JP6225370B2 - Footbridge - Google Patents
Footbridge Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6225370B2 JP6225370B2 JP2013123142A JP2013123142A JP6225370B2 JP 6225370 B2 JP6225370 B2 JP 6225370B2 JP 2013123142 A JP2013123142 A JP 2013123142A JP 2013123142 A JP2013123142 A JP 2013123142A JP 6225370 B2 JP6225370 B2 JP 6225370B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- evacuation
- road surface
- column
- walking road
- deck
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A10/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE at coastal zones; at river basins
- Y02A10/30—Flood prevention; Flood or storm water management, e.g. using flood barriers
Landscapes
- Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
- Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
Description
この発明は、道路や鉄道路線などを跨ぐように設けられる歩道橋に関し、特に、津波や洪水などの非常事態発生時に避難用としても利用できるようにしたものである。 The present invention relates to a pedestrian bridge provided so as to straddle roads, railway lines, and the like, and is particularly adapted to be used for evacuation when an emergency such as a tsunami or flood occurs.
一般的な歩道橋は、道路を隔てたところに一対の支柱を立設し、これらの支柱に支持されて渡架躯体を掛け渡して歩行路面を形成するとともに、歩行路面の両端には、登降できるように階段やエスカレータ、エレベータなどでなる登降手段を接続してなる。こうした歩道橋は、車道を横切ることなく一方から他方の歩道へと避難とを誘導する立体通路としての役目しかなうｋ、他の機能を付帯するものはなかった。
そのため、津波や洪水などの緊急時において避難を可能とし、特に歩行路面以外にも多くの人を避難させ得るようにした歩道橋を先の出願において提案した（特許公報１）。A typical pedestrian bridge has a pair of pillars standing across the road, and is supported by these pillars to form a walking road surface over which a crossover is built, and can be climbed at both ends of the walking road surface. In this way, climbing means such as stairs, escalators and elevators are connected. These pedestrian bridges can only serve as a three-dimensional passage that guides evacuation from one side to the other without crossing the roadway, and none of them have any other functions.
For this reason, a pedestrian bridge that enables evacuation in an emergency such as a tsunami or flood and that can evacuate many people in addition to the walking road surface has been proposed in the previous application (Patent Publication 1).
この特許文献１には、各種の歩道橋案が記載されているが、本来の歩行路面が細幅状のままであってそれに避難ステージを付加したものにすぎず、これでは近隣の多くの人が避難してもらうには今一つのものであったし、津波が襲来してきた場合の耐力も低く弱いものであった。 In this Patent Document 1, various pedestrian bridge plans are described, but the original walking road surface remains narrow and only an evacuation stage is added to it. There was no better way to get evacuated, and the proof of the tsunami was low and weak.
この発明は、このような問題を解決しようとするものであり、津波などの非常事態時の避難人員を多く確保できるとともにそれ自体も耐力のある強い構造体であるようにした歩道橋を提供することを目的とする。 The present invention is intended to solve such a problem, and to provide a pedestrian bridge that can secure a large number of evacuation personnel in the event of an emergency such as a tsunami and is a strong structure that itself is resistant. With the goal.
この発明は上記目的を達成するため、請求項１に記載の発明は、一方と他方に対応する２つの短辺と一方と他方に対応する２つの長辺とを有する一方向に長く広幅状の矩形をしているとともにその上面が第１避難デッキ兼用の歩行路面とされた渡架躯体は、各短辺近くに対応するように配置した主支柱と前記矩形の中央位置に対応するように配置した中央支柱とに支持されてその下方の車道や鉄道路線などを跨ぐように架設されているとともに、歩行路面の前記一方の短辺寄りとなる前記一方の長辺の端部とその下側の歩道との間ならびに前記他方の短辺寄りとなる前記他方の長辺の端部とその下側の歩道との間には、階段とスロープでなる２種の登降手段が併設され、歩行路面の前記一方の短辺寄りとなる前記他方の長辺の端部外側部ならびに前記他方の短辺寄りとなる前記一方の長辺の端部外側部には、歩行路面と連絡する第２避難デッキがそれぞれ配備されてその下側の歩道上に立てられた避難部支柱で支持されるとともに、各第２避難デッキの上側に離れ歩行路面よりも高い位置には、第３避難デッキが設けられ、これら各第３避難デッキには、歩行路面の前記一方および他方の長辺にそれぞれスロープ基部を沿わせたスロープ型の二次避難路で連絡してあることを特徴とする。 In order to achieve the above-mentioned object, the invention according to claim 1 has a long and wide shape in one direction having two short sides corresponding to one and the other and two long sides corresponding to one and the other. The crossover frame, which has a rectangular shape and whose top surface is a walking road surface that also serves as the first refuge deck, is arranged so as to correspond to the main column and the central position of the rectangle that correspond to each short side. Is supported by the central column and is constructed so as to straddle the roadway and railway line below it, and the end of the one long side that is near the one short side of the walking road surface and the lower side thereof Between the sidewalk and between the end of the other long side, which is closer to the other short side, and the sidewalk on the lower side, there are two types of climbing means consisting of stairs and slopes. If the outer side of the end of the other long side that is closer to the one short side On the outer side of the end of the one long side that is closer to the other short side, a second evacuation deck that is in contact with the walking road surface is provided, and an evacuation unit column that stands on the sidewalk below the second evacuation deck A third evacuation deck is provided at a position above the second evacuation deck and at a position higher than the walking road surface, and each of the third evacuation decks has the one and the other long sides of the walking road surface. Each of them is connected by a slope type secondary evacuation route along the slope base .
