201016909 六、發明說明： 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明一般係關於一種物件及一種製造該物件之方法。 更具體而言，該方法包括形成包含液體及可經縮合固化的 化合物之分散液，及電紡絲該分散液，製造該物件。 【先前技術】 具有微米級及奈米級直徑之纖維之發展為工業、學術及 政府之諸多研發的焦點。此等類型之纖維可由有機物質及 無機物質（諸如聚苯胺、聚吡咯、聚乙二烯、聚丙烯腈、 聚乱乙烯、聚甲基丙稀酸曱酯、聚嗟吩及摻雜破之聚乙 炔）形成。除聚乙烯及合成之親水聚合物（諸如聚氧化乙烯） 外，該類型之纖維已由親水性生物聚合物（諸如蛋白質、 多醣、膠原蛋白、纖維蛋白原、絲及玻尿酸）形成。 諸多此等類型之纖維可藉由技藝中已知的電紡絲法形 成。電纺絲為包括應用電荷以形成纖維範之多用途法。一 般而言，電紡絲包括將溶液裝入注射器並藉由注射泵驅動 該溶液達注射器尖端，在此處形成液滴。電紡絲亦常包括 施加電壓至注射器，形成溶液之電喷射流。然後，藉由靜 電排斥持續拉伸並攪打噴射，直至其沉積在接地收集器 上，從而形成纖維氈。 經電紡絲而形成之纖維可廣泛用於包括醫藥及科學應用 之多種工業中。更具體而言，此等類型之纖維已用於加強 某些複合物。此等纖維亦已用於製造應用在醫學透析、氣 體为離、渗透及水處理中之奈米管。 142787.doc 201016909 在些應用中’纖維係由各種二相及三相系（諸如乳液） 進行電紡絲而形成。此等系統所應用之電紡絲技術一般可 產生非所需機械特性之纖維，該特性使纖維脆且易碎。因 此，需要形成一種由分散液形成並顯示改良之應力及應變 性質之纖維物件。亦需要發展一種形成該物件之方法。 【發明内容】 本發明提供一種纖維物件及一種製造該物件之方法。該 纖維包含固化化合物並係由分散液進行電紡絲而形成。該 分散液包括液體及可固化的化合物。該方法包括形成分散 液及電紡絲該分散液之步驟。在一個實施例中，該方法包 括由可固化的化合物進行固化之步驟。 電紡絲分散液可使形成之纖維顯示固化化合物之典型特 性並顯不改良之應力及應變性質。所形成之纖維可以更有 效且更精確地製造許多種用於醫藥、科學及製造工業中之 材料。分散液之應用亦可使諸多類型之可經縮合固化的化 合物應用於形成可基於所需物理及化學性質而進行操作之 產品。 【實施方式】 如圖1所示，本發明提供一種包括纖維之物件（即纖維物 件）。本發明亦提供一種製造該物件之方法。以下將詳細 敍述包括電紡絲步驟之方法。 該物件可包括單層纖維或複層纖維。如此，該物件可具 有至少〇·(Η μιη之厚度。該物件更典型係具有約】μιη至1〇〇 之厚纟及最典型係具有約25叫至⑽㈣之厚度。該物 142787.doc 201016909 ❿ 件不限於任何特定層數之纖維。該物件可為纺織物或非紡 織物，並可顯示微相分離。在一個實施例中，該纖維及物 件為非紡織物及該物件係進—步定義為魅。在另一實施例 中該·纖維及物件為非纺織物及該物件係進—步定義為 網。另外，該物件可為膜。纖維亦可為均一或非均一，並 可具有任何粗糙表面。該物件可具有防水性、耐水性、财 火性、導電性、自我清潔性、排水性、減阻性及其組合。 ϋ實㈣中’該物件為塗層。亦預期該物件可為織 物透氣織物、渡器或其組合。而且，該物件可用於許多 種工業(諸如用於催化劑、濾器、太陽能電池、電子組 件、穿皮貼布、端帶、藥物釋放體系）及抗微生物應用 中。該物件之另一潛在應用係可作為超疏水性多孔膜用 於油水分離或用於生物醫學裝置（諸如用於血管替代療法） 中，及用在燒傷用繃帶中，以提供不沾黏之透氣性。 該物件可為超疏水性纖維氈，可顯示大於約15〇度之水 接觸角。在不同實施例中，該物件顯示15〇至18〇度、155 至175度、160至170度及160至165度之水接觸角。該物件 亦可顯示小於15度之水接觸角滯變現象。在不同實施例 中°亥物件顯示〇至15度、5至10度、8至13度及6至12度之 水接觸角滯變現象。該物件亦可顯示等向性或非等向性之 水接觸角及/或水接觸角滯變現象。另外，該物件可包括 顯示等向性之區域及顯示非等向性之區域。 纖維亦可為任何大小及形狀，一般係圓柱狀。該物件典 型係具有0.01至100 μιη之直徑，更典型係〇〇5至1〇 μιη， 142787.doc 201016909 及最典型係0.1至1 μπι(微米）。在不同實施例中，纖維之直 徑可為 1 nm 至30 μιη、1至 500 nm、1至 1〇〇 nm、100 至300 nm、1〇〇至 500 nm、50至 400 nm、300至 600 nm、400 至 700 nm、500至 800 nm、500至 1〇〇〇 謹、1500至 3000 nm、 1000至 5000 nm、2000至 5000 nm，或 3000至 4000 nm。該 纖維典型亦具有5至20 μιη之大小及更典型係具有1〇至15 卩111之大小。然而，纖維不限於任何特定大小。纖維常稱 為精細纖維」，其涵蓋具有微米級直徑之纖維（即具有 至少1 μη!直徑之纖維）及具有奈米級直徑之纖維（即具有小 於1 μπι直徑之纖維）。纖維亦可具有25它至5〇〇。(：之玻璃轉 化温度（Tg)。 纖維亦可藉由技藝中任何已知·的方法彼此相連。例如， 纖維可在其重疊處熔合在一起或可物理性分離以使該等 纖維僅相互置於物件中。吾人預期當纖維連接時，可形成 具有〇.(H至Π)0 μιη之孔洞大小的網或鼓。在不同實施例 中，該等孔洞大小的範圍為01至1〇〇 μιη、〇」至、 。.…—。.⑴—⑴心或…至：二 理解孔洞大小可-致或不-致。亦即，該物件可包括在： -區域中或區域之間具有不同孔洞大小之不同區域。而 =，纖維可具有任何橫截面剖面，包括但不限於，帶狀橫 截面剖面、糖圓形橫截面剖面、圓形橫截面剖 合。在-些實施例中，在纖維中可觀察到為大多用所 接受的「成珠」。成珠之存在、纖維之橫載面剖面: 形變化至帶狀)及纖維直徑係形成纖維之方法的不同條： 142787.doc 201016909 所致’其將在下文進一步敍述。 在一些實施例中，如上所述，纖維亦可為耐火性。纖維 (特定言之，包括該等纖維之非織物氈）之耐火性係利用 UL-94V-0垂直燃燒測試法，以沉積於鋁箔底材上之非織物 氈之樣本測試。在該測試中，保持非織物氈條在火焰上方 達約10秒。然後移走火焰，10秒後再施加火焰1〇秒。在此 過程中，觀察樣本之延展火焰之熱滴、殘焰及殘光之存在 及沿樣本高度之燃燒距離。對於包括根據本發明纖維的非 織物氈’一般在經燃燒的纖維下方觀察到完整的纖維。非 織物氈之不完全燃燒係自烨熄的證明（耐火材料之一種典 型特性）並被視為極佳耐火性。在諸多情形下，非織物氈 甚至可達到UL 94 V-0等級。未囿於任何具體理論據信 耐火性一般係歸因於纖維中有機基團與矽原子之較低比 率。有機基團與矽原子之較低比率係因纖維中不含有機聚 合物及有機共聚物。然而，亦預期該耐火性可能因其他因 素而非纖維中有機基團與矽原子之較低比率所致。 纖維係由为散液形成。如相關技藝所知，分散液係在連 續相中包括與物質之另一相（即分散相）不相容並分散於其 中一相之物質。在本發明中，分散液包括液體及可固化的 化合物，下文將更詳細敍述。在一個實施例中，液體為非 極性液體。在另一實施例中，液體為極性液體，諸如醇、 離子性液體或水。液體一般為水。水可為自來水、井水、 純水、去離子水及其組合，並可依分散液類型而以不同含 量存在於分散液中。液體可為分散相或連續相。在一個實 142787.doc 201016909 施例中，为散液包括呈分散相之固體及呈連續相之液體。 在另一實施例中，分散液包括呈分散相之非極性液體及呈 連續相之極性液髏。在不同實施例中，每1〇〇重量份數之 为散液包含20至80、30至70、40至60或50重量份數之液 體，但其中分散液之總含量不可超過i 〇〇重量份數。 分散液可進一步定義為「膠體」或「膠體分散液」，此 兩種術語可交互使用。一般而言，膠體包括分散在連續相 中之小於100 nm之顆粒。膠體可依諸多方式分類。基於本 發明，膠體亦可分類成凝膠體（液體分散相及固體連續 相）、乳液（液體分散相及液體連續相）及/或發泡體（氣體分 散相及液體連績相）^膠體可為可逆性（例如，出現一種以 上狀態）或不可逆性。此外，膠體可為彈性體或黏彈性 體。 在一個實施例中，分散液係進一步定義為乳液，如本文 初所述。根據分散相及連續相之化學性質，減一般分成 四個類別。第一類為水包油型（0/W)乳液。θ/W乳液一般 於水性連續相（例如水）中包括非極性分散相（例如：油卜 其形成一般稱為乳液粒子之液滴。基於本發明，術語 油j包括非極性分子並可包括可固化的化合物。第二類 礼液為油包水型（W/0)乳液。W/0乳液一般於非極性連續 相中包括極性分散相，目而形成反相乳液。第三類為 油包水型（W/0/W)乳液。&等類型之乳液於非極性連續相 中包括極性分散相，該非極性連續相進而分散於極性連續 相中。例如’ w/o/w乳液可包括包埋在較大油滴内部之水 142787.doc 201016909201016909 VI. Description of the Invention: [Technical Field of the Invention] The present invention generally relates to an object and a method of manufacturing the same. More specifically, the method comprises forming a dispersion comprising a liquid and a condensation curable compound, and electrospinning the dispersion to produce the article. [Prior Art] The development of fibers having micron and nanometer diameters has been the focus of many research and development in industry, academia and government. These types of fibers can be composed of organic and inorganic substances (such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polydiene, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene, polymethyl methacrylate, polybenzazole and doped poly Acetylene) is formed. In addition to polyethylene and synthetic hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene oxide, fibers of this type have been formed from hydrophilic biopolymers such as proteins, polysaccharides, collagen, fibrinogen, silk and hyaluronic acid. Many of these types of fibers can be formed by electrospinning methods known in the art. Electrospinning is a versatile process involving the application of electrical charges to form a fiber. In general, electrospinning involves loading a solution into a syringe and driving the solution through a syringe pump to the tip of the syringe where droplets are formed. Electrospinning also often involves applying a voltage to the injector to form an electrospray of the solution. Then, the jet was continuously stretched and whipped by electrostatic repulsion until it was deposited on the grounded collector, thereby forming a fiber mat. Fibers formed by electrospinning are widely used in a variety of industries including pharmaceutical and scientific applications. More specifically, these types of fibers have been used to strengthen certain composites. These fibers have also been used in the manufacture of nanotubes for use in medical dialysis, gas separation, infiltration and water treatment. 142787.doc 201016909 In these applications, the fiber system is formed by electrospinning from various two-phase and three-phase systems, such as emulsions. The electrospinning techniques employed in such systems generally produce fibers of undesirable mechanical properties that make the fibers brittle and brittle. Therefore, it is necessary to form a fibrous article formed of a dispersion and exhibiting improved stress and strain properties. There is also a need to develop a method of forming the article. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a fibrous article and a method of making the same. The fiber contains a curing compound and is formed by electrospinning from a dispersion. The dispersion comprises a liquid and a curable compound. The method includes the steps of forming a dispersion and electrospinning the dispersion. In one embodiment, the method includes the step of curing from a curable compound. The electrospun dispersion allows the formed fibers to exhibit typical characteristics of the cured compound and exhibits improved stress and strain properties. The resulting fibers can be used to make a wide variety of materials for use in the medical, scientific, and manufacturing industries more efficiently and accurately. The use of dispersions also allows the application of many types of condensation-curable compounds to form products that can be manipulated based on the desired physical and chemical properties. [Embodiment] As shown in Fig. 1, the present invention provides an article (i.e., a fibrous article) comprising fibers. The invention also provides a method of making the article. The method including the electrospinning step will be described in detail below. The article may comprise a single layer of fiber or a layer of fiber. Thus, the article may have a thickness of at least 〇·(Ημηη. The article more typically has a thickness of about μμη to 1〇〇 and most typically has a thickness of about 25 to (10) (d). 