JP5624550B2 - 材料の加工方法 - Google Patents
材料の加工方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5624550B2 JP5624550B2 JP2011534659A JP2011534659A JP5624550B2 JP 5624550 B2 JP5624550 B2 JP 5624550B2 JP 2011534659 A JP2011534659 A JP 2011534659A JP 2011534659 A JP2011534659 A JP 2011534659A JP 5624550 B2 JP5624550 B2 JP 5624550B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- inorganic material
- materials
- biomass
- metal
- inorganic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 207
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 169
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 123
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 claims description 119
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- -1 fireclay Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 53
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 50
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 49
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000012978 lignocellulosic material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims description 6
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 claims description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 claims description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000014380 magnesium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052845 zircon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007580 dry-mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 92
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 42
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 40
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 39
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 38
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 38
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 34
- 238000010884 ion-beam technique Methods 0.000 description 32
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 22
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 18
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 17
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 17
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 16
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 14
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 14
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001833 catalytic reforming Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000005865 ionizing radiation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000004058 oil shale Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000527 sonication Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 5
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 5
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N argon Substances [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 4
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011822 basic refractory Substances 0.000 description 4
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 4
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011821 neutral refractory Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 4
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 description 3
- 241001474374 Blennius Species 0.000 description 3
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 3
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011820 acidic refractory Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000011089 carbon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007806 chemical reaction intermediate Substances 0.000 description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 description 3
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003949 liquefied natural gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003027 oil sand Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-one Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)N1CCC(=O)CC1 RTBFRGCFXZNCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-hydroxybutyric acid Chemical compound OCCCC(O)=O SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000198134 Agave sisalana Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000005461 Bremsstrahlung Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 2
- 229910000737 Duralumin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004435 EPR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000219146 Gossypium Species 0.000 description 2
- 101000848724 Homo sapiens Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 235000004431 Linum usitatissimum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000006240 Linum usitatissimum Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000000907 Musa textilis Species 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000082204 Phyllostachys viridis Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 102100034584 Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000754 Wrought iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007259 addition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003172 aldehyde group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N anhydrous glutaric acid Natural products OC(=O)CCCC(O)=O JFCQEDHGNNZCLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-1-ylmethanolate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C[O-])=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003830 anthracite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005255 beta decay Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 2
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- RBLGLDWTCZMLRW-UHFFFAOYSA-K dicalcium;phosphate;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RBLGLDWTCZMLRW-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 2
- GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H magnesium phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GVALZJMUIHGIMD-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Pentadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical group O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003079 shale oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007019 strand scission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N (9Z,12Z)-9,10,12,13-tetratritiooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid Chemical compound C(CCCCCCC\C(=C(/C\C(=C(/CCCCC)\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- YMHOBZXQZVXHBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine Chemical compound COC1=CC(CCN)=C(OC)C=C1Br YMHOBZXQZVXHBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 232Th Chemical compound [232Th] ZSLUVFAKFWKJRC-IGMARMGPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHZITEHQKWPDJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-dihydrocyclopenta[b]thiophen-6-one Chemical compound C1=CSC2=C1CCC2=O QHZITEHQKWPDJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001148 Al-Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241001466460 Alveolata Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052695 Americium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000272525 Anas platyrhynchos Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910021532 Calcite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052686 Californium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000223782 Ciliophora Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000000491 Corchorus aestuans Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011777 Corchorus aestuans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010862 Corchorus capsularis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052685 Curium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019739 Dicalciumphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000195623 Euglenida Species 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000206759 Haptophyceae Species 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001051 Magnalium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000694 Nambé Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052781 Neptunium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001520808 Panicum virgatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052778 Plutonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000206572 Rhodophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000551 Silumin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000577395 Thenus Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052776 Thorium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000545067 Venus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001464837 Viridiplantae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052767 actinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N actinium atom Chemical compound [Ac] QQINRWTZWGJFDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002730 additional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002154 agricultural waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000828 alnico Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005262 alpha decay Effects 0.000 description 1
- DNEHKUCSURWDGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum sodium Chemical compound [Na].[Al] DNEHKUCSURWDGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LXQXZNRPTYVCNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N americium atom Chemical compound [Am] LXQXZNRPTYVCNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XGGLLRJQCZROSE-UHFFFAOYSA-K ammonium iron(iii) sulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[Fe+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O XGGLLRJQCZROSE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910052586 apatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052789 astatine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RYXHOMYVWAEKHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N astatine atom Chemical compound [At] RYXHOMYVWAEKHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004774 atomic orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006664 bond formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JUNWLZAGQLJVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-J calcium diphosphate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O JUNWLZAGQLJVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- FUFJGUQYACFECW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium hydrogenphosphate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP([O-])([O-])=O FUFJGUQYACFECW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940043256 calcium pyrophosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HGLDOAKPQXAFKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N californium atom Chemical compound [Cf] HGLDOAKPQXAFKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012668 chain scission Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004965 chloroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011284 combination treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009089 cytolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001461 cytolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012691 depolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXCXNCAUYZRGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutoxy(phenyl)borane Chemical compound CCCCOB(OCCCC)C1=CC=CC=C1 AXCXNCAUYZRGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019821 dicalcium diphosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NEFBYIFKOOEVPA-UHFFFAOYSA-K dicalcium phosphate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NEFBYIFKOOEVPA-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000390 dicalcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940038472 dicalcium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004980 dosimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011143 downstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005520 electrodynamics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000804 electron spin resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002587 enol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IMBKASBLAKCLEM-UHFFFAOYSA-L ferrous ammonium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O IMBKASBLAKCLEM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N francium atom Chemical compound [Fr] KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005251 gamma ray Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000856 hastalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000852 hydrogen donor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052588 hydroxylapatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- SURQXAFEQWPFPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SURQXAFEQWPFPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XBDUTCVQJHJTQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate monohydrate Chemical compound O.[Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O XBDUTCVQJHJTQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VXWSFRMTBJZULV-UHFFFAOYSA-H iron(3+) sulfate hydrate Chemical compound O.[Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O VXWSFRMTBJZULV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910000359 iron(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000468 ketone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000400 magnesium phosphate tribasic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YLGXILFCIXHCMC-JHGZEJCSSA-N methyl cellulose Chemical compound COC1C(OC)C(OC)C(COC)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1C(OC)C(OC)C(OC)OC1COC YLGXILFCIXHCMC-JHGZEJCSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFNLGNPSGWYGGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N neptunium atom Chemical compound [Np] LFNLGNPSGWYGGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002560 nitrile group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910017464 nitrogen compound Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002830 nitrogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005658 nuclear physics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002417 nutraceutical Substances 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005022 packaging material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 description 1
- VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;fluoride;triphosphate Chemical compound [F-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;hydroxide;triphosphate Chemical compound [OH-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N plutonium atom Chemical compound [Pu] OYEHPCDNVJXUIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229910052699 polonium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HZEBHPIOVYHPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N polonium atom Chemical compound [Po] HZEBHPIOVYHPMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088417 precipitated calcium carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000010734 process oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012857 radioactive material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium atom Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052704 radon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N radon atom Chemical compound [Rn] SYUHGPGVQRZVTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006057 reforming reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011214 refractory ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003346 selenoethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- AQMNWCRSESPIJM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium metaphosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]P(=O)=O AQMNWCRSESPIJM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010907 stover Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003476 subbituminous coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N technetium atom Chemical compound [Tc] GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002058 ternary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229910000391 tricalcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940078499 tricalcium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019731 tricalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DNYWZCXLKNTFFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium Chemical compound [U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U][U] DNYWZCXLKNTFFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G15/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils by electric means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, by particle radiation or with gases superheated in electric arcs
- C10G15/10—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils by electric means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, by particle radiation or with gases superheated in electric arcs by particle radiation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G32/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms
- C10G32/04—Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms by particle radiation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/28—Treatment by wave energy or particle radiation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/02—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/04—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by extraction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G15/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils by electric means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, by particle radiation or with gases superheated in electric arcs
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G31/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for
- C10G31/06—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for by heating, cooling, or pressure treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G32/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils by electric or magnetic means, by irradiation, or by using microorganisms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G47/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G51/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only
- C10G51/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only plural serial stages only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G55/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process
- C10G55/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process plural serial stages only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G57/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one cracking process or refining process and at least one other conversion process
- C10G57/005—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one cracking process or refining process and at least one other conversion process with alkylation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G67/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G9/24—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils by heating with electrical means
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2301/00—Characterised by the use of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08J2301/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2497/00—Characterised by the use of lignin-containing materials
