Classifications

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  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L77/02—Polyamides derived from omega-amino carboxylic acids or from lactams thereof
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  • B32B25/04—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising rubber as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B25/08—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising rubber as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
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  • B32B25/16—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising polydienes homopolymers or poly-halodienes homopolymers
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  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G69/02—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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  • C08G69/08—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids derived from amino-carboxylic acids
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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  • C08G69/26—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G69/40—Polyamides containing oxygen in the form of ether groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
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  • C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
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  • C08K3/041—Carbon nanotubes
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  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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  • C08L77/06—Polyamides derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16L11/00—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes
  • F16L11/04—Hoses, i.e. flexible pipes made of rubber or flexible plastics
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
  • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
  • H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
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  • B32B2597/00—Tubular articles, e.g. hoses, pipes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
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  • C08K2201/019—Specific properties of additives the composition being defined by the absence of a certain additive
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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  • C08L2203/20—Applications use in electrical or conductive gadgets
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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  • F02M37/0011—Constructional details; Manufacturing or assembly of elements of fuel systems; Materials therefor
  • F02M37/0017—Constructional details; Manufacturing or assembly of elements of fuel systems; Materials therefor related to fuel pipes or their connections, e.g. joints or sealings
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
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  • F02M37/00—Apparatus or systems for feeding liquid fuel from storage containers to carburettors or fuel-injection apparatus; Arrangements for purifying liquid fuel specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
  • F02M37/0076—Details of the fuel feeding system related to the fuel tank

Definitions

• the invention is directed to semicrystalline polyamide components as a constituent of moulding compounds, wherein the polyamide component does not have a crystallite melting point (Tm) below 50° C.
• Multilayer composites of this kind which comprise not only a barrier layer but also further layers based on aliphatic polyamides, are known, for example, from EP 1216826 A2.
• polyamides are a useful material both for the inner layer and for the outer layer. Adhesion between adjoining layers is desirable and can be assured with an intervening adhesion promoter layer. In the automobile industry, there has additionally for some time been a trend toward higher temperatures in the engine compartment and hence a demand for stability of the hollow bodies used at these temperatures. Solutions including an adhesion promoter layer based, for example, on polyolefins are unsuitable because of their low heat distortion resistance.
• EP1216826A2 solves this problem through use of an adhesion-promoting layer comprising a polyamide selected from PA6, PA66 and PA6/66, optionally a polyamine-polyamide copolymer, and a polyamide selected from PA11, PA12, PA612, PA1012 and PA1212.
• Extracts are not only the oligomers described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,467,508, but also additives, for example plasticizers and stabilizers of the moulding compounds used.
• polyether-block-amides with laurolactam as monomer are used for the polyamide block.
• Corresponding modified mixtures with nylon-12 are also mentioned in Polyamid-Kunststoffhandbuch [Plastics Handbook—Polyamide], 3/4, 1998, Carl Hanser Verlag, on page 872, paragraph 8.3.3. These blends show partial compatibility based on the cocrystallization of the nylon-12 blocks with the homopolyamide.
• EP1884356 discloses blends of polyamide/polyamide elastomers (TPE-A); the addition of conductivity additives is also mentioned in a list of possible additives.
• the blends disclosed contain both large amounts of polyetheramides and large amounts of impact modifiers based on polyolefins.
• polyetheramides are described, for example, in EP0459862B1 and CH642982.
• the polyetheramides are prepared here proceeding from polyamide sequences having carboxyl groups at both chain ends with polyoxyalkylene sequences having amino groups at both chain ends.
• WO 2017/121961 A1 and WO 2017/121962 A1 claim multilayer pipes, wherein the inner layers have at least three different polyamides with different chain lengths. These layers may also include polyether-block-amides; they may also be conductive.
• thermoplastics have specific surface resistances in the range from 10 16 to 10 14 ohms ( ⁇ ) and can therefore build up voltages of up to 15 000 volts.