142787.doc 201016909 The article is not limited to any particular number of layers of fibers. The article may be a woven or nonwoven fabric and may exhibit microphase separation. In one embodiment, the fibers and articles are non-woven and the article is In another embodiment, the fiber and the article are non-woven fabrics and the article is defined as a web. Alternatively, the article may be a film. The fibers may also be uniform or non-uniform and may have Any rough surface. The object may have water repellency, water resistance, flammability, electrical conductivity, self-cleaning, drainage, drag reduction, and combinations thereof. ϋ (4) 'The object is a coating. The object is also expected It can be a fabric permeable fabric, a distributor or a combination thereof. Moreover, the article can be used in many industries (such as for catalysts, filters, solar cells, electronic components, skin patches, end bands, drug delivery systems) and anti-micro Health In another application, another potential application of the article can be used as a superhydrophobic porous membrane for oil-water separation or for use in biomedical devices, such as for vascular replacement therapy, and in burn bandages to provide Adhesive breathability. The article may be a superhydrophobic fiber mat that exhibits a water contact angle of greater than about 15 degrees. In various embodiments, the article exhibits 15 to 18 degrees, 155 to 175 degrees, 160 The water contact angle to 170 degrees and 160 to 165 degrees. The object may also exhibit a water contact angle hysteresis of less than 15 degrees. In different embodiments, the object is shown to be 15 degrees, 5 to 10 degrees, 8 to The water contact angle hysteresis of 13 degrees and 6 to 12 degrees. The object may also exhibit an isotropic or anisotropic water contact angle and/or a water contact angle hysteresis. In addition, the object may include a display, etc. The area of the directionality and the area showing the anisotropy. The fiber may also be of any size and shape, generally cylindrical. The object typically has a diameter of 0.01 to 100 μηη, more typically 〇〇 5 to 1 〇 μιη, 142787.doc 201016909 and the most typical system is 0.1 to 1 μπι ( In various embodiments, the fibers may have a diameter of 1 nm to 30 μm, 1 to 500 nm, 1 to 1 〇〇 nm, 100 to 300 nm, 1 to 500 nm, 50 to 400 nm, 300. Up to 600 nm, 400 to 700 nm, 500 to 800 nm, 500 to 1 〇〇〇, 1500 to 3000 nm, 1000 to 5000 nm, 2000 to 5000 nm, or 3000 to 4000 nm. The fiber typically also has 5 to The size of 20 μm and more typically have a size of 1 〇 to 15 卩 111. However, the fibers are not limited to any particular size. Fibers are often referred to as fine fibers, which encompass fibers having a micron diameter (i.e., fibers having a diameter of at least 1 μη!) and fibers having a nanometer diameter (i.e., fibers having a diameter of less than 1 μm). The fibers can also have from 25 to 5 inches. (: glass transition temperature (Tg). The fibers may also be joined to each other by any method known in the art. For example, the fibers may be fused together at their overlap or physically separated such that the fibers are only placed against one another In the article, it is expected that when the fibers are joined, a mesh or drum having a hole size of 〇.(H to Π) 0 μηη can be formed. In various embodiments, the size of the holes ranges from 01 to 1 〇〇 μιη. , 〇" to, .....--(1)-(1) Heart or... to: 2. Understanding the size of the hole may or may not be. That is, the object may be included in: - a region or a different hole between the regions Different regions of size. While =, the fibers can have any cross-sectional profile including, but not limited to, a ribbon cross-sectional profile, a sugar circular cross-sectional profile, a circular cross-sectional profile. In some embodiments, in the fiber It can be observed that most of the accepted "beads". The presence of beads, cross-section of the fiber: shape change to strip shape) and fiber diameter are different ways of forming fibers: 142787.doc 201016909 To the 'which will be further described below. In some embodiments, as noted above, the fibers can also be fire resistant. The fire resistance of the fibers (specifically, non-woven mats comprising such fibers) was tested using a UL-94 V-0 vertical burn test method on a sample of non-woven felt deposited on an aluminum foil substrate. In this test, the non-woven felt strip was held above the flame for about 10 seconds. Then remove the flame and apply flame for 1 second after 10 seconds. During this process, observe the presence of hot drops, residual flames, and residual light from the sample's extended flame and the burning distance along the sample height. For non-woven felts comprising fibers according to the invention, generally intact fibers are observed under the burned fibers. The incomplete combustion of non-woven felts is evidence of self-quenching (a typical property of refractory materials) and is considered to be excellent fire resistance. In many cases, non-woven felts can even reach UL 94 V-0. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that fire resistance is generally attributed to the lower ratio of organic groups to germanium atoms in the fiber. The lower ratio of organic groups to germanium atoms is due to the absence of organic polymers and organic copolymers in the fibers. However, it is also expected that the fire resistance may be due to other factors rather than a lower ratio of organic groups to germanium atoms in the fiber. The fiber system is formed by a dispersion. As is known in the art, dispersions include materials in the continuous phase that are incompatible with and dispersed in one phase of the other phase of the material (i.e., the dispersed phase). In the present invention, the dispersion comprises a liquid and a curable compound, as will be described in more detail below. In one embodiment, the liquid is a non-polar liquid. In another embodiment, the liquid is a polar liquid such as an alcohol, an ionic liquid or water. The liquid is generally water. The water may be tap water, well water, pure water, deionized water, and combinations thereof, and may be present in the dispersion in different amounts depending on the type of dispersion. The liquid can be a dispersed phase or a continuous phase. In a practical example 142787.doc 201016909, the dispersion includes a solid in a dispersed phase and a liquid in a continuous phase. In another embodiment, the dispersion comprises a non-polar liquid in a dispersed phase and a polar liquid helium in a continuous phase. In various embodiments, each 1 part by weight of the dispersion comprises 20 to 80, 30 to 70, 40 to 60 or 50 parts by weight of the liquid, but wherein the total content of the dispersion cannot exceed the weight of i 〇〇 Number of copies. The dispersion can be further defined as a "colloid" or "colloidal dispersion", and the two terms can be used interchangeably. In general, the colloid includes particles less than 100 nm dispersed in the continuous phase. Colloids can be classified in many ways. According to the present invention, colloids can also be classified into gels (liquid dispersed phase and solid continuous phase), emulsions (liquid dispersed phase and liquid continuous phase), and/or foams (gas dispersed phase and liquid continuous phase). It can be reversible (for example, more than one state occurs) or irreversible. Further, the colloid may be an elastomer or a viscoelastic body. In one embodiment, the dispersion is further defined as an emulsion, as described initially herein. According to the chemical nature of the dispersed phase and the continuous phase, the reduction is generally divided into four categories. The first type is an oil-in-water (0/W) emulsion. The θ/W emulsion generally comprises a non-polar dispersed phase in an aqueous continuous phase (eg, water) (eg, oil forming a droplet generally referred to as an emulsion particle. According to the present invention, the term oil j includes non-polar molecules and may include The cured compound is a water-in-oil type (W/0) emulsion. The W/0 emulsion generally includes a polar dispersed phase in the non-polar continuous phase, thereby forming an inverse emulsion. The third type is a oil-in-oil package. Water-type (W/0/W) emulsions. & type of emulsions include a polar dispersed phase in a non-polar continuous phase, which in turn is dispersed in a polar continuous phase. For example, a 'w/o/w emulsion can include Water embedded in the interior of larger oil droplets 142787.doc 201016909
溶劑合物分子， 。第四類為水包水型 括水可溶的不同分子 類型之乳液係於連續水溶液中包括水性 其中水性_合物分子及連續水溶液均包Solvate molecule, . The fourth type is water-in-water type. Water-soluble, different molecular types of emulsions are included in a continuous aqueous solution including water. Among them, aqueous molecules and continuous aqueous solutions are included.
散液之類型係取決於分散相及連續相之 或鹽橋。在本發明中，該分散液可進一 類型之分散液中的任一種。 突；液均包 ，據信前述分 之氫鍵結、pi堆積及/ 一步定義為此等四種The type of dispersion depends on the dispersed phase and the continuous phase or salt bridge. In the present invention, the dispersion may be any one of a type of dispersion. Sudden; liquid is packaged, it is believed that the above-mentioned hydrogen bonding, pi accumulation and / one step are defined as four
包括（i)絮 凝，其中分散相之顆粒在連續相中形成團塊，乳油分 如在技藝中亦為吾人所知，分散液在 離其中分散相之顆粒朝向連續相表面或底部集中/，二 (⑴）分開並接合，其中分散相之顆粒接合並在連續相中形 成液體層。本發明之分散液可顯示—或多種此等類型之不 穩定性。 本發明之分散液可包括具有不同大小之顆粒。在一個實 施例中’分散液包括1 ηπ^10 μιη、更典型係1⑽至丄 μη、最典型係1 11„1至100 nm之顆粒。在另一實施例中， 分散液可分成奈米級乳液。依擅長該項技藝者之需要而 疋刀散液可包括比上述大小更大或更小之顆粒。 如上文初所述，分散液亦可包括可固化的化合物。可固 化的化合物可為技藝中已知可固化的任何有機或無機化合 物》適當可固化的化合物之非限制性實例包括可經自由基 機制、矽氫化、縮合、加成反應、紫外線、微波及加熱而 固化之化合物^此等可固化的化合物實例包括但不限於過 142787.doc 201016909 氧化物、醯胺類、丙烯酸鹽、酯類、醚類、醯亞胺類、環 氧乙烷、硬、尿素、尿烷、具有乙烯系不飽和鍵之化合物 及其組合。在一個實施例中，可固化的化合物係選自包括 矽烷、矽氧烷、矽氮烷、聚矽氧、矽石、矽烯（silenes)、 倍半矽氧烷及其組合之群。在該實施例中，可固化的化合 物一般係經自由基、縮合及/或矽氫化機制而固化。在不 同實施例中’每1〇〇重量份數之分散液可包含2〇至8〇、3〇 至70、40至60或約50重量份數之可固化的化合物，但其中 分散液之總量不可超過1 〇〇重量份數。 另外’可固化的化合物可進一步定義為可經縮合固化的 化合物。如在技藝中為吾人所知，可經縮合固化的化合物 係經縮合反應而固化。縮合反應為化學反應，其中兩個分 子結合形成新穎之單一分子，並失去一個小分子，諸如 水。當失去水時，該縮合反應亦稱為脫水反應。僅出於說 明之目的，以下闡明通用縮合（脫水）反應化學圖： R3Si-〇-SiR3 R3Si™OH + HO~SiR, —-- -H2〇 其中R為有機或無機部分。縮合反應不限於失去水，反而 亦可包括失去有機或無機化合物或氫分子。當由一個破 (C)原子取代化學圖中一或多個&原子時，亦可發生縮合反 應。 可經縮合固化的化合物可包括單體、二聚物、寡聚物、 聚合物、預聚合物、共聚物、嵌段聚合物、星形聚合物、 接枝聚合物、隨機共聚物、大分子單體、遠端官能基募聚 142787.doc •10· 201016909 物、奈米級顆粒及其組合。文中所用之術語「寡聚物」包 括可辨識之化學基（包括二聚物、三聚物、四聚物及/或五 聚物）’其係經能縮合之反應性部分連接在一起。可包括 於可經縮合固化的化合物中之能縮合之較佳有機反應性部 分的實例包括但不限於可水解性部分、羥基部分、氫化 物、異氰酸鹽部分、胺部分、醯胺部分、酸部分醇部 分、丙烯酸鹽部分、碳酸鹽部分、環氧化物部分、酯部 勿、及其組合。可經縮合固化的化合物亦可包括無機部 分，其包括但不限於聚矽氧、矽氧烷、矽烷、過渡金屬化 合物及其組合。除縮合反應外，本發明之物件亦可經各種 加成反應（諸如游離基加成反應、麥克反應（Michaei reaction)、矽氫化反應及/或迪斯_艾德（mels反應） 而形成。亦可採用開環聚合法。 在一個實施例中，可經縮合固化的化合物可為於 11/20/07申請之美國臨時申請案第61/〇〇3726號中之任何化 合物，其揭示内容已以引用方式併入本文中。在另一實施 例中’可經縮合固化的化合物可包括有機及無機聚合物， 諸如聚酯、聚醯胺、聚醯亞胺、聚脲、聚醚、聚胺、聚胺 甲酸酯、芳族醯胺、聚碳酸酯、碳酸酯及其組合。或者， 可經縮合固化的化合物可固化形成選自聚酯、尼龍、聚胺 甲酸酯、芳族醯胺、碳酸酯及其組合之群的化合物。 可（縮合）固化的化合物基本上不含矽（亦即矽原子及/或 包含矽原子之化合物應理解術語「基本上不含」係指 每一百萬份數之可經縮合固化的化合物中，矽原子濃度為 142787.doc 11 201016909 /於5,〇〇〇、更典型係少於9〇〇及最典型係少於wo份數之 包括矽原子之化合物。亦預期該可(縮合)固化的化合物可 能完全不含石夕。 或者，可（縮合）固化的化合物可包括至少一種矽單體及 種有機單想之聚合產物^吾人預期該有機單體及/或碎 單體可呈任何體積分數存在於可(縮合)固化的化合物中。 在不同實施例中，該有機單體及/或石夕單體可依〇.〇5至 0·9、0.1 至 0.6、〇_3 至 0.5 0.4 至 〇·9、〇.1 至 〇 9、〇.3 至 0.6 或0.05至0.9之體積分數存在。 有機單體可包括任何上述之有機部分。術語「石夕單體」 包括任何含至少-㈣（Si)原子之單趙，諸如㈣、石夕氧 烧、石夕氮氧、以、料、倍切減及其組 合。應理解梦單體可包括聚合基團，並保留一㈣單體以 保持聚合能力。在一個實施例中，該矽單體係選自矽烷、 倍半矽氧烷、矽氧烷及其組合之群。 在替代)·生實施例中，可（縮合）固化的化合物係選自有 機矽烷、有機聚矽氧烷及其組合之群。在該實施例中，有 機聚梦氧烧可選自㈣醇封端切氧烧、絲基梦烧基封 端之妙氧燒及其組合之群。 可（縮合）固化的化合物可為線型或非線型可包括經基 及/或有機㈣氧基（·8疏），可包括經基封端之聚二甲基 矽氧烷。該可(縮合)固化的化合物可包括如下一般結構 式·· 142787.doc -12- 201016909 十f—七 R2 其中R及R2各自分別包括下列一種：氫、羥基、烷基、經 i素取代之燒基、稀基、芳基、經_素取代之芳基、烧芳 基、烷氧基、醯氧基、酮基肟酸根、胺基、醯胺基、酸性 醯胺基、胺基-氧基、疏基、烯氧基，及n可為任意整數。 或者，可（縮合）固化的化合物可包括亞烴及/或氟亞烴基 參 團。亞烴基團包括含碳及氫之二價部分。氟亞烴基團包括 由至夕個氟原子取代至少一個氫之亞烴部分。典型之氟 亞烴基團包括部分或全部由氟取代之伸烷基。可（縮合）固 化的化合物亦可包括含丙烯酸根部分、甲基丙浠根部分、 乙稀基部分、乙炔基部分及其組合之烯烴部分。 . 若可（縮合）固化的化合物包括羥基，則可（縮合）固化的 有機聚矽氧烷可包括具有至少一個末端矽烷醇基團或一個 '、石夕鍵、’、°之氫原子或當曝露到濕氣時會形成矽烧醇基之可 水解|±基團之矽氧烷。末端或側接矽烷醇基團或其前驅物 可以縮合。 或者，可（縮合）固化的化合物可進一步定義為彈性體或 可固化的彈性體。如在技藝中為吾人所知，「彈性體」為 具有彈性（亦即具有在應力下變形並回復近似原始形狀之 他力）之化合物。在本發明中，術語「彈性體」不限於聚 口物或單體並可包括其中一種或兩種。另外，彈性體可包 括任何則述之可（縮合）固化的化合物。在一個實施例中， 142787.doc -13- 201016909 可固化的彈性體可自 Dow Corning Corporation of Midland, MI購得商標名稱為Dow Corning 84 Additive之商品。 在一個實施例中，該可固化的化合物具有大於5,000 g/mol及更典型係大於10,000 g/mol之數量平均分子量 (Mn)。然而，該可固化的化合物不限於此等數量平均分子 量。在另一實施例中，該可固化的化合物具有大於約 100.000 g/mol之數量平均分子量。在諸多其他實施例中， 可固化的化合物具有100,000至5,000,000 g/mol、100,000 S. 1,000,000 g/mol、100,000 至 500,000 g/mol、200,000 至 300.000 g/mo卜大於約 250,000 g/mo卜或約 150,000 g/mol 之數量平均分子量。在另一實施例中，可固化的化合物具 有大於50,000 g/mol及更典型係大於100,000 g/mol之數量 平均分子量。在替代性實施例中，可固化的化合物具有至 少約 300 g/mol、約 1,000 至 2,000 g/mol 或約 2,000 至 2,000,000 g/mol之數量平均分子量。在其他實施例中，可 固化的化合物具有大於350 g/mol、約5,000至4,000,000 g/mol或約500,000至2,000,000 g/mol之數量平均分子量。 除了可固化的化合物外，分散液亦可包括一或多種界面 活性劑。在不同實施例中，分散液包括（第一）界面活性劑 及第二界面活性劑或多界面活性劑。界面活性劑可在形成 分散液之前，先與液體、或與可固化的化合物或與液體及 可固化的化合物二者組合。一般而言，界面活性劑可在形 成分散液之前與液體組合。界面活性劑亦稱為表面活性試 劑、表面活性溶質、乳化劑（emulsifier，emulgent)及表面 142787.doc -14- 201016909 活性劑（tenside)。與本發明相關之術語「表面活性試 劑」、「表面活性溶質」、「乳化劑」及「表面活性劑」 可交互使用。界面活性劑可在液體一氣體界面藉由吸附來 減少液體表面張力。界面活性劑亦可在液體—液體界面藉 由吸附來減少介於極性及非極性分子之間之界面張力。未 囿於任何具體理論，據信界面活性劑作用在此等界面上， 且依賴各種力，包括已占體積排斥力、靜電相互作用力、 凡得瓦力、熵力及立體力。在本發明中，可基於其中一或 0 多種力來選擇或操作界面活性劑。 界面活性劑（第一界面活性劑及第二界面活性劑，或第 界面活性劑/第一界面活性劑/及多重界面活性劑）可獨立 選自非離子界面活性劑、陽離子界面活性劑、陰離子界面 活性劑、兩性界面活性劑及其組合之群。適宜非離子界面 活性劑包括但不限於烷基酚烷氧基化物、醇乙氧基化合物 (包括脂肪醇乙氧基化物）、甘油酯、山梨聚糖酯、蔗糖及 ^ 葡萄糖酯，包括烷基多葡糖苷及羥烷基多葡糖苷，烷醇醯 胺、N-院基葡糖醯胺、氧化烯嵌段共聚物諸如環氧乙烷、 氧化丙烯及/或氧化丁烯之嵌段共聚物、聚羥基及聚烷氧 基脂肪酸衍生物、氧化胺、以矽氧烷為主的聚醚及其組 ’ 合。 適宜陽離子介面活性劑包括但不限於包括銨基團諸如烷 基二曱基齒化銨之界面活性化合物及具有化學式 RR'R"R’’’N+X·(其中R、R’、R"及R，"係獨立選自烷基、芳 基、烷基烷氧基、芳基烷氧基、羥基烷基（烷氧基）及羥基 142787.doc •15· 201016909 芳基（烷氧基）之群及其中X為陰離子）之化合物。適宜陰離 子界面活性劑包括但不限於脂肪醇硫酸鹽。適宜陰離子界 面活性劑之進一步非限制性實例包括烷基磺酸鹽、線型烷 基苯確酸鹽及線型烷基甲苯磺酸鹽。而且，陰離子界面活 性劑可包括稀煙續酸鹽及二績酸鹽、稀烴與經基烧續酸 鹽或二磺酸鹽之混合物、烷基酯磺酸鹽、磺酸化聚羧酸、 烷基甘油基磺酸鹽、脂肪酸甘油酯磺酸鹽、烷基苯酚聚二 醇崎硫酸鹽、烯烴磺酸鹽、石蠟磺酸鹽、烷基磷酸鹽、醯 基異硫羰酸鹽、醯基牛磺酸鹽、醯基甲基牛磺酸鹽、烷基 丁二酸、續基丁二酸鹽、烯基丁二酸及其對應酯及醯胺、 烧基確基丁二酸及對應醯胺、磺基丁二酸之單酯及二酯、 醯基肌胺酸鹽、硫酸化烷基聚葡糖苷、烷基聚二醇羧酸 鹽、羥烷基肌胺酸鹽及其組合。適宜兩性界面活性劑包括 但不限於包括陰離子基團之第二及/或第三胺之脂肪族衍 生物、甜菜鹼及其組合。 另外’界面活性劑及/或第一界面活性劑及第二界面活 性劑可獨立包括脂肪族及/或芳香族烷氧基化醇類、 LAS(直鍵烷基苯磺酸鹽）、石蠟磺酸鹽、FAS(脂肪醇硫酸 酯）、FAES(脂肪醇醚硫酸鹽）、伸烷二醇、三羥甲基丙烧 乙氧基化物、甘油乙氧基化物、季戊四醇乙氧基化物、雙 盼A之烷氧基化物及4-甲基己醇與5_甲基_2_丙基庚醇之烷 氧基化物及其組合。一般而言’每1〇〇重量份數之分散液 中界面活性劑之含量為0.1至100、更典型係〇 〇1至5、尤更 典型係0.5至5及最典型係1.5至5重量份數。 142787.doc -16- 201016909 分散液亦可包括稠化劑。如 仪罢* r馬〇人所知，稠化 劑了增加分散液在低剪切速率 逮旱下之黏性，同時保持分散液 呵剪切速率下之流動性質。用於本發明之適宜㈣劑包 ，不限於聚氧化稀烴，諸如聚氧化乙稀、聚氧化丙稀、 減T烯及其組合^在—個實施例中，稠化劑係選自藻 酸（algenic acid)及其衍生物、聚氧化乙浠、聚乙稀醇甲 基纖維素、經丙基甲基纖維素、燒基及㈣基纖維素、叛 甲基纖維素、經乙基纖維素、瓜耳豆膠、***樹膠、 • 咖…樹膠、$乙缔料垸酮、搬粉、改質殿粉、羅望子 膠、黃原勝、聚丙烯酿胺、聚丙烯酸及其組合之群。稠化 劑亦可包括奈米顆粒，諸如二氧化鈦及/或奈米級黏土， 諸如膨潤土（betonite) 稠化劑亦可具有導電性、半導電 i1生絕緣性、磁性或發光性。或者，稠化劑可包括導電性 聚合物，諸如聚吡咯、聚苯胺及/或聚乙炔。稠化劑亦可 包括生物成分，諸如蛋白質或DNA。 稠化劑可在形成分散液之前，先與液體、或與可固化的 ® 化合物或與液體及可固化的化合物二者組合。一般而言， 稠化劑可在形成分散液之前先與液體組合。一般而言，每 1〇〇重量份數之分散液中之稠化劑含量可為0 001至25、更 典型係0.05至5及最典型係〇.1至5重量份數。 亦如相關技藝中所知’分散液一般具有兩種類型之黏 性，總黏性及分散相之黏性。本發明之分散液一般在25〇c 之溫度下具有至少20厘沲之總黏性。在不同實施例中，利 用配有熱電池與SC4-31轴及在恆溫25t及轉速5 rpm下運 142787.doc -17- 201016909 轉之Brookfield轉盤黏度計測出，分散液具有至少2〇厘淹、 更典型係約30至1〇〇厘沲、最典型係約仂至乃厘沲之黏 性。分散相之黏性不冑限制且吾人相冑其不影響總黏性。 在一個實施例中，該分散相為固體並具有無限大黏性。 分散液亦可具有…至^⑴^至⑺^至^或約 S之零剪切速率黏性。而^，分散液可具有㈣1至Μ mS/m之導電性。在不同實施例中分散液之導電性位於 0·1 至 10、0·1 至 5、0.1至 1、0.1 至 0.5、或約 0.3 mS/m之範 圍内。分散液亦可具有咖刚福化之表面張力。在不同 實施例中’該表面張力可位於2〇至8〇遞化或2〇至5〇 mN/m之範圍卜在—個實施例中，分散液之表面張力為 約30 mN/m。分散液亦可具有1至1〇〇之介電常數。在不同 實&例中，,電常數介於5至5()、⑺至π或u卜在一實 施例中，分散液之介電常數為約1〇。 液亦可包括添加劑。添加劑可包括但不限於提高導 二生之添加劑、鹽類、染料、著色劑、標識劑及其組合。 =導電性之添加劑可促進形成極佳纖維，及可進一步使 =直徑達到最小，尤其當纖維係經電纺絲法形成時。在 =實施例中，提高導電性之添加劑包括離子性化合物。 在另—實施例中，提高導雷科 電眭添加劑一般係選自胺類、 =1機鹽類及其混合物之群。典型之提高導電性 ^機1㈣鹽類、第四鱗鹽類、第三錄鹽 之添知與有機配位體之混合物。更典型之提高導電性 ”劑包括以第四錢為主之有機鹽類，包括但不限於四 142787.doc 201016909 丁基氯化銨、四丁基溴化銨、四丁基碘化銨、苯基三甲基 氯化錄、苯基二乙基氯化銨、苯基三甲基溴化銨、苯基三 甲基蜗化知：、十—炫基三甲基氯化銨、十二燒基三甲基溴 化銨、十二烷基三甲基碘化銨、十四烷基三曱基氣化銨、 十四烷基三甲基溴化銨十四烷基三曱基碘化銨、十六烷 基三曱基氣化銨、十六烷基三甲基溴化銨、十六烷基三甲 基碘化銨。該添加劑可依擅長該項技藝者可選用之任何含 量（，、要該含量之添加劑可使可固化的化合物發生固化）存 癱 在於分散液之連續相或分散相中。在不同實施例中，添加 劑之含量典型係佔纖維總重量約〇 〇〇〇 i至25%、更典型係 約0.001至10%及更典型係約0 01至1%。在一個實施例中， 添加劑包括甲基胺基甲基丙醇。 現述及製造物件之方法，該方法包括上述之形成分散液 之步驟。該分散液可由一起添加可固化的化合物及液體並 混合形成。在一個實施例中，該方法包括一起添加可經縮 合固化的化合物及液體並混合之步驟。混合之步驟可包括 攀㈣螺帶混合器、犁式混合器、流化禁式混合器、弓刀片 式混合器、滾轉式摻和器、渦轉式混合器、進料混合器、 立式混合器、臥式混合器、轉子—定子混合器、音波處理 器、高速混合器Speedmixers®及其組合之機械式混合法。 本發明不限於任何特定添加順序。在一個實施例中，分Including (i) flocculation, wherein the particles of the dispersed phase form agglomerates in the continuous phase, as is known in the art, the dispersion is concentrated toward the surface or bottom of the continuous phase in the dispersed phase of the particles /, ((1)) Separate and joined, wherein the particles of the dispersed phase are joined and a liquid layer is formed in the continuous phase. The dispersion of the present invention can exhibit - or a plurality of such types of instability. The dispersion of the present invention may comprise particles having different sizes. In one embodiment, the dispersion comprises particles of 1 ηπ^10 μηη, more typically 1 (10) to 丄μη, most typically 1 11 „1 to 100 nm. In another embodiment, the dispersion can be divided into nanometers. The emulsion may be comprised of particles larger or smaller than the above, as may be desirable to those skilled in the art. As described earlier, the dispersion may also include a curable compound. The curable compound may be Non-limiting examples of suitably curable compounds of any organic or inorganic compound known in the art include compounds which are curable by free radical mechanisms, hydrogenation, condensation, addition reactions, ultraviolet light, microwaves and heat. Examples of such curable compounds include, but are not limited to, 142787.doc 201016909 Oxides, decylamines, acrylates, esters, ethers, quinones, ethylene oxide, hard, urea, urethane, with ethylene a compound which is an unsaturated bond and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the curable compound is selected from the group consisting of decane, decane, decazane, polyoxane, vermiculite, silenes, sesquiterpenes a group of oxanes and combinations thereof. In this embodiment, the curable compound is typically cured by a free radical, condensation, and/or hydrazine hydrogenation mechanism. In various embodiments, 'per 1 part by weight of dispersion It may comprise from 2 to 8 Torr, from 3 to 70, from 40 to 60 or from about 50 parts by weight of the curable compound, but wherein the total amount of the dispersion may not exceed 1 part by weight. Further 'curable compound Further defined as a compound which is curable by condensation, as is known in the art, the condensation-curable compound is cured by a condensation reaction. The condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a novel single molecule, And lose a small molecule, such as water. When the water is lost, the condensation reaction is also called dehydration reaction. For illustrative purposes only, the general condensation (dehydration) reaction chemical diagram is clarified: R3Si-〇-SiR3 R3SiTMOH + HO~SiR, —---H2〇 wherein R is an organic or inorganic moiety. The condensation reaction is not limited to the loss of water, but may also include the loss of organic or inorganic compounds or hydrogen molecules. When replaced by a broken (C) atom Condensation reactions may also occur in one or more & atoms in the chemical diagram. Compounds which may be cured by condensation may include monomers, dimers, oligomers, polymers, prepolymers, copolymers, block polymerizations. Polymers, star polymers, graft polymers, random copolymers, macromonomers, remote functional groups, 142787.doc •10· 201016909, nanoparticles, and combinations thereof. "Polymer" includes identifiable chemical groups (including dimers, trimers, tetramers, and/or pentamers) that are linked together by a condensable reactive moiety. Examples of preferred organic reactive moieties that can be included in the condensation-curable compound include, but are not limited to, hydrolyzable moieties, hydroxyl moieties, hydrides, isocyanate moieties, amine moieties, guanamine moieties, An acid partial alcohol moiety, an acrylate moiety, a carbonate moiety, an epoxide moiety, an ester moiety, and combinations thereof. The condensation curable compound may also include inorganic moieties including, but not limited to, polyfluorene oxide, decane, decane, transition metal compounds, and combinations thereof. In addition to the condensation reaction, the articles of the present invention may also be formed by various addition reactions such as a radical addition reaction, a Michaei reaction, a hydrazine hydrogenation reaction, and/or a mels reaction. A ring-opening polymerization process can be employed. In one embodiment, the condensation-curable compound can be any of the compounds of U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 61/3,726, filed on Citations are incorporated herein by reference. In another embodiment, a compound that can be cured by condensation can include organic and inorganic polymers such as polyesters, polyamines, polyimines, polyureas, polyethers, polyamines, Polyurethane, aromatic decylamine, polycarbonate, carbonate, and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the condensation-curable compound can be cured to form a polyester, nylon, polyurethane, aromatic guanamine, A compound of a carbonate and a combination thereof. The (condensed) cured compound is substantially free of cerium (i.e., a cerium atom and/or a compound containing a cerium atom. It is understood that the term "substantially free" means each million The number of parts can be condensed The compound having a ruthenium atom concentration of 142787.doc 11 201016909 / at 5, a more typical system is less than 9 〇〇 and the most typical compound is less than the wo part of the compound including a ruthenium atom. The (condensed) cured compound may be completely free of the stone. Alternatively, the (condensable) curable compound may include at least one fluorene monomer and an organic mono-polymeric product, which is expected from the organic monomer and/or the pulverized monomer. Any of the volume fractions may be present in the (condensable) curable compound. In various embodiments, the organic monomer and/or the lithene monomer may depend on 〇5 to 0·9, 0.1 to 0.6, 〇_ The volume fraction of 3 to 0.5 0.4 to 〇·9, 〇.1 to 〇9, 〇.3 to 0.6 or 0.05 to 0.9 is present. The organic monomer may include any of the above-mentioned organic moieties. The term "Shixi monomer" includes any A single Zhao containing at least -(tetra)(Si) atoms, such as (d), shixi oxygen, shixi nitrous oxide, ruthenium, ruthenium reduction, and combinations thereof. It should be understood that the dream monomer may include a polymeric group and retain one (d) a monomer to maintain the polymerization ability. In one embodiment, the oxime system is selected from the group consisting of ruthenium a group of sesquioxanes, decanes, and combinations thereof. In an alternative embodiment, the (condensable) curable compound is selected from the group consisting of organodecane, organopolyoxane, and combinations thereof. In this embodiment, the organic polyoxylizing gas may be selected from the group consisting of (tetra) alcohol-terminated oxy-oxygen, silk-based smoldering, and combinations thereof. The (condensed) cured compound may be linear or non-linear. The linear form may include a trans-group and/or an organic (tetra)oxy group, and may include a polydimethylsiloxane having a base-terminated end. The (condensable)-curable compound may include the following general structural formula: 142787 .doc -12- 201016909 十f-七R2 wherein R and R2 each include one of the following: hydrogen, hydroxy, alkyl, im-substituted alkyl, dilute, aryl, aryl substituted aryl, The aryl group, alkoxy group, decyloxy group, keto decanoate group, amine group, decylamino group, acid decylamino group, amino-oxy group, sulfhydryl group, alkenyloxy group, and n may be any integer. Alternatively, the (condensable) curable compound may comprise an alkylene and/or a fluoroalkylene group. The alkylene group includes a divalent moiety containing carbon and hydrogen. The fluoroalkylene group includes a hydrocarbonous moiety in which at least one hydrogen is replaced by a fluorine atom. Typical fluoroalkylene groups include alkylene groups which are partially or fully substituted with fluorine. The (condensable)-curable compound may also include an olefin moiety comprising an acrylate moiety, a methyl propyl sulfonate moiety, a vinyl moiety, an ethynyl moiety, and combinations thereof. If the (condensable)-curable compound includes a hydroxyl group, the (condensable)-curable organopolyoxane may include a hydrogen atom having at least one terminal stanol group or a ', shi xi bond, ', ° or When exposed to moisture, it forms a hydrolyzable/± group of oxime groups. The terminal or pendant stanol groups or their precursors can be condensed. Alternatively, the (condensable) curable compound can be further defined as an elastomer or a curable elastomer. As is known in the art, an "elastomer" is a compound that has elasticity (i.e., has a force that deforms under stress and returns to an approximate original shape). In the present invention, the term "elastomer" is not limited to a layer or a monomer and may include one or two of them. Alternatively, the elastomer may comprise any of the (condensable) curable compounds described. In one embodiment, the 142787.doc -13-201016909 curable elastomer is commercially available from Dow Corning Corporation of Midland, MI under the trade designation Dow Corning 84 Additive. In one embodiment, the curable compound has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of greater than 5,000 g/mol and more typically greater than 10,000 g/mol. However, the curable compound is not limited to such an average amount of molecules. In another embodiment, the curable compound has a number average molecular weight greater than about 100.000 g/mol. In many other embodiments, the curable compound has 100,000 to 5,000,000 g/mol, 100,000 S. 1,000,000 g/mol, 100,000 to 500,000 g/mol, 200,000 to 300.000 g/mo b greater than about 250,000 g/mo b or about A number average molecular weight of 150,000 g/mol. In another embodiment, the curable compound has an average molecular weight of greater than 50,000 g/mol and more typically greater than 100,000 g/mol. In an alternative embodiment, the curable compound has a number average molecular weight of at least about 300 g/mol, from about 1,000 to 2,000 g/mol, or from about 2,000 to 2,000,000 g/mol. In other embodiments, the curable compound has a number average molecular weight of greater than 350 g/mol, from about 5,000 to 4,000,000 g/mol, or from about 500,000 to 2,000,000 g/mol. In addition to the curable compound, the dispersion may also include one or more interfacial agents. In various embodiments, the dispersion comprises a (first) surfactant and a second surfactant or a multi-surfactant. The surfactant can be combined with the liquid, or with the curable compound or with both the liquid and the curable compound, prior to forming the dispersion. In general, the surfactant can be combined with the liquid prior to forming the dispersion. Surfactants are also known as surface active agents, surface active solutes, emulsifiers, and surfaces 142787.doc -14- 201016909 active agents (tenside). The terms "surface active agent", "surface active solute", "emulsifier" and "surfactant" which are related to the present invention can be used interchangeably. The surfactant can reduce the surface tension of the liquid by adsorption at the liquid-gas interface. Surfactants can also reduce interfacial tension between polar and non-polar molecules by adsorption at the liquid-liquid interface. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that surfactants act on these interfaces and rely on a variety of forces, including occupied volume repulsive forces, electrostatic interaction forces, van der Waals forces, entropic forces, and three-dimensional forces. In the present invention, the surfactant can be selected or manipulated based on one or more of the forces. The surfactant (the first surfactant and the second surfactant, or the surfactant/first surfactant/multiple surfactant) may be independently selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, and an anion. A group of surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, and combinations thereof. Suitable nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alkylphenol alkoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates (including fatty alcohol ethoxylates), glycerides, sorbitan esters, sucrose, and glucosamines, including alkyl groups. Block copolymers of polyglucosides and hydroxyalkyl polyglucosides, alkanolamines, N-homoglucosamines, alkylene oxide block copolymers such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide Polyhydroxy and polyalkoxy fatty acid derivatives, amine oxides, polyoxyalkylene-based polyethers, and combinations thereof. Suitable cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to, interfacially active compounds including ammonium groups such as alkyldiindenyl ammonium and having the formula RR'R"R'''N+X· (wherein R, R', R" And R," are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, alkyl alkoxy, arylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl (alkoxy) and hydroxy 142787.doc • 15· 201016909 aryl (alkoxy) a group of compounds and a compound in which X is an anion). Suitable anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, fatty alcohol sulfates. Further non-limiting examples of suitable anionic surfactants include alkyl sulfonates, linear alkyl benzoate salts, and linear alkyl tosylate salts. Moreover, the anionic surfactant may include a dilute nicotinate and a dibasic acid salt, a mixture of a dilute hydrocarbon and a transalkylate or a disulfonate, an alkyl ester sulfonate, a sulfonated polycarboxylic acid, an alkane. Glyceryl sulfonate, fatty acid glyceride sulfonate, alkyl phenol polyglycol sulphate, olefin sulfonate, paraffin sulfonate, alkyl phosphate, sulfhydryl isothiocarbamate, hydrazine Sulfonate, mercaptomethyl taurate, alkyl succinic acid, succinyl succinate, alkenyl succinic acid and its corresponding esters and decylamine, decyl succinic acid and corresponding guanamine And monoesters and diesters of sulfosuccinic acid, mercaptocreatine, sulfated alkyl polyglucosides, alkyl polyglycol carboxylates, hydroxyalkyl sarcosinates, and combinations thereof. Suitable amphoteric surfactants include, but are not limited to, aliphatic derivatives comprising a second and/or third amine of an anionic group, betaine, and combinations thereof. In addition, the surfactant and/or the first surfactant and the second surfactant may independently comprise aliphatic and/or aromatic alkoxylated alcohols, LAS (straight alkyl benzene sulfonate), paraffin sulfonate. Acid salt, FAS (fatty alcohol sulfate), FAES (fatty alcohol ether sulfate), alkylene glycol, trimethylolpropane ethoxylate, glycerol ethoxylate, pentaerythritol ethoxylate, double hope Alkoxylates of A and alkoxylates of 4-methylhexanol and 5-methyl-2-propylheptanol, and combinations thereof. In general, the content of the surfactant in the dispersion per 1 part by weight is from 0.1 to 100, more typically from 1 to 5, more typically from 0.5 to 5, and most typically from 1.5 to 5 parts by weight. number. 142787.doc -16- 201016909 The dispersion may also include a thickening agent. As known, the thickening agent increases the viscosity of the dispersion at low shear rates while maintaining the flow properties of the dispersion at shear rates. Suitable (four) agent packages for use in the present invention are not limited to polyoxylates such as polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, propylene oxide and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the thickening agent is selected from the group consisting of alginic acid. (algenic acid) and its derivatives, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene methyl cellulose, propyl methyl cellulose, alkyl and (tetra) cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose , guar gum, gum arabic, • coffee... gum, $ ketone ketone, powder, modified temple powder, tamarind gum, huangyuansheng, polypropylene amine, polyacrylic acid and combinations thereof. The thickener may also include nanoparticulates such as titanium dioxide and/or nano-sized clays, such as betonite thickeners which may also be electrically conductive, semi-conductive, intrinsically insulating, magnetic or luminescent. Alternatively, the thickening agent may comprise a conductive polymer such as polypyrrole, polyaniline and/or polyacetylene. Thickeners can also include biological components such as proteins or DNA. The thickening agent can be combined with a liquid, or with a curable compound or with a liquid and a curable compound, prior to forming the dispersion. In general, the thickening agent can be combined with the liquid prior to forming the dispersion. In general, the thickener content per 1 part by weight of the dispersion may range from 0 001 to 25, more typically from 0.05 to 5, and most typically from 0.1 to 5 parts by weight. As is known in the art, dispersions generally have two types of viscosities, total viscous and viscous phase of the dispersed phase. The dispersion of the present invention typically has a total viscosity of at least 20 centistokes at a temperature of 25 °C. In various embodiments, the dispersion was at least 2% flooded using a Brookfield rotary viscometer equipped with a thermal battery and an SC4-31 shaft and operating at a constant temperature of 25 t and 5 rpm, 142787.doc -17-201016909. More typically, it is about 30 to 1 〇〇 沲, most typically from about 仂 to 沲 沲. The viscosity of the dispersed phase is not limited and we do not affect the total viscosity. In one embodiment, the dispersed phase is solid and has an infinite viscosity. The dispersion may also have a zero shear rate viscosity from ... to ^(1)^ to (7)^ to ^ or about S. And, the dispersion may have conductivity of (iv) 1 to Μ mS/m. The conductivity of the dispersion in various embodiments is in the range of from 0.1 to 10, from 0.1 to 5, from 0.1 to 1, from 0.1 to 0.5, or from about 0.3 mS/m. The dispersion may also have a surface tension that is justified. In various embodiments, the surface tension can range from 2 〇 to 8 〇 or 2 〇 to 5 〇 mN/m. In one embodiment, the surface tension of the dispersion is about 30 mN/m. The dispersion may also have a dielectric constant of 1 to 1 Torr. In the different real & examples, the electrical constant is between 5 and 5 (), (7) to π or u. In one embodiment, the dielectric constant of the dispersion is about 1 Torr. The liquid may also include an additive. Additives can include, but are not limited to, additives to enhance the conductance, salts, dyes, colorants, labeling agents, and combinations thereof. = Conductive additives promote the formation of excellent fibers and can further minimize the diameter, especially when the fibers are formed by electrospinning. In the embodiment, the additive for improving conductivity includes an ionic compound. In another embodiment, the improved ThunderElectronics additive is typically selected from the group consisting of amines, =1 organic salts, and mixtures thereof. Typically, the conductivity is improved by adding a mixture of the salt of the first (4) salt, the fourth scale salt, and the third salt to the organic ligand. More typical conductivity-enhancing agents include organic salts based on fourth money, including but not limited to four 142787.doc 201016909 butyl ammonium chloride, tetrabutyl ammonium bromide, tetrabutyl ammonium iodide, benzene Trimethyl chloride chloride, phenyldiethylammonium chloride, phenyltrimethylammonium bromide, phenyltrimethyl sulphide: decyl-trimethylammonium chloride, twelve-burn Trimethylammonium bromide, dodecyltrimethylammonium iodide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium vapor, ammonium tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide tetradecyltridecyl ammonium iodide , cetyltrimethylammonium vaporized ammonium, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium iodide. The additive can be used in any content that is suitable for the skilled person ( The amount of the additive may cause the curable compound to solidify in the continuous phase or the dispersed phase of the dispersion. In various embodiments, the additive content is typically from about 〇〇〇〇i to the total weight of the fiber. 25%, more typically from about 0.001 to 10% and more typically from about 0 01 to 1%. In one embodiment, the additive comprises methylaminomethylpropanol The method of manufacturing an article, the method comprising the step of forming a dispersion as described above. The dispersion may be formed by adding a curable compound and a liquid together and mixing. In one embodiment, the method comprises adding a condensation together The step of mixing the compound and the liquid and mixing. The mixing step may include climbing (4) ribbon mixer, plow mixer, fluidized forbidden mixer, bow blade mixer, roll blender, vortex type Mechanical mixing method of mixer, feed mixer, vertical mixer, horizontal mixer, rotor-stator mixer, sonic processor, high speed mixer Speedmixers® and combinations thereof. The invention is not limited to any particular order of addition In one embodiment,
散液係由稠化劑與水組合形成混合物，並將該混合物添I 至可固化的化合物而形成。另外，分散液可經相關技藝中 已知的任何方法形成。 142787.doc -19- 201016909 該方法亦包括由分散液進行電紡絲之步驟。在—個實施 例中，此步驟可減少液趙（例如水）含量，以使可經縮合固 化的化合物固化。未囿於任何特定理論，吾人相信電紡絲 可引起至少部分液體（諸如水）蒸發，以使可經縮合固化的' 化合物固化。溶劑之減少可使可固化的化合物掺和，亦即 緊密接觸，以致固化。未囿於任何特定理論，吾人相信用 於電紡絲中之電場力可排列官能團，以使其更容易接觸。 可藉由技藝中已知的任何方法開展電紡絲之步驟。一種典 型的電紡絲法包括利用電荷來形成纖維。一般而言將用' 於形成纖維之分散液裝人注射器，藉由注射泵將其驅動至 注射器尖端，並在注射器尖端處形成液滴。注射果能控制 用於形成纖維之分散液流至紡絲頭的流速。用於形成纖維 之分散液通過注射器尖端的流速會影響纖維之結構。通過 注射器尖端之分散液的流速可為約〇 〇〇5 mi/min至〇 5 ml/min，典型係 0.005 ml/min至 〇1 mi/min，更典型係 〇〇ι ml/min 至（M ml/min，及最典型係 〇 〇2 至 〇 工 ml11。在—特定實施财，通過注射器尖端之分散液流 速可為約〇·〇5 ml/min。 然後’液滴般係暴露於高壓電場中。在無高壓電場的 情況下，液滴係以類球形出現於注射器尖端，此為液滴内 表面張力的結果。電場之應用導致類球形變形為錐形物形 狀。針對此液滴形狀變形的—般可接受解釋為液滴内部之 表面張力被電力中和。自錐形物尖端噴出直徑狹窄之分散 液在某些處理條件下，分散液之噴射流經歷「攪打」不 142787.doc •20· 201016909The dispersion is formed by combining a thickening agent with water to form a mixture, and adding the mixture to the curable compound. Additionally, the dispersion can be formed by any method known in the art. 142787.doc -19- 201016909 The method also includes the step of electrospinning from the dispersion. In one embodiment, this step reduces the liquid (e.g., water) content to cure the condensation curable compound. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that electrospinning can cause at least a portion of the liquid, such as water, to evaporate to cure the condensation-curable compound. The reduction in solvent allows the curable compound to be blended, i.e., in intimate contact, to cure. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the electric field forces used in electrospinning can align functional groups to make them easier to contact. The step of electrospinning can be carried out by any method known in the art. A typical electrospinning process involves the use of electrical charges to form fibers. Typically, a syringe that is formed into a fiber dispersion will be used to drive the syringe to the tip of the syringe by a syringe pump and to form droplets at the tip of the syringe. The injected fruit can control the flow rate of the dispersion for forming the fibers to the spinneret. The flow rate of the dispersion used to form the fibers through the tip of the syringe affects the structure of the fibers. The flow rate through the tip of the syringe can range from about mi5 mi/min to 〇5 ml/min, typically from 0.005 ml/min to 〇1 mi/min, more typically 〇〇ι ml/min to (M Ml/min, and most typical 〇〇2 to mlml11. In the specific implementation, the flow rate through the tip of the syringe can be about 〇·〇5 ml/min. Then the droplet-like exposure to the high-voltage electric field In the absence of a high-voltage electric field, the droplets appear as a spherical shape at the tip of the syringe, which is the result of the surface tension inside the droplet. The application of the electric field causes the spherical shape to deform into a cone shape. The general acceptable interpretation is that the surface tension inside the droplet is neutralized by electricity. The narrow diameter dispersion is ejected from the tip of the cone. Under certain processing conditions, the jet of the dispersion undergoes "whipping". 142787.doc •20· 201016909
穩又現象。該搜打不穩定導致重複的分叉喷射流，從而形 成纖維網。，織維最終收集於收集板上。吾人相信液體（諸 如水）在電纺絲期間可自分散液迅速蒸發，使得分散液之 固體°卩分形成纖維，並固化該可固化的化合物。收集板一 般係自固體導電物質（諸如包括但不限於鋁、鋼、鎳合 金、矽片、尼龍Nyl〇n®織物及纖維素（例如紙））形成。收集 甚刀政液之電訪絲期間電子流經纖維的接地源。收集 於收集板上之纖維數量隨時間增加，並在收集板上形成非 妨織纖維。或者，可改在不屬於分散液—部分之液體的表 面替代收集板收集纖維，從而形成自由分佈之非織物氈。 一種可用於收集纖維之液體實例為水。 不Π實施例中，電紡絲之步驟包含由具有約1 〇至1 〇〇 千伏（KV)發電能力之DC發電機供電。特定而言，將注射 器用電力連接至發電機。將液滴暴露於高壓電場之步驟一 般包括施加電壓及電流至注射器。施加之電壓可為約5至 100 KV，典型係約〗〇至40 κν，更典型係約15至35 κν， 電 典 最典型係約2〇至30 在—個特定實施例中，施加之 廢可為約30KV。施加之電流可為約〇 〇1至1〇〇 〇〇〇ηΑ， 型係約10至1000 ηΑ，更典型係約5〇至5〇〇 ηΑ，最典型係 約75至1〇〇 ηΑ。在一個特定實施例中，施加之電流_ ηΑ。當電紡絲時，分散液典型係處於6〇。〇之環境溫度内。 當電紡絲時，分散液更典型係處於的^ 吾人相信電紡絲之步驟可至少部分固 之處理溫度内。 化該可經縮合固化 的化合物。在一個實施例中 電纺絲之步驟可完全固化該 142787.doc •21 - 201016909 可經縮合固化的化合物。在其他實施例中，電纺絲之步驟 不能完全固化，或甚至部分固化可固化的化合物，以致於 需要其他固化步驟。該方法可包括乾燥步驟，以更完全固 化該可固化的化合物。當該可固化的化合物進一步定義為 可經縮合固化的化合物時，可假定乾燥步驟會除去液體 (例如水），並促使縮合反應趨向反應式右邊，亦即趨向完 全反應。 該方法亦可包括固化該可固化的化合物之步驟如上文 初介紹。該固化步驟可獨立進行或與電紡絲步驟組合進 行。此步驟可包括相關技藝中已知的任何固化步驟，包括 _ 但不限於彼等與游離基固化、矽氫化固化、縮合固化、紫 外線固化、微波固化、熱固化及其組合相關者。 該方法亦可包括纖維之熱處理步驟。該步驟可藉由相關 技藝中已知的任何方法完成。在一個實施例中，熱處理步 驟可用於提高纖維之疏水性。在另一實施例中，熱處理步 驟可用於提高纖維之微相之規則性。熱處理步驟可包括加 熱物件。為進行熱處理步驟，該物件典型係加熱至大於約 _ 20°C之環境溫度的溫度。該物件更典型係加熱至約4〇。(：至 400°C之溫度’最典型係約4〇r至200°c之溫度。物件之加 熱可引起其内部纖維連接處增加熔化、纖維内部形成化學 鍵或物理鍵（一般稱為「交聯」）、一或多種纖維成分之揮 發及/或纖維表面形態之改變。 實例 根據該方法而形成一系列纖維及非織物魅（即本發明之 142787.doc •22· 201016909 物件）。非織物氈包括由包含聚矽氧彈性體作為可經縮合 固化的化合物之分散液所形成之纖維。 更具體而言，將含2 g 2·5%聚氧化乙烯（數量平均分子量 2,000,000)之水溶液添加至含於水之1〇 g包括63重量％Stable and phenomenon. This search instability results in repeated bifurcated jets that form a web. Weaving is finally collected on the collection board. It is believed that a liquid, such as water, can evaporate rapidly from the dispersion during electrospinning, causing the solids of the dispersion to form fibers and cure the curable compound. The collection plate is typically formed from a solid conductive material such as, but not limited to, aluminum, steel, nickel alloy, tantalum, nylon Nyl〇n® fabric, and cellulose (e.g., paper). Collecting electrons flowing through the fiber's ground source during the electric visit to the wire. The amount of fiber collected on the collecting plate increases with time, and non-woven fibers are formed on the collecting plate. Alternatively, the fibers may be collected on a surface that is not part of the liquid of the dispersion - part of the collection plate to form a freely distributed non-woven felt. An example of a liquid that can be used to collect fibers is water. In the non-embodied embodiment, the step of electrospinning comprises powering a DC generator having a power generation capacity of about 1 〇 to 1 千 kilovolt (KV). In particular, the injector is electrically connected to the generator. The step of exposing the droplets to a high voltage electric field typically involves applying a voltage and current to the injector. The applied voltage may be from about 5 to 100 KV, typically from about 〇 to 40 κν, more typically from about 15 to 35 κν, and most typically from about 2 to 30 in a particular embodiment. Can be about 30KV. The applied current may be about 〇1 to 1〇〇 〇〇〇ηΑ, and the type is about 10 to 1000 η Α, more typically about 5 〇 to 5 〇〇 η Α, and most typically about 75 to 1 〇〇 η Α. In a particular embodiment, the applied current _ηΑ. When electrospinning, the dispersion is typically at 6 Torr. Within the ambient temperature. When electrospinning, the dispersion is more typically present in the belief that the step of electrospinning can be at least partially stabilized within the processing temperature. The compound which can be cured by condensation is obtained. In one embodiment, the step of electrospinning completely cures the 142787.doc • 21 - 201016909 compound which is curable by condensation. In other embodiments, the step of electrospinning does not fully cure, or even partially cure, the curable compound such that additional curing steps are required. The method can include a drying step to more fully cure the curable compound. When the curable compound is further defined as a compound which is curable by condensation, it can be assumed that the drying step removes the liquid (e.g., water) and causes the condensation reaction to tend to the right of the reaction, i.e., toward the complete reaction. The method may also include the step of curing the curable compound as described above. This curing step can be carried out independently or in combination with an electrospinning step. This step may include any of the curing steps known in the art, including, but not limited to, those associated with free radical curing, hydrazine hydrogenation curing, condensation curing, ultraviolet curing, microwave curing, thermal curing, and combinations thereof. The method can also include a heat treatment step of the fibers. This step can be accomplished by any method known in the art. In one embodiment, the heat treatment step can be used to increase the hydrophobicity of the fibers. In another embodiment, the heat treatment step can be used to increase the regularity of the microphase of the fibers. The heat treatment step can include heating the article. For the heat treatment step, the article is typically heated to a temperature greater than about -20 ° C ambient temperature. The article is more typically heated to about 4 Torr. (The temperature to 400 ° C is most typically about 4 〇 r to 200 ° C. The heating of the article can cause the internal fiber joints to increase melting, the inside of the fiber to form chemical bonds or physical bonds (generally called "crosslinking") ”, a change in the volatilization of one or more fiber components and/or a change in the surface morphology of the fiber. EXAMPLES A series of fibers and non-woven fabrics are formed according to the method (ie, the article 142787.doc • 22· 201016909). Non-woven felt The invention comprises a fiber formed from a dispersion comprising a polyoxyxene elastomer as a condensation-curable compound. More specifically, an aqueous solution containing 2 g of 2.5% polyethylene oxide (number average molecular weight 2,000,000) is added to the 1〇g in water includes 63% by weight
Corning 84 Additive添加劑之分散液中。Dow Corning 84Corning 84 Additive additive dispersion. Dow Corning 84
Additive添加劑包括矽石及具有可進行縮合固化之官能團 之父聯聚石夕氧橡膠的混合物。將聚氧化乙烯及分散液搜拌 形成半透明白色分散液。然後藉由注射器/注射泵將該分 • 散液送至内徑〇.040英寸之不銹鋼管中，為電紡絲作準 備。電場係施加在不銹鋼管及接地鋁箔片之間。當施加電 場時，在不銹鋼管尖端處之液滴係電紡絲成白色細纖維， 沉積於接地鋁镇片上。電紡絲步驟係在板間隙30 em、尖 端突出3 cm、施用電壓22 kv及流速】mL/hr下進行。進行 電紡絲達1小時。所得纖維為丨至万μιη(直徑）及傾向於具有 纖維一纖維接面。如圖丨所示，纖維内部存在球形缺陷。 在電紡絲進行1小時後，纖維形成具有約200 μηι厚度之 •不透明白色膜。24小時後，從鋁簿撕下膜，並利用購自 RTS之Amance RT/5張力測試器測試，以測定在斷裂點時 之張力性能（應力/應變）。更具體而言，取寬度0.1英寸之 族的，月」狀樣本在拉動速率100 mm/min下，於1〇 N最 大何重單7C中測試。並產生應力—應變曲線。纖維之最大 應力測量值為約19 psi及應變測量值為約12〇%。另外，應 力一應變曲線近似直線，這表示纖維在斷裂點具有彈性。 在上述實例中形成之纖維證實分散液之電纺絲所形成的 142787.doc -23- 201016909 纖維表現出與連續相相反之分散相（即可經縮合固化的化 合物）之特性。該實例所形成之纖維表現出彈性應力及應 變性能及彈性應力一應變曲線。此等纖維類型之形成可以 更有效且精確製造許多種用於醫藥、科學及製造工業中之 材料。分散液之應用亦允許利用諸多類型之可固化化人 物，因而形成新穎產品。例如，使用連續相為水之分散液 可允許透過蒸發無害揮發性液體來進行電紡絲過程。連續 相中之活性物質（例如細菌）之可用於在單步驟法中形成可 固化的生物功能化纖維。 本發明係以說明方式敍述，且應理解所使用術語計畫用 ® 為說明詞語而非限制之本質。明顯地，鑒於以上教示，可 對本發明做諸多修改及變動，且可在不同於明確說明下操 作本發明。 【圖式簡單說明】 本發明之其他優勢係易於理解，當連同附圖考慮時，藉 由參考下列詳細敍述同樣變得更易理解，其中圖丨為包括 含有纖維一纖維連接及球形缺陷之本發明纖維的物件的掃 ❹ 描式電子顯微鏡圖像。 142787.doc •24-The Additive additive comprises a mixture of vermiculite and a parent-linked polyoxo rubber having a functional group capable of condensation curing. The polyethylene oxide and the dispersion were mixed to form a translucent white dispersion. The dispersion was then sent to a .040 inch stainless steel tube with a syringe/injector pump to prepare for electrospinning. The electric field is applied between the stainless steel tube and the grounded aluminum foil. When an electric field is applied, the droplets at the tip of the stainless steel tube are electrospun into white fine fibers deposited on a grounded aluminum sheet. The electrospinning step was carried out at a plate gap of 30 em, a tip end projection of 3 cm, an application voltage of 22 kV, and a flow rate of [mL/hr]. Electrospinning was carried out for 1 hour. The resulting fiber has a 丨 to 10,000 μm diameter and tends to have a fiber-fiber interface. As shown in Figure ,, there are spherical defects inside the fiber. After 1 hour of electrospinning, the fibers formed an opaque white film having a thickness of about 200 μm. After 24 hours, the film was peeled off from the aluminum book and tested using an Amance RT/5 tensile tester available from RTS to determine the tensile properties (stress/strain) at the breaking point. More specifically, a sample of a family having a width of 0.1 inch was tested at a pull rate of 100 mm/min in a 1 〇 N maximum Hess list 7C. And generate a stress-strain curve. The maximum stress measurement for the fiber is about 19 psi and the strain measurement is about 12%. In addition, the stress-strain curve approximates a straight line, which indicates that the fiber has elasticity at the breaking point. The fibers formed in the above examples confirmed that the 142787.doc -23- 201016909 fibers formed by electrospinning of the dispersion exhibited characteristics of a dispersed phase (i.e., a condensation-curable compound) opposite to the continuous phase. The fibers formed in this example exhibited elastic stress and strain properties and an elastic stress-strain curve. The formation of these fiber types makes it possible to manufacture a wide variety of materials for use in the pharmaceutical, scientific and manufacturing industries more efficiently and accurately. The use of dispersions also allows the use of many types of curable materials to form novel products. For example, the use of a continuous phase water dispersion allows the electrospinning process to be carried out by evaporation of a non-hazardous volatile liquid. The active material (e.g., bacteria) in the continuous phase can be used to form curable biofunctionalized fibers in a single step process. The present invention has been described in an illustrative manner, and it is understood that the terminology used herein is intended to be illustrative and not limiting. It is apparent that many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other advantages of the present invention are readily understood, and will be more readily understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Broom-type electron microscope image of a fiber object. 142787.doc •24-