上述したようにこの発明は、一方と他方に対応する２つの短辺と一方と他方に対応する２つの長辺とを有する一方向に長く広幅状の矩形をしているとともにその上面が第１避難デッキ兼用の歩行路面とされた渡架躯体は、各短辺近くに対応するように配置した主支柱と前記矩形の中央位置に対応するように配置した中央支柱とに支持されてその下方の車道や鉄道路線などを跨ぐように架設されているとともに、歩行路面の前記一方の短辺寄りとなる前記一方の長辺の端部とその下側の歩道との間ならびに前記他方の短辺寄りとなる前記他方の長辺の端部とその下側の歩道との間には、階段とスロープでなる２種の登降手段が併設され、歩行路面の前記一方の短辺寄りとなる前記他方の長辺の端部外側部ならびに前記他方の短辺寄りとなる前記一方の長辺の端部外側部には、歩行路面と連絡する第２避難デッキがそれぞれ配備されてその下側の歩道上に立て られた避難部支柱で支持されるとともに、各第２避難デッキの上側に離れ歩行路面よりも高い位置には、第３避難デッキが設けられ、これら各第３避難デッキには、歩行路面の前記一方および他方の長辺にそれぞれスロープ基部を沿わせたスロープ型の二次避難路で連絡してあることを特徴とする歩道橋であるので、津波などの非常事態時の避難人員を多く確保できるとともにそれ自体も耐力のある強い構造体であるようにした歩道橋を提供することができる。As described above, the present invention has a long and wide rectangular shape in one direction having two short sides corresponding to one and the other and two long sides corresponding to the one and the other, and its upper surface is the first. The crossover frame that is used as a walking road that also serves as an evacuation deck is supported by a main column arranged so as to correspond to each short side and a central column arranged so as to correspond to the central position of the rectangle, and below it. It is constructed so as to straddle roadways, railway lines, etc., and between the end of the one long side that is near the one short side of the walking road surface and the sidewalk below it, and near the other short side Between the end of the other long side and the sidewalk below it, there are two types of climbing means consisting of stairs and slopes, and the other side of the walking road surface near the one short side The outer side of the long side and the side closer to the other short side At the end the outer portion of the long side of the rectangular, the second evacuation deck in communication with the walking road surface is supported by the evacuation uprights erected on its underside on the sidewalk deployed respectively, each of the second evacuation deck A third evacuation deck is provided at a position higher than the walking road surface on the upper side of the road, and each of the third evacuation decks has a slope type in which a slope base is provided along the long side of the one and the other of the walking road surface. Since it is a pedestrian bridge characterized by being connected through the secondary evacuation route, it is possible to secure a large number of evacuation personnel in the event of an emergency such as a tsunami, and the pedestrian bridge itself is a strong structure that is also resistant. Can be provided.
各実施形態で説明する各案は関係する他の実施形態においても適用することができる。
図１ないし図４はこの発明の一実施形態を示す。１は左右からなる車道、２は同じく左右からなる歩道、３は両車道１，１間の中央分離帯をそれぞれ示す。
両歩道２，２には、主支柱５が中央分離帯３を介して線対称となる関係で立設配備されるとともに、主支柱５，５間に相当する中央分離帯３上には中央支柱６が立設されている。Each plan described in each embodiment can be applied to other related embodiments.