• Effective antistats can reduce the specific surface resistances of the plastics to 10 10 to 10 9 ohms.
• a much higher level for the dissipation of electrostatic charges must be achieved, by contrast, if plastics are to be used in electronic components of large devices, for example in the transformer or electrical switchgear manufacture sector, or in a multitude of applications in automobile and aircraft construction. It is necessary here to use electrically conductive moulding compounds that must have a specific surface resistance of less than 10 9 ohms.
• plastics that are already conductive such as polyanilines inter alia, or to render the aforementioned plastics that can be characterized as electrical insulators conductive through the use of carbon blacks, especially conductive blacks, carbon fibers, graphite, graphene and/or carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
• carbon blacks especially conductive blacks, carbon fibers, graphite, graphene and/or carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
• Carbon nanotubes alongside graphite, diamond, amorphous carbon and fullerenes, are a further polymorph of the element carbon.
• the carbon atoms are arranged here in hexagons.
• the structure corresponds to a rolled-up monoatomic or multiatomic layer of graphite, so as to form a hollow cylinder with diameters typically of a few nanometers and length up to a few millimeters.
• MWNTs multiwall and single-wall carbon nanotubes
• SWNTs single-wall carbon nanotubes. Owing to van der Waals forces, carbon nanotubes have a strong tendency to combine to form bundles, and therefore disentangling/dispersion without significant shortening by strong shear forces in the extrusion process is essential.
• Typical commercial products are available from various manufacturers, of which the following are mentioned here by way of example: Bayer, Cyclics (formerly Electrovac), Nanocyl and Arkema with their Baytubes® C150P (trademark of Bayer AG, Germany), Baytubes C 150 HP, Baytubes C 70P, Electrovac HTF 110 FF, Nanocyl® NC 7000 (trademark of Nanocyl SA, Belgium) and Graphistrength C100 grades. Further manufacturers supply CMTs in the form of masterbatches, for example Hyperion and C-Polymers.
• the problem addressed by the invention is that of providing conductive moulding compounds that do not require any plasticizers of low molecular weight or other extractable substances to improve mechanical properties and improve ageing resistance.
• the invention provides a moulding compound comprising at least 50% by weight, preferably 60% by weight, more preferably 70% by weight, particularly preferably 80% by weight and especially preferably at least 90% by weight of a semicrystalline polyamide component and comprising a filler that imparts conductivity to the moulding compound, characterized in that the moulding compound does not have a crystallite melting point below 50° C.,
• polyamide component comprises components A and B
• the invention further provides for the use of the moulding compound according to the invention for production of hollow profiles.
• the invention further provides single-layer or multilayer hollow profiles having at least one layer consisting of the moulding compound according to the invention.
• moulding compounds and shaped bodies according to the invention that comprise the moulding compounds of the invention and the use according to the invention are described by way of example hereinafter, without any intention that the invention be restricted to these illustrative embodiments.
• ranges, general formulae, or classes of compound are stated below, these are intended to comprise not only the corresponding ranges or groups of compounds explicitly mentioned, but also all subranges and subgroups of compounds which can be obtained by extracting individual values (ranges) or compounds.
• ranges, general formulae, or classes of compound are stated below, these are intended to comprise not only the corresponding ranges or groups of compounds explicitly mentioned, but also all subranges and subgroups of compounds which can be obtained by extracting individual values (ranges) or compounds.
• ranges ranges, general formulae, or classes of compound
• documents are cited within the context of the present description, the entire content thereof is intended to be part of the disclosure of the present invention.
• percentage figures are given hereinafter, unless stated otherwise, these are figures in % by weight.
• the different units of the polyether are in a statistical distribution.
• Statistical distributions are of blockwise construction with any desired number of blocks and with any desired sequence or they are subject to a randomized distribution; they may also have an alternating construction or else form a gradient over the polymer chain; more particularly they can also form any mixed forms in which groups with different distributions may optionally follow one another.
