JP5166402B2 - 炭化水素含有地層内の多重層の時系列加熱 - Google Patents

炭化水素含有地層内の多重層の時系列加熱 Download PDF

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JP5166402B2
JP5166402B2 JP2009506788A JP2009506788A JP5166402B2 JP 5166402 B2 JP5166402 B2 JP 5166402B2 JP 2009506788 A JP2009506788 A JP 2009506788A JP 2009506788 A JP2009506788 A JP 2009506788A JP 5166402 B2 JP5166402 B2 JP 5166402B2
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formation
opening
hydrocarbon layer
hydrocarbon
heater
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バーナード・ゴールドバーグ
アーサー・ハーマン・ヘイル
デヴィッド・スコット・ミラー
ハロルド・ジェイ.ヴィネガー
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
    • E21B43/24Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection
    • E21B43/2401Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons using heat, e.g. steam injection by means of electricity
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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    • E21B36/04Heating, cooling, insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones using electrical heaters
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    • C10G11/00Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
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    • C22C38/04Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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    • C22C38/10Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt
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    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • C22C38/12Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
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    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • C22C38/14Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
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    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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    • C22C38/18Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
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    • E21B43/16Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
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    • E21B43/243Combustion in situ
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/28Dissolving minerals other than hydrocarbons, e.g. by an alkaline or acid leaching agent
    • GPHYSICS
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    • G05FSYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
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Description

政府の権利
米国政府は、米国エネルギー省に対する主契約DE−ACO5−00OR22725号のもとに活動するUT−Battelle,LLC、及びShell Exploration and Production Companyの間の協定ERD−05−2516号にしたがって、この発明において特定の権利を有する。
発明の分野
本発明は、一般に炭化水素、水素、及び/又は他の生成物を、炭化水素含有地層などの種々の地下地層から生産するための方法及びシステムに関する。更に詳しくは、特定の実施態様は、炭化水素含有地層内の多重層を、時系列法で処理する工程に関する。
地下地層から得られる炭化水素は、しばしば、エネルギー源として、原料材として、及び消費生成物として用いられる。入手可能な炭化水素資源の枯渇の問題、及び生産される炭化水素の品質全体の低下の問題から、入手可能な炭化水素資源の一層効果的な回収、処理、及び/又は使用のための方法の開発が導かれている。現場方法は、炭化水素材料を、地下地層から除去するのに用いてもよい。地下地層内の炭化水素材料の化学的及び/又は物理的特性は、炭化水素材料が地下地層から一層容易に回収できるように、変化させる必要があるかも知れない。化学的及び物理的変化には、地層内の炭化水素材料について、除去可能な流体を生産する現場の反応、組成の変化、溶解性の変化、密度の変化、相の変化、及び/又は粘度の変化が含まれる。流体としては、限定されるものではないが、ガス、液体、エマルジョン、スラリー、及び/又は液体流に類似の流動特性を有する固体粒子の流れであってもよい。比較的透過性の地層(例えばタールサンド)に含まれる重質炭化水素(重質油及び/又はタール)の大きな鉱床は、北アメリカ、南アメリカ、アフリカ、及びアジアに発見されている。タールは、表面採掘され、更に軽質の炭化水素(原油、ナフサ、灯油、及び/又はガス油など)に品質向上することができる。表面採鉱法により、更に、ビチューメンをサンドから分離してもよい。分離されたビチューメンは、従来の精製方法を用いて、軽質炭化水素に転化してもよい。タールサンドの採掘及び品質向上は、通常、更に軽質の炭化水素を従来の油層から生産するよりも実質的に高価である。
タールサンドからの炭化水素の現場生産は、加熱、及び/又はガスの地層注入によって達成できる。米国特許第5,211,230号明細書(Ostapovichら)及び米国特許第5,339,897号明細書(Leaute)には、含油貯留層内に配置された水平生産井が記載される。垂直な導管が、酸化剤ガスを、現場燃焼のために、貯留層に注入するのに用いられてもよい。
米国特許第2,780,450号明細書(Ljungstrom)には、瀝青質の地質層を加熱して、現場で液体タール状材料を油及びガスに転化又は分解する工程が記載される。
米国特許第4,597,441号明細書(Wareら)には、貯留層内で油、熱、及び水素を同時に接触させる工程が記載される。水素添加により、貯留層からの油の回収が促進できる。
米国特許第5,046,559号明細書(Glandt)及び米国特許第5,060,726号明細書(Glandtら)には、タールサンド地層の一部を、注入井と生産井との間で予備加熱する工程が記載される。スチームを注入井から地層に注入して、生産井で炭化水素を生産してもよい。
米国特許第5,211,230号明細書 米国特許第5,339,897号明細書 米国特許第2,780,450号明細書 米国特許第4,597,441号明細書 米国特許第5,046,559号明細書 米国特許第5,060,726号明細書
以上、概略述べたように、炭化水素、水素、及び/又は他の生成物を、炭化水素含有地層から経済的に生産する方法及びシステムを開発するために、かなりの努力がなされてきた。しかし、現在なお、炭化水素、水素、及び/又は他の生成物が、経済的に生産されることができない多くの炭化水素含有地層がある。したがって、依然として、炭化水素、水素、及び/又は他の生成物を、種々の炭化水素含有地層から生産する方法及びシステムを改良する必要がある。特に、不透過性層によって分離された2つ以上の炭化水素層を有する地層を処理するための1つ以上の方法が必要である。時系列(time?sequenced)法で層を形成することにより、このような地層の処理が経済的に実現できる可能性が増大する。
本明細書に記載される実施態様は、一般に地下地層を処理するためのシステム、方法、及びヒーターに関する。本明細書に記載される実施態様はまた、一般に、新規な要素を有するヒーターに関する。このヒーターは、本明細書に記載されるシステム及び方法を用いて得られる。
特定の実施態様においては、本発明は、1つ以上のシステム、方法、及び/又はヒーターを提供する。幾つかの実施態様においては、システム、方法、及び/又はヒーターは、地下地層を処理するのに用いられる。
特定の実施態様においては、本発明は、炭化水素含有地層を処理するための方法を提供する。即ち、地層内の開口に配置された第一のヒーターから熱を、第一の時間の間、地層内の第一の炭化水素層に与える工程であって、開口及び第一のヒーターは、地層内の第一の炭化水素層内に配置されたほぼ水平又は傾斜した部分、及びほぼ水平又は傾斜した部分と表面との間に延びる少なくとも1つの接続部分を有する該工程と、第一のヒーターの少なくとも1つの接続部分を開口から除去する工程と、隔離材料を開口に置く工程であって、これにより隔離材料は、前記ヒーターのほぼ水平又は傾斜した部分が配置された層を少なくとも部分的に隔離する該工程と、追加のほぼ水平又は傾斜した開口部分を、第二の炭化水素層内に形成する工程であって、追加の部分は、開口の少なくとも1つの接続部分から延びる該工程と、第二のヒーターを追加のほぼ水平な開口部分に置く工程と、第二のヒーターから熱を第二の炭化水素層に与える工程とを含む。
更なる実施態様においては、特定の実施態様からの特徴を、他の実施態様からの特徴と組合せてよい。例えば、1つの実施態様からの特徴が、他の実施態様のいずれかの特徴と組合せてよい。
更なる実施態様においては、地下地層の処理は、本明細書に記載される方法、システム、又はヒーターのいずれかを用いて行われる。
更なる実施態様においては、更なる特徴を、本明細書に記載される特定の実施態様に加えてもよい。
本発明の利点は、以下の詳細な説明により、及び添付の図面を参照して、当業者にとって明白になり得る。
本発明は、種々の修正及び代替形態が可能であるが、それらの特定の実施態様は、図面の例により示し、かつ本明細書に詳細に記載できる。
図面は、正確な縮尺でなくてもよい。しかし、図面及びそれらに対する詳細な説明は、本発明を、開示される特定の形態に限定するものでなく、逆に、本発明は、添付される特許請求の範囲によって定められる本発明の趣旨及び範囲内に入る全ての修正、等価物、及び代替物を包含することを理解されるべきである。
以下の説明は、主に、炭化水素を地層内で処理するためのシステム及び方法に関する。これらの地層を処理して、炭化水素生成物、水素、及び他の生成物が得られる。
「地層」には、1つ以上の炭化水素含有層、1つ以上の非炭化水素層、オーバーバーデン、及び/又はアンダーバーデンが含まれる。「炭化水素層」とは、炭化水素を含む地質内の層をいう。炭化水素層は、非炭化水素材料及び炭化水素材料を含有してよい。「オーバーバーデン」及び/又は「アンダーバーデン」には、1つ以上の異なるタイプの不浸透性材料が含まれる。例えば、オーバーバーデン及び/又はアンダーバーデンには、岩石、シェール、泥岩、又は湿潤/緻密炭酸塩が含まれてもよい。現場熱処理法の幾つかの実施態様においては、オーバーバーデン及び/又はアンダーバーデンには、現場熱処理中の温度に従わない比較的不浸透性の炭化水素含有層が含まれてもよい。現場熱処理は、オーバーバーデン及び/又はアンダーバーデンの炭化水素含有層について、実質的な特性変化をもたらす。例えば、アンダーバーデンは、シェール又は泥岩を含んでもよいが、アンダーバーデンは、現場熱処理法中、熱分解温度まで加熱することができない。幾つかの場合、オーバーバーデン及び/又はアンダーバーデンは、若干浸透性であってもよい。
「地層流体」とは、地層内に存在する流体をいい、これには、熱分解流体、合成ガス、易動性炭化水素、及び水(スチーム)が含まれてもよい。地層流体には、炭化水素流体、同様に非炭化水素流体が含まれてもよい。用語「易動性流体」とは、地層の熱処理の結果として、炭化水素含有地層内の流動可能な流体をいう。「生産流体」とは、地層から除去された流体をいう。
「熱源」は、熱を、実質的に伝導及び/又は輻射熱伝達によって、地層の少なくとも一部に供給するいずれかのシステムである。例えば、熱源には、電気ヒーターが含まれてもよい。絶縁導体、伸長部材、及び/又は導管中に配置された導体などである。熱源にはまた、燃料を地層の外又は中で燃焼することによって、熱を生成するシステムが含まれてもよい。システムは、表面バーナー、ダウンホールガスバーナー、無炎分配型燃焼器、及び自然分配型燃焼器であってもよい。幾つかの実施態様においては、1つ以上の熱源に供給するか、又は熱源で生成する熱は、他のエネルギー源によって供給してもよい。他のエネルギー源が、地層を直接加熱してもよいか、又はエネルギーが、地層を直接又は間接に加熱する伝達媒体に適用してもよい。地層に熱を加える1つ以上の熱源は、異なるエネルギー源を用いてよいことは、理解されるべきである。したがって、例えば、所定の地層については、幾つかの熱源は、熱を電気抵抗ヒーターから供給してもよく、幾つかの熱源は、熱を燃焼から供給してもよく、幾つかの熱源は、熱を1つ以上の他のエネルギー源(例えば、化学反応、太陽エネルギー、風力エネルギー、バイオマス、又は他の再生可能なエネルギー源)から供給してもよい。化学反応には、発熱反応(例えば、酸化反応)が含まれてもよい。熱源にはまた、熱を、加熱位置(ヒーター井など)の近傍か、及び/又はそれを取り囲む帯域に供給するヒーターが含まれてもよい。
「ヒーター」は、熱を、坑井内又は坑井域付近で生成するためのいかなるシステム又は熱源でもある。ヒーターは、限定されるものではないが、電気ヒーター、バーナー、地層内の材料、又はそこから生産される材料と反応する燃焼器、及び/又はそれらの組合せであってよい。
「炭化水素」は、一般に、主として炭素及び水素原子によって形成される分子として定義される。炭化水素にはまた、他の元素(限定されるものではないが、ハロゲン、金属元素、窒素、酸素、及び/又は硫黄など)が含まれてもよい。炭化水素は、限定されるものではないが、ケローゲン、ビチューメン、ピロビチューメン、油、天然鉱ワックス、及びアスファルト鉱であってよい。炭化水素は、地球の鉱物基質中、又はそれに隣接して配置されてもよい。基質には、限定されるものではないが、堆積岩、砂、シリシライト、炭酸塩、珪藻土、及び他の多孔質媒体が含まれてもよい。「炭化水素流体」は、炭化水素を含む流体である。炭化水素流体は、非炭化水素流体(水素、窒素、一酸化炭素、二酸化炭素、硫化水素、水、及びアンモニアなど)を含んでもよいか、これに混入してもよいか、又は混入されてもよい。「現場転化法」とは、炭化水素含有地層を熱源から加熱して、地層の少なくとも一部の温度が、熱分解温度超に昇温され、そのために熱分解流体が地層内に生産される方法をいう。
「現場熱処理法」とは、炭化水素含有地層を熱源で加熱して、層の少なくとも一部の温度が、炭化水素含有材料の易動性流体、ビスブレーキング、及び/又は熱分解をもたらす温度超に上昇され、そのために易動性流体、ビスブレーキング流体、及び/又は熱分解流体が、地層内に生産される方法をいう。
U型坑井は、地層内の第一の開口から、地層の少なくとも一部を通って、地層内の第二の開口を通って外へ延びる坑井という。この明細書においては、坑井は、単に凡そ、「v」又は「u」形状であってもよく、「u」の「足」は、「u型」と考えられる坑井に対して、互いに平行であるか、又は「u」の底部に垂直である必要はないと理解される。
用語「坑井」とは、掘削、又は地層中への導管の挿入によって作製される地層内の孔をいう。坑井は、実質的に環状の断面、又は他の断面形状を持っていてもよい。本明細書で用いられる用語「坑井」及び「開口」は、地層内の開口をいう場合には、用語「坑井」と互換可能に使用してよい。
地層内の炭化水素は、種々の方法で処理されて、多くの異なる生成物が生産できる。特定の実施態様においては、地層内の炭化水素は、徐々に処理される。図1は、炭化水素含有地層を加熱する段階の説明図を表す。図1はまた、[油当量の収量(「Y」)(バレル)/地層からの地層流体(トン)](y軸):[加熱された地層の温度(「T」)(℃)](x軸)の例を表す。
メタンの脱着及び水の気化は、第1段加熱中に生じる。第1段による地層の加熱は、可能な限り迅速に行うことができる。例えば、炭化水素含有地層を初めに加熱する場合には、地層内の炭化水素は、吸着されたメタンを脱着する。脱着されたメタンは、地層から生産してもよい。炭化水素含有地層を更に加熱する場合には、炭化水素含有地層内の水は気化される。水は、幾つかの炭化水素含有地層においては、地層内の細孔容積の10%〜50%を占めてよい。他の地層においては、水は、細孔容積の、更に大きいか、又は更に小さい部分を占める。水は、通常、地層内で600kPa(絶対)〜7000kPa(絶対)の圧力で、160℃〜285℃で気化される。幾つかの実施態様においては、気化された水は、地層内の湿潤性の変化、及び/又は地層圧力の増大をもたらす。湿潤性の変化、及び/又は増大圧力は、地層内で、熱分解反応又は他の反応に影響を及ぼしてもよい。特定の実施態様においては、気化された水が、地層から生産される。他の実施態様においては、気化された水は、地層内又は地層外で、スチーム抽出及び/又は蒸留に用いられる。水を地層から除去し、地層内の細孔容積を増大することにより、細孔容積内の炭化水素の貯蔵空間が増大する。
特定の実施態様においては、第1段加熱後に、地層は更に加熱され、このため地層内の温度は、(少なくとも)初期熱分解温度に達する(第2段として示した温度範囲の低部端の温度など)。地層内の炭化水素は、第2段中、熱分解されてもよい。熱分解の温度範囲は、地層内の炭化水素のタイプによって異なる。熱分解の温度範囲には、温度250℃〜900℃が含まれてもよい。所望の生成物を生産するための熱分解の温度範囲は、全熱分解温度範囲の一部のみに及んでもよい。幾つかの実施態様においては、所望の生成物を生産するための熱分解温度範囲には、温度250℃〜400℃、又は温度270℃〜350℃が含まれてもよい。地層内の炭化水素の温度を温度範囲250℃〜400℃に亘って、徐々に高めた場合には、熱分解生成物の生産は、温度が400℃に達する際に、実質的に完了してよい。炭化水素の平均温度は、所望の生成物を生産するために、熱分解温度範囲を通して5℃未満/日、2℃未満/日、1℃未満/日、又は0.5℃未満/日の速度で高めてよい。複数の熱源を用いる炭化水素含有地層の加熱は、熱源(地層内の炭化水素の温度を熱分解温度範囲に亘って徐々に高める)の周りに、温度勾配を確立してもよい。
所望の生成物のための熱分解温度範囲での昇温速度は、炭化水素含有地層から生産される地層流体の品質及び量に影響を及ぼすかも知れない。温度を、所望の生成物のために熱分解温度範囲に亘って徐々に高めることにより、地層内の長鎖分子の易動性は阻害される可能性がある。温度を、所望の生成物のために熱分解温度範囲に亘って徐々に高めることにより、望ましくない生成物を生産する易動性炭化水素の間の反応が限定される可能性がある。地層の温度を、所望の炭化水素のために熱分解温度範囲に亘って徐々に高めることにより、高品質の高API比重の炭化水素を地層から生産することが可能かも知れない。地層の温度を、所望の生成物のために熱分解温度範囲に亘って徐々に高めることにより、地層内に存在する大量の炭化水素を、炭化水素生成物として除去することが可能かも知れない。
現場熱処理の幾つかの実施態様においては、地層の一部は、温度を、或る温度範囲に亘って徐々に加熱する代わりに、所望の温度に加熱される。幾つかの実施態様においては、所望の温度は、300℃、325℃、又は350℃である。他の温度が、所望の温度として選択されてもよい。熱源からの熱を重ね合わせることにより、所望の温度を比較的迅速かつ効率的に地層内に確立することが可能である。熱源から地層中へのエネルギー入力は、地層内の温度を実質的に所望の温度に保持するように調整してもよい。地層の加熱された部分は、熱分解が低下して、そのために地層からの所望の地層流体の生産が経済的でなくなるまで、実質的に所望の温度に維持される。熱分解が施される地層の部分には、1つの熱源だけからの伝熱によって、熱分解温度範囲に至る領域が含まれてもよい。
特定の実施態様においては、熱分解流体を含む地層流体が地層から生産される。地層の温度が増大するにつれて、生産された地層流体内の凝縮性炭化水素の量は、減少してもよい。高温では、地層は、主としてメタン及び/又は水素を生産できる。炭化水素含有地層が、全熱分解範囲に亘って加熱される場合には、地層は、熱分解範囲の上限に向ってほんの少量の水素を生産してもよい。入手可能な全ての水素が枯渇した後、通常、地層からの最少量の流体生産が起こる。
炭化水素の熱分解後に、大量の炭素及び若干の水素が、なお、地層内に存在してもよい。地層内に残存する相当量の炭素は、合成ガスの形態で地層から生産することができる。合成ガスの生成は、図1に示す第3段加熱中に起こってよい。第3段には、炭化水素含有地層を、合成ガスを生成するのに十分な温度に加熱する工程が含まれてよい。例えば、合成ガスは、温度範囲約400℃〜約1200℃、約500℃〜約1100℃、又は約550℃〜約1000℃で生産できる。地層の加熱部分の温度により、合成ガス生成流体が地層に導入される際に、地層内に生産される合成ガスの組成が決定される。生成された合成ガスは、生産井を通って地層から除去してよい。
炭化水素含有地層から生産された流体の全エネルギー含有量は、熱分解及び合成ガスの生成中、比較的一定に留めてよい。比較的低い地層温度での熱分解においては、生産された流体のかなりの部分は、高エネルギー含有量を有する凝縮性炭化水素であってよい。しかし、高い熱分解温度では、凝縮性炭化水素を含む地層流体は余りない。更に多量の非凝縮性の地層流体が、地層から生産されてもよい。(エネルギー含有量)/(生産された流体の単位容積)は、主として非凝縮性地層流体の生成中、僅かに減少してもよい。合成ガス生成中、(エネルギー含有量)/(生産された合成ガスの単位容積)は、熱分解流体のエネルギー含有量に比較して、実質的に減少する。しかし、生産された合成ガスの容積は、多くの場合、実質的に増大し、これにより低下したエネルギー含有量が補充される。
図2は、炭化水素含有地層を処理するための現場熱処理システムの一部の実施態様についての概略図を表す。現場熱処理システムには、バリヤー井200が含まれてもよい。バリヤー井は、処理領域の周りにバリヤーを形成するのに用いられる。バリヤーは、処理領域中への、及び/又はその外の流体の流れを防止する。バリヤー井には、限定されるものではないが、排水井、減圧井、捕捉井、注入井、グラウト井、凍結井、又はそれらの組合せが含まれる。幾つかの実施態様においては、バリヤー井200は、排水井である。排水井は、液体水を除去するか、及び/又は液体水が、加熱されるべき地層の一部に、又は加熱される地層に入るのを防止できる。図2に示す実施態様においては、バリヤー井200は、熱源202の一方の側だけに沿って延びて示したが、バリヤー井は、一般には、使用されるか、又は使用すべき全熱源202を包囲して、地層の処理領域が加熱される。
熱源202は、地層の少なくとも一部に配置される。熱源202には、絶縁導体、導管内導体ヒーター、表面バーナー、無炎分配型燃焼器、及び/又は自然分配型燃焼器などのヒーターが含まれてもよい。熱源202にはまた、他のタイプのヒーターが含まれてもよい。熱源202は、熱を、地層の少なくとも一部に供給して、地層内の炭化水素を加熱する。エネルギーは、供給ライン204を通って熱源202に供給してよい。供給ライン204は、地層の加熱に使用される熱源のタイプによって、構造的に異なってよい。熱源の供給ライン204は、電気ヒーターのための電気を送ってもよいか、燃焼器の燃料を輸送してもよいか、又は地層内で循環される熱交換流体を輸送してもよい。幾つかの実施態様においては、現場熱処理法の電気は、原子力プラントによって供給してもよい。原子力の使用により、現場熱処理法からの二酸化炭素排出を低減又は排除することが可能である。
生産井206は、地層流体を地層から除去するのに用いられる。幾つかの実施態様においては、生産井206には、熱源が含まれる。生産井内の熱源は、生産井で、又はその付近で、地層の1つ以上の部分を加熱してもよい。現場熱処理法の幾つかの実施態様においては、(生産井から地層に供給される熱量)/(生産井1メートル)は、(地層を加熱する熱源から地層に適用される熱量)/(熱源1メートル)より少ない。生産井から地層に適用される熱は、生産井に隣接する液体相流体を気化及び除去することによって、及び/又は生産井に隣接する地層の浸透性を、マクロ及び/又はミクロの破断の形成により増大することによって、生産井に隣接する地層の浸透性を増大してもよい。
幾つかの実施態様においては、生産井206の熱源により、地層からの地層流体の気相除去が可能である。生産井で、又は生産井を通って加熱することにより、(1)これらの生産流体がオーバーバーデン近傍の生産井を移動中であれば、生産流体の凝縮及び/又は逆流が防止され、(2)地層中への熱入力が増大され、(3)生産井からの生産速度が、熱源を用いない生産井に比較して増大され、(4)生産井における高炭素数化合物(C以上)の凝縮が防止され、及び/又は(5)地層の浸透性が、生産井で、又は生産井近傍で増大される可能性がある。
地層内の地下圧力は、地層内に生じた流体圧力と一致してもよい。地層の加熱部分における温度が増大するにつれて、加熱部分における圧力は、流体生産の増大及び水の気化の結果として増大してもよい。地層からの流体除去速度を制御することにより、地層内の圧力の制御が可能である。地層内の圧力は、多数の異なる位置(生産井付近又は生産井、熱源付近又は熱源、又は監視井など)で、決定してよい。
幾つかの炭化水素含有地層においては、地層からの炭化水素の生産は、地層内の少なくとも若干の炭化水素が熱分解されるまで抑制される。地層流体が選択された品質を有する場合には、地層流体は地層から生産してもよい。幾つかの実施態様においては、選択された品質には、少なくとも約20°、30°、又は40°のAPI比重が含まれる。少なくとも若干の炭化水素が熱分解されるまで生産を抑制することにより、重質炭化水素の軽質炭化水素への転化が増大してもよい。初期の生産を抑制することにより、地層からの重質炭化水素の生産が最小化してもよい。相当量の重質炭化水素の生産には、高価な設備を必要とするか、及び/又は生産設備の寿命を低下させてもよい。
熱分解温度に達し、地層からの生産が可能となった後、地層内の圧力を変化させて、生産された地層流体の組成を変更及び/又は制御し、地層流体中の非凝縮性流体と比較して凝縮性流体の%割合を制御し、及び/又は生産中の地層流体のAPI比重を制御してもよい。例えば、圧力の低下により、更に多くの凝縮性流体成分を生産してもよい。凝縮性流体成分は、オレフィンを大きい%割合で含んでもよい。
現場熱処理法の幾つかの実施態様においては、地層内の圧力は、API比重20°超を有する地層流体の生産を促進するのに十分に高く、保持してよい。増大した圧力を地層内で保持することにより、現場熱処理における、地層の沈下が防止できる。増大圧力を保持することにより、地層からの流体の気相生産を促進できる。気相生産により、地層から生産された流体を輸送するのに使用される収集導管のサイズ縮小が可能である。増大圧力を保持することにより、地層流体を表面で圧縮する必要性が低減又は回避される可能性があり、流体は、処理設備まで収集導管で輸送される。
増大圧力を地層の加熱部分で保持することにより、意外にも、品質の向上及び比較的低分子量を有する多量の炭化水素の生産が可能になる。圧力は、生産された地層流体が、選択された炭素数超の化合物が最少量となるように保持してよい。選択された炭素数は、最大で25、最大で20、最大で12、又は最大で8であってよい。幾つかの高炭素数の化合物は、地層内の蒸気中に混入されてもよく、蒸気と共に地層から除去されてもよい。増大圧力を地層内で保持することにより、高炭素数の化合物及び/又は多環炭化水素化合物の蒸気への混入を防止できる。高炭素数の化合物及び/又は多環炭化水素化合物は、かなりの時間の間、地層内に液相で留まってもよい。かなりの時間の間、これらの化合物が熱分解して、低炭素数の化合物を形成するのに十分な時間を付与できる。
生産井206から生産される地層流体は、収集配管208を通って処理設備210に輸送してよい。地層流体は、熱源202からも生産してよい。例えば、流体を熱源202から生産するため、熱源に隣接する地層内の圧力は制御してよい。熱源202から生産される流体は、管又はパイプを通って、収集配管208に輸送されてもよいか、又は生産された流体は、管又はパイプを通って、直接に処理設備210に輸送してもよい。処理設備210には、分離装置、反応装置、品質向上装置、燃料電池、タービン、貯蔵槽、及び/又は生産された地層流体を処理するための他のシステム及び装置が含まれてもよい。処理設備は、地層から生産された炭化水素の少なくとも一部から、輸送燃料を形成してもよい。特定の実施態様では、輸送燃料はJP−8などのジェット燃料であってよい。
図3A及び3Bは、ほぼU型の坑井を用いて、炭化水素含有地層内の2つの層を時系列加熱するための実施態様を表す。図3A及び3Bの実施態様には、単一のヒーターを示した。しかし、一般的には、数個のヒーターを炭化水素層内に配置すること、及び簡略化のため1つのヒーターだけを図面に示したことは理解すべきである。図3Aにおいては、開口212Aが、開口212の間に延びる炭化水素層214A内に形成される。特定の実施態様においては、開口212Aは、炭化水素層214A内のほぼ水平な開口である。幾つかの実施態様においては、開口212Aは、炭化水素層214A内の傾斜した開口である(例えば、層は、曲がった層であってもよく、開口は、層内で、ほぼ水平になるように曲げられる)。開口212は、表面から炭化水素層214A中に延びる開口(例えば、比較的垂直な開口)である。炭化水素層214Aは、不浸透性帯域216によって、炭化水素層214Bから分離されてもよい。幾つかの実施態様においては、炭化水素層214Bは、上部層、又は炭化水素層214Aより浅い深度の層である。幾つかの実施態様においては、炭化水素層214Bは、低部層、又は炭化水素層214Aより深い深度の層である。特定の実施態様においては、不浸透性帯域216は、実質的に不浸透性のシールを供給する。このシールは、炭化水素層214Aと炭化水素層214Bとの間の流体流れを防止する。特定の実施態様においては(例えば、オイルシェール地層においては)、炭化水素層214Aは、炭化水素層214Bよりも高い豊富性(richness)を有する。
図3Aに示すように、発熱体218Aは、炭化水素層214A内の開口212A内に配置される。オーバーバーデンケーシング220は、炭化水素層214B内の開口212の比較的垂直な壁に沿って配置される。オーバーバーデンケーシング220は、炭化水素層214Bへの伝熱を防止し、一方、熱は、発熱体218Aによって炭化水素層214Aに供給される。発熱体218Aは、炭化水素層214Aに熱を供給するのに用いられる。地層流体(易動性炭化水素、熱分解炭化水素、及び/又は水など)は、発熱体218Aによる層の加熱中及び/又は加熱後に、炭化水素層214Aから生産されてもよい。
熱は、選択された時間(例えば、第一の時間)の間、発熱体218Aによって炭化水素層214Aに供給してもよい。選択された時間は、種々の要因に基づいてもよいが、限定されるものではないが、地層の特徴又は特性、現在又は将来の経済的要因、又は資本コストが含まれる。例えば、オイルシェール地層については、炭化水素層214Aは、約0.12L/kg(30.5ガロン/トン)の豊富性を有してもよく、層は、約25年間加熱される。炭化水素層214Aからの地層流体の生産は、生産が不経済速度に減速するまで、層から継続してもよい。
炭化水素層214Aが、選択された時間の間、加熱された後、発熱体218Aは、弱められるか、及び/又は停止される。発熱体218Aが停止された後には、発熱体は、確固と上方に引っ張られて(例えば、引抜かれて)もよく、そのために発熱体は、結合222で破断される。表面の発熱体218Aの両端は、同時に引っ張られてもよく、そのために結合222は、ほぼ同時に破断する。結合222は、選択量又は十分量の引張力が結合へ適用される際に、引き裂かれるように設計された弱い結合であってもよい。例えば、結合222は、発熱体の部分の間で破断可能な機械的結合であってもよい。発熱体218Aの上部部分は、次いで、地層の外に引っ張られ、発熱体218Aのほぼ水平な部分は、図3Bに示すように、開口212A内に残される。
幾つかの実施態様においては、1つの結合222のみを破断してもよく、これにより1つの結合上の上部部分を除去することができ、ヒーターの残りの部分は、ヒーターの反対側の端部で引っ張ることによって除去することができる。したがって、発熱体218Aの全長を地層から除去してもよい。
発熱体218Aの上部部分を開口212から除去した後、図3Bに示すように、プラグ224を、炭化水素層214B内の選択された場所で、開口212に入れてよい。特定の実施態様においては、プラグ224は、不浸透性帯域216又はその近くの開口212に入れられる。プラグ224には、実質的に不浸透性材料、又は開口212において、地層内の炭化水素層の間の流体流れを防止する他の材料などの隔離材料が含まれてもよい(例えば、プラグは、炭化水素層214Aを分離してもよい)。幾つかの実施態様においては、パッキン226がプラグ224の上の開口212に入れられる。幾つかの実施態様においては、パッキン226が、開口内のプラグなしに、開口212に入れられる。パッキン226には、実質的に不浸透性材料、又は流体流れを防止する他の材料が含まれてもよい。
プラグ224及び/又はパッキン226を開口212に取付けた後に、ほぼ水平な開口212Bが炭化水素層214B内に形成されてもよい。開口212Bは、開口212の壁上で、ケーシング220を通って、孔あけ(例えば、掘削)することによって形成されてもよい。特定の実施態様においては、開口212Bは、炭化水素層214B内のほぼ水平な開口である。幾つかの実施態様においては、開口212Bは、炭化水素層214B内の傾斜した開口である(例えば、層は、曲った層であってもよく、開口は、層内で、ほぼ水平になるように曲げられる)。発熱体218Bは、次いで、開口212Bに入れられる。発熱体218Bは、炭化水素層214Bに熱を供給するのに用いてよい。熱分解炭化水素及び/又は易動性炭化水素などの地層流体は、発熱体218Bによる層の加熱中及び/又はその後に、炭化水素層214Bから生産してもよい。
特定の実施態様においては、開口212は、炭化水素層214A内の単一端の水平な開口である(例えば、開口は、地層の表面における1つの端部開口のみを有する)。図4A及び4Bは、単一端の水平な坑井を用いて、炭化水素含有地層内の2つの層を時系列加熱するための実施態様を表す。図4A及び4Bの実施態様には単一のヒーターを示した。しかし、一般には数個のヒーターを炭化水素層内に配置すること、及び簡略化のため1つのヒーターがけを図面に示したことは、理解すべきである。
図4Aにおいては、開口212Aは、開口212から延びて、炭化水素層214A内に形成される。特定の実施態様においては、開口212Aは、炭化水素層214A内のほぼ水平な開口である。この開口は層内で終わる。幾つかの実施態様においては、開口212Aは、炭化水素層214A内の傾斜した開口である(例えば、層は、曲った層であってもよく、開口は、層内で、ほぼ水平になるように曲げられる)。開口212は、表面から炭化水素層214Aに延びる開口(例えば、比較的垂直な開口)である。炭化水素層214Aは、不浸透性帯域216によって、炭化水素層214Bから分離されてもよい。特定の実施態様においては、炭化水素層214Bは、上部層、又は炭化水素層214Aより浅い深度の層である。他の実施態様においては、炭化水素層214Bは、低部層、又は炭化水素層214Aより深い深度の層である。特定の実施態様においては、不浸透性帯域216は、実質的に不浸透性のシールを提供する。これは、炭化水素層214Aと炭化水素層214Bとの間の流体流れを防止する。幾つかの実施態様においては(例えば、オイルシェール地層においては)、炭化水素層214Aは、炭化水素層214Bより高い豊富性を有する。
図4Aに示すように、発熱体218Aは、炭化水素層214A内の開口212A内に配置される。オーバーバーデンケーシング220は、炭化水素層214B内の開口212の比較的垂直な壁に沿って配置される。オーバーバーデンケーシング220は、炭化水素層214Bへの伝熱を防止し、一方、熱は、発熱体218Aによって炭化水素層214Aに供給される。発熱体218Aは、炭化水素層214Aに熱を供給するのに用いられる。地層流体(易動性炭化水素、熱分解炭化水素、及び/又は水など)は、発熱体218Aによる層の加熱中及び/又はその後に、炭化水素層214Aから生産してもよい。
熱は、選択された時間の間、発熱体218Aによって炭化水素層214Aに供給してもよい。選択された時間は、種々の要因によるもので、限定されるものではないが、地層の特徴又は特性、現在又は将来の経済的要因、又は資本コストが含まれる。例えば、オイルシェール地層については、炭化水素層214Aは、約0.12L/kg(30.5ガロン/トン)の豊富性を有してよく、層は、約25年間加熱される。炭化水素層214Aからの地層流体の生産は、生産が、不経済な速度に低下するまで、層から継続生産してよい。
炭化水素層214Aを選択された時間の間、加熱した後、発熱体218Aは、弱められるか、及び/又は停止される。発熱体218Aが、弱められるか、及び/又は停止された後、発熱体は、開口212Aから除去してもよい。幾つかの実施態様においては、発熱体218Aの1つ以上の部分は、開口212A内に残される。例えば、炭化水素層214Aの部分は、発熱体218Aを締付けるか、又はそこに押込んでもよく、これにより発熱体は、開口212Aから完全には除去することができない。このような場合には、発熱体218Aは、結合222で破断してもよく、発熱体218Aの上部部分は、地層の外に引っ張られ、発熱体のほぼ水平な部分は、開口212A内に残される。
発熱体218Aを開口212から除去した後、図4Bに示すように、プラグ224を、炭化水素層214B中の選択された場所で、開口212に入れてよい。特定の実施態様においては、プラグ224は、不浸透性帯域216、又はその近くの開口212に入れられる。プラグ224には、実質的に不浸透性の材料、又は開口212において、地層内の炭化水素層の間の流体流れを防止する他の材料などの隔離材料が含まれてもよい(例えば、プラグが、炭化水素層214Aを分離してもよい)。幾つかの実施態様においては、パッキン226が、プラグ224の上の開口212に入れられる。幾つかの実施態様においては、パッキンは、開口内のプラグなしに、開口212に入れられる。パッキン226には、実質的に不浸透性の材料、又は流体流れを防止する他の材料が含まれてもよい。
プラグ224及び/又はパッキン226を開口212に取付けた後に、ほぼ水平な開口212Bが炭化水素層214B内に形成されてよい。開口212Bは、開口212から水平に延びてよい。特定の実施態様においては、開口212Bは、炭化水素層214B内のほぼ水平な開口である。この開口は、層内で終わる。幾つかの実施態様においては、開口212Bは、炭化水素層214B内の傾斜した開口である(例えば、層は、曲った層であってもよく、開口は、層内で、ほぼ水平となるように曲げられる)。開口212Bは、開口212の壁上で、ケーシング220を通って、孔あけ(例えば掘削)することによって形成されてもよい。発熱体218Bは、次いで、開口212Bに入れられる。発熱体218Bは、炭化水素層214Bに熱を供給するのに用いられてもよい。熱分解炭化水素及び/又は易動性炭化水素などの地層流体は、発熱体218Bによる層の加熱中及び/又はその後に、炭化水素層214Bから生産してもよい。
炭化水素層214A、214Bを、上記される時系列方式で加熱することは、1つの層だけから生産するか、又は同時に熱を層に供給する垂直ヒーターを用いるよりも経済的かも知れない。比較的垂直な開口212を用いて、両炭化水素層に異なる時間で到達(access)することは、開口を地層内に形成すること、及び発熱体を出力する表面装置を提供することに付随する資本コストを節約できる。炭化水素層214Bを加熱する前に、先ず、炭化水素層214Aを加熱することにより、地層を処理する経済性(例えば、地層を処理するプロジェクトの純現在(net current)価値)を向上できる。更に、不浸透性帯域216及びパッキン226は、層の加熱及び層から生産後、炭化水素層214Aのシールを付与できる。このシールは、炭化水素層を処理した後、炭化水素層を放棄する(abandon)のに有用かも知れない。
幾つかの実施態様においては、熱は、炭化水素層214Aから取除いて、炭化水素層214Bに熱を供給するのに用いてもよい。例えば、伝熱流体を開口212Aに循環させて、炭化水素層214Aから熱を回収してもよい。伝熱流体は、後に、直接又は間接に(例えば、熱を、他の加熱流体へ移送する熱交換器を用いて)、熱を炭化水素層214Bに供給するのに用いてもよい。幾つかの実施態様においては、炭化水素層214Aから回収された熱は、出力(例えば、電力)を他のヒーター(例えば、炭化水素層214B内で使用される発熱体218B)に供給するのに使用される。
幾つかの実施態様においては、合成ガス生成又は後処理プロセスは、炭化水素層214B内の加熱を開始する前に、炭化水素層214A内で行なってよい。例えば、二酸化炭素又は他の材料は、層を塞ぐか、又はシールする前に、炭化水素層214A内に隔離してもよい。
本発明の種々の態様について、更なる修正及び他の実施態様は、この説明に照らして、当業者には明白であろう。したがって、この説明は、あくまでも例示として理解されるものであり、当業者に、本発明を実行する一般的な方式を教示する目的に対するものである。本明細書に示し、かつ説明した本発明の形態は、現在、好ましい実施態様として解釈されるものであることを理解すべきである。要素及び材料は、本明細書に例示かつ記載されるものについて置換えてもよく、部品及び処理は逆転させてもよく、本発明の特定の特徴は独立に用いてもよく、これらは全て、本発明についての説明の利点であることは、当業者には明白であろう。変更は、本明細書に記載される要件において、添付の特許請求の範囲に記載される本発明の趣旨及び範囲から逸脱することなく、行ってよい。更に、本明細書に記載した特徴が、特定の実施態様において、組合せてよいことも理解すべきである。
炭化水素含有地層の加熱段階の説明図を表す。 炭化水素含有地層を処理するための現場熱処理システムの一部について、実施態様の概略図を示す。 図3Aは、ほぼU型の坑井を用いて、炭化水素含有地層内の2つの層を時系列加熱するための実施態様を表す。 図3Bは、ほぼU型の坑井を用いて、炭化水素含有地層内の2つの層を時系列加熱するための実施態様を表す。 図4Aは、水平の坑井を用いて、炭化水素含有地層内の2つの層を時系列加熱するための実施態様を表す。 図4Bは、水平の坑井を用いて、炭化水素含有地層内の2つの層を時系列加熱するための実施態様を表す。
符号の説明
200 バリヤー井
202 熱源
204 供給ライン
206 生産井
208 収集配管
210 処理設備
212 開口
212A 開口
212B 開口
214A 炭化水素層
214B 炭化水素層
216 不浸透性帯域
218A 発熱体
220 オーバーバーデンケーシング
222 結合
224 プラグ
226 パッキン

Claims (23)

  1. 地層内の開口に配置された第一のヒーターから熱を、第一の時間の間、地層内の第一の炭化水素層に与える工程であって、前記開口及び第一のヒーターは、前記地層内の第一の炭化水素層内に配置されたほぼ水平又は傾斜した部分、及びほぼ水平又は傾斜した部分と表面を横断するオーバーバーデンケーシングとの間に延びる少なくとも1つの接続部分を有する該工程と、
    前記第一のヒーターの少なくとも1つの接続部分を、前記開口から除去する工程と、
    隔離材料を前記開口に置く工程であって、これにより前記隔離材料は、前記第一のヒーターのほぼ水平又は傾斜した部分が配置された前記第一の炭化水素層を、第二の炭化水素層から少なくとも部分的に隔離する該工程と、
    前記開口の少なくとも1つの接続部分から延びる追加のほぼ水平又は傾斜した開口部分を、前記第二の炭化水素層内に形成する工程と、
    二のヒーターを、追加のほぼ水平な開口部分に置く工程と、
    前記第二のヒーターからの熱を前記第二の炭化水素層に与える工程と、
    を含む炭化水素含有地層の処理方法。
  2. 流体を地層から生産する工程を更に含む請求項1に記載の方法。
  3. 前記第一の時間は、選択量の炭化水素を、前記第一の炭化水素層から生産するのに十分な時間である請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
  4. 少なくとも1つの前記接続部分は、ほぼ水平又は傾斜した部分の端部に連結される請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  5. 前記第二の炭化水素層は、少なくとも部分的に不浸透性の層によって、前記第一の炭化水素層から分離される請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  6. 前記隔離材料を、少なくとも1つの前記接続部分内に置く工程を更に含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  7. 前記隔離材料は、前記第一の炭化水素層の上で、或いは前記第一の炭化水素層の下で、前記開口を少なくとも部分的に隔離する請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  8. 前記第一のヒーターの少なくとも1つの前記接続部分を、前記第一のヒーターのほぼ水平な部分から取外す工程を更に含む請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  9. 前記開口の所定位置にパッキンを放置することにより、前記地層を処理した後、前記第一の炭化水素層を放棄する工程を更に含む請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  10. 前記第一のヒーターの前記接続部分は、前記第一のヒーターのほぼ水平な部分から、前記第一のヒーターの1つ以上の連結を破断することによって取外される請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  11. 前記破断は、1つ以上の前記接続部分を、十分量の力で引くことによって行われる請求項10に記載の方法。
  12. 前記地層は、オイルシェール地層を含む請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  13. 前記第一の炭化水素層は、前記第二の炭化水素層よりも高い豊富性を有する請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  14. 前記第一の炭化水素層は、前記第二の炭化水素層よりも深い深度にある請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  15. 前記不浸透性の材料は、前記第一の炭化水素層と前記第二の炭化水素層との間に不浸透性の層を付与する請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  16. 前記開口は、前記地層の表面の第一の位置に第一の端部を、及び前記地層の表面の第二の位置に第二の端部を有する請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  17. 前記開口は、U型開口を含む請求項1〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  18. 前記開口の前記接続部分は、比較的垂直な部分を含む請求項1〜17のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  19. 前記開口の前記ほぼ水平な部分は、前記第一の炭化水素層内の少なくとも2つの比較的垂直な接続部分の間に延びる請求項1〜18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  20. 前記開口の前記追加のほぼ水平な部分は、前記第二の炭化水素層内の少なくとも2つの比較的垂直な接続部分の間に延びる請求項1〜19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  21. 前記第一のヒーターの前記ほぼ水平な部分は、前記第一のヒーターの接続部分を前記開口から除去した後、前記開口のほぼ水平な部分内に残される請求項1〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
  22. 請求項1〜21のいずれか一項に記載の方法を用いて生産される炭化水素を含む組成物。
  23. 請求項22に記載の組成物から製造される輸送燃料。
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