JPS61223425A - Pulverized coal mill control device - Google Patents

Pulverized coal mill control device

Info

Publication number
JPS61223425A
JPS61223425A JP6071685A JP6071685A JPS61223425A JP S61223425 A JPS61223425 A JP S61223425A JP 6071685 A JP6071685 A JP 6071685A JP 6071685 A JP6071685 A JP 6071685A JP S61223425 A JPS61223425 A JP S61223425A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
mill
coal
pulverized coal
primary air
ratio
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP6071685A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Atsushi Yokogawa
横川 篤
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hitachi Ltd
Original Assignee
Hitachi Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hitachi Ltd filed Critical Hitachi Ltd
Priority to JP6071685A priority Critical patent/JPS61223425A/en
Publication of JPS61223425A publication Critical patent/JPS61223425A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Abstract

PURPOSE:To improve the controllability of flow amount of pulverized coal at the outlet of the mill by a method wherein the flow amount of pulverized coal at the outlet of the mill is controlled at an objective value and the control of coal feeding amount is cooperated with the control of primary air flow amount in order to keep a mill ratio in constant. CONSTITUTION:The flow amount of pulverized coal at the outlet of the mill is controlled at the objective value and the mill ratio is controlled at a specified value whereby the affection in the response of the mill 210, which is caused by the changes of circulation and pulverized coal density in the mill 210 due to the difference of property of coal as well as an unbalance between the coal feeding amount 222 and primary air flow amount 220, is restrained. This control is provided with the characteristic of transitional over-underfeed of the coal feeding amount 222 and it affects so as to quicken the response of the mill 210. The operating amount or the coal feeding amount 222 of the pulverized coal mill 210 is controlled so as to be cooperated with the primary air flow amount 220 and whereby the control of mill ratio, good transitionally and stationary, may be realized and the optimum operating conditions upon stationary operation and load changing operation may be kept more effectively.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 〔発明の利用分野〕 本発明は、微粉炭ミルの制御装置に係り、特に、ミル出
口微粉炭流量を目標値に制御すると共に、ミル・レシオ
を一定に保持する目的で給炭量と一次空気流量を協調し
て制御し、ミル出口微粉炭流量の制御性向上をはかった
微粉炭ミル制御装置に関する。
[Detailed Description of the Invention] [Field of Application of the Invention] The present invention relates to a control device for a pulverized coal mill, particularly for controlling the flow rate of pulverized coal at a mill outlet to a target value and keeping the mill ratio constant. This invention relates to a pulverized coal mill control device that coordinately controls the amount of coal fed and the flow rate of primary air to improve the controllability of the flow rate of pulverized coal at the exit of the mill.

(発明の背景〕 第2図に、本発明の適用対象となる微粉炭ミルシステム
を示す、微粉炭ミルシステム20は、石炭バンカー20
1.給炭機202.給炭機ベルト駆動モータ203、ミ
ル210、一次空気フアン215、一次空気ダンパ21
6より構成される。
(Background of the Invention) FIG. 2 shows a pulverized coal mill system 20 to which the present invention is applied.
1. Coal feeder 202. Coal feeder belt drive motor 203, mill 210, primary air fan 215, primary air damper 21
Consists of 6.

ミル210は、テーブル211、テーブル駆動ギヤ21
2.同モータ213、複数個のボール214よりなる。
The mill 210 includes a table 211 and a table drive gear 21.
2. It consists of the same motor 213 and a plurality of balls 214.

バンカー201より給炭機202を介してミル210内
に供給された石英はテーブル211とボール214との
間で粉砕される。ミル210内には一次空気フアン21
5により一次空気が吹込まれており、一次空気により粉
砕され微粉炭にされた石炭が燃焼用バーナに搬送される
Quartz supplied into the mill 210 from the bunker 201 via the coal feeder 202 is crushed between a table 211 and a ball 214. A primary air fan 21 is installed inside the mill 210.
5, primary air is blown in, and the coal that has been crushed into pulverized coal by the primary air is conveyed to a combustion burner.

石炭量を制御するために、モータ203が一次空気流量
を制御するために、ダンパ216がアクチュエータ21
7により、夫々微粉炭ミル制御装置の出力により操作さ
れる。ミル関連の計測量としては、一次空気流量を算出
するための一次空気差圧、ミル入口圧力とミル内圧力と
の圧力差であるミル差圧、および給炭機ベルト回転数と
ベルト上の石炭重量の積である給炭量が、夫々検出器2
20.221,222で検出され制御装置へ送られる。
To control the amount of coal, the damper 216 is connected to the actuator 21 so that the motor 203 controls the primary air flow rate.
7, each operated by the output of the pulverized coal mill controller. Measured quantities related to the mill include the primary air differential pressure for calculating the primary air flow rate, the mill differential pressure that is the pressure difference between the mill inlet pressure and the mill internal pressure, and the coal feeder belt rotation speed and the coal on the belt. The amount of coal fed, which is the product of the weight, is
20, detected at 221 and 222 and sent to the control device.

(日立評論1983年9月号VOL、 65  P7[
大容量石炭火力発電所総合ディジタル制御システム」新
海、外) 第3図に、従来の微粉炭ミル制御装置を示す。
(Hitachi Hyoron September 1983 issue VOL, 65 P7 [
Figure 3 shows a conventional pulverized coal mill control system.

通常、第2図に示した微粉炭ミルシステム20は、−プ
ラントに複数台設置され、本制御装置は各ミルシステム
個別の制御とそれらを統轄した合計石炭量の制御を行う
、はじめに、統轄制御について説明する。統轄制御では
、各ミルで出力される微粉炭量222を加算器101で
加算し、合計微粉炭量を算出、比較器102で本制御装
置に与えられた燃料指令と比較し、その偏差が無くなる
様に調節器103で調節され、各ミルへの指令が決定さ
れる。この指令に基づき各ミル単位に個別の制御が行わ
れる。
Usually, a plurality of pulverized coal mill systems 20 shown in FIG. I will explain about it. In the integrated control, an adder 101 adds the pulverized coal amount 222 output from each mill to calculate the total pulverized coal amount, and a comparator 102 compares it with the fuel command given to the main control device to eliminate the deviation. It is adjusted by the regulator 103 in the same way, and the commands to each mill are determined. Based on this command, individual control is performed for each mill.

次に、各ミル単位の個別制御について説明する。Next, individual control for each mill will be explained.

各ミル単位に給炭量と一次空気流量を制御する。Controls coal feed amount and primary air flow rate for each mill.

給炭量は、調節器103の出力であるミル指令をもとに
給炭機を駆動して制御する。一次空気流量の制御は、ミ
ル指令をもとに関数発生器110で一次空気流量要求値
を作成、一次空気差圧から演算器111で演算される一
次空気流量計測値と比較器112で比較され、比較器1
12の出方である一次空気流量偏差が0となる様に、調
節器113で一次空気差圧バを制御して行われる。さ゛
らに、ミル差圧221と一次空気差圧221の比で定義
されるミネ・レシオの制御が行われる。演算器114で
ミル差圧と一次空気差圧からミル・レシオが演算され、
比較器116でミル・レシオ設定値115と比較される
。比較器116の出力であるミル・レシオ偏差を0とす
る様に、調節器117、及び加算器118により給炭機
指令に補正が加えられる。
The amount of coal fed is controlled by driving a coal feeding machine based on a mill command that is the output of the regulator 103. To control the primary air flow rate, a function generator 110 creates a primary air flow rate request value based on the mill command, and a comparator 112 compares it with the primary air flow rate measurement value calculated by a calculator 111 from the primary air differential pressure. , comparator 1
This is done by controlling the primary air differential pressure bar with the regulator 113 so that the primary air flow rate deviation, which is the output of 12, becomes 0. Furthermore, the mine ratio defined by the ratio between the mill differential pressure 221 and the primary air differential pressure 221 is controlled. A calculator 114 calculates the mil ratio from the mil differential pressure and the primary air differential pressure,
Comparator 116 compares it to a mil ratio setting 115. A correction is applied to the coal feeder command by an adjuster 117 and an adder 118 so that the mil ratio deviation, which is the output of the comparator 116, is set to zero.

従来方式では1次に示す欠点があった。The conventional method has the following drawbacks.

(1)ミル出口微粉炭流量は直接計測が難しいため、ミ
ル粉砕プロセスの遅れを一次遅れで近似し。
(1) Since it is difficult to directly measure the flow rate of pulverized coal at the mill exit, the delay in the mill grinding process is approximated by a first-order delay.

給炭量信号から一次遅れ演算器119によりミル出口微
粉炭流量を推定している。しかし、微粉炭流量の遅れは
、前述の理由により精度良く設定し難く、又、一定で無
いためみる出口微粉炭流量を精度良く推定するのは困難
であり、制御も難しい。
The mill outlet pulverized coal flow rate is estimated from the coal feed amount signal by a first-order delay calculator 119. However, the delay in the pulverized coal flow rate is difficult to set accurately for the reasons mentioned above, and since it is not constant, it is difficult to accurately estimate the outlet pulverized coal flow rate, and control is also difficult.

(2)ミル・レシオ制御には給炭量を過渡的にオーバ・
アンダフイードする特性もあり、ミルの応答を速めるよ
うに作用する。しかし、前述の理由により、一次遅れ演
算器119の設定誤差が大きいと、ミル・レシオ制御に
よる補性分が給炭量のフィードバック信号により打消さ
れ、ミル・レシオ制御が有効に作用しない。
(2) Mill ratio control involves transient overcoal feeding.
It also has an underfeeding characteristic, which acts to speed up the response of the mill. However, for the above-mentioned reason, if the setting error of the first-order lag calculator 119 is large, the complementarity due to the mill ratio control is canceled by the feedback signal of the amount of coal fed, and the mill ratio control does not work effectively.

(3)一次空気流量の制御は直接的にミル・レシオ制御
と関係せず、ミル指令から一義的に決定されるため、一
次空気量の過多により、ミル・レシオが下がり、ミル内
で微粉炭が十分形成されず、粒度の粗い粉炭をバーナに
送る可能性がある。特に、急な負荷上昇時に見られる。
(3) Control of the primary air flow rate is not directly related to mill ratio control and is uniquely determined from the mill command. The coal may not be formed sufficiently and coarse powder coal may be sent to the burner. This is especially seen when the load suddenly increases.

〔発明の目的〕[Purpose of the invention]

本発明の目的は、ミル出口微粉炭流量を目標値に制御す
ると共に、給炭量制御と一次空気流量制御の協調をはか
り、ミル・レシオを一定に保持することにより、ミル出
口微粉炭流量の制御性向上をはかった微粉炭ミル制御装
置を提供することにある。
The purpose of the present invention is to control the flow rate of pulverized coal at the mill exit to a target value, coordinate the coal feeding amount control and the primary air flow rate control, and maintain the mill ratio constant. An object of the present invention is to provide a pulverized coal mill control device with improved controllability.

〔発明の概要〕[Summary of the invention]

本発明は、ミル出口微粉炭流量を目標値に制御すると共
に、ミル・レシオを規定値に制御することにより、石炭
性状の差および給炭量と一次空気流量のアンバランスに
よりミル内の循環比・粉炭濃度が変化し結果的にミルの
応答性に影響を与えるのを抑制する。又、ミル・レシオ
制御には、前述した通り給炭量を過渡的にオーバ・アン
ダーフィードする特性があり、ミルの応答を速めるよう
に作用するが、この機能を有効に働かせる。
The present invention controls the flow rate of pulverized coal at the mill outlet to a target value, and also controls the mill ratio to a specified value, thereby reducing the circulation ratio within the mill due to differences in coal properties and unbalance between coal feed amount and primary air flow rate. - Suppresses changes in pulverized coal concentration that ultimately affect mill responsiveness. Furthermore, as described above, mill ratio control has the characteristic of transiently overfeeding or underfeeding the amount of coal fed, and acts to speed up the response of the mill, and this function is effectively used.

この機能を持った制御装置を実現させるため。In order to realize a control device with this function.

操作量である給炭量と一次空気流量の制御を以下の様に
行う。
Control of the coal feed amount and primary air flow rate, which are the manipulated variables, is performed as follows.

(1)給炭量制御 (a)燃料(石炭量)指令に対し、給炭量のフィードバ
ック信号から演算される合計微粉炭量が一致するように
ミル指令を決定、ミル指令により給炭量を制御する。
(1) Coal feed amount control (a) Determine the mill command so that the total amount of pulverized coal calculated from the coal feed amount feedback signal matches the fuel (coal amount) command, and adjust the coal feed amount using the mill command. Control.

(b)ミル・レシオの規定値からの偏差で給炭量フィー
ドバック信号を補正、ミル・レシオを過渡的に規定値に
制御する。
(b) The coal feeding amount feedback signal is corrected based on the deviation of the mill ratio from the specified value, and the mill ratio is transiently controlled to the specified value.

(2)一次空気流量制御 (a)ミル指令から、ミルの静的に最適な運転状態を考
慮して決められる一次空気量に制御する。
(2) Primary air flow rate control (a) Control to the primary air amount determined from the mill command in consideration of the statically optimal operating condition of the mill.

(b)ミネ・レシオが許容値以下に下がった場合、一次
空気流量を保持、又は、ミル・レシオが許容値内に復帰
するまで一次空気量を絞り込む。
(b) If the mine ratio falls below the allowable value, maintain the primary air flow rate or reduce the primary air flow rate until the mill ratio returns to within the allowable value.

(C)ミル・レシオが規定値に一致するように、一次空
気流量を補正する。
(C) Correct the primary air flow rate so that the mil ratio matches the specified value.

本発明と従来方式との相違点は、先に述べたミル・レシ
オ制御の効果をより有効に発揮させるための工夫、上記
(1)、 (b)項、(2)、(b)(C)項にある。
The difference between the present invention and the conventional method is that the above-mentioned measures (1), (b), (2), (b) (C ) section.

〔発明の実施例〕[Embodiments of the invention]

第1図に本発明の一実施例を示す。 FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the present invention.

ミル・レシオが演算器114によりミル差圧と一次空気
差圧から演算され、比較器116に於いてミル・レシオ
設定値115と比較される。比較器116の出力である
ミル・レシオ偏差をもとに、調節器120により給炭量
補正信号を作成、演算器121により給炭量信号を補正
する。調節器120は、過渡時のミル・レシオ偏差が小
さくなるように給炭量信号を補正する。即ち、燃料(石
炭量)増(減)指令時、一次空気流量増(減)によりミ
ル・レシオが過渡的に低下(上昇)するのを抑制するた
め、ミル・レシオ偏差からの補正により、給炭量信号を
見かけ上小さく(大きく)シ、ミル指令を増加(減少)
、給炭量を増加(減少)させる。その時、ミル指令槽(
減)に伴い、一次空気流量も増加(減少)するが、その
上限(下限)は抑えられる。
A mil ratio is calculated from the mil differential pressure and the primary air differential pressure by a calculator 114, and is compared with a mil ratio set value 115 in a comparator 116. Based on the mil ratio deviation, which is the output of the comparator 116, a regulator 120 creates a coal feed amount correction signal, and an arithmetic unit 121 corrects the coal feed amount signal. The regulator 120 corrects the coal feed amount signal so that the transient mil ratio deviation is reduced. In other words, when the fuel (coal amount) is commanded to increase (decrease), in order to suppress the transient decrease (increase) in the mil ratio due to the increase (decrease) in the primary air flow rate, the supply is adjusted by correcting the mil ratio deviation. Decrease (increase) the coal amount signal and increase (decrease) the mill command.
, increase (decrease) the amount of coal fed. At that time, the mill command tank (
As the primary air flow rate increases (decreases), the primary air flow rate also increases (decreases), but its upper (lower) limit is suppressed.

比較器116の出力であるミル・レシオ偏差が、あらか
じめ設定された許容値内に入っているかどうかを演算器
122でチェックし、ミル・レシオ偏差が許容量より大
きくなった場合、演算器122は許容値からの差を出力
する。それ以外では、演算器122の出力はOである。
The calculator 122 checks whether the mil ratio deviation, which is the output of the comparator 116, is within a preset tolerance. If the mil ratio deviation is larger than the tolerance, the calculator 122 Outputs the difference from the tolerance value. Otherwise, the output of the arithmetic unit 122 is O.

演算器122の出力は、比較器112の出力である。一
次空気流量偏差と共に選択器123に入力される。
The output of the arithmetic unit 122 is the output of the comparator 112. It is input to the selector 123 together with the primary air flow rate deviation.

選択器123では、演算器122の出力に応じて二人力
の内、一方を選択する。即ち、演算器122の出力がミ
ル・レシオ低(高)により負(正)符号の信号を出力し
た場合、選択器123では、二人力の内、信号レベルの
低(高)い方を出力する0選択器123の出力は、調節
器113の入力となり、一次空気流量を制御する。この
回路により、給炭量と一次空気流量の応答性の違いによ
るアンバランスがミル・レシオ偏差を大きくする、即ち
、ミル内循環比・粉炭濃度が変化し、ミルの応答性及び
微粉炭粒度に影響するのを防止する。
The selector 123 selects one of the two operators according to the output of the arithmetic unit 122. That is, when the output of the arithmetic unit 122 outputs a signal with a negative (positive) sign due to the low (high) Mil ratio, the selector 123 outputs the one with the lower (higher) signal level of the two outputs. The output of the 0 selector 123 becomes the input of the regulator 113 to control the primary air flow rate. With this circuit, the unbalance caused by the difference in responsiveness between the coal feeding amount and the primary air flow rate increases the mill ratio deviation.In other words, the circulation ratio and pulverized coal concentration within the mill change, resulting in changes in mill responsiveness and pulverized coal particle size. prevent it from affecting

ミル・レシオ制御では、給炭量フィードバック信号を補
正するため1合計微粉炭量を燃料指令に一致させる必要
上、調節器120は積分特性を持つことは許されない。
In mill ratio control, the regulator 120 is not allowed to have an integral characteristic because it is necessary to match the total amount of pulverized coal with the fuel command in order to correct the coal feed amount feedback signal.

そこで、ミル・レシオの定常偏差を0にするため、ミル
・レシオ偏差をもとに、調節器124、演算器125に
より関数発生器110の出力である一次空気流量設定値
を補正する。
Therefore, in order to make the steady-state deviation of the mil ratio zero, the primary air flow rate set value, which is the output of the function generator 110, is corrected by the regulator 124 and the arithmetic unit 125 based on the mil ratio deviation.

本実施例によれば、微粉炭ミルの操作量である給炭量と
1次空気流量を協調して制御することにより、過渡的に
も定常的にも良好なミル・レシオ制御を実現でき、ミル
・レシオ制御の特徴であるミル定常運転時及び負荷変化
時の最適運転状態の保持をより効果的に発揮させること
ができ、ミルの最適な運用が可能となる。
According to this embodiment, by cooperatively controlling the coal feeding amount and the primary air flow rate, which are the operating variables of the pulverized coal mill, it is possible to achieve good mill ratio control both transiently and steadily. It is possible to more effectively maintain the optimal operating state during steady operation of the mill and during load changes, which is a feature of mill ratio control, and enables optimal operation of the mill.

〔発明の効果〕〔Effect of the invention〕

本発明によれば、微粉炭ミルの最適運用(ミル負荷応答
性向上、石炭粒度の均一化による燃焼安定性向上)を可
能にする微粉炭ミル制御装置を提供することができる。
According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a pulverized coal mill control device that enables optimal operation of a pulverized coal mill (improved mill load response, improved combustion stability due to uniform coal particle size).

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of drawings]

第1図は本発明の一実施例の微粉炭ミル制御装置の制御
ブロック図、第2図は微粉炭ミルシステムの構成図、第
3図は従来の微粉炭ミル制御装置の制御のブロック図で
ある。 101〜125・・・微粉炭ミル制御装置、l立・・・
微粉炭ミルシステム / : □++ 1.6  ゛、  代理人 弁理士 小川勝男′”−2
7′ 第 1 日 第 3 目
Fig. 1 is a control block diagram of a pulverized coal mill control device according to an embodiment of the present invention, Fig. 2 is a configuration diagram of a pulverized coal mill system, and Fig. 3 is a control block diagram of a conventional pulverized coal mill control device. be. 101-125...Pulverized coal mill control device, stand...
Pulverized coal mill system/: □++ 1.6 ゛、Representative Patent attorney Katsuo Ogawa′”−2
7' 1st day 3rd day

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】 1、微粉炭ミル制御装置で、給炭機から前記微粉炭ミル
への給炭量と、燃焼用及び微粉炭搬送用空気である一次
空気の流量を制御して、前記微粉炭ミルの出口の微粉炭
流量を制御し、計測されるミル差圧と前記一次空気の差
圧の比で定義されるミル・レシオを一定に保持する機能
を備えた微粉炭ミル制御装置に於いて、 前記ミル・レシオを一定に保持するため、給炭量と一次
空気の流量を協調して制御することを特徴とする微粉炭
ミル制御装置。 2、特許請求の範囲第1図に於いて、前記ミル・レシオ
を一定に保持するため、前記給炭量制御と前記一次空気
の流量制御の協調をはかるように、前記給炭量制御では
前記ミル・レシオの設定値からの偏差であるミル・レシ
オ偏差で給炭量フィードバック信号を補正し、前記一次
空気流量制御では前記ミル・レシオ偏差で前記一次空気
流量の設定値を補正し、前記ミル・レシオ偏差をあらか
じめ設定される許容値内に維持する機能を設けたことを
特徴とする微粉炭ミル制御装置。
[Claims] 1. A pulverized coal mill control device controls the amount of coal fed from the coal feeder to the pulverized coal mill and the flow rate of primary air, which is air for combustion and for conveying pulverized coal, to A pulverized coal mill control device has a function of controlling the pulverized coal flow rate at the outlet of the pulverized coal mill and maintaining a constant mill ratio defined by the ratio of the measured mill differential pressure to the differential pressure of the primary air. A pulverized coal mill control device characterized in that the amount of coal feed and the flow rate of primary air are controlled in coordination to maintain the mill ratio constant. 2. Claims In FIG. 1, in order to maintain the mill ratio constant, the coal feeding amount control and the flow rate control of the primary air are coordinated. The coal feeding amount feedback signal is corrected by the mil ratio deviation which is the deviation from the mil ratio set value, and in the primary air flow rate control, the set value of the primary air flow rate is corrected by the mil ratio deviation, - A pulverized coal mill control device characterized by having a function to maintain ratio deviation within a preset tolerance value.
JP6071685A 1985-03-27 1985-03-27 Pulverized coal mill control device Pending JPS61223425A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP6071685A JPS61223425A (en) 1985-03-27 1985-03-27 Pulverized coal mill control device

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP6071685A JPS61223425A (en) 1985-03-27 1985-03-27 Pulverized coal mill control device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS61223425A true JPS61223425A (en) 1986-10-04

Family

ID=13150290

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP6071685A Pending JPS61223425A (en) 1985-03-27 1985-03-27 Pulverized coal mill control device

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS61223425A (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5158024A (en) * 1991-03-26 1992-10-27 Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Combustion control apparatus for a coal-fired furnace
US5231939A (en) * 1991-04-05 1993-08-03 Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Apparatus for estimating an unburned component amount in ash in a coal-fired furnace

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5158024A (en) * 1991-03-26 1992-10-27 Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Combustion control apparatus for a coal-fired furnace
US5231939A (en) * 1991-04-05 1993-08-03 Kawasaki Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Apparatus for estimating an unburned component amount in ash in a coal-fired furnace

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