• Specific embodiments may lead to restrictions to the statistical distributions as a result of the embodiment. There is no change in the statistical distribution for all regions unaffected by the restriction.
• moulding compounds according to the invention has a high washout resistance. This is shown by a test with a test fuel according to ASTM D471-15, “Reference Fuel I”, on a tube as described in the examples. It is a feature of the test fuel that it contains 15% by volume of methanol. Further methods of determination for washout resistance may be known in the art; the method preferred in accordance with the invention is detailed in the examples. It is possible here to extract soluble components and also insoluble components. Preferably, less than 6 g per square meter of inner area of the test specimen of soluble components is extracted from the test specimen, preferably less than 5.5 g/m 2 .
• a further advantage of the moulding compounds according to the invention is that the degree of crystallinity of the polyamide component consisting of components A, B and C is lower than the degree of crystallinity of a mixture including the same components A and C in the same amounts.
• An advantage of the multilayer hollow bodies according to the invention that have an inner layer formed from the moulding compound according to the invention and have a barrier layer is low fuel permeability. This is shown by a test with a test fuel according to ASTM D471-15, “Reference Fuel I”, on a tube as described in the examples. It is a feature of the test fuel that it contains 15% by volume of methanol. Further methods of determination for washout resistance may be known in the art; the method preferred in accordance with the invention is detailed in the examples.
• Amide-forming units are alpha,omega-amino acid residues or the combination of diamine residues with dicarboxyl residues.
• Preferred alpha,omega-amino acid residues are free amino acids or lactams thereof, more preferably epsilon-caprolactam, 11-aminoundecanoic acid, 12-aminolauric acid or the corresponding laurolactam.
• Diamine residues are residues having a hydrocarbon bearing an amino group at each terminal end, where the amino group may form the terminus of the polymer, but generally contributes with a valence to chain formation.
• Preferred hydrocarbons are aliphatic, more preferably having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, particularly preferably 3 to 14 carbon atoms, especially preferably 4 to 12 carbon atoms. If the hydrocarbons have more than 3 carbon atoms, these are linear, branched or cyclic, preferably linear, more preferably linear up to a number of 6 carbon atoms.
• diamine residues are ethylenediamine, 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,6-diaminohexane, 1,10-diaminodecane, 1,12-diaminododecane; especially preferably 1,6-diaminohexane.
• DC Dicarboxyl residues
• Preferred hydrocarbons are aliphatic, more preferably having 3 to 18 carbon atoms, particularly preferably having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, especially preferably having 8 to 12 carbon atoms.
• the hydrocarbons are further preferably linear, branched or cyclic, more preferably linear.
• Preferred dicarboxyl residues are residues of succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid, especially preferably of dodecanedioic acid.
• the PA homopolymer includes polyamides (PA) for component A; preferred polyamides are PA 6, PA 11, PA 12, PA 4.6, PA 6.6 PA 6.9, PA 6.10, PA 6.12, PA 9.10, PA 9.12, PA 10.10, PA 10.12, PA 12.12; more preferably PA 6.6, PA 6.10, PA 6.12, PA 10.10; particularly preferably
• the PA copolymer of component B preferably has a polyether content of 8% to 30% by weight, more preferably of 9% to 25% by weight, particularly preferably 10% to 20% by weight, especially preferably 12% to 18% by weight, based on the total mass of the PA copolymer.
• the polyether preferably has 3 up to 50 repeat units, more preferably 4 to 40, particularly preferably 5 to 30, especially preferably 6 to 20, where the repeat units are joined to one another by oxygen atoms.
• the polyether is preferably free of nitrogen atoms that do not have any hydrogen atoms, and is further preferably free of amino groups of the formula —NH—, ⁇ NH in the polymer chain.
• the polyether has exclusively alkyleneoxy units; preferably, if alkyleneoxy units having 3 to 18 carbon atoms are present, the polymer has tacticity, i.e. is isotactic, syndiotactic, heterotactic, hemiisotactic, atactic.