- C08J2497/02—Lignocellulosic material, e.g. wood, straw or bagasse
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G15/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils by electric means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, by particle radiation or with gases superheated in electric arcs
- C10G15/08—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils by electric means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, by particle radiation or with gases superheated in electric arcs by electric means or by electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1011—Biomass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1011—Biomass
- C10G2300/1014—Biomass of vegetal origin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1025—Natural gas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1033—Oil well production fluids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G47/00—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions
- C10G47/02—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G47/10—Cracking of hydrocarbon oils, in the presence of hydrogen or hydrogen- generating compounds, to obtain lower boiling fractions characterised by the catalyst used with catalysts deposited on a carrier
- C10G47/12—Inorganic carriers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G5/00—Recovery of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from gases, e.g. natural gas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G51/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only
- C10G51/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only plural serial stages only
- C10G51/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only plural serial stages only including only thermal and catalytic cracking steps
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G55/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process
- C10G55/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process plural serial stages only
- C10G55/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by at least one refining process and at least one cracking process plural serial stages only including at least one thermal cracking step
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
- Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Working-Up Tar And Pitch (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Description
本願は、2008年10月28日に出願された米国特許仮出願第61/109,159号に係る優先権を主張する。本仮出願の全開示は参照として本明細書に組み入れられる。
バイオマス、特に、バイオマス廃棄物は大量に利用することができる。バイオマスおよび他の材料からエタノールなどの材料および燃料を得ることは有用なことであろう。
もう1つの段階で材料の構造を変えるように、材料を加工することができる。次いで、加工された材料を、他の材料および燃料の供給源として使用することができる。
糖質含有材料と無機材料を組み合わせることによって形成された組み合わせを放射線照射する工程を含む、糖質含有材料を加工する方法。
[本発明1002]
加速粒子を用いて放射線照射が行われる、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1003]
前記粒子が、光速の75パーセント超の速度まで加速された電子を含む、本発明1002の方法。
[本発明1004]
糖質含有材料がセルロース材料またはリグノセルロース材料を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1005]
糖質含有材料と無機材料を組み合わせる工程が乾式混合または共粉砕(co-comminuting)を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1006]
糖質含有材料と無機材料を組み合わせる工程が、各材料を25℃より低い温度まで冷却しながら、両材料を共粉砕する工程を含む、本発明1005の方法。
[本発明1007]
前記材料が0℃または0℃より低い温度まで冷却される、本発明1006の方法。
[本発明1008]
無機材料が金属または金属合金を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1009]
金属または金属合金が、鉄金属、卑金属、貴金属(noble metal)、貴金属(precious metal)、および遷移金属からなる群より選択される、本発明1008の方法。
[本発明1010]
無機材料がアルミニウム金属を含む、本発明1008の方法。
[本発明1011]
無機材料が金属化合物を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1012]
金属化合物が、2+または3+の酸化状態の鉄またはコバルトを含む、本発明1011の方法。
[本発明1013]
無機材料が耐火材料を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1014]
耐火材料が、ジルコン、耐火粘土、シリカ、アルミナ、クロマイト、炭化ケイ素、炭素、マリタイト(mulitite)、ドロマイト、およびマグネサイトからなる群より選択される、本発明1013の方法。
[本発明1015]
無機材料がセラミックを含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1016]
セラミックが、酸化物、炭化物、ホウ化物、窒化物、ケイ化物、およびカオリンからなる群より選択される、本発明1015の方法。
[本発明1017]
無機材料が、無機材料を高温で維持することができる水を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1018]
無機材料が融点を有さない、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1019]
無機材料が約400℃を超える融点を有する、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1020]
無機材料が約1.5未満の比熱容量Cpを有する、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1021]
無機材料が約0.004〜約450W/mKの伝導率を有する、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1022]
無機材料が約1.5g/cm 3 を超える密度を有する、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1023]
無機材料が、約0.1ミクロン〜約100ミクロンの平均粒径を有する粒子を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1024]
組み合わせが、約0.05〜約35重量パーセントの無機材料を含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1025]
放射線照射する工程の後に、
無機材料を除去する工程、ならびに
放射線照射された糖質含有材料を、酵素および/または微生物を用いて産物に変換する工程
をさらに含む、前記本発明のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1026]
前記産物がエタノールを含む、本発明1025の方法。
[本発明1027]
変換する工程の後に除去する工程が行われる、本発明1025または1025の方法。
[本発明1028]
微生物が酵母を含む、本発明1025〜1027のいずれかの方法。
[本発明1029]
炭化水素含有材料と無機材料を組み合わせることによって形成された組み合わせを放射線照射する工程を含む、炭化水素含有材料を加工する方法。
[本発明1030]
炭化水素含有材料が、タールまたはオイルサンド、オイルシェール、原油、ビチューメン、石炭、石油ガス、液化天然ガスおよび/または合成ガス、ならびにアスファルトからなる群より選択される、本発明1029の方法。
[本発明1031]
炭化水素含有材料が、固体、粒子、粉末、液体、気体、またはその組み合わせを含む、本発明1029または1030の方法。
[本発明1032]
固体が石炭を含む、本発明1031の方法。
[本発明1033]
液体が石炭を含む、本発明1031の方法。
[本発明1034]
無機材料が、金属、金属合金、金属化合物、耐火材料、またはセラミックを含む、本発明1029〜1033のいずれかの方法。
本発明の他の特徴および利点は、以下の詳細な説明および特許請求の範囲から明らかであろう。
様々なバイオマス材料を用いて有用な産物を形成することができるシステムおよびプロセスが説明される。バイオマス材料は、1種類または複数の種類の無機材料、例えば、セラミック、金属、クレー、および/または無機質と組み合わされ、組み合わせに放射線が照射される。無機材料が添加されることで、無機材料が存在しない状態で同じエネルギーを加えた時と比較して、バイオマスに対する放射線の作用が調節(増加/強化または減少)される。例えば、無機材料が存在すると、放射線照射によって生じる熱が増えることで、バイオマス材料に対する放射線の作用を強化することができる。
dE/dx=-S(V)ρ(MeV/cm)(1)
で表される。
R=V0/S(V0)ρ(cm)(2)
で概算される。
ΔT=ε/Cpρad (K)(3)
に示したように、材料の比熱容量(Cp)、材料密度(ρ)、単位面積(a)、および厚さ(d)に反比例し、蓄積したエネルギー密度(ε)に正比例する。
図1は、バイオマス、特に、多量のセルロース成分およびリグノセルロース成分および/またはデンプン質成分を含むバイオマスを、有用な産物および副産物に変換するためのシステム100を示す。システム100は、供給調製サブシステム110、組み合わせユニット113、加工サブシステム114、一次プロセスサブシステム118、および後処理サブシステム122を備える。供給調製サブシステム110は、未加工の形をしたバイオマスを受け取り、バイオマスを下流プロセスによる供給材料として使用するために物理的に調製し(例えば、バイオマスのサイズを小さくする、バイオマスをホモジナイズする)、未加工の形をしたバイオマスおよび供給材料の形をしたバイオマスの両方を保管する。組み合わせユニット113において、バイオマスは、概して粒子の形をした無機材料と組み合わされる。
場合によっては、供給調製システム110は、切断、粗砕、剪断、細断、機械的な切り離しもしくは引き裂き、ピン研削、空気粉砕ミリング、またはチョッピングによって、供給材料を調製する。所望であれば、スクリーンおよび/または磁石を用いて、供給材料の流れから、大き過ぎる物体または望ましくない物体、例えば、岩または釘を除去することができる。このような物理的調製、例えば、剪断による物理的調製は繊維材料を「開放(open up)」し、力を加えることによって、材料のセルロースの鎖が切断しやすくなり、および/または結晶化度が小さくなる。開放された材料はまた、放射線照射時に酸化しやすくなっている場合がある。物理的調製によって、例えば、バイオマス材料のサイズが小さくなり、サイズおよび形状が均一になることで、バイオマス材料と無機材料との組み合わせが容易になる。
いくつかの態様では、セルロース材料および/またはリグノセルロース材料ならびに無機材料は、放射線照射前に乾式混合によって、例えば、ドラム内で組み合わされる。他の態様では、セルロース材料および/またはリグノセルロース材料ならびに無機材料は共粉砕される。例えば、セルロース材料および/またはリグノセルロース材料ならびに無機材料は、混合物の放射線照射前にミルに入れて、一緒に粉砕することができる。特定の態様では、セルロース材料および/またはリグノセルロース材料ならびに無機材料は、25℃より低い温度、例えば、0℃もしくは0℃より低い温度、例えば、ドライアイスの正常大気昇華温度もしくはドライアイスの正常大気昇華温度より低い温度、または液体窒素の正常大気沸点もしくは液体窒素の正常大気沸点より低い温度まで冷却されるように、フリーザーミルに入れて共粉砕される。フリーザーミル内でのバイオマスの粉砕は、全体が参照として本明細書に組み入れられる、発明の名称が「Cooling and Processing Materials」である米国特許仮出願第61/081,709号に記載されている。
処理は、物理的に調製されたバイオマス材料および無機材料の組み合わせを放射線処理する工程を含む。場合によっては、処理は、超音波処理、酸化、熱分解、および水蒸気爆砕の1つまたは複数をさらに含んでもよく、これらはいずれも、本明細書に記載のように無機添加物を用いることによって調整、例えば、強化することができる。
組み合わせを放射線照射する工程は、組み合わせを、加速電子、例えば、約2MeV、4MeV、6MeV、さらには約8MeVを超えるエネルギーを有する電子に供する工程を含んでもよい。従って、範囲、例えば、2.0〜8.0MeVおよび4.0〜6.0MeVの範囲が意図される。いくつかの態様において、電子は、例えば、光速の75パーセント超の速度、例えば、光速の85パーセント、90パーセント、95パーセント、または99パーセントを超える速度まで加速される。
各種類の放射線は、放射線のエネルギーにより決まる特定の相互作用を介してバイオマスをイオン化する。重い荷電粒子は、主に、クーロン散乱を介して物質をイオン化する。さらに、これらの相互作用によって、物質をさらにイオン化し得る高エネルギー電子が発生する。α粒子はヘリウム原子の核と同一であり、様々な放射性核種(radioactive nuclei)、例えば、ビスマス、ポロニウム、アスタチン、ラドン、フランシウム、ラジウム、いくつかのアクチニド、例えば、アクチニウム、トリウム、ウラン、ネプツニウム、キュリウム、カリホルニウム、アメリシウム、およびプルトニウムの同位体のα崩壊によって発生する。
いくつかの態様では、電子線が放射線源として用いられる。電子線には、線量率が高い(例えば、1Mrad/秒、5Mrad/秒、さらには10Mrad/秒)、高処理、封じ込めが少ない、閉じ込め装置が小さいという利点がある。電子はまた、鎖の切断において効率が高いこともある。さらに、4〜10MeVのエネルギーを有する電子は、5〜30mmまたはそれ以上、例えば、40mmの透過の深さを有し得る。
糖質、または糖質、例えば、セルロース材料、リグノセルロース材料、デンプン質材料、もしくはこれらのいずれかと本明細書に記載の他の材料の混合物を含む材料を放射線照射するために、電子より重い粒子を使用することができる。例えば、プロトン、ヘリウム核、アルゴンイオン、ケイ素イオン、ネオンイオン、炭素イオン、リンイオン、酸素イオン、または窒素イオンを利用することができる。いくつかの態様において、電子より重い粒子は多量の鎖の切断を誘導することができる。場合によっては、正に荷電した粒子が、その酸性度により、負に荷電した粒子より多量の鎖の切断を誘導することができる。
電磁放射線の照射が行われる態様では、電磁放射線は、例えば、102eVを超えるエネルギー/光子(電子ボルト)、例えば、103eV、104eV、105eV、106eV、さらには107eVを超えるエネルギー/光子(電子ボルト)を有してもよい。いくつかの態様において、電磁放射線は、104〜107eV、例えば、105〜106eVのエネルギー/光子を有する。電磁放射線は、例えば、1016hz、1017hz、1018hz、1019hz、1020hz、さらには1021hzを超える周波数を有してもよい。いくつかの態様において、電磁放射線は、1018〜1022hz、例えば、1019〜1021hzの周波数を有する。
いくつかの態様では、2種類またはそれ以上の放射線源、例えば、2種類またはそれ以上の電離放射線が用いられる。例えば、試料は、電子線の次に、γ線および約100nm〜約280nmの波長を有するUV光によって任意の順番で処理することができる。いくつかの態様では、試料は、電離放射線源、例えば、電子線、γ線、およびエネルギーの高いUV光によって処理される。
1種類または複数の種類の電離放射線、例えば、光量子放射線(photonic radiation)(例えば、X線もしくはγ線)、eビーム放射線、または正もしくは負に荷電した、電子より重い粒子(例えば、プロトンもしくは炭素イオン)による処理後に、本明細書に記載の糖質含有材料および無機材料の混合物は全てイオン化している。すなわち、混合物は、電子スピン共鳴分光計で検出可能なレベルでラジカルを含む。現行の実際のラジカル検出限界は、室温で約1014スピンである。イオン化後に、イオン化された任意のバイオマス材料をクエンチングして、例えば、ラジカルが電子スピン共鳴分光計によって検出できなくなるように、イオン化されたバイオマスの中のラジカルのレベルを下げることができる。例えば、十分な圧力をバイオマスに加えることによって、および/またはラジカルと相互作用する(クエンチングする)、イオン化されたバイオマスと接触する流体、例えば、気体または液体を利用することによって、ラジカルをクエンチングすることができる。少なくともラジカルのクエンチングの助けとなる気体または液体を用いると、操作者は、望ましい量および種類の官能基、例えば、カルボン酸基、エノール基、アルデヒド基、ニトロ基、ニトリル基、アミノ基、アルキルアミノ基、アルキル基、クロロアルキル基、またはクロロフルオロアルキル基による、イオン化されたバイオマスの官能基化を制御することもできる。場合によっては、このようなクエンチングによって、イオン化されたバイオマス材料の一部の安定性を改善することができる。例えば、クエンチングによって、バイオマスの耐酸化性を改善することができる。クエンチングによる官能基化によって、本明細書に記載の任意のバイオマスの溶解度を改善することもでき、複合体の製造において重要であり得る熱安定性を改善することができ、様々な微生物による材料利用を改善することができる。例えば、クエンチングによりバイオマス材料に付与される官能基は、微生物が取り付くための受容部位として、例えば、様々な微生物によるセルロース加水分解を強化するように働くことができる。
多種多様な供給源に由来する未加工の供給材料を加工して、供給材料から有用な物質を抽出するために、ならびにさらなる加工工程および/またはシーケンスへのインプットとして機能する、部分的に分解された有機材料を得るために、1つまたは複数の超音波処理、熱分解、および/または酸化加工シーケンスを使用することができる。このような加工は、供給材料およびバイオマス、例えば、セルロース材料もしくはリグノセルロース材料またはデンプン質材料などの1種類または複数の種類の糖質供給源の分子量および/または結晶化度を小さくすることができる。これらのプロセスは、米国特許出願第12/429,045号に詳述されている。
水蒸気爆砕を、本明細書に記載のどのプロセスも用いることなく単独で、本明細書に記載の任意のプロセスと組み合わせて使用することができる。
次いで、本明細書に記載の任意のプロセスを用いて処理された材料は、他のプロセス、例えば、発酵およびガス化などの一次プロセス、ならびに/または蒸留、廃水処理、廃棄物燃焼などの後処理工程に供することができる。このようなプロセスは、参照として本明細書に組み入れられている特許出願、例えば、12/429,045に詳述されている。
このような一次プロセスおよび/または後処理を用いると、処理されたバイオマスは、1種類または複数の種類の産物、例えば、アルコール、例えば、メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、イソプロパノール、ブタノール、例えば、n-、sec-、もしくはt-ブタノール、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、1,4-ブタンジオール、グリセリン、またはこれらのアルコールの混合物;有機酸、例えば、蟻酸、酢酸、プロピオン酸、酪酸、吉草酸、カプロン酸、パルミチン酸、ステアリン酸、シュウ酸、マロン酸、コハク酸、グルタル酸、オレイン酸、リノール酸、グリコール酸、乳酸、γ-ヒドロキシ酪酸、もしくはこれらの酸の混合物;食品;動物用飼料;薬;あるいは栄養補助食品(nutriceutical)に変換することができる。産生され得る副産物には、リグニン残基が含まれる。
無機材料
いくつかの態様において、無機材料は金属もしくは金属合金であるか、または金属もしくは金属合金を含む。例えば、金属は、卑金属、例えば、鉄、ニッケル、鉛、銅、もしくは亜鉛、鉄金属、例えば、錬鉄もしくは銑鉄、貴金属(noble metal)、例えば、タンタル、金、白金、もしくはロジウム、貴金属(precious metal)、例えば、ルテニウム、ロジウム、パラジウム、オスミウム、イリジウム、もしくは白金、または遷移金属、例えば、元素周期表の元素21から30まで(両端を含む)、39から48まで(両端を含む)、71から80まで(両端を含む)、および103から112までを含んでもよい。
一般的に、1つもしくは複数の糖単位から完全になる糖質である、または1つもしくは複数の糖単位から完全になる糖質を含む、あるいは1つもしくは複数の糖単位を含む、任意のバイオマス材料を、本明細書に記載の任意の方法によって加工することができる。例えば、バイオマス材料は、セルロース、リグノセルロース、デンプン、または糖でもよい。
低線量照射および複合体
主に、バイオマスの分子量および結晶化度の低下に関して放射線照射が考察されたが、いくつかの態様では、比較的低い線量の放射線によって、糖質含有材料を架橋、グラフトすることができ、他の方法で糖質含有材料の分子量を増やすことができる。分子量が増えた、このような材料は、例えば、耐摩耗性、圧縮強さ、破壊応力、衝撃強さ、曲げ強さ、引張弾性率、曲げ弾性率、および破断点伸びなどの機械的特性が改善した複合体の作製において有用であり得る。分子量が増えた、このような材料は、組成物の作製において有用であり得る。複合体の形成は、WO2006/102543ならびに米国特許出願第12/417,720号および同第12/429,045号に記載されている。
いくつかの態様では、本明細書において開示される方法およびシステムは、炭化水素含有材料、例えば、タールまたはオイルサンド、オイルシェール、原油(例えば、重原油および/または軽原油)、ビチューメン、石炭、例えば、泥炭、褐炭、亜瀝青炭、瀝青炭および無煙炭、石油ガス(例えば、メタン、エタン、プロパン、ブタン、イソブタン)、液化天然ガスおよび/または合成ガス、アスファルト、ならびに様々なタイプの炭化水素を含む他の天然の材料を加工するのに使用することができる。例えば、炭化水素含有材料の加工施設が原材料の供給品を受け取る。原材料は、鉱山から、例えば、コンベヤーベルトおよび/または鉄道車両システムによって直接送られてもよく、ある特定の態様では、加工施設は、鉱山の比較的近くに、さらには鉱山の頂上に建設することができる。いくつかの態様において、原材料は、鉄道貨物列車を介して、もしくは別の電動式輸送システムを介して加工施設に輸送されてもよく、および/またはパイプラインを介して加工施設にポンプで送られてもよい。
原油を加工するために、従来の製油技術に加えて、または従来の製油技術の代わりとして、本明細書において開示される方法およびシステムを使用することができる。特に、低温油分解、改質、官能基化、および他のプロセスのために、イオンビーム処理法を単独で、または本明細書において開示される他の任意の方法と組み合わせて使用することができる。
Claims (14)
- 糖質含有材料と無機材料を組み合わせることによって形成された組み合わせを放射線照射する工程を含む、糖質含有材料を加工する方法であって、
放射線照射が、加速された電子を用いて行われ、糖質含有材料が、セルロース材料またはリグノセルロース材料を含み、かつ無機材料が、金属もしくは金属合金;耐火材料;またはセラミックを含む、
前記方法。 - 前記電子が、光速の75パーセント超の速度まで加速される、請求項1記載の方法。
- 糖質含有材料と無機材料を組み合わせる工程が乾式混合または共粉砕(co-comminuting)を含み、糖質含有材料と無機材料を組み合わせる工程が、各材料を25℃より低い温度まで冷却しながら、両材料を共粉砕する工程を含み、任意で、両材料が0℃または0℃より低い温度まで冷却される、請求項1または2記載の方法。
- 金属または金属合金が、鉄金属、卑金属、貴金属(noble metal)、貴金属(precious metal)、および遷移金属からなる群より選択される、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 無機材料がアルミニウム金属を含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 耐火材料が、ジルコン、耐火粘土、シリカ、アルミナ、クロマイト、炭化ケイ素、炭素、マリタイト(mulitite)、ドロマイト、およびマグネサイトからなる群より選択される、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- セラミックが、酸化物、炭化物、ホウ化物、窒化物、ケイ化物、およびカオリンからなる群より選択される、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 無機材料が、無機材料を高温で維持することができる水を含む、および/または
無機材料が融点を有さない、または
無機材料が400℃を超える融点を有する、
請求項1〜7のいずれか一項記載の方法。 - 無機材料が1.5未満の比熱容量Cpを有する、および/または
無機材料が0.004〜450W/mKの伝導率を有する、および/または
無機材料が1.5g/cm3を超える密度を有する、
請求項1〜8のいずれか一項記載の方法。 - 無機材料が、0.1ミクロン〜100ミクロンの平均粒径を有する粒子を含む、および/または
組み合わせが、0.05〜35重量パーセントの無機材料を含む、
請求項1〜9のいずれか一項記載の方法。 - 放射線照射する工程の後に、
無機材料を除去する工程、ならびに
放射線照射された糖質含有材料を、酵素および/または微生物を用いて産物に変換する工程
をさらに含む、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項記載の方法。 - 前記産物がエタノールを含む、請求項11記載の方法。
- 変換する工程の後に除去する工程が行われる、請求項11または12記載の方法。
- 微生物が酵母を含む、請求項11〜13のいずれか一項記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10915908P | 2008-10-28 | 2008-10-28 | |
US61/109,159 | 2008-10-28 | ||
PCT/US2009/062050 WO2010062551A1 (en) | 2008-10-28 | 2009-10-26 | Processing materials |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2014196068A Division JP5982444B2 (ja) | 2008-10-28 | 2014-09-26 | 材料の加工方法 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2012506943A JP2012506943A (ja) | 2012-03-22 |
JP2012506943A5 JP2012506943A5 (ja) | 2013-05-16 |
JP5624550B2 true JP5624550B2 (ja) | 2014-11-12 |
Family
ID=41668226
Family Applications (3)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2011534659A Expired - Fee Related JP5624550B2 (ja) | 2008-10-28 | 2009-10-26 | 材料の加工方法 |
JP2014196068A Expired - Fee Related JP5982444B2 (ja) | 2008-10-28 | 2014-09-26 | 材料の加工方法 |
JP2016150987A Expired - Fee Related JP6611351B2 (ja) | 2008-10-28 | 2016-08-01 | 材料の加工方法 |
Family Applications After (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2014196068A Expired - Fee Related JP5982444B2 (ja) | 2008-10-28 | 2014-09-26 | 材料の加工方法 |
JP2016150987A Expired - Fee Related JP6611351B2 (ja) | 2008-10-28 | 2016-08-01 | 材料の加工方法 |
Country Status (25)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (5) | US8597472B2 (ja) |
EP (2) | EP3299405A1 (ja) |
JP (3) | JP5624550B2 (ja) |
KR (5) | KR101874766B1 (ja) |
CN (3) | CN110305689A (ja) |
AP (2) | AP3707A (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2009320208B2 (ja) |
BR (3) | BR122017017785B1 (ja) |
CA (2) | CA2740789C (ja) |
DK (1) | DK2350174T3 (ja) |
EA (3) | EA022274B1 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2658106T3 (ja) |
HU (1) | HUE035916T2 (ja) |
IL (5) | IL212337A (ja) |
LT (1) | LT2350174T (ja) |
MX (2) | MX2011004460A (ja) |
MY (2) | MY157338A (ja) |
NO (1) | NO2350174T3 (ja) |
NZ (6) | NZ592667A (ja) |
PL (1) | PL2350174T3 (ja) |
SG (1) | SG10201408504TA (ja) |
SI (1) | SI2350174T1 (ja) |
UA (1) | UA104157C2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2010062551A1 (ja) |
ZA (1) | ZA201407739B (ja) |
Families Citing this family (22)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100124583A1 (en) | 2008-04-30 | 2010-05-20 | Xyleco, Inc. | Processing biomass |
RU2649370C2 (ru) | 2008-04-30 | 2018-04-02 | Ксилеко, Инк. | Переработка биомассы |
KR101874766B1 (ko) | 2008-10-28 | 2018-07-04 | 질레코 인코포레이티드 | 탄화수소-함유 재료의 처리방법 |
MY169799A (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2019-05-16 | Xyleco Inc | Processing biomass for use in fuel cells related applications |
US11021661B2 (en) * | 2012-02-21 | 2021-06-01 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Heavy fossil hydrocarbon conversion and upgrading using radio-frequency or microwave energy |
US9862892B2 (en) | 2012-02-21 | 2018-01-09 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Heavy fossil hydrocarbon conversion and upgrading using radio-frequency or microwave energy |
NZ706069A (en) | 2012-10-10 | 2018-11-30 | Xyleco Inc | Processing biomass |
US9659748B2 (en) | 2012-10-10 | 2017-05-23 | Xyleco, Inc. | Treating biomass |
NZ706072A (en) | 2013-03-08 | 2018-12-21 | Xyleco Inc | Equipment protecting enclosures |
CN110272534A (zh) | 2013-04-26 | 2019-09-24 | 希乐克公司 | 将羟基羧酸加工成聚合物 |
CU20170135A7 (es) | 2013-04-26 | 2018-04-03 | Xyleco Inc | Sistema para polimerización de un ácido alfa, beta, gamma o delta hidroxi carboxílico |
CN103555379B (zh) * | 2013-11-05 | 2015-05-20 | 济南开发区星火科学技术研究院 | 一种纤维素液体燃料的制备方法 |
WO2015142541A1 (en) | 2014-03-21 | 2015-09-24 | Xyleco, Inc. | Method and structures for processing materials |
JP2016008305A (ja) * | 2014-06-26 | 2016-01-18 | 日本製紙株式会社 | 可塑化セルロース及びその製造方法 |
EP3045234A1 (en) * | 2015-01-16 | 2016-07-20 | Clariant International Ltd. | Process for the decomposition of biomass |
US10338184B2 (en) | 2015-04-07 | 2019-07-02 | Xyleco, Inc. | Monitoring methods and systems for processing biomass |
RU2606385C1 (ru) * | 2015-12-29 | 2017-01-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Российский государственный университет нефти и газа (национальный исследовательский университет) имени И.М. Губкина" | Способ переработки нефтяных отходов |
CN107262291A (zh) * | 2016-04-08 | 2017-10-20 | 新疆科力新技术发展股份有限公司 | 水润型油砂气浮剂 |
US20180072972A1 (en) * | 2016-09-09 | 2018-03-15 | Alpha Revolution, Inc. | Systems, devices and methods for fermenting beverages |
ES2910094T3 (es) | 2017-07-21 | 2022-05-11 | Kao Corp | Composición de asfalto, método para producir la misma y aditivo para asfalto |
CN110564440B (zh) * | 2019-10-24 | 2024-07-19 | 重庆建峰工业集团有限公司 | Bdo焦油回收***及工艺 |
KR102412546B1 (ko) * | 2020-04-23 | 2022-06-23 | 정영훈 | 폐합성수지 유화장치 |
Family Cites Families (68)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE546729A (fr) * | 1955-04-04 | 1956-04-30 | S.L. Ruskin | Perfectionnements au traitement des produits du petrole, des gaz des roches-magasins, ou composes du petrole |
US2955997A (en) * | 1957-07-15 | 1960-10-11 | Augustine O Allen | Irradiation method of converting organic compounds |
GB866752A (en) * | 1958-08-01 | 1961-04-26 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | High temperature hydrocarbon radiolysis |
US3002911A (en) * | 1959-10-06 | 1961-10-03 | James W Sutherland | Radiolysis of organic compounds in the adsorbed state |
US3090698A (en) | 1961-02-14 | 1963-05-21 | Standard Oil Co | Process for irradiating high hydrocarbon coatings on metal to form polymeric coatings and resultant article |
US3849287A (en) * | 1973-02-05 | 1974-11-19 | Universal Oil Prod Co | Coal liquefaction process |
US3870611A (en) * | 1973-10-19 | 1975-03-11 | George W Vestal | Processing of coal to produce liquid and vaporous hydrocarbons |
US3945679A (en) * | 1975-03-03 | 1976-03-23 | Shell Oil Company | Subterranean oil shale pyrolysis with permeating and consolidating steps |
US4011153A (en) * | 1975-04-01 | 1977-03-08 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Energy Research And Development Administration | Liquefaction and desulfurization of coal using synthesis gas |
US3982995A (en) * | 1975-05-07 | 1976-09-28 | The University Of Southern California | Method of converting oil shale into a fuel |
US4092235A (en) * | 1975-11-26 | 1978-05-30 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Treatment of coal by alkylation or acylation to increase liquid products from coal liquefaction |
US4081250A (en) * | 1976-08-27 | 1978-03-28 | California Institute Of Technology | Coal desulfurization process |
US4152120A (en) * | 1978-02-06 | 1979-05-01 | General Electric Company | Coal desulfurization using alkali metal or alkaline earth compounds and electromagnetic irradiation |
US4279722A (en) | 1978-10-24 | 1981-07-21 | Kirkbride Chalmer G | Use of microwaves in petroleum refinery operations |
US4371481A (en) * | 1979-02-06 | 1983-02-01 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Iron-containing refractory balls for retorting oil shale |
US4406762A (en) * | 1982-01-19 | 1983-09-27 | Research-Cottrell, Inc. | Electron beam coal desulfurization |
US4424169A (en) * | 1982-08-25 | 1984-01-03 | Uop Inc. | Preparation of surfactants |
JPS6178390A (ja) * | 1984-09-25 | 1986-04-21 | Japan Atom Energy Res Inst | セルロ−ス廃資源の糖化発酵における前処理方法 |
GB8502424D0 (en) | 1985-01-31 | 1985-03-06 | Pharis R P | Promotion of flowering fruit trees |
US4574038A (en) | 1985-08-01 | 1986-03-04 | Alberta Oil Sands Technology And Research Authority | Microwave induced catalytic conversion of methane to ethylene and hydrogen |
US4940708A (en) | 1986-10-30 | 1990-07-10 | Pfizer Inc. | 4-arylsulfonyl-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinoxalinone-1-alkanoic acids, esters, and salts |
US4939108A (en) | 1986-11-03 | 1990-07-03 | Tam Ceramics, Inc. | Process for producing dielectric ceramic composition with high dielectric constant, low dissipation factor and flat TC characteristics |
JPS63133997A (ja) * | 1986-11-26 | 1988-06-06 | Japan Atom Energy Res Inst | セルロ−ス系農林産廃棄物の飼料化及び糖化法 |
US4944936A (en) * | 1987-04-10 | 1990-07-31 | Kemira, Inc. | Titanium dioxide with high purity and uniform particle size and method therefore |
JPH01220350A (ja) * | 1988-02-26 | 1989-09-04 | Hitachi Ltd | 帯電抑制方法及びその装置を用いた粒子線照射装置 |
JPH0330799Y2 (ja) | 1988-05-30 | 1991-06-28 | ||
US4939408A (en) | 1988-06-29 | 1990-07-03 | North American Philips Corp. | High pressure sodium discharge reflector lamp |
US4941308A (en) | 1988-07-25 | 1990-07-17 | Abbott Laboratories | Method of packaging for a sterilizable calibratable medical device |
US4939508A (en) | 1988-10-31 | 1990-07-03 | Emtek Health Care Systems, Inc. | Point and select device |
US4940508A (en) | 1989-06-26 | 1990-07-10 | Digital Equipment Corporation | Apparatus and method for forming die sites in a high density electrical interconnecting structure |
US5181998A (en) | 1989-12-27 | 1993-01-26 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Upgrading of low value hydrocarbons using a hydrogen donor and microwave radiation |
US4941508A (en) | 1989-12-28 | 1990-07-17 | Dana Corporation | Force balanced hydraulic spool valve |
JPH0559371A (ja) * | 1991-08-30 | 1993-03-09 | Nippon Steel Corp | 放射線を利用した炭素質物質の熱分解方法 |
DE59301901D1 (de) * | 1992-02-11 | 1996-04-18 | Environmental Techn Eur Ltd | Verfahren und anlage zur herstellung eigenschaftsmodifizierter werkstoffe |
US5417824A (en) * | 1992-12-10 | 1995-05-23 | Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. | Conversion of organic solids to hydrocarbons |
US5393311A (en) * | 1993-02-19 | 1995-02-28 | Marhanka; Frank D. | Method and apparatus for desulfurizing coal |
JPH06287567A (ja) * | 1993-04-06 | 1994-10-11 | Nippon Steel Corp | 石炭液化方法 |
SG43801A1 (en) * | 1993-07-12 | 1997-11-14 | Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha | Photocatalyst and process for purifying water with same |
IT1262524B (it) * | 1993-07-23 | 1996-07-02 | Marco Maltagliati | Procedimento per il miglioramento delle caratteristiche di oli combustibili, in particolare di oli da pirolisi di biomasse |
WO1995035148A1 (en) * | 1994-06-17 | 1995-12-28 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | Regenerable manganese-based sorbent pellets |
DE4434280C2 (de) | 1994-09-26 | 1998-09-10 | Clariant Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von niedermolekularen Celluloseethern und ihre Verwendung als Überzugsmaterial für feste Dosiereinheiten |
US5670345A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1997-09-23 | Arctech, Inc. | Biological production of humic acid and clean fuels from coal |
RU2099317C1 (ru) * | 1995-11-20 | 1997-12-20 | Научно-производственное объединение "Симплер" | Способ переработки газообразных алканов |
US5916780A (en) * | 1997-06-09 | 1999-06-29 | Iogen Corporation | Pretreatment process for conversion of cellulose to fuel ethanol |
EA003072B1 (ru) * | 1998-09-16 | 2002-12-26 | Джеймс К. Жанблан | Способ десульфурации |
US6315871B1 (en) * | 1999-11-30 | 2001-11-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method for forming diamonds from carbonaceous material |
FI20001612A (fi) * | 2000-07-05 | 2002-02-13 | Dynea Chemicals Oy | Menetelmä kuitulevyjen valmistamiseksi |
JP2002080858A (ja) * | 2000-09-11 | 2002-03-22 | Toshiba Corp | 放射線照射石炭液化プラント |
US20020166794A1 (en) * | 2001-01-29 | 2002-11-14 | Bronshtein Alexander P. | Apparatus and process for converting refinery and petroleum-based waste to standard fuels |
US6592723B2 (en) | 2001-01-31 | 2003-07-15 | Chang Yul Cha | Process for efficient microwave hydrogen production |
US6797126B2 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2004-09-28 | Reactive Energy Llc | Process for the desulphurization and upgrading fuel oils |
JP4529471B2 (ja) * | 2004-02-18 | 2010-08-25 | 株式会社Ihi | 親水性石炭スラリの製造方法及び装置 |
EP2508263B1 (en) | 2005-03-24 | 2015-11-25 | Xyleco, Inc. | Method of densifying fibrous material |
US7575613B2 (en) * | 2005-05-26 | 2009-08-18 | Arizona Public Service Company | Method and apparatus for producing methane from carbonaceous material |
CN101511466A (zh) * | 2006-07-17 | 2009-08-19 | BIOeCON国际控股有限公司 | 改性生物质的电磁处理 |
AU2007278836B2 (en) * | 2006-07-26 | 2012-04-05 | Nanotech Investment 2 (Pty) Ltd | Activation, refining, and use of oil shale |
US8170908B1 (en) | 2006-08-10 | 2012-05-01 | Vaughan Jr John Thomas | Apparatus and method for processing agricultural materials and changing the proportions of output materials |
CA2823043C (en) * | 2006-10-26 | 2014-08-19 | Xyleco, Inc. | Methods of processing biomass comprising electron-beam radiation |
US20080114468A1 (en) | 2006-11-10 | 2008-05-15 | Biomet Manufacturing Corp. | Processes for making ceramic medical devices |
US8470166B2 (en) * | 2006-12-22 | 2013-06-25 | PetroRadiant, Inc. | Radiation processing of heavy oils |
US8236535B2 (en) * | 2008-04-30 | 2012-08-07 | Xyleco, Inc. | Processing biomass |
US7867359B2 (en) * | 2008-04-30 | 2011-01-11 | Xyleco, Inc. | Functionalizing cellulosic and lignocellulosic materials |
US7867358B2 (en) | 2008-04-30 | 2011-01-11 | Xyleco, Inc. | Paper products and methods and systems for manufacturing such products |
US20090312537A1 (en) * | 2008-04-30 | 2009-12-17 | Xyleco, Inc. | Carbohydrates |
CN103937839A (zh) * | 2008-06-18 | 2014-07-23 | 希乐克公司 | 用离子束处理材料 |
US8025098B2 (en) * | 2008-06-18 | 2011-09-27 | Xyleco, Inc. | Processing hydrocarbons |
KR101874766B1 (ko) * | 2008-10-28 | 2018-07-04 | 질레코 인코포레이티드 | 탄화수소-함유 재료의 처리방법 |
JP5506220B2 (ja) * | 2009-03-26 | 2014-05-28 | 日本碍子株式会社 | セラミックハニカム構造体 |
-
2009
- 2009-10-26 KR KR1020177030244A patent/KR101874766B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2009-10-26 KR KR1020187033182A patent/KR20180126092A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-10-26 EP EP17200144.8A patent/EP3299405A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-10-26 SG SG10201408504TA patent/SG10201408504TA/en unknown
- 2009-10-26 PL PL09745204T patent/PL2350174T3/pl unknown
- 2009-10-26 NZ NZ592667A patent/NZ592667A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-10-26 AP AP2011005686A patent/AP3707A/en active
- 2009-10-26 KR KR1020117011936A patent/KR101689797B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2009-10-26 NZ NZ610074A patent/NZ610074A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-10-26 DK DK09745204.9T patent/DK2350174T3/en active
- 2009-10-26 ES ES09745204.9T patent/ES2658106T3/es active Active
- 2009-10-26 NO NO09745204A patent/NO2350174T3/no unknown
- 2009-10-26 AU AU2009320208A patent/AU2009320208B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2009-10-26 NZ NZ626808A patent/NZ626808A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-10-26 LT LTEP09745204.9T patent/LT2350174T/lt unknown
- 2009-10-26 CA CA2740789A patent/CA2740789C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-10-26 BR BR122017017785-0A patent/BR122017017785B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-10-26 CN CN201910603604.8A patent/CN110305689A/zh active Pending
- 2009-10-26 MX MX2011004460A patent/MX2011004460A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2009-10-26 NZ NZ711066A patent/NZ711066A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-10-26 SI SI200931776T patent/SI2350174T1/en unknown
- 2009-10-26 MY MYPI2011001856A patent/MY157338A/en unknown
- 2009-10-26 MX MX2014003522A patent/MX343541B/es unknown
- 2009-10-26 HU HUE09745204A patent/HUE035916T2/hu unknown
- 2009-10-26 UA UAA201106682A patent/UA104157C2/uk unknown
- 2009-10-26 NZ NZ727790A patent/NZ727790A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-10-26 KR KR1020167035259A patent/KR101793398B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2009-10-26 US US12/605,534 patent/US8597472B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-10-26 KR KR1020187018024A patent/KR101921134B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2009-10-26 EP EP09745204.9A patent/EP2350174B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2009-10-26 NZ NZ740863A patent/NZ740863A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-10-26 BR BR122017017943-8A patent/BR122017017943B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-10-26 WO PCT/US2009/062050 patent/WO2010062551A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-10-26 AP AP2016009218A patent/AP2016009218A0/en unknown
- 2009-10-26 EA EA201170625A patent/EA022274B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-10-26 EA EA201792351A patent/EA201792351A1/ru unknown
- 2009-10-26 MY MYPI2015002745A patent/MY176144A/en unknown
- 2009-10-26 EA EA201500171A patent/EA029291B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-10-26 CA CA2990087A patent/CA2990087A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-10-26 CN CN200980142821.6A patent/CN102197068B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-10-26 JP JP2011534659A patent/JP5624550B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-10-26 BR BRPI0920089A patent/BRPI0920089B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2009-10-26 CN CN201710084815.6A patent/CN106832360B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-04-14 IL IL212337A patent/IL212337A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2013
- 2013-11-07 US US14/074,258 patent/US9074142B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2014
- 2014-09-26 JP JP2014196068A patent/JP5982444B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-10-23 ZA ZA2014/07739A patent/ZA201407739B/en unknown
-
2015
- 2015-05-27 US US14/722,577 patent/US9624443B2/en active Active
- 2015-12-03 IL IL242904A patent/IL242904A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2016
- 2016-02-24 IL IL244272A patent/IL244272A0/en unknown
- 2016-08-01 JP JP2016150987A patent/JP6611351B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2017
- 2017-03-06 US US15/451,166 patent/US10035958B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2017-03-27 IL IL251398A patent/IL251398A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2017-10-02 IL IL254855A patent/IL254855A0/en unknown
-
2018
- 2018-06-22 US US16/015,528 patent/US20180305624A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP6611351B2 (ja) | 材料の加工方法 | |
AU2015202371B2 (en) | Processing materials | |
AU2017239621B2 (en) | Processing materials |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20120322 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20130312 |
|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20130917 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20130919 |
|
A601 | Written request for extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A601 Effective date: 20131218 |
|
A602 | Written permission of extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A602 Effective date: 20131226 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20140117 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20140828 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20140926 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 5624550 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
S531 | Written request for registration of change of domicile |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313531 |
|
R350 | Written notification of registration of transfer |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |