JP6850988B2 - Thermoelectric conversion module - Google Patents

Thermoelectric conversion module Download PDF

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JP6850988B2
JP6850988B2 JP2017048679A JP2017048679A JP6850988B2 JP 6850988 B2 JP6850988 B2 JP 6850988B2 JP 2017048679 A JP2017048679 A JP 2017048679A JP 2017048679 A JP2017048679 A JP 2017048679A JP 6850988 B2 JP6850988 B2 JP 6850988B2
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thermoelectric conversion
nickel
layer
compound layer
conversion element
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JP2018152499A (en
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皓也 新井
皓也 新井
航 岩崎
航 岩崎
雅人 駒崎
雅人 駒崎
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Mitsubishi Materials Corp
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本発明は、複数のp型熱電変換素子とn型熱電変換素子とを組み合わせて配列した熱電変換モジュール及びその製造方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a thermoelectric conversion module in which a plurality of p-type thermoelectric conversion elements and an n-type thermoelectric conversion element are arranged in combination and a method for manufacturing the same.

熱電変換モジュールは、一組の配線基板の間に、一対のp型熱電変換素子とn型熱電変換素子とを電極で接続状態に組み合わせたものを、p,n,p,nの順に交互に配置されるように、電気的に直列に接続した構成とされ、両端を直流電源に接続して、ペルチェ効果により各熱電変換素子中で熱を移動させる(p型では電流と同方向、n型では電流と逆方向に移動させる)、あるいは、両配線基板間に温度差を付与して各熱電変換素子にゼーベック効果により起電力を生じさせるもので、冷却、加熱、あるいは、発電としての利用が可能である。 The thermoelectric conversion module is a combination of a pair of p-type thermoelectric conversion elements and an n-type thermoelectric conversion element connected by electrodes between a set of wiring boards, alternately in the order of p, n, p, n. It is configured to be electrically connected in series so that it is arranged, and both ends are connected to a DC power supply to transfer heat in each thermoelectric conversion element by the Peltier effect (in the p-type, the same direction as the current, n-type). (Move in the opposite direction to the current), or give a temperature difference between both wiring boards to generate electromotive force in each thermoelectric conversion element by the Seebeck effect, which can be used for cooling, heating, or power generation. It is possible.

このような熱電変換モジュールにおいて、熱電変換素子の材料としては、シリサイド系材料、酸化物系材料、スクッテルダイト(遷移金属とプニクトゲンの金属間化合物)、ハーフホイッスラー等が用いられる。この熱電変換材料をモジュール化する際、一般的には金属電極が用いられる。近年、中高温型の熱電モジュールの開発が盛んに行われているが、中高温では、大気中で大きく劣化しない金属電極は限られる。その中で、金(Au)や銀(Ag)より安価で、酸化が穏やかな金属としてニッケル(Ni)が多く用いられている。 In such a thermoelectric conversion module, as the material of the thermoelectric conversion element, a silicide-based material, an oxide-based material, a scutterdite (an intermetallic compound of a transition metal and an interpnictogen), a half whistler, or the like is used. When modularizing this thermoelectric conversion material, a metal electrode is generally used. In recent years, medium- and high-temperature type thermoelectric modules have been actively developed, but at medium- and high-temperature, metal electrodes that do not significantly deteriorate in the atmosphere are limited. Among them, nickel (Ni) is often used as a metal that is cheaper than gold (Au) and silver (Ag) and is mildly oxidized.

モジュールの配線にニッケルが用いられた場合、熱電変換材料を直接接合する方法としてアルミニウム(Al)を用いた方法が特許文献1に開示されている。
この特許文献1では、熱電変換材料としてマグネシウムシリサイドやマンガンシリサイド等、シリコン(Si)を含有する材料が用いられ、この熱電変換材料とニッケル製電極との界面にアルミニウムを挿入し、アルミニウムと熱電変換材料に含まれるシリコン(Si)との共晶点以上の温度で、アルミニウム層を溶融させることにより接合している。
When nickel is used for the wiring of the module, a method using aluminum (Al) as a method for directly joining the thermoelectric conversion material is disclosed in Patent Document 1.
In Patent Document 1, a material containing silicon (Si) such as magnesium silicide and manganese silicide is used as the thermoelectric conversion material, and aluminum is inserted at the interface between the thermoelectric conversion material and the nickel electrode to convert between aluminum and thermoelectric conversion. The aluminum layer is joined by melting it at a temperature equal to or higher than the eutectic point with silicon (Si) contained in the material.

特開2013−70044公報Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2013-70044

ところで、300℃〜600℃の温度環境で用いられる中高温型の熱電変換材料では、その端面に、一体焼結やスパッタ、めっき等により、メタライズ層としてニッケル層が形成される。このニッケル層を有する熱電変換素子をニッケル製電極に接合する場合、ニッケル同士の接合となる。ニッケル同士の接合は、銀ロウ付けなど800℃近い高温を要する接合技術があるが、熱電変換材料の耐熱性を超えた温度での接合は、熱電変換素子の劣化を招き、熱電変換モジュールの出力低下につながるおそれがある。特許文献1に開示の方法は、アルミニウムの融点(660℃)を超える680℃で良好な接合を得ているが、一方で、この技術は、熱電変換材料の成分にシリコンが含まれ、かつアルミニウムが拡散せず、ドーパントにならない熱電変換材料のみ使用可能である。 By the way, in a medium-high temperature type thermoelectric conversion material used in a temperature environment of 300 ° C. to 600 ° C., a nickel layer is formed as a metallized layer on its end face by integral sintering, sputtering, plating or the like. When the thermoelectric conversion element having the nickel layer is bonded to the nickel electrode, the nickel is bonded to each other. There is a joining technology that requires a high temperature of nearly 800 ° C, such as silver brazing, for joining nickel to each other, but joining at a temperature that exceeds the heat resistance of the thermoelectric conversion material causes deterioration of the thermoelectric conversion element, and the output of the thermoelectric conversion module. It may lead to a decrease. The method disclosed in Patent Document 1 obtains good bonding at 680 ° C., which exceeds the melting point of aluminum (660 ° C.), whereas this technique contains silicon as a component of the thermoelectric conversion material and aluminum. Only thermoelectric conversion materials that do not diffuse and do not become dopants can be used.

