US20200239774A1 - Aligned nematic elastomer - Google Patents

Aligned nematic elastomer Download PDF

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US20200239774A1
US20200239774A1 US16/756,809 US201816756809A US2020239774A1 US 20200239774 A1 US20200239774 A1 US 20200239774A1 US 201816756809 A US201816756809 A US 201816756809A US 2020239774 A1 US2020239774 A1 US 2020239774A1
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liquid crystal
elastomer
mesogenic
aligned nematic
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Helen Frances Gleeson
Devesh Arvind Mistry
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University of Leeds
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/52—Liquid crystal materials characterised by components which are not liquid crystals, e.g. additives with special physical aspect: solvents, solid particles
    • C09K19/54—Additives having no specific mesophase characterised by their chemical composition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/10—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings
    • C09K19/12—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings at least two benzene rings directly linked, e.g. biphenyls
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/30—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3001—Cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3003—Compounds containing at least two rings in which the different rings are directly linked (covalent bond)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/52—Liquid crystal materials characterised by components which are not liquid crystals, e.g. additives with special physical aspect: solvents, solid particles
    • C09K19/54—Additives having no specific mesophase characterised by their chemical composition
    • C09K19/542—Macromolecular compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K2019/0444—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit characterized by a linking chain between rings or ring systems, a bridging chain between extensive mesogenic moieties or an end chain group
    • C09K2019/0448—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit characterized by a linking chain between rings or ring systems, a bridging chain between extensive mesogenic moieties or an end chain group the end chain group being a polymerizable end group, e.g. -Sp-P or acrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/10—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings
    • C09K19/12—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings at least two benzene rings directly linked, e.g. biphenyls
    • C09K2019/121—Compounds containing phenylene-1,4-diyl (-Ph-)
    • C09K2019/122—Ph-Ph
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/30—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3001—Cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3003—Compounds containing at least two rings in which the different rings are directly linked (covalent bond)
    • C09K2019/3004—Cy-Cy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/30—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3001—Cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3003—Compounds containing at least two rings in which the different rings are directly linked (covalent bond)
    • C09K2019/3009—Cy-Ph
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/52—Liquid crystal materials characterised by components which are not liquid crystals, e.g. additives with special physical aspect: solvents, solid particles
    • C09K19/54—Additives having no specific mesophase characterised by their chemical composition
    • C09K19/542—Macromolecular compounds
    • C09K2019/548—Macromolecular compounds stabilizing the alignment; Polymer stabilized alignment

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of an aligned nematic elastomer, in particular to its use in forming material having auxetic properties.
  • auxetic materials exist in nature, for example some minerals and a large number of cubic elemental metals, but synthetic auxetic materials were only developed in the 1980s. Macroscopic auxetic behaviour has been used in multiple applications from sportswear to space travel. The design and synthesis of molecular auxetic materials is a particularly exciting prospect. However synthetic molecular auxetic materials have not yet been developed.
  • Liquid crystals have long range order and through varying the components that give the liquid crystals their desired properties, the physical properties of the resulting materials can be fine-tuned. It has therefore been suggested that liquid crystal polymers may be developed which display auxetic properties. However, to date no such material has been reported.
  • the applicant has surprisingly developed a self assembled nematic material having auxetic properties.
  • a first embodiment there is provided the use of an aligned nematic elastomer to form a material having auxetic properties wherein the aligned nematic material has a mechanical Fréedericksz transition (MFT).
  • MFT mechanical Fréedericksz transition
  • the resulting material has auxetic properties and therefore has use in a wide range of novel applications. Because the materials have auxetic properties, they demonstrate improved shock absorbance and shear performance. These properties are useful in multiple applications. For example in aerospace, automotive, defence and sports applications as well as in biomedical fields where materials having auxetic properties can be used to mimic biological systems.
  • Use in medical devices such as stents and valves and blood vessel dilators, where controlled expansions and contraction using external stimuli are important, is envisaged, as well as in prosthetic materials and surgical implants where reaction to external pressures is of particular use.
  • the materials may also find use in medical attachment means such as sutures and anchors or for controlled release of active pharmaceutical ingredients through controlled contraction or expansion.
  • Materials displaying auxetic properties may also find application in piezoelectric sensors and actuators, as well as in micro- and nano-mechanical and electromechanical devices. Other potential uses include in composite materials where the materials displaying auxetic properties could act as reinforcements, or in personal protection clothing such as crash helmets, body armour, and sports clothing where expansion in response to external forces is clearly desirable.
  • a mechanical Fréedericksz transition is defined as a deformation mode of an aligned elastomer wherein the director within the elastomer rotates sharply at a critical strain to reorient towards the direction parallel to the stress axis at a critical extension.