1 to 4 show an embodiment of the present invention. 1 is a left and right side road, 2 is a left and right sidewalk, and 3 is a median between the two roads 1 and 1 respectively.
On both sidewalks 2, 2, the main support column 5 is erected and installed in a line-symmetric relationship via the central separation band 3, and a central support column is placed on the central separation band 3 corresponding to the space between the main support columns 5, 5. 6 is erected.
歩道１，１上の主支柱５の近くには、中央支柱６を基準にして点対称となる関係で避難部支柱７が設けられ、また主支柱５を基準にして避難部支柱７とは反対側となる位置には中央支柱６を基準にして点対称となる関係で登降部支柱８が立設配備されている。主支柱５・避難部支柱７・登降部支柱８の各周りには歩道２から立ち上がる緩衝杭９がそれぞれ複数本ずつ配備され、津波流や漂流物から各柱を護るようにしてある。 Near the main column 5 on the sidewalks 1, 1, an evacuation unit column 7 is provided in a point-symmetric relationship with respect to the central column 6, and opposite to the evacuation unit column 7 with respect to the main column 5. In the position on the side, the climbing column column 8 is erected and arranged in a point-symmetric relationship with respect to the central column 6. Around each of the main column 5, the evacuation unit column 7, and the climbing unit column 8, a plurality of buffer piles 9 rising from the sidewalk 2 are provided to protect each column from tsunami currents and drifting objects.
１１は渡架躯体で平面矩形をしたＲＣ構造のもので、その幅×長さは８ｍ×３０ｍ前後でその上の第１避難デッキ兼歩行路面１２には５００人程度の人が避難可能となっている。歩行路面１２は平時は図２の矢印のように往き来が可能になっている。渡架躯体１１の中央は前記中央支柱６に支持されるとともに長手端部は主支柱５によって支持されている。 11 is an RC structure having a flat rectangular shape with a crossover frame. The width × length is about 8 m × 30 m, and about 500 people can evacuate to the first evacuation deck / walking road surface 12 thereon. ing. The walking road surface 12 can come and go as shown by the arrow in FIG. The center of the span housing 11 is supported by the central column 6 and the longitudinal end is supported by the main column 5.
渡架躯体１１の長手側端部には、折り返し型スロープである第１登降手段１４と階段である第２登降手段１５とが登降部支柱８により支持されて配備されている。これら第１、第２登降手段１４，１５は、中央支柱６を基準にして点対称な位置関係にある。 A first climbing means 14 that is a folded slope and a second climbing means 15 that is a staircase are supported by a climbing column 8 at the longitudinal end of the crossover frame 11. These first and second climbing means 14 and 15 are in a point-symmetric positional relationship with respect to the central column 6.
渡架躯体１１の長手端部には、歩行路面１２より１ｍ前後高くなるようにして張り出す第２避難デッキ１７が設けられ、この第２避難デッキ１７には、補助階段１８や補助スロープ１９により登降可能になっている。また、第２避難デッキ１７の上側には、コラム２０を介して歩行路面１２よりも３ｍ前後高く設定した第３避難デッキ２１が設けられ、このデッキ２１には、歩行路面１２の２個所から二次避難路２２を介して二次的に避難可能になっている。これら二次避難路２２、第３避難デッキ２１、第２避難デッキ１７などは、中央支柱６を基準にして点対称な位置関係とされている。
尚、２４は安全避難灯、２５は非常警報器である。A second evacuation deck 17 is provided at the longitudinal end portion of the transit frame 11 so as to be about 1 m higher than the walking road surface 12. The second evacuation deck 17 is provided with an auxiliary stairs 18 and an auxiliary slope 19. It is possible to climb. In addition, a third evacuation deck 21 that is set to be about 3 m higher than the walking road surface 12 is provided above the second evacuation deck 17 through the column 20. Second evacuation is possible via the next evacuation route 22. The secondary evacuation path 22, the third evacuation deck 21, the second evacuation deck 17, and the like are in a point-symmetric positional relationship with respect to the central column 6.
Reference numeral 24 is a safety evacuation light, and 25 is an emergency alarm.
図５ないし図８は他の実施形態を示す。１は左右からなる車道、２は同じく左右からなる歩道、３は両車道１，１間の中央分離帯をそれぞれ示す。
両歩道２，２には、主支柱５が中央分離帯３を介して線対称となる関係で立設配備されるとともに、主支柱５，５間に相当する中央分離帯３上には中央支柱６が立設されている。5 to 8 show another embodiment. 1 is a left and right roadway, 2 is a left and right sidewalk, and 3 is a median between the roads 1 and 1.
On both sidewalks 2, 2, the main support column 5 is erected and installed in a line-symmetric relationship via the central separation band 3. 6 is erected.
歩道１，１上の主支柱５の近くには、中央支柱６を基準にして点対称となる関係で避難部支柱７が設けられ、また主支柱５を基準にして避難部支柱７とは反対側となる位置には中央支柱６を基準にして点対称となる関係で登降部支柱８が立設配備されている。主支柱５・避難部支柱７・登降部支柱８の各周りには歩道２から立ち上がる緩衝杭９がそれぞれ複数本ずつ配備され、津波流や漂流物から各柱を護るようにしてある。 Near the main column 5 on the sidewalks 1, 1, an evacuation unit column 7 is provided in a point-symmetric relationship with respect to the central column 6, and opposite to the evacuation unit column 7 with respect to the main column 5. In the position on the side, the climbing column column 8 is erected and arranged in a point-symmetric relationship with respect to the central column 6. Around each of the main column 5, the evacuation unit column 7, and the climbing unit column 8, a plurality of buffer piles 9 rising from the sidewalk 2 are provided to protect each column from tsunami currents and drifting objects.
３１は渡架躯体で平面矩形をしたＲＣ構造のもので、その幅×長さは８ｍ×３０ｍ前後でその上の第１避難デッキ兼歩行路面３２には５００人程度の人が避難可能となっている。歩行路面３２は平時は図６の矢印のように往き来が可能になっている。渡架躯体３１の中央は前記中央支柱６に支持されるとともに長手端部は主支柱５によって支持されている。 Reference numeral 31 is an RC structure having a crossover frame and a rectangular shape. The width × length is about 8 m × 30 m, and about 500 people can evacuate to the first evacuation deck / walking road surface 32 above. ing. The walking road surface 32 can come and go as shown by the arrow in FIG. The center of the span housing 31 is supported by the central column 6 and the longitudinal end is supported by the main column 5.
渡架躯体３１の長手側端部には、折り返し型スロープである第１登降手段３４と階段である第２登降手段３５とが登降部支柱８により支持されて配備されている。これら第１、第２登降手段３４，３５は、中央支柱６を基準にして点対称な位置関係にある。 A first climbing means 34 that is a folded slope and a second climbing means 35 that is a staircase are supported by the climbing column 8 at the longitudinal end portion of the crossover frame 31. These first and second climbing means 34 and 35 are in a point-symmetric positional relationship with respect to the central column 6.
渡架躯体３１の長手端部には、歩行路面３２より１ｍ前後高くなるようにして張り出す第２避難デッキ３７が設けられ、この第２避難デッキ３７には、補助階段３８や補助スロープ３９により登降可能になっている。また、第２避難デッキ３７の上側には、コラム４０を介して歩行路面３２よりも３ｍ前後高く設定した第３避難デッキ４１が設けられ、このデッキ４１には、折り返し式スロープである二次避難路４２を介して地下からも避難可能になっている。この二次避難路４２、第３避難デッキ４１、第２避難デッキ３７などは、中央支柱６を基準にして点対称な位置関係とされている。
尚、４４は安全避難灯、４５は非常警報器、４６はソーラーパネル、４７は避難具入りベンチである。A second evacuation deck 37 is provided at the longitudinal end portion of the crossover frame 31 so as to be about 1 m higher than the walking road surface 32. It is possible to climb. In addition, a third evacuation deck 41 is provided above the second evacuation deck 37 through the column 40 and is set to be higher by about 3 m than the walking road surface 32. Evacuation from the basement via the road 42 is also possible. The secondary evacuation path 42, the third evacuation deck 41, the second evacuation deck 37, and the like are in a point-symmetric positional relationship with respect to the central column 6.
44 is a safety evacuation light, 45 is an emergency alarm, 46 is a solar panel, and 47 is a bench with evacuation equipment.
１…車道 ２…歩道 ３…中央分離帯 ５…主支柱 ６…中央支柱 ７…避難部支柱 ８…登降部支柱 ９…緩衝杭 １１，３１…渡架躯体 １２，３２…歩行路面 １４，１５，３４，３５…登降手段 １７，３７…第２避難デッキ ２１，４１…第３避難デッキ ２２，４２…二次避難路。 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Roadway 2 ... Sidewalk 3 ... Median strip 5 ... Main support column 6 ... Center support column 7 ... Evacuation unit support column 8 ... Ascending / descending unit support column 9 ... Buffer pile 11, 31 ... Crossover frame 12, 32 ... Walking road surface 14, 15 34, 35 ... climbing means 17, 37 ... second evacuation deck 21, 41 ... third evacuation deck 22, 42 ... secondary evacuation route.