また、p型とn型の熱電変換素子をモジュール用の基板電極に接合する際、全く同じ接合材(はんだやロウ材)を用い、接合材を溶融させることで、熱電変換素子の高さを揃えることは可能であるが、p型とn型で異なる材料を用い、特許文献1に開示されているような接合を行うと、熱電変換材料中のシリコン含有量が異なるために、p型とn型の熱電変換材料と金属電極との界面のアルミニウム層の融点が異なってくると共に、液相の量も異なり、このため、熱電変換素子の高さのばらつきの原因となることが危惧される。 Further, when joining a p-type and an n-type thermoelectric conversion element to a substrate electrode for a module, the height of the thermoelectric conversion element can be increased by using exactly the same bonding material (solder or brazing material) and melting the bonding material. Although it is possible to align them, if different materials are used for the p-type and the n-type and the bonding as disclosed in Patent Document 1 is performed, the silicon content in the thermoelectric conversion material is different, so that the p-type and the n-type are different from the p-type. The melting point of the aluminum layer at the interface between the n-type thermoelectric conversion material and the metal electrode is different, and the amount of the liquid phase is also different, which may cause a variation in the height of the thermoelectric conversion element.

本発明は、このような事情に鑑みてなされたものであり、熱電変換素子のニッケル層と、配線部のニッケルからなる電極表面とのニッケル同士を低温でかつ高さばらつきを抑えて均一な寸法精度で接合することを目的とする。 The present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and has uniform dimensions of nickel between the nickel layer of the thermoelectric conversion element and the surface of the electrode made of nickel in the wiring portion at a low temperature and with suppressed height variation. The purpose is to join with precision.

本発明の熱電変換モジュールは、複数の熱電変換素子と、これら熱電変換素子を接続する電極を有する配線部とを備え、前記熱電変換素子の端面にニッケル層が形成されるとともに、前記配線部の前記電極は、少なくとも表面がニッケルからなるニッケル表面部を有し、このニッケル表面部と前記熱電変換素子の端面のニッケル層とが接合されてなり、その接合部には、該接合部と前記ニッケル層との界面側及び前記接合部と前記ニッケル表面部との界面側にAl−Ni金属間化合物層がそれぞれ形成されており、前記Al−Ni金属間化合物層は、前記接合部と前記ニッケル層との界面及び前記接合部と前記ニッケル表面部との界面からAlNi化合物層、AlNi化合物層の順にAl−Ni金属間化合物が積層されており、前記AlNi化合物層に対する前記AlNi化合物層の被覆率が前記ニッケル層側及び前記ニッケル表面部側の両方の平均値で90%以上である。 The thermoelectric conversion module of the present invention includes a plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements and a wiring portion having electrodes connecting these thermoelectric conversion elements, and a nickel layer is formed on the end face of the thermoelectric conversion element and the wiring portion of the wiring portion. The electrode has a nickel surface portion whose surface is at least nickel, and the nickel surface portion and the nickel layer on the end surface of the thermoelectric conversion element are bonded to each other, and the joint portion and the nickel are joined. Al-Ni metal-to-metal compound layers are formed on the interface side with the layer and the interface side between the joint portion and the nickel surface portion, respectively, and the Al-Ni metal-metal compound layer is the joint portion and the nickel layer. Al—Ni metallographic compounds are laminated in the order of the Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer and the Al 3 Ni compound layer from the interface with and the interface between the junction and the nickel surface portion, and with respect to the Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer. The coverage of the Al 3 Ni compound layer is 90% or more on average on both the nickel layer side and the nickel surface portion side.

Al−Ni金属間化合物はニッケルやアルミニウムよりも高い融点を有し、耐熱性が高いため、熱電変換モジュールとして高温での耐熱性に優れ、接合部が剥離することなく、強固な接合状態を維持することができる。
一方で、ニッケルとアルミニウムとは比較的低温で金属間化合物を生成するので、接合温度も低温でよい。
また、熱電変換素子の端面にニッケル層が形成されているので、熱電変換素子と接合部との間の拡散現象の発生を防止することができる。したがって、接合部からアルミニウムが熱電変換素子中に拡散してくることはなく、熱電変換素子の性能の劣化を生じることはない。また、熱電変換素子中の成分が接合部に拡散することもないので、高さばらつきの発生を抑制することができる。
この場合、Al−Ni金属間化合物層は、接合部とニッケル層との界面及び接合部とニッケル表面部との界面からAlNi化合物層、AlNi化合物層の順に積層構造とされているが、AlNi化合物層に対してAlNi化合物層の被覆率がニッケル層側及びニッケル表面部側の両方の平均値で90%未満では、被覆されていない部分から剥離が生じるなど、接合不良の原因となる。
Since the Al-Ni intermetallic compound has a higher melting point than nickel and aluminum and has high heat resistance, it has excellent heat resistance at high temperatures as a thermoelectric conversion module, and maintains a strong bonded state without peeling of the bonded portion. can do.
On the other hand, since nickel and aluminum form an intermetallic compound at a relatively low temperature, the bonding temperature may be low.
Further, since the nickel layer is formed on the end face of the thermoelectric conversion element, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of a diffusion phenomenon between the thermoelectric conversion element and the joint portion. Therefore, aluminum does not diffuse into the thermoelectric conversion element from the joint, and the performance of the thermoelectric conversion element does not deteriorate. Further, since the components in the thermoelectric conversion element do not diffuse to the joint portion, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of height variation.
In this case, the Al-Ni metal-to-metal compound layer has a laminated structure in the order of the Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer and the Al 3 Ni compound layer from the interface between the joint and the nickel layer and the interface between the joint and the nickel surface. However, if the coverage of the Al 3 Ni compound layer is less than 90% on the average value of both the nickel layer side and the nickel surface side with respect to the Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer, peeling occurs from the uncoated portion. , Causes poor joining.

