at least two parts which extend substantially in longitudinal directions of said contact spring, one of said parts being bent toward the insertion axis, and the other of said parts being supported by means forming a support in a manner so that the last-mentioned one of said parts is only lifted from said support means whenever the contact pin is partially inserted into the contact device, said first mentioned part including a substantially rectangular tab punched along three sides from said contact spring and being bent toward the insertion axis along a side of said tab.

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  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)
US861022A 1968-09-26 1969-09-25 Electrical connector having a contact spring mounted in a housing cavity Expired - Lifetime US3646500A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19681790199 DE1790199A1 (de) 1968-09-26 1968-09-26 Kontaktfeder zum Einbau in ein Federgehaeuse

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US3646500A true US3646500A (en) 1972-02-29

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US861022A Expired - Lifetime US3646500A (en) 1968-09-26 1969-09-25 Electrical connector having a contact spring mounted in a housing cavity

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US (1) US3646500A (de)
BE (1) BE739466A (de)
DE (1) DE1790199A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2019495A1 (de)
GB (1) GB1254036A (de)
LU (1) LU59499A1 (de)
NL (1) NL6914057A (de)

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3865462A (en) * 1973-03-07 1975-02-11 Amp Inc Preloaded contact and latchable housing assembly
US3990768A (en) * 1974-06-28 1976-11-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Spring strip
EP0008221A1 (de) * 1978-08-07 1980-02-20 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Elektrischer Endkontakt und ihn enthaltender Steckverbinder
US4327956A (en) * 1978-08-07 1982-05-04 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Low insertion force dual beam pin terminal and connector
EP0068393A1 (de) * 1981-06-23 1983-01-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Kontaktfederleiste
US4589794A (en) * 1983-06-28 1986-05-20 Kitagawa Industries Co., Ltd. Securing unit
US4627682A (en) * 1983-07-29 1986-12-09 Karl Hehl Multi-pin male and female contact bars
US4752962A (en) * 1985-04-11 1988-06-21 Telefunken Fernseh Und Rundfunk Gmbh Loudspeaker unit with means for releasably fastening loudspeaker chassis is to its frame
WO1995004388A1 (en) * 1993-07-28 1995-02-09 Litton Systems, Inc. Electrical connector terminal
US6083033A (en) * 1998-01-09 2000-07-04 Yazaki Corporation Electrical connector having terminal distortion preventing structure
GB2335549B (en) * 1998-01-09 2002-02-13 Yazaki Corp Electrical connector having terminal distortion preventing structure
US6376776B2 (en) * 2000-04-20 2002-04-23 Kitagawa Industries Co., Ltd. Circuit board holder
US20050221682A1 (en) * 2004-04-06 2005-10-06 Fci Americas Technology, Inc. High speed receptacle connector part
US20050221686A1 (en) * 2004-04-06 2005-10-06 Van Der Steen Hendrikus P G High speed receptacle connector part
US7914350B1 (en) 2010-04-13 2011-03-29 Cadwell Labs Apparatus, system, and method for creating an electrical connection to a tool
US20170093075A1 (en) * 2015-09-29 2017-03-30 Tyco Electronics (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. Connector
IT201900007395A1 (it) * 2019-05-28 2020-11-28 Mista S P A Terminale elettrico
US11026627B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2021-06-08 Cadwell Laboratories, Inc. Surgical instruments for determining a location of a nerve during a procedure
US11177610B2 (en) 2017-01-23 2021-11-16 Cadwell Laboratories, ino. Neuromonitoring connection system
US11253182B2 (en) 2018-05-04 2022-02-22 Cadwell Laboratories, Inc. Apparatus and method for polyphasic multi-output constant-current and constant-voltage neurophysiological stimulation
US11443649B2 (en) 2018-06-29 2022-09-13 Cadwell Laboratories, Inc. Neurophysiological monitoring training simulator
US11992339B2 (en) 2018-05-04 2024-05-28 Cadwell Laboratories, Inc. Systems and methods for dynamic neurophysiological stimulation

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR3091959B1 (fr) * 2019-01-23 2022-11-11 Aptiv Tech Ltd Procédé de montage d’un connecteur femelle de puissance à lame de contact précontrainte

Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3865462A (en) * 1973-03-07 1975-02-11 Amp Inc Preloaded contact and latchable housing assembly
US3990768A (en) * 1974-06-28 1976-11-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Spring strip
EP0008221A1 (de) * 1978-08-07 1980-02-20 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Elektrischer Endkontakt und ihn enthaltender Steckverbinder
US4327956A (en) * 1978-08-07 1982-05-04 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Low insertion force dual beam pin terminal and connector
EP0068393A1 (de) * 1981-06-23 1983-01-05 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Kontaktfederleiste
US4589794A (en) * 1983-06-28 1986-05-20 Kitagawa Industries Co., Ltd. Securing unit
US4627682A (en) * 1983-07-29 1986-12-09 Karl Hehl Multi-pin male and female contact bars
US4752962A (en) * 1985-04-11 1988-06-21 Telefunken Fernseh Und Rundfunk Gmbh Loudspeaker unit with means for releasably fastening loudspeaker chassis is to its frame
WO1995004388A1 (en) * 1993-07-28 1995-02-09 Litton Systems, Inc. Electrical connector terminal
US6083033A (en) * 1998-01-09 2000-07-04 Yazaki Corporation Electrical connector having terminal distortion preventing structure
GB2335549B (en) * 1998-01-09 2002-02-13 Yazaki Corp Electrical connector having terminal distortion preventing structure
US6376776B2 (en) * 2000-04-20 2002-04-23 Kitagawa Industries Co., Ltd. Circuit board holder
US20070117467A1 (en) * 2004-04-06 2007-05-24 Van Der Steen Hendrikus P G High speed receptacle connector part
US20050221686A1 (en) * 2004-04-06 2005-10-06 Van Der Steen Hendrikus P G High speed receptacle connector part
US20050221682A1 (en) * 2004-04-06 2005-10-06 Fci Americas Technology, Inc. High speed receptacle connector part
US7229324B2 (en) 2004-04-06 2007-06-12 Fci Sa High speed receptacle connector part
US7374461B2 (en) 2004-04-06 2008-05-20 Fci Sa High speed receptacle connector part
US7914350B1 (en) 2010-04-13 2011-03-29 Cadwell Labs Apparatus, system, and method for creating an electrical connection to a tool
US11026627B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2021-06-08 Cadwell Laboratories, Inc. Surgical instruments for determining a location of a nerve during a procedure
US10348027B2 (en) * 2015-09-29 2019-07-09 Tyco Electronics (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. Connector
US20170093075A1 (en) * 2015-09-29 2017-03-30 Tyco Electronics (Shanghai) Co. Ltd. Connector
US11177610B2 (en) 2017-01-23 2021-11-16 Cadwell Laboratories, ino. Neuromonitoring connection system
US11949188B2 (en) 2017-01-23 2024-04-02 Cadwell Laboratories, Inc. Methods for concurrently forming multiple electrical connections in a neuro-monitoring system
US11253182B2 (en) 2018-05-04 2022-02-22 Cadwell Laboratories, Inc. Apparatus and method for polyphasic multi-output constant-current and constant-voltage neurophysiological stimulation
US11992339B2 (en) 2018-05-04 2024-05-28 Cadwell Laboratories, Inc. Systems and methods for dynamic neurophysiological stimulation
US11998338B2 (en) 2018-05-04 2024-06-04 Cadwell Laboratories, Inc. Systems and methods for dynamically switching output port cathode and anode designations
US11443649B2 (en) 2018-06-29 2022-09-13 Cadwell Laboratories, Inc. Neurophysiological monitoring training simulator
US11978360B2 (en) 2018-06-29 2024-05-07 Cadwell Laboratories, Inc. Systems and methods for neurophysiological simulation
IT201900007395A1 (it) * 2019-05-28 2020-11-28 Mista S P A Terminale elettrico

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
LU59499A1 (de) 1970-01-09
GB1254036A (en) 1971-11-17
DE1790199A1 (de) 1972-01-20
BE739466A (de) 1970-03-26
FR2019495A1 (de) 1970-07-03
NL6914057A (de) 1970-04-01

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