Claims (1)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013123142A JP6225370B2 (en) | 2013-05-26 | 2013-05-26 | Footbridge |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013123142A JP6225370B2 (en) | 2013-05-26 | 2013-05-26 | Footbridge |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2014227824A JP2014227824A (en) | 2014-12-08 |
| JP6225370B2 true JP6225370B2 (en) | 2017-11-08 |
Family
ID=52127932
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013123142A Expired - Fee Related JP6225370B2 (en) | 2013-05-26 | 2013-05-26 | Footbridge |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP6225370B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105970791A (en) * | 2016-07-03 | 2016-09-28 | 张光裕 | Land-saving overhead type pedestrian bridge |
| CN109488053A (en) * | 2017-09-13 | 2019-03-19 | 高斌 | Cross the street bridge-type overpass Entertainment Plaza |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AUPQ214699A0 (en) * | 1999-08-11 | 1999-09-02 | Project X Solutions Pty Ltd | A flood resistant building structure |
| JP2006083549A (en) * | 2004-09-14 | 2006-03-30 | Noda Tec:Kk | Evacuation tower against tsumani |
| US20070245639A1 (en) * | 2006-04-10 | 2007-10-25 | Clarence Owens | Circular building structure and method of constructing the same |
| JP5163326B2 (en) * | 2008-02-28 | 2013-03-13 | フジワラ産業株式会社 | Footbridge |
| JP2014098257A (en) * | 2012-11-13 | 2014-05-29 | Nippon Sharyo Seizo Kaisha Ltd | Evacuation tower integrated with pedestrian bridge |
-
2013
- 2013-05-26 JP JP2013123142A patent/JP6225370B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2014227824A (en) | 2014-12-08 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP5163326B2 (en) | Footbridge | |
| US20090052983A1 (en) | Traffic Control Intersection | |
| JP6225370B2 (en) | Footbridge | |
| CN112292491A (en) | Emergency barrier for modular barrier | |
| KR101502484B1 (en) | Bridge improved supporting force and aesthetic design and method for constructing the same | |
| JP2014098257A (en) | Evacuation tower integrated with pedestrian bridge | |
| KR100978780B1 (en) | A constructed foodway | |
| KR101794745B1 (en) | Sky-walk bridge having half-circle structural form supported by stay cable | |
| JP6083043B2 (en) | Evacuation device | |
| CN105951547A (en) | City express bus barrier-free pedestrian passageway | |
| JP2007113242A (en) | Network refuge facilities for flooding measures | |
| KR200397413Y1 (en) | Bridge | |
| RU2327003C1 (en) | Dividers complex of crossed on roads transport and foot traffic | |
| JP2006083549A (en) | Evacuation tower against tsumani | |
| JP2017145549A (en) | Storm protection measure for bridge structure, and bridge structure | |
| JP4678535B2 (en) | Tsunami evacuation tower | |
| KR100820733B1 (en) | The disabled person passing modular inclination footpath plate for pedestrian crossings, and the construction method of this | |
| CN219386003U (en) | Bridge with arched railing | |
| CN211689837U (en) | Elevated pedestrian passageway for commercial district | |
| KR20050117483A (en) | Bridge | |
| KR102576807B1 (en) | A segment bridge of towerless pedestrian suspension bridge having a overtuning prevention structure | |
| CN215561826U (en) | Pedestrian overpass assembled by aluminum alloy | |
| CN214219396U (en) | Multichannel dish knot formula safety cat ladder | |
| RU2012101851A (en) | UNIVERSAL DIVIDER OF TRANSPORT AND PEDESTRIAN FLOWS ESTABLISHED AT THE CROSS CROSSROAD OF THE MAIN AND SECONDARY ROAD | |
| KR102232680B1 (en) | Rocking bridge with experience facility and method for constructing this same |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20160303 |
|
| A711 | Notification of change in applicant |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A711 Effective date: 20160303 |
|
| A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20160725 |
|
| A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20170113 |
|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20170207 |
|
| A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20170316 |
|
| A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20170509 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20170905 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20170919 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 6225370 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |