JPS6249363A - Liquid developer for electrostatic photography - Google Patents
Liquid developer for electrostatic photographyInfo
- Publication number
- JPS6249363A JPS6249363A JP60189282A JP18928285A JPS6249363A JP S6249363 A JPS6249363 A JP S6249363A JP 60189282 A JP60189282 A JP 60189282A JP 18928285 A JP18928285 A JP 18928285A JP S6249363 A JPS6249363 A JP S6249363A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- agent
- oil
- developer
- toner
- prescribed
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/12—Developers with toner particles in liquid developer mixtures
- G03G9/135—Developers with toner particles in liquid developer mixtures characterised by stabiliser or charge-controlling agents
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
技術分野
本発明はトナー粒子中に油凝固剤を含む静電写真用液体
現像剤に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to an electrostatographic liquid developer containing an oil coagulant in the toner particles.
従来技術
静電写真法は湿式転写方式の場合は周知のように、一般
に電子写真感光体上に帯゛1及び画像露光を行なって静
電層像を形成し、これを液体現像剤(一般に脂肪族炭化
水素担体液中に樹脂及び着色剤を主成分とするトナー粒
子を分散して構成される。)で現像し、得られたトナー
画像を転写紙上に転写、定着することにより行なわれて
いる。ここで定着は転写時にトナー画像中の担体液(通
常、画像の70〜80%)で湿潤された転写紙を加熱乾
燥させて行なうだけなので、かなりのエネルギーを要す
る割には効率が悪く、充分な定着は困難であった。また
加熱により溶剤(担体液)ガスの発生という問題もあっ
た。これらの欠点は湿式複写機の高速化において大きな
妨げとなっていた。As is well known in the case of conventional electrostatic photography, in the case of a wet transfer method, an electrostatic layer image is formed by performing a band 1 and image exposure on an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and this is developed using a liquid developer (generally a fatty acid). The toner image is developed by dispersing toner particles whose main components are resin and colorant in a group hydrocarbon carrier liquid, and the resulting toner image is transferred and fixed onto transfer paper. . Here, fixing is simply done by heating and drying the transfer paper moistened with the carrier liquid in the toner image (usually 70 to 80% of the image) during transfer, which is inefficient and requires a considerable amount of energy. It was difficult to establish the system. There was also the problem of generation of solvent (carrier liquid) gas due to heating. These drawbacks have been a major hindrance in increasing the speed of wet type copying machines.
目 的
本発明の目的は効率良く、しかも充分に定着できる上、
溶剤ガスの発生も少ない静電写真用液体現像剤を提供す
ることである。Purpose The purpose of the present invention is to efficiently and sufficiently fix the problem.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a liquid developer for electrostatic photography that generates little solvent gas.
構成
本発明の静電写真用液体現像剤は脂肪族炭化水素担体液
中に樹脂及び着色剤を主成分とするトナー粒子を分散し
てなる静電写真用液体現像剤において、トナー粒子中に
、担体液に対し常温では実質的に不溶な油凝固剤を含有
することを特徴とするものである。Structure The electrostatographic liquid developer of the present invention is an electrostatographic liquid developer comprising toner particles containing a resin and a colorant as main components dispersed in an aliphatic hydrocarbon carrier liquid, wherein the toner particles contain: It is characterized by containing an oil coagulant that is substantially insoluble in the carrier liquid at room temperature.
本発明の液体現像剤のトナー粒子に使用される油凝固剤
は天ぷら油のような油性材料のゲル化剤として知られる
ものである。このうち本発明では担体液に常温では実質
的に不溶のものが使用される。この油凝固剤はトナー粒
子中に含まれ、定着時の熱lこより転写紙に付層した担
体液lこ#解し、定着後は冷却して担体液を包接した状
態で凝固する結果、定着性が向上する上、溶剤ガスの発
生も少なくなる。このような性能を有する油#に固剤の
具体例としては1 j−ヒドロキシステアリン酸(市販
品では藤沢薬品工業社製サワキーゾ油つ固、ジョンソン
社製テンプルがある。)、D−ソルビトールとベンズア
ルデヒドとの縮合物(市販品では新日本理化学社製ケル
オールD1ゲルオールT、ゲルマイスターがある。)、
N−ラウロイル−L−グルタミン酸−α、T−ジーn−
ブチルアミド(市販品では味の素社襄コアギュランGF
’−1がある。)、α−エチルヘキソイックアシッドの
金属塩(市販品ではホープ製薬社製オクトープAA、オ
クトープCa等がある。)4−が挙げられる。The oil coagulant used in the toner particles of the liquid developer of the present invention is known as a gelling agent for oil-based materials such as tempura oil. Among these, those that are substantially insoluble in the carrier liquid at room temperature are used in the present invention. This oil coagulant is contained in the toner particles, and the carrier liquid layered on the transfer paper is broken down by the heat during fixing, and after fixing, the oil coagulant is cooled and coagulated with the carrier liquid included. Not only the fixing performance is improved, but also the generation of solvent gas is reduced. Specific examples of solid agents for oils with such performance include 1j-hydroxystearic acid (commercially available products include Sawakizo Yutsuko manufactured by Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and Temple manufactured by Johnson Company), D-sorbitol, and benzaldehyde. condensates (commercially available products include Kerol D1 Gelol T and Gelmeister manufactured by Shinnihon Rikagaku Co., Ltd.),
N-lauroyl-L-glutamic acid-α, T-gee n-
Butylamide (commercially available Ajinomoto Coagulan GF)
There is '-1. ), metal salts of α-ethylhexoic acid (commercially available products include Octope AA and Octope Ca manufactured by Hope Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) 4-.
以上のような油凝固剤は現j剤調製時に他の現像剤材料
と共にアトライター、ボールミル、キテイミル等の分散
器に投入分散)−るか、特開昭57−186758号に
示すように加工順科化して同様に分散器中に投入分散し
てもよい。The above-mentioned oil coagulant is either put into a disperser such as an attritor, ball mill, kitei mill, etc. together with other developer materials and dispersed therein during the preparation of the developer. It may be added to a disperser and dispersed in the same manner.
なおこれらの油凝固剤はトナー粒子1ooN量部に対し
5〜60重量部が過当で、30〜5G電量部が最適であ
る。The appropriate amount of these oil coagulants is 5 to 60 parts by weight, and optimally 30 to 5 parts by weight per 10N parts of toner particles.
トナー粒子を構成Tるその他の主成分は従来と同様、樹
脂及び着色剤である。その他、分散性及び定着性を向上
するため、ワックス腿を添加Tることができる。The other main components constituting the toner particles are a resin and a colorant, as in the prior art. In addition, wax can be added to improve dispersibility and fixing properties.
一〇〇〇〇n馬n+1 (n==a 〜20 ) ml
で示される七ツマー人とアクリル酸、メタクリル酸、ビ
ニルCH1s ビは−COOCnH*n+ s (
n = 1〜5 ) )で〔RはH又はcu、、gは−
N (CHs )t、−N(C*Hs)*、−〇H〕で
示されるモノマー及びエチレングリコールジメタクリレ
ートの少くともlfiの七ツマ−Bとの共重合体又はグ
ラフト共重合体が挙げられる。なお共重合体又はグラフ
ト共重合体中のモノマーAの割合は30〜95%が好ま
しい。10000n horses n+1 (n==a ~20) ml
Seven people, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, vinyl CH1s Bi is -COOCnH*n+ s (
n = 1 to 5) ) [R is H or cu, g is -
Examples include monomers represented by N (CHs)t, -N(C*Hs)*, -○H] and copolymers or graft copolymers of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate with at least lfi of 7mer-B. . Note that the proportion of monomer A in the copolymer or graft copolymer is preferably 30 to 95%.
これらの共重合体にはエステルガム、硬化ロジン等の天
然樹脂や、天然樹脂変性マレイン酸樹脂、天然樹脂変性
フェノール樹脂、天然樹脂変性ポリエステル樹脂、天然
樹脂変性ペンタエリスIJ )−ル樹脂、エポキシ樹脂
等の天然樹脂変性熱硬化性樹脂を併用してもよい。These copolymers include natural resins such as ester gum and hardened rosin, natural resin-modified maleic acid resin, natural resin-modified phenol resin, natural resin-modified polyester resin, natural resin-modified pentaeryth resin, epoxy resin, etc. A natural resin-modified thermosetting resin may also be used in combination.
トナー用層色剤の具体例としてはカーボンブラック(市
販品として例えばデグサ社製プリンテックスa、v、U
、スペシャルブラック15゜4.4B;三菱化成社製#
44.$30.MR−11,MAIQO;キャポット社
製モーガルL、ブラックノぞ−ル13G0 、 110
0 、 900、ジ−カル400,660;コロンヒア
カー8フ社製ネオスペクトラマークU、ラーペン103
5 。Specific examples of layer colorants for toner include carbon black (commercially available products such as Printex a, v, and U manufactured by Degussa).
, Special Black 15° 4.4B; Made by Mitsubishi Kasei #
44. $30. MR-11, MAIQO; Capot Mogul L, Black Nozzle 13G0, 110
0, 900, Gical 400, 660; Neo Spectra Mark U manufactured by Colon Hiacre 8F, Rapen 103
5.
1252 )等の無機顔料及びフタロシアニンブルー、
フタロシアニングリーン、スカイブルー、ローダミンレ
ーキ、マラカイトグリーンレーキ、メチルバイオレット
レーキ、ピーコックブルーレーキ、ナフトールグリーン
B、ナフトールグリーンY、fストールイエロー3.I
Jソールファーストイエロー2G、ノゼーマネントレッ
ト4R,ブリリアントファーストスカーレット、ハンザ
イエロー、ベンジジンイエロー、リンールレツド、レー
キレッドC,レーキレッドD1ブリリアントカーミン6
B、ノに一マネントレッドF5R,ビグメントスカーレ
ット3B及びボルドー10B等の有機顔料が挙げられる
。1252) and other inorganic pigments and phthalocyanine blue,
Phthalocyanine green, sky blue, rhodamine lake, malachite green lake, methyl violet lake, peacock blue lake, naphthol green B, naphthol green Y, f-stall yellow 3. I
J Sole Fast Yellow 2G, Nose Manentret 4R, Brilliant First Scarlet, Hansa Yellow, Benzidine Yellow, Linur Red, Lake Red C, Lake Red D1 Brilliant Carmine 6
Examples include organic pigments such as B, Nonimanent Red F5R, Pigment Scarlet 3B, and Bordeaux 10B.
ワックス類としてはノぞラフイン系ワックス、ポリエチ
レンワックス等、比較的低軟化点のものが用いられる。As waxes, those having a relatively low softening point, such as nozorafuin wax and polyethylene wax, are used.
市販品としては下記のものがある。Commercially available products include the following.
メーカー 商 品 名 軟化点(”C)純正化
学 パラフィンワックス 60〜98小
林化工 さらしそろう 65
セタノール 80永井化工
さらし密ろう 65製鉄化学
フローセン llOイーストマ
ンケミ N−10111カル
N−11108
N−12113
N−14106
N−34五〇3
N−45118
C−10104
C−13110
C−15102
C−16L 0 6
E−10106
E−LL 106
E−12112
に−14104
メーカー 商 品 名 軟化点(°C)カル
三片石油化学 110P 100
220P l 13220MP
113
320MP 114
410MP 122
210MP 120
310MP 122
405MP 126
200P i 284202W
l 084053E
111
B A S F OAワックス
93〜96ペトロライト BARECO50
086BARgCO655102
BARECO100Ol 13
BARgCO2000125
E730 93
E2018 117
メーカー 商 品 名 軟化点(’C)ペトロ
ライト E2020 117E10
4Q l 05PET帥NAI)A
C750097,8ヘキスト P E 520
118〜123PE130 1
22〜127PHD121
113〜118PED136 1
07〜112PED153 115〜120
PED 521 103〜108PED 5
22 100〜105PED 5 :(49
8〜105
アライドケミカル AC−、t?リエチレン170
2 9 8AC−ポリ!チレン6&6A
l 0 2AC−ポリ−nfしy61
5 l O5三洋化成 サン
ワックス131−P 1 0 8サン
ワックス151−P l 0 7サ
ンワツクス161−P 1 1 1サ
ンワックス165−P l 0 7
サンワツクス171−P 1 0 5
メーカー 商 品 名 軟化点(”C)三洋化
成 サンワックスE−20095ユニオンカーバ
イド DYNI 1
0 2DYNF I
O2DYN)l 1 0
2DYNJ 1 0
2DYNK 1 0 2
%7サント 0RLIZON805 1 l
60RLIZON?05 1 1
60RLIZON50 1 2 6
フイリツゾス MARL■1005
9 2デユポン ALATf(ON −3103
ALATtlON l 0 9 6
ALATHON 12 8 4AL
ATI(ON 14 80ALAT
f(ON l 6 9 5ALAT
HON20 8 6ALAT[(O
N 22 84ALATHON 2
5 96以上のようなワックス類は
現像剤調製時に他の現像剤材料と共に粉末のままアトラ
イター、ボールミル、キテイミル等の分散器に投入分散
するか、担体液中に加熱溶解後、急冷してj膨潤状態に
し、同様に分散器に投入分散するか、特開昭57−18
6758号に示すように加工顔料化して同様に分散器に
投入分散するか、特公昭50−99331号に示すよう
にトナー用樹脂中に分散するか、或いはこれら複数の手
段で分散するかいずれの方法で分散してもよい。Manufacturer Product Name Softening Point ("C) Genuine Chemical Paraffin Wax 60-98 Kobayashi Kako Sarashi Soro 65
Setanol 80 Nagai Kako
Exposed Beeswax 65 Steel Chemistry
Frozen llO Eastman Chemi N-10111 Cal N-11108 N-12113 N-14106 N-34503 N-45118 C-10104 C-13110 C-15102 C-16L 0 6 E-10106 E-LL 106 E- 12112 ni-14104 Manufacturer Product name Softening point (°C) Cal Mikata Petrochemical 110P 100
220P l 13220MP
113 320MP 114 410MP 122 210MP 120 310MP 122 405MP 126 200P i 284202W
l 084053E
111 B A S F OA wax
93-96 Petrolite BARECO50
086BARgCO655102 BARECO100Ol 13 BARgCO2000125 E730 93 E2018 117 Manufacturer Product name Softening point ('C) Petrolite E2020 117E10
4Q l 05PET 帥NAI) A
C750097,8 Hoechst P E 520
118-123PE130 1
22-127PHD121
113-118PED136 1
07~112PED153 115~120
PED 521 103~108PED 5
22 100~105PED 5: (49
8-105 Allied Chemical AC-, t? Liethylene 170
2 9 8AC-Poly! Chiren 6 & 6A
l02ac-poly-nfy61
5 l O5 Sanyo Chemical Sunwax 131-P 1 0 8 Sunwax 151-P 1 0 7 Sunwax 161-P 1 1 1 Sunwax 165-P 1 0 7
Sunwax 171-P 1 0 5
Manufacturer Product Name Softening Point (''C) Sanyo Chemical Sunwax E-20095 Union Carbide DYNI 1
0 2DYNF I
O2DYN)l 1 0
2DYNJ 1 0
2DYNK 1 0 2
%7 Santo 0RLIZON805 1 l
60RLIZON? 05 1 1
60RLIZON50 1 2 6
Firitzos MARL■1005
9 2 Dupont ALATf (ON-3103
ALATtlON l 0 9 6
ALATHON 12 8 4AL
ATI(ON 14 80ALAT
f(ON l 6 9 5ALAT
HON20 8 6ALAT[(O
N 22 84ALATHON 2
5 When preparing a developer, waxes such as those listed above are either put into a disperser such as an attritor, ball mill, kitei mill, etc. as powder together with other developer materials and dispersed, or heated and dissolved in a carrier liquid, and then rapidly cooled. Either put it in a swollen state and put it into a disperser and disperse it, or JP-A-57-18
As shown in Japanese Patent Publication No. 6758, it can be made into a processed pigment and similarly put into a disperser and dispersed, as shown in Japanese Patent Publication No. 50-99331, it can be dispersed in a toner resin, or it can be dispersed by a plurality of these methods. It may be dispersed by any method.
以上のような材料からなるトナー粒子を分散する担体液
としてはパラフィン系又はインノぞラフイン系脂肪族炭
化水素溶媒、例えばリグロイン、i−ヘキサン、n−へ
ブタン、1so−オクタン、n−オクタン、四塩化炭素
等(市販品ではエフノン社製アイツノ#−H,Go
L、に;ナフサ!’!i6*ソルペツンl 014)が
挙げられる。The carrier liquid for dispersing the toner particles made of the above materials may be a paraffinic or innozoroughin aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent, such as ligroin, i-hexane, n-hebutane, 1so-octane, n-octane, or Carbon chloride, etc. (commercially available products include Aituno #-H, Go manufactured by Efnon Co., Ltd.)
L, to; Naphtha! '! i6*Solpetunl 014).
以上のような材料を用いて本発明の液体現像剤を作るに
は一般に溜色剤5〜40Ji量部、樹脂5〜40重量部
、油凝固剤を所定量、及び必要あILばワックス類20
〜60重量部を担体液300〜600重量部と共にアト
ライター、ボールミル、キテイミル等で分散して濃縮ト
ナーとし、これを同様な担体液で5〜IO倍に希釈すれ
ばよい。To make the liquid developer of the present invention using the above-mentioned materials, generally 5 to 40 parts by weight of coloring agent, 5 to 40 parts by weight of resin, a predetermined amount of oil coagulant, and 20 parts of wax if necessary.
~60 parts by weight of the toner may be dispersed with 300 to 600 parts by weight of a carrier liquid using an attriter, ball mill, kitei mill, etc. to obtain a concentrated toner, and this may be diluted 5 to IO times with the same carrier liquid.
以下に本発明を実施例によって説明する。なお部はいず
れも重量部である。The present invention will be explained below by way of examples. Note that all parts are parts by weight.
実施例
アルカリブルー(オリエント化学社製)
2部よりなる混合物をボールミル中で72時間分散し、
ついでアイソパーHi360部追加し、更に1時間分散
させて詭繍トナーとし、その140部をアイツノ臂−f
(750部で希釈することlこより、液体現像剤を作っ
た。Example Alkaline Blue (manufactured by Orient Chemical Co., Ltd.)
Dispersing the two-part mixture in a ball mill for 72 hours;
Next, add 360 parts of Isopar Hi and disperse it for another hour to make the embroidery toner, and use 140 parts of it to
(A liquid developer was prepared by diluting with 750 parts.
次にこの現像剤を湿式転写式電子写真複写機(リコー社
製S評1n504Q )に入れ、コピーを行なった。得
らn、たトナー画像を直ちに指でこすったが画像汚れは
生じなかった。Next, this developer was put into a wet transfer type electrophotographic copying machine (S-1N504Q, manufactured by Ricoh Co., Ltd.), and copies were made. The resulting toner image was immediately rubbed with a finger, but no image staining occurred.
一方、比較例としてサワキープ油つ固の代りにワックス
(アライドケミカル社製ACポリエチレン6A)8用い
て同様にして液体現像剤を作成し、コピーを行なったと
ころ、得られたトナー画像は30秒後でも指で汚れが生
じた。On the other hand, as a comparative example, a liquid developer was prepared in the same manner using wax (AC polyethylene 6A manufactured by Allied Chemical Co., Ltd.) 8 instead of Sawakeep oil solid, and copying was performed. But my fingers made it smudge.
効果
以上の如く本発明の液体現像剤はトナー粒子中に、担体
液に対し常温では実質的に不溶であるが、熱時溶解し、
これにより冷却後、担体液を包接した状態でIa固Tる
油Ijl固剤を含んでいるので、定着時に効率良く、且
つ光分に定着できる上、溶剤ガスの発生も少ないという
特徴を有している。Effects As described above, the liquid developer of the present invention is substantially insoluble in the carrier liquid in the toner particles at room temperature, but dissolves when heated.
As a result, it contains an oil Ijl solid agent that becomes Ia solid in a state including the carrier liquid after cooling, so it is efficient during fixing, can be fixed in light, and has the characteristics that it generates little solvent gas. are doing.
Claims (1)
とするトナー粒子を分散してなる静電写真用液体現像剤
において、トナー粒子中に、担体液に対し常温では実質
的に不溶な油凝固剤を含有することを特徴とする静電写
真用液体現像剤。1. In an electrostatographic liquid developer in which toner particles mainly composed of a resin and a colorant are dispersed in an aliphatic hydrocarbon carrier liquid, the toner particles are substantially insoluble in the carrier liquid at room temperature. A liquid developer for electrostatic photography, characterized in that it contains an oil coagulant.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP60189282A JPS6249363A (en) | 1985-08-28 | 1985-08-28 | Liquid developer for electrostatic photography |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP60189282A JPS6249363A (en) | 1985-08-28 | 1985-08-28 | Liquid developer for electrostatic photography |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS6249363A true JPS6249363A (en) | 1987-03-04 |
Family
ID=16238709
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP60189282A Pending JPS6249363A (en) | 1985-08-28 | 1985-08-28 | Liquid developer for electrostatic photography |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS6249363A (en) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS63243966A (en) * | 1987-03-18 | 1988-10-11 | イー・アイ・デユポン・ド・ネモアース・アンド・コンパニー | Negative type liquid electrostatic developing liquid containing hydroxy carbonic acid |
JPH0280398A (en) * | 1988-09-12 | 1990-03-20 | Nkk Corp | Whisker-shaped carbon fiber |
US5404209A (en) * | 1993-01-13 | 1995-04-04 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Apparatus and method for forming images which are treated with an oil absorbent |
US8778116B2 (en) | 2007-12-07 | 2014-07-15 | Meijyo Nano Carbon Co., Ltd. | Method for producing carbon nanotube-containing conductor |
US8883112B2 (en) | 2009-05-06 | 2014-11-11 | Incubation Alliance, Inc. | Carbon material and method for producing same |
US8951451B2 (en) | 2009-05-26 | 2015-02-10 | Incubation Alliance, Inc. | Carbon material and method for producing same |
US9221686B2 (en) | 2010-02-19 | 2015-12-29 | Incubation Alliance, Inc. | Carbon material and method for producing same |
-
1985
- 1985-08-28 JP JP60189282A patent/JPS6249363A/en active Pending
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS63243966A (en) * | 1987-03-18 | 1988-10-11 | イー・アイ・デユポン・ド・ネモアース・アンド・コンパニー | Negative type liquid electrostatic developing liquid containing hydroxy carbonic acid |
JPH0280398A (en) * | 1988-09-12 | 1990-03-20 | Nkk Corp | Whisker-shaped carbon fiber |
JPH052640B2 (en) * | 1988-09-12 | 1993-01-12 | Nippon Kokan Kk | |
US5404209A (en) * | 1993-01-13 | 1995-04-04 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Apparatus and method for forming images which are treated with an oil absorbent |
US8778116B2 (en) | 2007-12-07 | 2014-07-15 | Meijyo Nano Carbon Co., Ltd. | Method for producing carbon nanotube-containing conductor |
US8883112B2 (en) | 2009-05-06 | 2014-11-11 | Incubation Alliance, Inc. | Carbon material and method for producing same |
US9379385B2 (en) | 2009-05-06 | 2016-06-28 | Incubation Alliance, Inc. | Carbon material and method for producing same |
US8951451B2 (en) | 2009-05-26 | 2015-02-10 | Incubation Alliance, Inc. | Carbon material and method for producing same |
US9221686B2 (en) | 2010-02-19 | 2015-12-29 | Incubation Alliance, Inc. | Carbon material and method for producing same |
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