• Particularly preferred polyethers consist of ethyleneoxy, propyleneoxy and butyleneoxy units or mixtures thereof, where the mixtures are random.
• Particular preferred polyethers consist of ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy units, or consist of n-butyleneoxy units, or consist of propyleneoxy units.
• the polyether preferably has a number-average molecular weight Mn of not more than 5000 g/mol, particularly preferably of not more than 2000 g/mol and especially preferably of not more than 1000 g/mol, where the lower limit is at least 200 g/mol, preferably 300 g/mol, more preferably 400 g/mol.
• the polyether preferably does not have more than two amino termini or two hydroxy termini, and more preferably has exactly two amino termini or two hydroxy termini.
• the polyamide component of the moulding compounds according to the invention preferably has a polyether content of 1% to 12% by weight, preferably 1.5% to 9% by weight, particularly preferably 2.0% to 8% by weight, especially preferably 2.5% to 7% by weight, based on the total mass of components A and B.
• the chain lengths of the PA copolymer and of the PA homopolymer of the polyamide component preferably differ from one another by an average of not more than 10% in relation to the number of carbon atoms in the amide-forming units, where the difference is based on the higher value of the chain lengths.
• the average of the PA 10.12 is 11 and the difference is thus 9.1%.
• the moulding compounds according to the invention have a proportion of filler for increasing conductivity (component C) of 2.5% to 6% by weight, based on the total mass of the polyamide component and the filler for increasing conductivity, i.e. the sum total of components A, B and C.
• component C filler for increasing conductivity
• the lower limit of 2.5% by weight here has the advantage that the conductivities are sufficiently high and the resistances are sufficiently low to enable use in electronic components of large equipment and in automobile and aircraft construction. Filler concentrations greater than 6% by weight further result in small notched impact resistances that show embrittlement of the material at excessively high filler concentrations.
• Preferred fillers for increasing conductivity do not form aggregates; they are thus dispersible with introduction of shear forces.
• the moulding compounds according to the invention have a degree of crystallinity lower than the degree of crystallinity of a mixture including the same components A and C (filler for increasing conductivity) in equal amounts, where any further constituents of the moulding compound are likewise identical in identity and amount.
• the degree of crystallinity is determined by the prior art methods; the degree of crystallinity is preferably calculated by equation (1)
• T m , T g and ⁇ H m within the scope of the present invention are determined with the aid of DSC, preferably according to EN ISO 11354-1:2016D, more preferably as described in the examples.
• PA 6 Polyamide ⁇ H m 0 T g T m PA 6 230 40 260 PA 11 226 46 220 PA 12 210 37 179 PA 6.6 300 50 280 PA 6.10 260 50 233 PA 6.12 215 54 215 PA 10.9 250 214 PA 10.10 200 60 216
• the moulding compounds according to the invention preferably do not show any addition of ionic liquids for increasing conductivity, as described, for example, in EP2635638A1 (US20130299750A1). Further preferably, the moulding compounds according to the invention do not include any metals in elemental form.
• the moulding compounds according to the invention are free of plasticizers, preferably of plasticizers of low molecular weight.
• Plasticizers in this context are listed in DIN EN ISO 1043-3:2017, and also, for example, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid having 2 to 20 carbon atoms in the alcohol component or amides of arylsulfonic acids having 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the amine component, preferably amides of benzenesulfonic acid; ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, octyl p-hydroxybenzoate, i-hexadecyl p-hydroxybenzoate, N-n-octyltoluenesulfonamide, N-n-butylbenzenesulfonamide or N-2-ethylhexylbenzenesulfonamide.
• the moulding compound according to the invention is produced from the individual constituents preferably by melt mixing in a kneading unit, i.e. with employment of shear forces.
• the present invention thus also provides a process for producing the moulding composition according to the invention, in which the individual constituents are mixed by melt mixing.
• the individual components of the composition according to the invention may be added here simultaneously or successively.
• the filler can first be dispersed in component A or B (especially in component B) in the context of masterbatch production, in which case the masterbatch produced is subsequently diluted with the respective component B or A not present in the masterbatch, very particular preference is given to a process for producing the moulding composition according to the invention in which the individual constituents A and B and the filler are mixed simultaneously by melt mixing. Any further constituents of the moulding compound of the invention can be added at the same time as components A and B and filler or thereafter.
• Preferred carbon nanotubes typically take the form of tubes formed from graphite layers.
• the graphite laminas are arranged in a concentric manner about the cylinder axis.
• Carbon nanotubes are also referred to as carbon nanofibrils. They have a length-to-diameter ratio of at least 5, preferably of at least 100, more preferably of at least 1000.
• the diameter of the nanofibrils is typically in the range from 0.003 to 0.5 ⁇ m, preferably in the range from 0.005 to 0.08 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range from 0.006 to 0.05 ⁇ m.
• the length of the carbon nanofibrils is typically 0.5 to 1000 ⁇ m, preferably 0.8 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ m.
• the carbon nanofibrils have a hollow, cylindrical core. This cavity typically has a diameter of 0.001 to 0.1 ⁇ m, preferably a diameter of 0.008 to 0.015 ⁇ m.
• the wall of the fibrils around the cavity consists, for example, of 8 graphite laminas.
• the carbon nanofibrils may take the form here of agglomerates of up to 1000 ⁇ m in diameter, composed of multiple nanofibrils.
• the agglomerates may have the form of birds' nests, of combed yarn or of open mesh structures.
• the carbon nanotubes are synthesized, for example, in a reactor containing a carbon-containing gas and a metal catalyst, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,502A.
• SWCNTs single-wall carbon nanotubes
• SWCNTs typically have a diameter in the region of a few nanometers, but reach considerable lengths in relation to their cross section, typically in the region of several micrometers.
• the structure of SWCNTs derives from monoatomic graphite laminas (graphene) that can be imagined as having been rolled up to form a seamless cylinder.
• SWCNTs can be excellent electrical conductors.
• the attainable current densities, at 10 9 A/cm 2 are about 1000 times higher than in the case of metal wires of copper or silver.
• the production of SWCNTs is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,054.
• a moulding compound comprising at least 70% by weight, particularly preferably 80% by weight and especially preferably at least 90% by weight of a semicrystalline polyamide component and comprising a filler that imparts conductivity to the moulding compound, characterized in that the moulding compound does not have a crystallite melting point below 50° C.
• polyamide component comprises components A and B
• a moulding compound comprising at least 70% by weight, particularly preferably 80% by weight and especially preferably at least 90% by weight of a semicrystalline polyamide component and comprising a filler that imparts conductivity to the moulding compound, characterized in that the moulding compound does not have a crystallite melting point below 50° C.
• polyamide component comprises components A and B
• a moulding compound comprising at least 70% by weight, particularly preferably 80% by weight and especially preferably at least 90% by weight of a semicrystalline polyamide component and comprising a filler that imparts conductivity to the moulding compound, characterized in that the moulding compound does not have a crystallite melting point below 50° C.
• polyamide component comprises components A and B
• the moulding compounds according to the invention preferably contain further additives.
• Preferred additives are oxidation stabilizers, UV stabilizer, hydrolysis stabilizers, impact modifiers, pigments, dyes and/or processing aids.
• the moulding compounds comprise an effective amount of an oxidation stabilizer and more preferably an effective amount of an oxidation stabilizer in combination with the effective amount of a copper-containing stabilizer.
• suitable oxidation stabilizers include aromatic amines, sterically hindered phenols, phosphites, phosphonites, thiosynergists, hydroxylamines, benzofuranone derivatives, acryloyl-modified phenols etc.
• a great many types of such oxidation stabilizers are commercially available, for example under the trade names Naugard 445, Irganox 1010, Irganox 1098, Irgafos 168, P-EPQ or Lowinox DSTDP.
• the moulding compounds contain about 0.01% to about 2% by weight and preferably about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight of an oxidation stabilizer.
• the moulding compounds may also comprise a UV stabilizer or a light stabilizer of the HALS type.
• Suitable UV stabilizers are primarily organic UV absorbers, for example benzophenone derivatives, benzotriazole derivatives, oxalanilides or phenyltriazines.
• Light stabilizers of the HALS type are tetramethylpiperidine derivatives; these are inhibitors which act as radical scavengers. UV stabilizers and light stabilizers may advantageously be used in combination. A great many types of both are commercially available; the manufacturer's instructions can be followed in respect of the dosage.
• the moulding compounds may additionally comprise a hydrolysis stabilizer, for instance a monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric carbodiimide or a bisoxazoline.
• a hydrolysis stabilizer for instance a monomeric, oligomeric or polymeric carbodiimide or a bisoxazoline.
• the moulding compounds may further comprise impact modifiers.
• Impact-modifying rubbers for polyamide moulding compounds form part of the prior art. They contain functional groups which originate from unsaturated functional compounds that are either included in the main chain polymer or grafted onto the main chain. The most commonly used are EPM or EPDM rubber which has been free-radically grafted with maleic anhydride. Rubbers of this kind can also be used together with an unfunctionalized polyolefin, for example isotactic polypropylene, as described in EP0683210A2 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,176A).
• Suitable pigments and/or dyes include iron oxide, zinc sulfide, ultramarine, nigrosin, pearlescent pigments.
• processing aids include paraffins, fatty alcohols, fatty acid amides, stearates such as calcium stearate, paraffin waxes, montanates or polysiloxanes.
• Multilayer hollow profiles according to the invention have at least one layer produced from the moulding compounds according to the invention which is in direct contact with a liquid. This is preferably the innermost layer of the hollow body.
• the liquid is preferably a mixture of chemical substances comprising hydrocarbons and at least one alcohol; the liquid is more preferably a fuel suitable as power fuel for internal combustion engines; the fuel is especially preferably a motor vehicle fuel, for example diesel or gasoline.
• the fuel preferably comprises alcohols having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol or pentanol.
• the alcohols having at least three carbon atoms may be in their n form, i.e. linear and with a terminal hydroxyl group, or in their various iso forms; the hydroxyl group here may be primary, secondary or tertiary, preferably primary. More preferably, at least 80% by volume of the alcohols are linear hydrocarbons having a terminal hydroxyl group.
• the fuels preferably include at least 7% by volume, more preferably at least 10% by volume, particularly preferably at least 13% by volume, especially preferably at least 16% by volume, of alcohol.
• the single- or multilayer hollow body according to the invention is preferably a pipe or vessel, preferably a component of a fuel-conducting system, preferably a fuel line or a fuel tank.
• the layer produced from the moulding compounds according to the invention which is preferably in contact with the liquid is electrically conductive.
• the hollow body has a specific surface resistivity of not more than 10 9 ⁇ /square and preferably not more than 10 6 ⁇ /square. Suitable test methods are known in the prior art; preference is given to determining specific surface resistivity as elucidated in SAE J 2260 of November 2004.
• a preferred multilayer hollow body according to the invention has what is called a barrier layer.
• This barrier layer has a very low coefficient of diffusion for the fuel components. Suitable materials for the barrier layer are hydrofluorocarbons and vinyl alcohol polymers.
• the preferably multilayer hollow body preferably has what is called an EVOH barrier layer.
• EVOH is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl alcohol. The ethylene content in the copolymer is preferably 20 to 45 mol % and especially 25 to 35 mol %. A multitude of grades are commercially available. Reference is made by way of example to the company brochure “Introduction to Kuraray EVALTM Resins”, Version 1.2/9810 from Kuraray EVAL Europe.
• the barrier layer may, in addition to the EVOH according to the prior art, contain further additives as customary for barrier layer applications. Additives of this kind are generally part of the know-how of the EVOH supplier.
• the preferred multilayer hollow body according to the invention has a barrier layer (SpS) and, as innermost layer (Si), a layer produced from the moulding compounds according to the invention, where the hollow body has a specific surface resistivity of not more than not more than 10 6 ⁇ /square to SAE J 2260 of November 2004.
• SpS barrier layer
• Si innermost layer
• barrier layer (SpS) and the innermost layer (Si) of the preferred multilayer hollow body may be disposed further layers, preferably at least one layer (HVi) that assures adhesion between Si and SpS.
• HVi adhesion promoter layer
• Adhesion promoters between the barrier layer and the layer of the moulding compound according to the invention are known to those skilled in the art; preferred adhesion promoters are based on polyamides, preferably composed of mixtures of PA 6.12 and PA 6, more preferably composed of impact-modified polyamides and especially preferably comprising 60% to 80% by weight of PA 6.12, 10% to 25% by weight of PA 6 and 5% to 15% by weight of impact modifier, where the proportions by mass are chosen so as to add up to 100% by weight.
• layers disposed on the inside of the barrier layer in the preferred hollow body according to the invention are free of plasticizers as defined above. Further preferably, these layers include only the exact amount of additives needed, for example stabilizers and processing aids.
• the preferred hollow body according to the invention preferably has at least one further layer on the outside of the barrier layer.
• These outer layers are preferably likewise layers including at least 50% by weight, more preferably at least 60% by weight, even more preferably at least 70% by weight, particularly preferably at least 80% by weight and especially preferably at least 90% by weight of polyamides.
• polyamides are preferably PA homopolymers of the PA X.Y or PAZ type as already described above.
• the PA homopolymer of the outer layer (Sa) of the preferred hollow body is not identical to that of the innermost layer (Si).
• the PA homopolymer of the outer layer (Sa) is a PA of the PAZ type, more preferably a PA11 or PA12, especially preferably a PA12.
• the outer layer (Sa) and the barrier layer (SpS) of the preferred hollow body according to the invention may be disposed further layers, preferably at least one layer (HVa) that assures adhesion between Sa and SpS.
• at least one layer (HVa) that assures adhesion between Sa and SpS.
• the adhesion-promoting layer (HVa) is preferably free of plasticizers as defined above. Further preferably, this layer includes only the exact amount of additives needed, for example stabilizers and processing aids.
• the adhesion promoter layers HVi and HVa are identical in terms of their chemical composition.
• multilayer hollow profiles having at least one layer consisting of the moulding compound according to the invention, where this layer is in direct contact with a liquid, and additionally having at least one barrier layer.
• multilayer hollow profiles having at least one layer consisting of the moulding compound according to the invention, and additionally having at least one barrier layer of hydrofluorocarbons or vinyl alcohol polymers; where layers disposed on the inside of the barrier layer in the hollow body are free of plasticizers.
• the hollow profile according to the invention may also be ensheathed by an additional elastomer layer.
• Both crosslinking rubber compositions and thermoplastic elastomers are suitable for the sheathing.
• the sheathing may be applied to the multilayer composite either with or without the use of an additional adhesion promoter, for example by coextrusion, extrusion through a crosshead die or by sliding a prefabricated elastomer hose over the ready-extruded multilayer pipe.
• the sheathing generally has a thickness of 0.1 to 4 mm and preferably of 0.2 to 3 mm.
• Suitable elastomers include chloroprene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber (EPM), ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), epichlorohydrin rubber (ECO), chlorinated polyethylene, acrylate rubber, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, silicone rubber, plasticized PVC, polyetheresteramides or polyetheramides.
• the multilayer composite may be fabricated in one or more stages, for example by a single-stage process by means of sandwich moulding, coextrusion, coextrusion blow moulding (for example including 3D blow moulding, extrusion of a parison into an open half-mould, 3D parison manipulation, suction blow moulding, 3D suction blow moulding, sequential blow moulding) or by multistage processes as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,425 for example.
• the moulding compounds that follow were compounded in a Haake kneader (HAAKE Rheomix 600 OS) by mixing the components in the melt.
• Moulding compounds 13, 23 and 33 are in accordance with the invention.
• the glass transition temperature T g and the crystallite melting points T m in the 1st heating run were determined, and the degree of crystallinity Xc was calculated from the determination of the enthalpy of fusion in the 2nd heating run.
• the moulding compounds according to the invention do not have a crystallite melting point below 50° C.; this is also true of moulding compound 34 that has a lower content of polyether.
• the comparative example differs merely in the composition of the inner layer (layer I).
• the impact resistance of the mono- and multilayer pipes was measured at ⁇ 25° C. to VWTL52435 with a drop hammer of mass 880 g.
• the impact resistance of the mono- and multilayer pipes was measured at ⁇ 40° C. to SAE J2260 with a drop hammer of mass 500 g.
• calipers Prior to starting measurement, calipers were used to measure the sample width repeatedly at different points and the average value was used for evaluation. The incipiently separated end of one layer was then held in a clamp which continuously pulled said layer from the second layer at an angle of 90° .
• the layers were pulled apart at a test speed of 50 mm/min while, simultaneously, a diagram of the required force in newtons versus the displacement in millimeters was recorded. This diagram was used to determine, in the plateau region, the separation resistance in N/mm based on the width of the adherent contact area.
• the test is considered to have been passed if less than 6 g/m 2 of soluble constituents and less than 0.5 g/m 2 of insoluble constituents have been washed out.
• the length of the pipe pieces depends on the subsequent mechanical testing. As described in b), test specimens of about 100 mm in length were used for the pipe impact tests. After storage at 150° C. for 200 h with subsequent conditioning under standard climatic conditions of 23° C./50% rel. humidity for >24 h, a pipe impact test was conducted as described in b). The pipe impact test was effected analogously on pipe pieces that had been stored at 170° C. for 1 h beforehand.
• Electrical resistance was determined on at least three pipe sections of length 42 cm to SAE J2260-1996.
• the inner pipe surfaces were contacted at the pipe ends with plugs of defined length and diameter.
• Test voltages between 10 V and 500 V were used to measure electrical resistance within the range from 10 2 to 10 14 ⁇ and converted using the interior pipe area between the plugs to the required surface resistivity having the unit “ohms per square”.
• test fuel 300 ml of test fuel (CM 15), and the second end was closed.
• the pipe is under the reservoir vessel, such that the inner pipe surface was completely filled with fuel during the storage and the electrical measurements.
• the inner layer was contacted via the metallic screw connections with support sleeves at the pipe ends, and the resistance was determined directly after the filling.
• the test specimens were stored in an explosion-protected heated cabinet with forced ventilation at 60° C. and, at regular intervals, cooled down to 23° C. and the change in electrical resistance was determined for a test time of about 1000 hours.
• the absolute length of the free pipe cross section was determined with a measuring tape between the screw connections, and the change in length was determined with a dial gauge in the range of 0% to 5%.
• the test is considered to have been passed if the resistance is determined to be less than 10 6 ohms/area.
• Composition of the test fuels CE 10 and CM 15 and FAM B are in the references of SAE J2260-1996; CM 15 corresponds to ASTM D471-15, “Reference Fuel I” (isooctane/toluene, methanol); FAM B corresponds to the test liquid of DIN 51604-2 (1984); CE10 corresponds to a mixture of “Fuel C” according to ASTM D471-15 plus 10 ⁇ 1% by volume of ethanol.
• a filler-containing masterbatch is produced with a Nanocyl twin-screw extruder, based on a polyether-modified polyamide (PA612.6T, ground powder) having a concentration of 10% CNTs.
• PA612.6T polyether-modified polyamide
• the moulding compounds are used to produce test specimens.
• these are injection-moulded/multipurpose specimens in dimensions of 170 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mm 3 .
• ribbons are extruded in thickness 1 mm.
• Table 6 below shows the results of the notched impact tests and the electrical tests together with test conditions.

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