この熱電変換モジュールの製造方法としては、複数の熱電変換素子の端面にニッケル層を形成するとともに、これら熱電変換素子を接続するための電極を有する配線部における前記電極の少なくとも表面にニッケルからなるニッケル表面部を形成しておき、前記熱電変換素子の前記ニッケル層と前記電極の前記ニッケル表面部との間にアルミニウム箔又はAl−Si箔からなる接合材を介在させ、前記接合材の融点又は液相線温度よりも低い温度で加熱することにより前記ニッケル層と前記ニッケル表面部とを接合するとよい As a method for manufacturing this thermoelectric conversion module , a nickel layer is formed on the end faces of a plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements, and nickel composed of nickel is formed on at least the surface of the electrodes in a wiring portion having electrodes for connecting these thermoelectric conversion elements. A surface portion is formed, and a bonding material made of aluminum foil or Al—Si foil is interposed between the nickel layer of the thermoelectric conversion element and the nickel surface portion of the electrode, and the melting point or liquid of the bonding material is interposed. it is preferable to bonding the nickel surface portion and the nickel layer by heating at a temperature lower than the phase lines temperature.

ニッケル層とニッケル表面部との間にアルミニウム箔又はAl−Si箔を介在させて加熱し、接合しているので、ニッケル層との界面部及びニッケル表面部との界面部にAl−Ni金属間化合物層が形成され、これらを強固に接合することができる。しかも、アルミニウム箔又はAl−Si箔を完全に溶融させなくとも接合可能であり、溶融せずに残る固相部分により接合部の厚みを均一にして高さばらつきを抑えることができる。接合材が完 Since an aluminum foil or Al-Si foil is interposed between the nickel layer and the nickel surface to heat and bond them, the Al-Ni metal is located at the interface with the nickel layer and the interface with the nickel surface. A compound layer is formed and these can be firmly bonded. Moreover, the aluminum foil or the Al—Si foil can be joined without being completely melted, and the solid phase portion remaining without melting can make the thickness of the joined portion uniform and suppress the height variation. The joint material is complete

本発明によれば、熱電変換素子のニッケル層と、配線部のニッケルからなる電極表面とのニッケル同士を低温でかつ高さばらつきを抑えて均一な寸法精度で接合した熱電変換モジュールを得ることができる。 According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a thermoelectric conversion module in which the nickel layer of the thermoelectric conversion element and the nickel of the electrode surface made of nickel in the wiring portion are bonded to each other at a low temperature and with less height variation and with uniform dimensional accuracy. it can.

本発明の実施形態の熱電変換モジュールを示す縦断面図である。It is a vertical sectional view which shows the thermoelectric conversion module of embodiment of this invention. 図1のA−A線の矢視方向の平断面図である。FIG. 5 is a plan sectional view taken along the line AA of FIG. 1 in the direction of arrow. 図1のB−B線に矢視方向の平断面図である。It is a plan sectional view in the direction of the arrow on the line BB of FIG. 図1における配線基板の電極と熱電変換素子の端面との接合部付近の拡大断面図である。FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the vicinity of a joint portion between an electrode of a wiring board and an end face of a thermoelectric conversion element in FIG. 電極と熱電変換素子の端面との接合部付近の他の例を示す拡大断面図である。It is an enlarged cross-sectional view which shows the other example near the joint part of the electrode and the end face of a thermoelectric conversion element. 電極と熱電変換素子の端面との間に接合材を介在させた接合前の状態を示す拡大断面図である。It is an enlarged cross-sectional view which shows the state before joining with the bonding material interposed between the electrode and the end face of a thermoelectric conversion element. 実施例の接合部付近の光学顕微鏡写真である。It is an optical micrograph of the vicinity of the joint of an Example. 比較例の接合部付近の光学顕微鏡写真である。It is an optical micrograph near the joint of the comparative example.

以下、本発明の実施形態について、図面を参照して説明する。
<熱電変換モジュールの全体構造>
この実施形態の熱電変換モジュール1は、図1〜図3に示すように、一組の対向配置した配線基板(配線部)2A,2Bの間に、p型熱電変換素子3及びn型熱電変換素子4を線状(一次元状)又は面状(二次元状)に配列した構成である。簡便にするため、図1〜図3には、p型熱電変換素子3及びn型熱電変換素子4が二対で配列された例を示しており、合計4個の熱電変換素子3,4が一列に並んで設けられる。また、図中、p型熱電変換素子3には「p」、n型熱電変換素子4には「n」と表記する。
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
<Overall structure of thermoelectric conversion module>
As shown in FIGS. 1 to 3, the thermoelectric conversion module 1 of this embodiment has a p-type thermoelectric conversion element 3 and an n-type thermoelectric conversion between a set of wiring boards (wiring portions) 2A and 2B arranged opposite to each other. The elements 4 are arranged linearly (one-dimensionally) or planarly (two-dimensionally). For the sake of simplicity, FIGS. 1 to 3 show an example in which the p-type thermoelectric conversion element 3 and the n-type thermoelectric conversion element 4 are arranged in two pairs, and a total of four thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 are arranged. It is installed side by side in a row. Further, in the figure, the p-type thermoelectric conversion element 3 is referred to as “p”, and the n-type thermoelectric conversion element 4 is referred to as “n”.

<配線基板の構造>
配線基板2A,2Bは、図示例では、セラミックス板等の絶縁基板11の一方の面に電極層12A,12Bが形成され、他方の面に熱伝達金属層14が形成されている。
電極層12A,12Bは、一方の配線基板である図1の上側の第1配線基板2Aには、図2に示すように、隣合うp型熱電変換素子3とn型熱電変換素子4との対ごとにそれぞれ接続する平面視長方形状の2個の電極13からなる電極層12Aが形成されている。他方の配線基板である図1の下側の第2配線基板2Bには、図3に示すように、第1配線基板2Aの電極層12Aにより接続状態となる各対の両熱電変換素子3,4のうち、一方の対のn型熱電変換素子4と他方の対のp型熱電変換素子3とを接続状態とする電極13が熱電変換素子3,4の列の中央部に形成され、両端部に、一方の対のp型熱電変換素子3及び他方の対のn型熱電変換素子4に接続された電極13がそれぞれ形成され、これら3個の電極13により電極層12Bが構成されている。そして、両端部の電極13にそれぞれ外部配線部15が一体に又は別部材を溶接するなどにより、形成されている。
<Structure of wiring board>
In the illustrated example, the wiring boards 2A and 2B have electrode layers 12A and 12B formed on one surface of an insulating substrate 11 such as a ceramic plate, and a heat transfer metal layer 14 formed on the other surface.
As shown in FIG. 2, the electrode layers 12A and 12B have a p-type thermoelectric conversion element 3 and an n-type thermoelectric conversion element 4 adjacent to each other on the first wiring board 2A on the upper side of FIG. 1, which is one of the wiring boards. An electrode layer 12A composed of two electrodes 13 having a rectangular shape in a plan view, which are connected to each pair, is formed. As shown in FIG. 3, a pair of both thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 3 which are connected to the second wiring board 2B on the lower side of FIG. 1, which is the other wiring board, by the electrode layer 12A of the first wiring board 2A. Of 4, electrodes 13 that connect one pair of n-type thermoelectric conversion elements 4 and the other pair of p-type thermoelectric conversion elements 3 are formed in the center of the row of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4, and both ends. Electrodes 13 connected to one pair of p-type thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and the other pair of n-type thermoelectric conversion elements 4 are formed in the portions, and the electrode layer 12B is formed by these three electrodes 13. .. Then, external wiring portions 15 are formed integrally or by welding separate members to the electrodes 13 at both ends.

これら電極層12A,12Bは、例えばアルミニウム又はアルミニウム合金からなり、絶縁基板11の表面に接合されることにより形成されている。各電極13の大きさ(面積)は、これら電極13に接続される熱電変換素子3,4の大きさに応じて、熱電変換素子3,4の端面の面積より若干大きく設定される。
そして、各電極13の表面には、ニッケル層(ニッケル表面部)21がめっき等により形成されており、このニッケル層21に熱電変換素子3,4の端面が接合されている。
These electrode layers 12A and 12B are made of, for example, aluminum or an aluminum alloy, and are formed by joining to the surface of the insulating substrate 11. The size (area) of each electrode 13 is set to be slightly larger than the area of the end faces of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 according to the size of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 connected to the electrodes 13.
A nickel layer (nickel surface portion) 21 is formed on the surface of each electrode 13 by plating or the like, and the end faces of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 are bonded to the nickel layer 21.

<熱電変換素子の構造>
p型熱電変換素子3及びn型熱電変換素子4は、その材料として、シリサイド系材料、酸化物系材料、スクッテルダイト(遷移金属とプニクトゲンの金属間化合物)、ハーフホイッスラー等を用いることができる。その中でも特に、環境への影響が少なく、資源埋蔵量も豊富なシリサイド系材料が注目されており、マンガンシリサイド(MnSi1.73)がp型熱電変換素子3、マグネシウムシリサイド(MgSi)がn型熱電変換素子4となる。これら熱電変換素子3,4は、それぞれマンガンシリサイド(MnSi1.73)又はマグネシウムシリサイド(MgSi)の母合金を作製して、ボールミルにて例えば粒径75μm以下に粉砕後、プラズマ放電焼結、ホットプレス、熱間等方圧加圧法により例えば円盤状、角板状のバルク材を作製して、これを切断することにより、例えば横断面が正方形の角柱状に形成される。
また、各熱電変換素子3,4の両端面にはメタライズ層としてニッケル層22が形成されている。
<Structure of thermoelectric conversion element>
The p-type thermoelectric conversion element 3 and the n-type thermoelectric conversion element 4 can use silicide-based materials, oxide-based materials, scutteldite (intermetallic compound of transition metal and punictogen), half whistler, and the like. .. Among them, silicide-based materials that have little impact on the environment and have abundant resource reserves are attracting attention. Manganese silicide (MnSi 1.73 ) is p-type thermoelectric conversion element 3, and magnesium silicide (Mg 2 Si) is n-type. It becomes the thermoelectric conversion element 4. For each of these thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4, a mother alloy of manganese silicide (MnSi 1.73 ) or magnesium silicide (Mg 2 Si) is prepared, pulverized with a ball mill to, for example, a particle size of 75 μm or less, and then plasma discharge sintering and hot. For example, a disk-shaped or square plate-shaped bulk material is produced by pressing or hot isostatic pressing, and the bulk material is cut to form, for example, a prismatic cross section having a square cross section.
Further, nickel layers 22 are formed as metallized layers on both end faces of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4.

<接合部の構造>
配線基板2A,2Bの電極13と熱電変換素子3,4とは、後述するようにアルミニウム箔又はAl−Si箔からなる接合材23を介在させて加熱接合されており、そのアルミニウムと電極13のニッケル層21あるいは熱電変換素子3,4のニッケル層22との間にAl−Ni金属間化合物層24を有する接合部20が形成され、接合材23の残存層25が形成される場合がある。また、Al−Ni金属間化合物層24は、さらに、AlNi化合物層26と、AlNi化合物層27との二層構造とされ、ニッケル層21,22との界面側にAlNi化合物層26が形成され、このAlNi化合物層26をAlNi化合物層27が覆っている。接合材の残存層25は、用いられる接合材23の厚みによっては、接合部20に残存していない場合もある。
この接合構造において、AlNi化合物層26に対するAlNi化合物層27の被覆率は両ニッケル層21,22側の両方の平均値で90%以上必要である。この平均被覆率が90%未満では、被覆されていない部分から剥離が生じるなど、接合不良の原因となる。なお、AlNi化合物層26は、接合界面の全面に形成されるが、少なくとも接合界面の95%以上の面積で形成されているとよい。 図4は接合部20に接合材23の残存層25を有する例であり、図5は残存層25がない接合部20の例を示す。
<Structure of joint>
As will be described later, the electrodes 13 of the wiring substrates 2A and 2B and the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 are heat-bonded with a bonding material 23 made of aluminum foil or Al—Si foil interposed therebetween, and the aluminum and the electrodes 13 are heat-bonded. A bonding portion 20 having an Al—Ni intermetallic compound layer 24 may be formed between the nickel layer 21 or the nickel layers 22 of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4, and a residual layer 25 of the bonding material 23 may be formed. Also, Al-Ni intermetallic compound layer 24 is further provided with Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer 26, is a two-layer structure of the Al 2 Ni compound layer 27, Al 3 Ni side of the interface between the nickel layer 21, 22 A two- compound layer 26 is formed, and the Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer 26 is covered with the Al 2 Ni compound layer 27. The residual layer 25 of the bonding material may not remain in the bonding portion 20 depending on the thickness of the bonding material 23 used.
In this bonding structure, the coverage of the Al 3 Ni compound layer 27 with respect to the Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer 26 needs to be 90% or more on average on both sides of both nickel layers 21 and 22. If the average coverage is less than 90%, it may cause bonding failure such as peeling from the uncoated portion. The Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer 26 is formed on the entire surface of the bonding interface, but it is preferable that the Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer 26 is formed in an area of at least 95% or more of the bonding interface. FIG. 4 shows an example in which the joint portion 20 has a residual layer 25 of the bonding material 23, and FIG. 5 shows an example of the joint portion 20 having no residual layer 25.

具体的には、接合材23としてアルミニウム箔を用いた場合の接合部20は、電極13の表面のニッケル層21、Al−Ni金属間化合物層24、アルミニウム層(接合材の残存層)25、Al−Ni金属間化合物層24、熱電変換素子3,4のニッケル層22により構成される。 Specifically, when an aluminum foil is used as the bonding material 23, the bonding portion 20 includes a nickel layer 21 on the surface of the electrode 13, an Al—Ni metal compound layer 24, and an aluminum layer (residual layer of the bonding material) 25. It is composed of an Al—Ni metal-to-metal compound layer 24 and a nickel layer 22 of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4.

接合材23としてAl−Si箔を用いた場合の接合部は、電極13の表面のニッケル層21、Al−Ni金属間化合物層24、Al−Si層(接合材の残存層)25、Al−Ni金属間化合物層24、熱電変換素子3,4のニッケル層22により構成される。この場合、Al−Ni金属間化合物層24中のNiの一部がSiに置換している。
また、いずれの場合も、Al−Ni金属間化合物層24は、接合界面の全面にわたって層状に形成されており、さらに、AlNi化合物層26と、AlNi化合物層27との二層構造とされ、ニッケル層との界面側にAlNi化合物層26が形成される。特に、このAlNi化合物層26が界面の全面に均一にできていると、Al−Ni金属間化合物層24の全体が均一に形成される。このため、AlNi化合物層26は1μm以上形成されているとよく、Al−Ni金属間化合物層24としては、5μm以上100μm以下の厚みを有しているとよい。
When Al—Si foil is used as the bonding material 23, the bonding portion is a nickel layer 21 on the surface of the electrode 13, an Al—Ni metal compound layer 24, an Al—Si layer (residual layer of the bonding material) 25, and Al—. It is composed of a Ni metal-to-metal compound layer 24 and a nickel layer 22 of thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4. In this case, a part of Ni in the Al—Ni intermetallic compound layer 24 is replaced with Si.
Further, in each case, the Al-Ni metal-to-metal compound layer 24 is formed in a layered manner over the entire surface of the bonding interface, and further, two layers of the Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer 26 and the Al 2 Ni compound layer 27 are formed. It has a structure, and an Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer 26 is formed on the interface side with the nickel layer. In particular, when the Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer 26 is uniformly formed on the entire surface of the interface, the entire Al—Ni intermetallic compound layer 24 is uniformly formed. Therefore, the Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer 26 is preferably formed in an amount of 1 μm or more, and the Al—Ni intermetallic compound layer 24 is preferably formed in a thickness of 5 μm or more and 100 μm or less.

このように構成された熱電変換モジュール1を製造する方法について説明する。
<ニッケル層形成工程>
配線基板2A,2B及び熱電変換素子3,4をそれぞれ用意し、配線基板2A,2Bの電極13表面及び熱電変換素子3,4の両端面にニッケル層21,22をそれぞれ6μm以上5000μm以下の厚みで形成する。6μm未満では、接合時に、ニッケル層21,22がすべてAl−Ni金属間化合物層24となるおそれがある。ニッケル層の厚みが5000μmを超えた場合、熱電変換材料の高さが減少することにより、発電量が低下するおそれがある。
これらニッケル層21,22はめっき、スパッタリング等によって形成することができる。
A method of manufacturing the thermoelectric conversion module 1 configured in this way will be described.
<Nickel layer forming process>
Wiring boards 2A and 2B and thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 are prepared respectively, and nickel layers 21 and 22 are provided on the electrode 13 surface of the wiring boards 2A and 2B and both end surfaces of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4, respectively, with a thickness of 6 μm or more and 5000 μm or less. Formed with. If it is less than 6 μm, the nickel layers 21 and 22 may all become the Al—Ni intermetallic compound layer 24 at the time of bonding. If the thickness of the nickel layer exceeds 5000 μm, the height of the thermoelectric conversion material may decrease, which may reduce the amount of power generation.
These nickel layers 21 and 22 can be formed by plating, sputtering or the like.

<接合工程>
図6に示すように、配線基板2A,2Bの電極13のニッケル層21に、アルミニウム箔又はAl−Si箔からなる接合材23を介材させて熱電変換素子3,4の端面のニッケル層22を重ね合わせるようにして、両配線基板2A,2Bの間にp型熱電変換素子3及びn型熱電変換素子4を並べて配置し、積み重ね方向に所定の加圧力を作用させた状態で加熱炉内で加熱することにより、電極13のニッケル層21と接合材23、及び接合材23と熱電変換素子3,4のニッケル層22とが、これらの間にそれぞれAl−Ni金属間化合物層24を形成して接合される。
<Joining process>
As shown in FIG. 6, the nickel layer 21 on the end faces of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 is formed by interposing a bonding material 23 made of aluminum foil or Al—Si foil in the nickel layer 21 of the electrodes 13 of the wiring substrates 2A and 2B. The p-type thermoelectric conversion element 3 and the n-type thermoelectric conversion element 4 are arranged side by side between the wiring substrates 2A and 2B so as to overlap each other, and the inside of the heating furnace is in a state where a predetermined pressing force is applied in the stacking direction. By heating with, the nickel layer 21 of the electrode 13 and the bonding material 23, and the bonding material 23 and the nickel layers 22 of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 form an Al—Ni metal compound layer 24 between them, respectively. And are joined.

接合材23としてアルミニウム箔を用いる場合、加圧力が0.1MPa以上3MPa以下、温度が640℃以上650℃以下で、10分以上30分以下保持するとよく、ニッケルとアルミニウムとが固相拡散接合により接合される。この場合、Al−Ni金属間化合物層24が比較的厚く成長するので、ニッケル層21,22としては30μm以上の厚さに設定しておくとよい。
接合材23としてAl−Si箔を用いる場合、シリコン(Si)濃度として7.5質量%以上10.5質量%以下の箔を用いるとよく、接合は、加圧力が0.1MPa以上3MPa以下、温度が585℃以上540℃以下で、10分以上30分以下保持するとよい。このAl−Si箔を用いる場合も、表面の一部で溶融する場合もあるが、ニッケル層21,22との間でAl−Ni金属間化合物層24を形成する。
When aluminum foil is used as the bonding material 23, it is preferable to hold the pressing force at 0.1 MPa or more and 3 MPa or less, the temperature at 640 ° C. or more and 650 ° C. or less, and 10 minutes or more and 30 minutes or less. Be joined. In this case, since the Al—Ni intermetallic compound layer 24 grows relatively thick, it is preferable to set the thickness of the nickel layers 21 and 22 to 30 μm or more.
When an Al—Si foil is used as the bonding material 23, it is preferable to use a foil having a silicon (Si) concentration of 7.5% by mass or more and 10.5% by mass or less. It is preferable to keep the temperature at 585 ° C. or higher and 540 ° C. or lower for 10 minutes or longer and 30 minutes or lower. Although this Al—Si foil may be used or may be melted on a part of the surface, an Al—Ni intermetallic compound layer 24 is formed between the nickel layers 21 and 22.

いずれの場合も、接合時の加熱温度は、接合材23の融点あるいは液相線温度より低い温度とすることにより、接合材23の全部が溶融しないうちにニッケルとの間で金属間化合物を生成して接合する。
接合材23の全部が溶融してしまうと、ニッケル層21,22の間からはみ出すなどにより、接合後の熱電変換素子3,4の高さ方向の寸法ばらつきが生じるおそれがあるが、これらの箔が固相のまま残っていることにより、高さばらつきの発生を抑制し、高さを均一に揃えることができる。
In either case, the heating temperature at the time of bonding is set to a temperature lower than the melting point or the liquidus temperature of the bonding material 23 to generate an intermetallic compound with nickel before the entire bonding material 23 is melted. And join.
If all of the bonding material 23 is melted, there is a possibility that the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 after bonding may have dimensional variations in the height direction due to protrusion from between the nickel layers 21 and 22, and these foils. Is left in the solid phase, so that the occurrence of height variation can be suppressed and the height can be made uniform.

このようにして、両配線基板2A,2Bの間に、p型熱電変換素子3及びn型熱電変換素子4が直列に接続された状態に一体化される。そして、両配線基板2A,2Bのうちの一方の配線基板の熱伝達金属層14に熱源を接触させ、他方の配線基板の熱伝達金属層14に冷却媒体を接触させて用いられる。
この実施形態の熱電変換モジュール1は、電極13表面のニッケル層21と熱電変換素子3,4の端面のニッケル層22との間の接合部20に、その界面の全面にわたってAl−Ni金属間化合物層24が形成されており、このAl−Ni金属間化合物層24の融点が非常に高いので、高温での強度が高く、強固な接合強度を維持することができる。
In this way, the p-type thermoelectric conversion element 3 and the n-type thermoelectric conversion element 4 are integrated in series between the wiring boards 2A and 2B. Then, the heat source is brought into contact with the heat transfer metal layer 14 of one of the wiring boards 2A and 2B, and the cooling medium is brought into contact with the heat transfer metal layer 14 of the other wiring board.
In the thermoelectric conversion module 1 of this embodiment, the Al—Ni intermetallic compound is formed at the junction 20 between the nickel layer 21 on the surface of the electrode 13 and the nickel layer 22 on the end faces of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 over the entire surface of the interface. Since the layer 24 is formed and the melting point of the Al—Ni intermetallic compound layer 24 is very high, the strength at high temperatures is high, and strong bonding strength can be maintained.

一方で、ニッケルとアルミニウムとは比較的低温で金属間化合物を生成するので、接合温度も低温でよい。
特に、中高温型として有望なマグネシウムシリサイドを用いる場合、その耐熱性は600℃以下であるといわれるため、電極との接合温度が600℃以下とできるAl−Si箔を用いて接合するのが好ましい。
On the other hand, since nickel and aluminum form an intermetallic compound at a relatively low temperature, the bonding temperature may be low.
In particular, when magnesium silicide, which is promising as a medium-high temperature type, is used, its heat resistance is said to be 600 ° C. or lower. Therefore, it is preferable to use an Al—Si foil whose bonding temperature with the electrode can be 600 ° C. or lower. ..

また、熱電変換素子3,4の端面にはニッケル層22が形成されていることにより、熱電変換素子3,4と接合部20との間の拡散現象の発生も防止することができる。したがって、接合部20からアルミニウムが熱電変換素子3,4中に拡散してくることはなく、熱電変換素子3,4の性能の劣化を生じることはない。また、熱電変換素子3,4中の成分が接合部20に拡散することもないので、高さばらつきの発生を抑制することができる。特に、大型の熱電変換モジュールなど、部品の平面度や高さ管理幅が厳しくなる場合においても、安定した接合を実現することができる。 Further, since the nickel layer 22 is formed on the end faces of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of a diffusion phenomenon between the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 and the joint portion 20. Therefore, aluminum does not diffuse into the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 from the joint portion 20, and the performance of the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 does not deteriorate. Further, since the components in the thermoelectric conversion elements 3 and 4 do not diffuse to the joint portion 20, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of height variation. In particular, stable joining can be realized even when the flatness and height control width of parts such as a large thermoelectric conversion module become strict.

なお、本発明は、上記実施形態に限定されるものではなく、本発明の趣旨を逸脱しない範囲において、上記以外の種々の変更を加えることも可能である。
例えば、電極をアルミニウムによって形成し、その表面にニッケル層を形成したが、電極をニッケルにより形成してもよい。このため、本発明では、電極の表面が少なくともニッケルからなるものとし、これをニッケル表面部と称している。
また、絶縁基板の一方の面に電極層、他方の面に熱伝達金属層を形成したが、電極層のみを形成する構成としてもよい。
また、p型熱電変換素子とn型熱電変換素子とを1個ずつ直列に接続しているが、一対の配線基板の間にp型又はn型の一方の熱電変換素子のみを直列接続状態に配置して、p型又はn型ごとにユニット化し、そのp型熱電変換素子のユニットとn型熱電変換素子のユニットとを接続して熱電変換モジュールとすることも可能である。
また、各電極の平面形状、各熱電変換素子の横断面形状も、正方形に限らず、長方形、円形等に形成してもよい。
The present invention is not limited to the above embodiment, and various modifications other than the above can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
For example, although the electrode is made of aluminum and a nickel layer is formed on the surface thereof, the electrode may be made of nickel. Therefore, in the present invention, the surface of the electrode is made of at least nickel, and this is referred to as a nickel surface portion.
Further, although the electrode layer is formed on one surface of the insulating substrate and the heat transfer metal layer is formed on the other surface, only the electrode layer may be formed.
Further, although the p-type thermoelectric conversion element and the n-type thermoelectric conversion element are connected in series one by one, only one of the p-type or n-type thermoelectric conversion elements is connected in series between the pair of wiring boards. It is also possible to arrange and unitize each p-type or n-type, and connect the unit of the p-type thermoelectric conversion element and the unit of the n-type thermoelectric conversion element to form a thermoelectric conversion module.
Further, the planar shape of each electrode and the cross-sectional shape of each thermoelectric conversion element are not limited to squares, but may be formed into a rectangle, a circle, or the like.

次に、本発明の効果確認のために行った実験結果について説明する。 Next, the results of experiments conducted to confirm the effects of the present invention will be described.

厚さ1mmのニッケル板同士を厚さ10μmのアルミニウム箔(純度99.99質量%以上のアルミニウム(4N−Al))又は厚さ10μmのAl−Si箔(Si濃度:7.5質量%)によって接合した。接合時の加圧力は0.1MPaとし、表1に示す温度で10分間保持することにより、接合温度の異なる複数の試料を作製した。
得られた試料について、接合部の断面を光学顕微鏡で観察するとともに、電子線マイクロアナライザ(EPMA)で成分分析した。
Nickel plates with a thickness of 1 mm are laminated with aluminum foil with a thickness of 10 μm (aluminum (4N-Al) with a purity of 99.99% by mass or more) or Al-Si foil with a thickness of 10 μm (Si concentration: 7.5% by mass). Joined. The pressing force at the time of joining was 0.1 MPa, and the samples were held at the temperatures shown in Table 1 for 10 minutes to prepare a plurality of samples having different joining temperatures.
The cross section of the joint was observed with an optical microscope and the components of the obtained sample were analyzed with an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA).

また、AlNi層の被覆率、初期接合性、冷熱サイクル信頼性について評価した。
接合部の断面において、EPMAによりアルミニウム及びニッケルのマッピング像を取得し、アルミニウムに対するニッケルの量が、20%以上50%未満の部分をAlNi層、50%以上80%未満の部分をAlNi2層とした。AlNi2層に対するAlNi層の被覆率は、接合部の断面を倍率:1000倍、視野:幅1200μm×高さ900μm、の条件で測定し、
((AlNi2層とAlNi層が接している長さ/AlNi2層の長さ)×100)
を被覆率とし、各ニッケル板との界面側で5視野ずつ測定し、その平均値を平均被覆率とした。また、接合後に剥離してしまったものは『−』で示した。
初期接合性は、接合界面の超音波探査像(SAT像)を観察し、接合率が90%以上のものを「○」、90%未満のものを「×」とした。
冷熱サイクル信頼性は、−40℃⇔150℃の温度サイクルを2000サイクルしたものについて、接合界面の超音波探査像(SAT像)を観察し、接合率が90%以上のものを「○」、90%未満のものを「×」とした。
これらの結果を表1に示す。
In addition, the coverage, initial bondability, and thermal cycle reliability of the Al 3 Ni layer were evaluated.
In the cross section of the joint, a mapping image of aluminum and nickel is obtained by EPMA, and the part where the amount of nickel with respect to aluminum is 20% or more and less than 50% is the Al 3 Ni layer, and the part where the amount of nickel is 50% or more and less than 80% is Al 3. Two layers of Ni were used. The coverage of the Al 3 Ni layer with respect to the Al 3 Ni 2 layer was measured by measuring the cross section of the joint under the conditions of magnification: 1000 times, field of view: width 1200 μm × height 900 μm.
(( Length in which Al 3 Ni 2 layer and Al 3 Ni layer are in contact / Length of Al 3 Ni 2 layer) x 100)
Was taken as the coverage, and 5 visual fields were measured on the interface side with each nickel plate, and the average value was taken as the average coverage. In addition, those peeled off after joining are indicated by "-".
For the initial bondability, an ultrasonic exploration image (SAT image) at the bonding interface was observed, and those having a bonding ratio of 90% or more were designated as “◯” and those having a bonding ratio of less than 90% were rated as “x”.
For the reliability of the thermal cycle, observe the ultrasonic exploration image (SAT image) of the bonding interface for 2000 cycles of the temperature cycle of -40 ° C ⇔ 150 ° C, and those with a bonding ratio of 90% or more are marked with "○". Those less than 90% were marked with "x".
These results are shown in Table 1.

Figure 0006850988
Figure 0006850988

表1に示すように、接合材としてアルミニウム箔を用いた場合は、640℃で接合したものについて良好な接合部を得ることができた。一方、接合材としてAl−Si箔を用いた場合は、585℃以上で接合したものについて良好な接合部を得ることができた。
図7は、接合材がAl−Si箔で接合温度が600℃の場合の接合部(ニッケルとアルミニウムとの界面付近)の断面の光学顕微鏡写真である。Al−Ni金属間化合物層が界面の全面に形成されており、AlNi層とその上のAlNi化合物層とのいずれもがほぼ一様な厚みで形成されている。
これに対して、図8は、接合材がアルミニウム箔で接合温度が600℃の場合の接合部の断面の光学顕微鏡写真であるが、Al−Ni金属間化合物層のうち、AlNi層が界面の一部に形成されていない部分が生じていることがわかる。このようにAlNi層が途切れた状態であると、その部分が剥離の起点になるおそれがある。
また、接合材としてアルミニウム箔を用いた場合は585℃以下、Al−Si箔を用いた場合は550℃において、接合後に容易に剥離してしまった。
As shown in Table 1, when aluminum foil was used as the bonding material, a good bonded portion could be obtained for the one bonded at 640 ° C. On the other hand, when Al—Si foil was used as the bonding material, a good bonded portion could be obtained for those bonded at 585 ° C. or higher.
FIG. 7 is an optical micrograph of a cross section of a joint portion (near the interface between nickel and aluminum) when the bonding material is an Al—Si foil and the bonding temperature is 600 ° C. The Al-Ni intermetallic compound layer is formed on the entire surface of the interface, and both the Al 3 Ni layer and the Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer on the Al 3 Ni layer are formed with substantially uniform thickness.
On the other hand, FIG. 8 is an optical micrograph of a cross section of the joint portion when the bonding material is aluminum foil and the bonding temperature is 600 ° C., but among the Al-Ni intermetallic compound layers, the Al 3 Ni layer is It can be seen that a part of the interface that is not formed is generated. If the Al 3 Ni layer is interrupted in this way, that portion may become the starting point of peeling.
Further, when the aluminum foil was used as the bonding material, the temperature was 585 ° C. or lower, and when the Al—Si foil was used, the temperature was 550 ° C., which was easily peeled off after the bonding.

1 熱電変換モジュール
2A,2B 配線基板(配線部)
3 p型熱電変換素子
4 n型熱電変換素子
11 絶縁基板
12A,12B 電極層
13 電極
14 熱伝達金属層
15 外部配線部
20 接合部
21 ニッケル層(ニッケル表面部)
22 ニッケル層
23 接合材
24 Al−Ni金属間化合物層
25 残存層
26 AlNi化合物層
27 AlNi化合物層
1 Thermoelectric conversion module 2A, 2B Wiring board (wiring part)
3 p-type thermoelectric conversion element 4 n-type thermoelectric conversion element 11 Insulation substrate 12A, 12B Electrode layer 13 Electrode 14 Heat transfer metal layer 15 External wiring part 20 Joint part 21 Nickel layer (nickel surface part)
22 Nickel layer 23 Bonding material 24 Al-Ni intermetallic compound layer 25 Remaining layer 26 Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer 27 Al 2 Ni compound layer

Claims (1)

複数の熱電変換素子と、これら熱電変換素子を接続する電極を有する配線部とを備え、前記熱電変換素子の端面にニッケル層が形成されるとともに、前記配線部の前記電極は、少なくとも表面がニッケルからなるニッケル表面部を有し、このニッケル表面部と前記熱電変換素子の端面のニッケル層とが接合されてなり、その接合部には、該接合部と前記ニッケル層との界面側及び前記接合部と前記ニッケル表面部との界面側にAl−Ni金属間化合物層がそれぞれ形成されており、
前記Al−Ni金属間化合物層は、前記接合部と前記ニッケル層との界面及び前記接合部と前記ニッケル表面部との界面からAlNi化合物層、AlNi化合物層の順にAl−Ni金属間化合物が積層されており、
前記AlNi化合物層に対する前記AlNi化合物層の被覆率が前記ニッケル層側及び前記ニッケル表面部側の両方の平均値で90%以上であることを特徴とする熱電変換モジュール。
A plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements and a wiring portion having electrodes connecting these thermoelectric conversion elements are provided, a nickel layer is formed on the end face of the thermoelectric conversion element, and at least the surface of the electrodes of the wiring portion is nickel. It has a nickel surface portion made of, and the nickel surface portion and the nickel layer on the end surface of the thermoelectric conversion element are bonded to each other. An Al—Ni intermetallic compound layer is formed on the interface side between the portion and the nickel surface portion, respectively.
The Al—Ni intermetallic compound layer is formed in the order of Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer and Al 3 Ni compound layer from the interface between the joint portion and the nickel layer and the interface between the joint portion and the nickel surface portion. Intermetallic compounds are laminated and
A thermoelectric conversion module characterized in that the coverage of the Al 3 Ni compound layer with respect to the Al 3 Ni 2 compound layer is 90% or more on average of both the nickel layer side and the nickel surface portion side.
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