  • Materials displaying this property were first described by Mitchell et al (Mitchell, G. R., Davis, F. J. and Guo, W., Phys. Rev. Lett., 1993, 71(18), 2947) and Roberts et al (Roberts, P. M. S., Mitchell, G. R and Davis, F. J., J. Phys, II France, 1997, 7, 1337 and Roberts, P. M. S., Mitchell, G. R, Davis, F.
  • An MFT is often described in analogy to the well-known electric (or magnetic) field Fréedericksz transitions (EFT) that occur in low molar mass nematic display devices.
  • EFT electric field Fréedericksz transitions
  • the director reorients sharply beyond a well-defined critical field (or voltage), becoming increasingly aligned with respect to the electric field as the amplitude of the field is increased.
  • the EFT threshold is discontinuous in theory, but is known to be softened if an ideal LC monodomain with alignment exactly parallel or perpendicular to the substrates is not achieved in practice. The threshold is nonetheless sharp and well-defined.
  • the sharp rotation of the director seen in an MFT is different from the director rotation response for an aligned elastomer which deforms via semi-soft elasticity (SSE), the alternative deformation mode.
  • SSE semi-soft elasticity
  • the director rotates comparatively gradually over a plateau-like region of the tensile load curve.
  • FIG. 1 A theoretical plot demonstrating an SSE transition is shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the director rotates gradually across region II.
  • the mechanical Fréedericksz transition is measurable by applying stress in a direction perpendicular or close to perpendicular to the aligned director in a sample and tracking the orientation of the director, for example by using polarising microscopy.
  • Such a method comprises:
  • I I 0 ⁇ ⁇ sin 2 ⁇ ( b ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ - c ) 1 ⁇ 8 ⁇ 0 ) + d
  • the angle of the director relative to the direction of the applied stress (where I is the measured intensity, ⁇ is the angle between the polariser and the fast axis of the birefringent material projected onto the plane of the polarizer, and I 0 , b, c, and d are fitting parameters).
  • the aligned nematic elastomer preferably comprises a monodomain liquid crystal elastomer. More preferably the aligned nematic elastomer is a monodomain liquid crystal elastomer.
  • monodomain herein is meant that the director orientation of the elastomer is macroscopically aligned in the sample.
  • Monodomain alignment over the sample can be determined, for example, by polarising microscopy where it is characterised by uniform birefringence when the macroscopic sample is viewed between crossed polarisers.
  • the aligned nematic elastomer comprises a monodomain liquid crystal elastomer comprising; a polymeric component; a liquid crystal mesogen component; and a cross-linker component, wherein the liquid crystal mesogen component is physically linked to the polymeric component.
  • liquid crystal mesogen component is physically linked to the polymeric component via a flexible spacer.
  • the flexible spacer comprises a C 2 -C 10 alkylene group, preferably a linear C 2 -C 10 alkylene group, more preferably a linear C 3 -C 7 alkylene group, most preferably a linear C 3 or C 6 alkylene group.
  • the flexible spacer may comprise an ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene or decylene group.
  • the liquid crystal mesogen component of the liquid crystal elastomer may comprise any suitable nematic mesogen.
  • the liquid crystal mesogen component comprises a liquid crystal core component selected from the group consisting of aromatic rings, aliphatic rings, poly aromatic rings, poly aliphatic rings, phenyls, biphenyls, benzenes, and combinations thereof.
  • the liquid crystal core component comprises a plurality of aromatic and/or aliphatic rings.
  • liquid crystal core component is selected from one or more of the following systems:
  • R and R′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halide, —NO 2 or CN and wherein the alkyl and alkoxy groups may be bivalent when forming part of the linking group which connects the liquid crystal core to the polymeric component; and X and Y are each independently selected from the group consisting of CH ⁇ CH, —C ⁇ C—, —CH ⁇ N—, —N ⁇ N—, or —C(O)O—.
  • the liquid core component comprises at least two phenyl groups.
  • the phenyl groups may be optionally substituted with any suitable functional group.
  • At least one of X or Y is —C(O)O— or X or Y is absent.
  • the liquid crystal core component is selected from a 4-cyano-biphenyl-4′-yloxy, a 4-oxyphenyl 4-methoxybenzoate or a 4-oxyphenyl 4-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)benzoate group.
  • liquid crystal mesogen component is present as part of the side chain of the polymeric component, i.e. the liquid crystal mesogen component is a pendant group extending from the backbone of the polymeric component.
  • liquid crystal mesogen component is present as part of the backbone of the polymeric component.
  • the liquid crystal mesogen component may form part of both the side chain and backbone of the polymeric component.
  • the cross-linker component preferably comprises a bifunctional monomer having the same functionality as the polymeric component.
  • the cross-linker component also comprises a mesogenic component.
  • the mesogenic component comprises a liquid crystal core component selected from one or more of the following systems:
  • R and R′ are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkoxy, halide, —NO 2 or —CN and wherein the alkyl and alkoxy groups may be bivalent when forming part of the linking group which connects the liquid crystal core to the polymeric component; and X and Y are each independently selected from —CH ⁇ CH—, —C ⁇ C—, —CH ⁇ N—, —N ⁇ N—, or —C(O)O—.
  • the liquid core component comprises at least three phenyl groups.
  • at least one of X or Y is —C(O)O—.
  • the phenyl groups may be optionally substituted with any suitable functional group.
  • the phenyl groups are optionally substituted with one or more C1-C3 alkyl groups, most preferably with one or more methyl groups.
  • the liquid core component comprises an optionally substituted bis-oxybenzoyloxybenzene group.
  • the liquid core component comprises an optionally substituted bis-oxybenzoyloxybenzene group.
  • a bis-oxybenzoyloxy-2-methylbenzene group is preferably a bis-oxybenzoyloxy-2-methylbenzene group
  • the polymeric component may be any suitable polymeric component.
  • the polymeric component comprises an acrylate polymer, a vinyl polymer, a siloxane polymer, a thiol based polymer, an amine based polymer or an epoxide based polymer.
  • the polymeric component comprises an acrylate polymer.
  • the polymeric component is formed from both mesogenic and non-mesogenic components.
  • the mesogenic components are formed from mesogenic monomers which comprise a monomer unit linked to a liquid crystal core component.
  • the non-mesogenic component may be a Tg reducing component.
  • the elastomer for use according to the first embodiment of the invention has a Tg at or below room temperature (25° C.).
  • the Tg reducing components may be formed from monomers which comprise a monomer unit and a pendant medium chain (C 2 -C 12 ) straight or branched alkyl group.
  • the polymeric component comprises an acrylate polymer and the Tg reducing component comprises ethyl hexyl acrylate.
  • the polymeric component comprises a polyacrylate
  • the liquid crystal core component is a 4-cyano-biphenyl-4′-yloxy component
  • the crosslinker component comprises a bis-oxybenzoyloxy-2methylbenzene comprising component.
  • the elastomer for use according to the first embodiment is preferably formed by polymerising a mixture comprising a mesogenic monomer, a crosslinking component and an initiator.
  • the mixture may further comprise a non-mesogenic monomer to modify the properties of the final elastomer, for example to lower the Tg of the final elastomer.
  • the mixture may also further comprise a non-reactive mesogenic component to broaden the nematic phase range prior to polymerisation.
  • the crosslinking component also comprises a mesogenic component.
  • the mesogenic monomer comprises about 5-50% by mol. of the monomer mixture prior to polymerisation, more preferably about 10-30% by mol., most preferably approximately 15% by mol.
  • the proportion of the material derived from the mesogenic monomer is preferably about 20-70% by mol., most preferably about 30-60% by mol.
  • the crosslinker component comprises about 1-20% by mol. of the monomer mixture prior to polymerisation, more preferably about 3-10% by mol, most preferably about 3-8% by mol.
  • the proportion of the material derived from the crosslinker component is preferably about 5-20% by mol., most preferably about 8-17% by mol.
  • At least 10% of the crosslinker component comprises a mesogenic component, preferably at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% of the crosslinker component comprises a mesogenic component.
  • the initiator chosen will be dependent on the polymer used and may be any suitable initiator. However, when the polymer is a polyacrylate the initiator is preferably a photoinitiator. Possible photoinitiators are well known to those skilled in the art and include benzoin ethers, benzyl ketals, alpha-dialkoxyacetophenones, alpha-hydroxyalkylphenones, acylphosphine oxides, benzophenones and thioxanthones.
  • the photoinitiator is methyl benzoylformate.
  • the initiator is present in an amount of approximately 1.5% by mol. of the monomer mixture.
  • the non-mesogenic mixture preferably comprises about 10-40% by mol. of the monomer mixture, more preferably about 15-30% by mol., most preferably about 15-20% by mol.
  • the proportion of the material derived from the non-mesogenic monomer, if present, is preferably about 20-60% by mol, most preferably about 35-50% by mol.
  • the non-reactive mesogen when a non-reactive mesogen is present in the monomer mixture, preferably comprises about 10-70% by mol. of the monomer mixture, more preferably about 20-60% by mol., or 30-60% by mol., most preferably approximately 55% by mol.
  • the non-reactive mesogen is 4-cyano-4′-hexyloxybiphenyl.
  • the mesogenic monomer is 6-(4-cyano-biphenyl-4′-yloxy)hexyl acrylate, 4-methoxybenzoic acid 4-(6-acryloyloxy-hexyloxy)phenyl ester or 4- ⁇ 6-(acryloyloxy)hexyloxy ⁇ phenyl 4-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)benzoate
  • the crosslinker component is 1,4-bis-[4-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene or 1,4-bis-[4-(3-acryloyloxypropyloxy)benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene
  • the non-mesogenic monomer is 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and, if present, the non-reactive mesogen is 4-cyano-4′-hexyloxybiphenyl.
  • the mesogenic monomer is 6-(4-cyano-biphenyl-4′-yloxy)hexyl acrylate
  • the crosslinker component is 1,4-bis-[4-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene
  • the non-mesogenic monomer is 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and, if present, the non-reactive mesogen is 4-cyano-4′-hexyloxybiphenyl; or the mesogenic monomers are 4-methoxybenzoic acid 4-(6-acryloyloxy-hexyloxy)phenyl ester and 4- ⁇ 6-(acryloyloxy)hexyloxy ⁇ phenyl 4-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)benzoate
  • the crosslinker component is 1,4-bis-[4-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoyloxy]-2-methylbenzene the non-mesogenic mono
  • a method of producing an aligned nematic elastomer for use according to the first embodiment of the invention comprising the steps of:
  • Various techniques for aligning mesogenic compositions exist. For example, techniques exist to create a monodomain during synthesis, including applying a magnetic field, mechanical brushing, flow, applying an electric field, applying a thermal gradient, or providing an alignment layer or layers.
  • the monomeric solution may also be heated, cooled or exposed to other environmental factors to influence synthesis of the monomer mixture into an aligned state.
  • the aligning means is an aligning force which is applied by brushing the substrate, preferably to impart a static force to the substrate.
  • the ratio of mesogenic monomers to non-mesogenic monomers in the final elastomer is preferably between 2:1 and 1:1.
  • FIG. 1 shows a theoretical plot of extension ratio vs stress for a material showing an SSE transition
  • FIGS. 2 a , 2 b , 2 c and 2 d show plots of the fractional thickness vs the extension ratio and the Poisson's ratio vs the extension ratio of the materials of examples 1 to 4 respectively. Sub-zero values of the Poisson's ratio indicate the auxetic behaviour;
  • FIGS. 3 a , 3 b , 3 c and 3 d show plots of the tensile load curves and director angle response vs extension ratio for materials of examples 1 to 4 respectively;
  • FIG. 4 shows a plot of the fractional change vs strain for the material of example 1 at varying temperature and varying extension rate.
  • Aligned nematic elastomers for use according to the invention were synthesised as follows using the following materials:
  • the elastomers for use according to the invention were prepared using the following starting compositions:
  • Example 2 Example 3
  • Example 4 A60CB 14.6 24.4 0 0 M1 0 0 15.5 15.3 M2 0 0 5.6 5.5 60CB 55.9 54.6 50.0 50.7 RM82 7.1 3.5 5.6 0 RM257 0 0 0 5.3 EHA 20.9 16.0 22.4 22.3 MBF 1.6 1.5 0.8 0.8
  • the mixtures were then filled in the isotopic phase at 40° C. into the cells previously prepared via capillary action and left for approximately half an hour to cool to ambient temperature allowing the nematic phase to form via alignment with the rubbing direction.
  • the cells were placed under a low intensity UV fluorescence light source (intensity of 2.5 mW cm ⁇ 2 ) for two hours to cure.
  • the film was washed in dicholoromethane (DCM) by slowly adding DCM stepwise to about 30% concentration. Solvents were exchanged several times to ensure all waste materials were removed before deswelling the LCE films by adding methanol stepwise. The films were left to dry fully overnight before testing.
  • DCM dicholoromethane
  • FIGS. 2 a , 2 b , 2 c and 2 d show the materials to have a negative Poisson's ratio. Beyond an extension ratio of approximately 1.8 in FIG. 2 a , approximately 1.5 in FIG. 2 b , approximately 1.6 in FIG. 2 c and approximately 1.6 in FIG. 2 d , the fractional thickness of the materials increases with increasing extension ratio.
  • FIGS. 3 a , 3 b , 3 c and 3 d demonstrate that the materials each possess an MFT.
  • FIG. 3 a a sharp change in director angle is seen at a strain of approximately 2.1.
  • FIG. 3 b a sharp change in director angle is seen at an x deformation of approximately 1.9.
  • FIG. 3 c a sharp change in director angle is seen at an x deformation of approximately 1.9.
  • FIG. 3 d a sharp change in director angle is seen at an x deformation of approximately 1.9.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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JP7467334B2 (ja) 2024-04-15
GB201717174D0 (en) 2017-12-06
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