JP5500173B2 - 圧電体、超音波トランスデューサー、医療用超音波診断装置および非破壊超音波検査装置 - Google Patents
圧電体、超音波トランスデューサー、医療用超音波診断装置および非破壊超音波検査装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5500173B2 JP5500173B2 JP2011523572A JP2011523572A JP5500173B2 JP 5500173 B2 JP5500173 B2 JP 5500173B2 JP 2011523572 A JP2011523572 A JP 2011523572A JP 2011523572 A JP2011523572 A JP 2011523572A JP 5500173 B2 JP5500173 B2 JP 5500173B2
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Classifications
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- H10N30/8548—Lead based oxides
Description
G2MX4
前記一般式(a)中、Gは有機オニウム、MはIV族元素および遷移金属のいずれかであり、XはCl、Br、Iのいずれかを表す。
2.トリフェニル−n−ブチルフォスフォニウム
3.ビス(2−ビシクロ−2,2,1−ヘプチル)−3−p−トリルプロピルスルフォニウム
4.トリメチルオキソニウム
本発明の第2の態様としての圧電体は、(b)平均粒径200nm以下の凝集粒子からなるグラフェン構造体とペロブスカイト構造体の複合体からなる。グラフェンは純粋なペロブスカイトを伝達する音波を散乱させ、Q値を低下させることに大きく寄与する。従って圧電性を発現する周波数帯域を広げることに効果的である。反面グラフェンは圧電特性を持たない物質であるが、その必要な量は10体積%以下、好ましくは0.5体積%以下、0.01体積%以上であるため、ペロブスカイトの有する圧電性を損なうことがほとんどない。グラフェンのこのような低含有量における広帯域化効果は、それぞれが格子レベルで相互作用している必要があり、平均粒径200nmを超えるようなマクロ凝集体の複合化では、ほとんど効果がない。従って両者は200nm以下のサイズにおいて均一に混合された複合体でなければならない。このサイズではグラフェンのp電子がペロブスカイトのBサイトを構成する金属に配位し、わずかなグラフェン含有量でも効果的に上記の音波散乱を引き起こすことを見いだした。
本発明の圧電体は、平均粒径が200nm以下の凝集粒子からなるグラフェン構造体とペロブスカイト構造体の複合体であり、グラフェン構造体の凝集粒子の平均粒径の測定は分散型エックス線分光装置を備えた超低加速電圧走査電子顕微鏡、例えば、Zeiss社製ULTRA55によりで測定することができる。尚、本発明で言うグラフェン構造体の凝集粒子の平均粒径は、電子顕微鏡1視野中の凝集粒子100個以上を選択し、球体に換算した体積平均粒径で表す。
次に本発明の圧電体を用いた超音波トランスデューサーの製造について述べる。
本発明の圧電体は、上記(a)無機成分(MX4)と有機オニウム(G)を主たる構成成分として種々の方法で作製することができる。例えば、無機成分としてハロゲン化鉛を用いたとき、基本的には、有機オニウム塩と化学量論量のハロゲン化鉛を溶媒中にて混合・反応させ、単離されたG2MX4の溶液を溶媒キャスト、スピンコート、もしくはディップコートなどの手法で所望の基板上に塗布し、その後溶媒を留去させることで本発明の圧電体の前駆体膜を得ることができる。
本発明に係る有機圧電体膜の用途・使用方法等により基板の選択は異なる。本発明においては、ポリイミド、ポリアミド、ポリイミドアミド、ポリエチレンテレフタラート(PET)、ポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)、ポリメタクリル酸メチル(PMMA)、ポリカーボネート樹脂、シクロオレフィンポリマーのようなプラスチック板又はフィルムを用いることができる。また、これらの素材の表面をアルミニウム、金、銅、マグネシウム、珪素等で覆ったものでもよい。またアルミニウム、金、銅、マグネシウム、珪素単体、希土類のハロゲン化物の単結晶の板又はフィルムでもかまわない。また基板自体使用しないこともある。
本発明に係る超音波振動子は、本発明の圧電体を用いて形成した圧電膜を用いたことを特徴とする。なお、一般に、超音波振動子は膜状の圧電材料からなる層(又は膜)(「圧電膜」、「圧電体膜」、又は「圧電体層」ともいう。)を挟んで一対の電極を配設して構成され、複数の振動子を例えば1次元配列して超音波探触子が構成される。
本発明に係る圧電体を用いた超音波振動子は、圧電体膜(層)の両面上又は片面上に電極を形成し、その圧電体膜を分極処理することによって作製されるものである。有機圧電体材料を使用した超音波振動子を作製する際には、分極処理を行う際に使用した前記第1面の電極をそのまま使用してもよい。当該電極は、金(Au)、白金(Pt)、銀(Ag)、パラジウム(Pd)、銅(Cu)、ニッケル(Ni)、スズ(Sn)などを主体とした電極材料を用いて形成する。
本発明に係る超音波探触子は、医療用超音波診断装置用、または非破壊超音波検査装置用探触子(プローブ)であり、本発明においては、超音波の送受信の両方をひとつの振動子で担うよう構成することが好ましい。本発明の圧電体を用い送信、受信両用の超音波振動子が構成される。
本発明に係る上記超音波探触子(トランスデューサー)は、種々の態様の超音波診断装置に用いることができる。例えば、図1及び図2に示すような医療用超音波診断装置において好適に使用することができる。
非破壊超音波検査装置は、原理的には医療用超音波診断装置と同様の構成により、種々の態様の非破壊検査、例えば鉄骨等の材料の溶接部の超音波探傷試験による亀裂の検出等、非破壊検査(製品検査)に用いることができる。
4−(1−ナフチル)ブチルアミンのジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)溶液に臭化水素酸を滴下し、室温にて攪拌し得られた反応混合物にアセトンを加え、析出した有機アンモニウム塩(G1Br)を濾取により単離した。この有機アンモニウム塩のDMF溶液に化学量論量の臭化鉛(PbBr2)を加え、室温にて攪拌した。生成したG12PbBr4は十分な純度を有していたため、この反応混合物をガラス基板上にスピンコートし、真空下溶媒留去することで2μmの厚みで圧電体前駆体膜を成膜した。この膜は金電極により直流100Vを室温にて印加することで、d33が640pC/N、−6dB帯域幅が120%の圧電体が得られた。
6−(2−ビシクロ−2,2,1−ヘプチル)−ヘキシルベンジルスルフォキサイドと3−p−トリルプロピルマグネシウムアイオダイドを2時間、エーテル中で還流しその後臭化水素酸を加えて得られたスルフォニウム塩(G2I:ビス(2−ビシクロ−2,2,1−ヘプチル)−(3−p−トリルプロピル)スルフォニウムアイオダイド)をジメチルスルフォキサイドに溶解し、そこに化学量論量のヨウ化鉛を加え、室温にて攪拌した。この反応液にアセトンを加え析出したG22PbI4のDMF溶液をガラス基板上に流延し、真空下溶媒留去することで10μmの厚みで圧電前駆体膜を成膜した。この膜は金電極により直流1kVを室温にて印加することで、d33が1040pC/N、−6dB帯域幅が105%の圧電体が得られた。
N−ビニルカルバゾールのジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)溶液にヨウ化水素酸を滴下し、室温にて攪拌し得られた反応混合物にメタノールを加え、析出した有機アンモニウム塩(G3)をろ取により単離した。この有機アンモニウム塩のDMF溶液に化学量論量のヨウ化カドミウムを加え、室温にて攪拌した。この反応液にアセトンを加え析出したG32CdI4のDMF溶液をガラス基板上にディップコートし、真空化溶媒留去することで20μmの厚みの圧電前駆体膜を成膜した。この前駆膜にアルゴン雰囲気下、高圧水銀灯にて紫外線を照射しその後、金電極により直流2kVを室温にて印加することで、d33が760pC/N、−6dB帯域幅が160%の圧電体が得られた。
酢酸鉛・三水和物(3.8g)の2−メトキシエタノール(7.5ml)溶液を120℃にて12時間還流し、90℃まで冷却後、チタンテトライソプロポキサイド(2.2g)とジルコニウムテトラプロポキサイド(0.82g)を加え、140℃にて6時間還流した。この反応混合物に2−メトキシエタノール(50体積分率)と酢酸(50体積分率)の混合物(5ml)とC60(7.2mg)のトルエン(5ml)溶液を加え、80℃にて1時間攪拌した。この反応混合物をシリコン基板にディップコートし、室温にて2時間程度風乾した。基板上の残査を、空気中で70〜120℃にて4時間、350℃にて30分焼成し、その後酸素濃度が5ppm以下のアルゴン雰囲気下で550℃にて2時間、そして900〜1200℃にて4時間焼成処理し、シリコン基板上に成膜された厚み4μmの本発明の圧電体前駆体膜を得た。
酢酸鉛・三水和物(11.4g)の2−メトキシエタノール(22.5ml)溶液を120℃にて12時間還流し、90℃まで冷却後、マグネシウムエトキサイド(0.38g)、ニオブ(V)エトキサイド(2.12g)、およびチタンテトライソプロポキサイド(4.4g)を加え、雰囲気をアルゴン置換後オートクレーブにて110℃にて16時間加熱・攪拌した。この反応混合物にフェロセン(5.6mg)のトルエン(5ml)溶液と2−メトキシエタノール(10ml)を加え、60℃にて1時間攪拌した。この反応混合物をタングステンカーバイド基板にスピンコートし、室温にて2時間程度風乾した。基板上の残査を、空気中で100℃にて3時間、次いで1050℃にて4時間熱処理した。その後、水素とトルエン蒸気の気流下、この熱処理生成物を1600℃に加熱しカーボンナノチューブを成長させ複合体を得た。次いでこの複合体を3000℃にて1分間、酸素濃度が5ppm以下のアルゴン雰囲気下で焼成処理し、タングステンカーバイド上に成膜された厚み10μmの本発明の圧電体前駆体膜を得た。
Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3(6.4g)とPbTiO3(7.4g)の塊状混合物を50mlのトルエン(30ml)およびイソプロピルアルコール(20ml)の混合溶媒に分散させ、ボールミルにてスラリー上にした。このスラリーに平均直径45nm、平均長さ60μmの多層カーボンナノチューブ(2.7mg)とポリビニルブチラール−ポリビニルアルコール−ポリビニルアセテート共重合体(1mg、重量平均分子量:50000〜80000)のトルエン(10ml)溶液(1ml)を加え、攪拌した。この混合分散液を直径4μmの流出口を有するダイアモンドノズルより150MPaの圧力にて、噴出させ混合したペロブスカイトと多層カーボンナノチューブをさらに分散させた。分散液全量をこのダイアモンドノズルから噴出させることを10回繰り返し得た均一分散液をシリコン基板にディップコートし、溶媒溜去後アルゴン雰囲気下1200℃にて焼成し、厚み10μmの本発明の圧電体前駆体膜が得られた。この膜に空気雰囲気下、針電極とアース間距離5cm、直流5kV印加によるコロナ放電により分極を施し、d33が940pC/N、−6dB帯域幅が130%の圧電体が得られた。この圧電体を分散型エックス線分光装置を備えた超低加速電圧走査電子顕微鏡で観察したところ平均粒径が200nmで、60〜240nmのサイズの揃った炭素が分散していた。この圧電体を用いた超音波トランスデューサーを非破壊超音波検査装置に接続し、鉄骨を走査したところ、送信超音波周波数10MHz、深度4cmからの三次高調波(30MHz)に相当するエコーを受信し、0.2mmの亀裂が検出できた。
1,4−ジアミノベンゼンとキシリレンジイソシアネートから得られるポリ尿素、540mg、トリス(アクリロキシ)シアヌレート、3.9g、4−ヒドロキシシクロヘキシルフェニルケトン、2mg、およびDMF(46ml)の混合物を均一になるまで室温にて撹拌した。得られた溶液をスピンコートし、10Paの減圧下60℃にてDMFを溜去させることで、36μmの厚みの膜を得た。この膜を400%に延伸しながら高圧水銀灯にて0.8J(310nmにおいて)の光を照射し、厚みが14μmのフィルムを得た。その−6dB帯域幅は240%と比較的広かったものの、d33は5pC/Nであり圧電特性の低いものであった。
波長3Aのシンクロトロン放射光とポリメチルメタクリレート(PMMA)をレジストに用いた微細加工により25μm×25μm×250μmの角柱が平面上に50μmのピッチで整列しているNi金型を作製した。この金型に溶融PMMAを圧延し、冷却後、この金型により凹凸に成型されたPMMAを得た。この成型されたPMMAに粒子経が0.4μmのPZTを体積分率で60%含むポリビニルアルコールスラリーを圧延し、その後、酸素プラズマによるイオンエッチングにて当該PMMAを除去し、1200℃にて焼成した。生成した22mm×22mm×220mmのPZT角柱の整列構造体にビスフェノールAタイプのエポキシ樹脂を圧延・硬化させ、目的の1−3コンポジットを得た。このコンポジットは140%の比較的広い−6dB帯域幅を有していたものの、d33は46pC/Nと低い圧電性を与え、純粋PZTの圧電性を大きく損なう結果であった。
ジルコニウムテトラ−n−プロポキシド(10.93g)、チタンテトライソプロポキド(5.50g)、酢酸鉛三水和物(16.69g)および、イソプロピルアルコール(100ml)の均一分散物にC60の飽和トルエン溶液(150ml)、ジエタノールアミン(50ml)、及び酢酸(100ml)を加え、複合体前駆分散液を調製した。シリコン基板上にディップコートし、大気中にて50℃/分の昇温速度にて25℃より10分加熱し、その後525℃の定温にて10分加熱処理し、複合体膜を得た。このコンポジットは90%と狭い−6dB帯域幅を有しており、d33は46pC/Nと低い圧電性を与え、純粋PZTの圧電性を大きく下回る結果であった。この圧電体を分散型エックス線分光装置を備えた超低加速電圧走査電子顕微鏡で観察したところ平均粒径が350nmで、260〜3000nmのサイズの炭素が分散していた。この圧電体を用いた超音波トランスデューサーを医療用超音波診断装置に接続し、ファントムを走査したところ、送信超音波周波数4MHz、ターゲット深度10cmからのエコーを受信し4mmの荒い空間分解能を有する画像を得た。
2 電気信号
S 医療用超音波診断装置
S1 医療用超音波診断装置の本体
S2 超音波探触子
S3 操作入力部
S4 表示部
Claims (10)
- 下記一般式(a)で表され、有機オニウム(G)と無機相(MX4)が層状に交互に積層した構造を有することを特徴とする圧電体。
一般式(a)
G2MX4
(前記一般式(a)中、Gは有機オニウム、MはIV族元素および遷移金属のいずれかであり、XはCl、Br、Iのいずれかを表す。) - 前記一般式(a)において、前記有機オニウムが有機アンモニウム、有機フォスフォニウム、有機スルフォニウム、有機オキソニウムのいずれかであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の圧電体。
- 前記一般式(a)において、前記Mが、Cd、Cu、Fe、Mn、Pd、Pbのいずれかであることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の圧電体。
- 前記積層した構造が、層状有機ペロブスカイトであることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の圧電体。
- 平均粒径200nm以下の凝集粒子と、ペロブスカイト構造体と、からなる複合体である圧電体であって、前記凝集粒子は直径60nm以下のカーボンナノチューブで構成されることを特徴とする圧電体。
- 前記ペロブスカイト構造体が鉛を含有しており、単独、もしくは複数の化学式からなる化合物の固溶体、多結晶、もしくは単結晶であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の圧電体。
- 前記複合体の体積抵抗率が103〜1012Ω・mであることを特徴とする請求項5または6に記載の圧電体。
- 請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の圧電体を用いたことを特徴とする超音波トランスデューサー。
- 請求項8に記載の超音波トランスデューサーを用いたことを特徴とする医療用超音波診断装置。
- 請求項8に記載の超音波トランスデューサーを用いたことを特徴とする非破壊超音波検査装置。
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US20120116228A1 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
US8796908B2 (en) | 2014-08-05 |
WO2011010484A1 (ja) | 2011-01-27 |
JPWO2011010484A1 (ja) | 2012-12-27 |
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