JP4990267B2 - アンモニアに基づく水素発生装置及びその使用方法 - Google Patents
アンモニアに基づく水素発生装置及びその使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4990267B2 JP4990267B2 JP2008507746A JP2008507746A JP4990267B2 JP 4990267 B2 JP4990267 B2 JP 4990267B2 JP 2008507746 A JP2008507746 A JP 2008507746A JP 2008507746 A JP2008507746 A JP 2008507746A JP 4990267 B2 JP4990267 B2 JP 4990267B2
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- Prior art keywords
- ammonia
- hydrogen
- adsorbent
- combustion
- hydrogen generator
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 534
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 265
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 218
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims description 217
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 208
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 35
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 173
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 146
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 95
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 85
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 59
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 claims description 55
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- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 34
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000006262 metallic foam Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 13
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- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
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- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001200 Ferrotitanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910002543 FeCrAlY Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007084 catalytic combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
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- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
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- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
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- C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
- C01B3/56—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with solids; Regeneration of used solids
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- H01M16/006—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers of fuel cells with rechargeable batteries
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- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
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Description
本発明は、米国陸軍研究所との契約(契約番号:DAAD19−01−C−0002)の下になされたものであり、米国政府は本発明に一定の権利を有する。
本発明は概して化学技術に関する。より詳細には、本発明はアンモニア源からのアンモニアの分解により水素ガスを発生させる装置及び方法に関する。
2NH3+エネルギー → N2+3H2
Claims (43)
- アンモニア供給源;
燃焼室と熱交換関係にある反応室を含む熱触媒水素発生反応器;
アンモニアをアンモニア供給源から反応室に輸送するためのアンモニア供給ライン;
水素を反応室から輸送するための反応生成物供給ライン;
可燃性流体を燃焼室に輸送するための燃焼流体供給ライン;
燃焼副生成物を燃焼室から輸送するための燃焼室副生成物排気ライン;
前記反応器に操作上接続した熱源を備え、
前記水素発生反応器が頂板、底板並びに頂板と底板の間に配置した第一及び第二の対向面を有する分離板とを備え、
前記頂板及び前記分離板の第一表面が一緒に前記反応器を画成し、
前記底板及び前記分離板の第二表面が一緒に前記燃焼室を画成し、
前記反応室又は燃焼室の少なくとも一つに複数のフローチャネルを設け、
前記燃焼室及び前記反応室の少なくとも一つが触媒被覆基板を含み、
前記触媒被覆基板が、金属フォームであり、
前記触媒被覆基板が、0.2mmから3.0mmの近似孔径を有する流路を含むことを特徴とするアンモニアに基づく水素発生装置。 - 前記分離板の第一表面に面する前記頂板の表面が、そこから前記反応室中の分離板の方に延在する相互に離隔したフィンの第一のセットを含み、該第一のセットのフィンが第一の複数の反応チャネルを画成し;並びに
前記分離板の第二表面に面する前記底板の表面が、そこから前記燃焼室中の分離板の第二表面の方に延在する相互に離隔したフィンの第二のセットを含み、該第二のセットのフィンが第二の複数の燃焼チャネルを画成する請求項1に記載の水素発生装置。 - 前記チャネルの各セットが、前記熱触媒水素発生器の一端から該熱触媒水素発生器の対向端へのガス流路を作る請求項2に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記金属フォームが0.5mmから2.0mmの近似孔径を有する請求項1に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記燃焼室の流路内に配置した燃焼触媒を更に備える請求項2に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記反応室の流路内に配置したアンモニア分解触媒を更に備える請求項2に記載の水素発生装置。
- 複数の吸着剤供給源を、水素から残留アンモニアを除去するための反応生成物供給ラインと流体接続する請求項1に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記複数の吸着剤供給源が、少なくとも第一、第二及び第三の吸着剤供給源と、前記反応生成物供給ラインから前記第一、第二又は第三の吸着剤供給源又はそれらの組み合わせの少なくとも一つに選択的に流れを指向させるための第一、第二及び第三のバルブとを備える請求項7に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記第一、第二又は第三の吸着剤供給源の少なくとも一つは、該第一、第二又は第三の吸着剤供給源の少なくとも一つがアンモニアを吸着している間に、再生されるように構成される請求項8に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記燃焼触媒が、少なくとも一つの貴金属を含む請求項5に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記アンモニア分解触媒が、少なくとも一つの貴金属を含む請求項6に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記吸着剤供給源の少なくとも一つが、モレキュラーシーブ吸着剤を含む請求項7又は8に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記反応生成物供給ラインと流体接続した膜ユニットを更に備え、該膜ユニットが反応生成物流からアンモニアを選択的に除去する請求項1に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記燃焼室への空気供給を前記膜ユニット下流側又は浸透側を通して行う請求項13に記載の水素発生装置。
- 水素精製ユニットを前記反応生成物供給ラインと流体接続する請求項1に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記水素精製ユニットが、水素分離膜ユニットである請求項15に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記水素精製ユニットが、水素化物圧縮機である請求項15に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記水素精製ユニットが、圧力スイング吸着ユニットである請求項15に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記燃焼室中に配置した燃焼触媒を更に備え、該燃焼触媒が含貴金属燃焼触媒である請求項7に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記反応室内に配置したアンモニア分解触媒を更に備え、該アンモニア分解触媒が含貴金属アンモニア分解触媒である請求項7に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記触媒被覆基板が透過性である請求項1に記載の水素発生装置。
- アンモニア供給源;
頂板、底板、頂板と底板との間に配置した反応室及び燃焼室を備え、前記燃焼室が触媒被覆基板を含み、該基板が金属フォームであり、かつ前記基板が0.2から3.0mmの近似孔径を有し、前記反応室内の基板が600℃以下のライトオフ温度を有するアンモニア分解触媒を含み、前記燃焼室内の基板が600℃以下のライトオフ温度を有する燃焼触媒を含むことからなる熱触媒水素発生器;
アンモニアをアンモニア供給源から反応室に輸送するためのアンモニア供給ライン;
水素を前記反応室から輸送するための反応生成物供給ライン;
可燃性流体を前記燃焼室に輸送するための燃焼流体供給ライン;
燃焼副生成物を前記燃焼室から輸送するための燃焼副生成物排気ライン;
前記熱触媒水素発生反応器と熱交換関係にある炭化水素燃焼器;
反応生成物供給ラインに接続した吸着剤供給源、
前記燃焼副生成物排気ライン及び空気供給ラインに操作上接続した熱交換器;
前記反応生成物供給ライン及び前記アンモニア供給ラインに操作上接続した熱交換器;並びに
陽極側及び陰極側を有し、前記反応生成物供給ラインと流体接続した燃料電池
を備えることを特徴とするアンモニアに基づく水素発生装置。 - 複数の吸着剤供給源が前記反応生成物供給ラインと流体接続する請求項22に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記反応生成物供給ラインと流体接続した水素精製ユニットからの排気ガスを前記燃焼室に送る請求項22に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記吸着剤供給源がモレキュラーシーブ吸着剤供給源である請求項22に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記モレキュラーシーブ吸着剤供給ユニットの再生中に生成した排出ガスを前記燃焼室に送る請求項22に記載の水素発生装置。
- 水素精製ユニットを吸着剤供給源と前記燃料電池の間に配置し、かつ操作上接続する請求項22に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記燃料電池の陽極側からの排気を前記燃焼室に送る請求項22に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記アンモニア供給源が、アンモニアを取り込み、その後放出することが可能な固形物を含む少なくとも一つのアンモニア貯蔵タンクである請求項22に記載の水素発生装置。
- 前記水素精製ユニットが圧力スイング吸着ユニットである請求項27に記載の水素発生装置。
- アンモニアを熱触媒水素発生装置の反応室に導入し、ここで該反応器が頂板、底板、頂板と底板の間に反応室及び燃焼室を備え、該反応室及び燃焼室が互いに熱交換関係にあり、前記反応室が触媒被覆基板を含み、該触媒被覆基板が金属フォームであり、該基板が0.2から3.0mmの孔径を有し;
前記反応器に熱を供給し;
前記反応器中のアンモニアを550℃から650℃の間の温度に加熱して該アンモニアを水素及び窒素を含む反応生成物に分解し;並びに
前記反応生成物を前記反応器から除去することを備えることを特徴とする水素の発生方法。 - 前記反応生成物を精製して高純度の水素を得る工程を更に備える請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記反応器へのアンモニア導入前に該アンモニアを予熱すること更に備える請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記供給工程が、アンモニアを燃焼して前記反応器に熱を供給することを更に備える請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記供給工程が、炭化水素燃料を燃焼して前記反応器に熱を供給することを更に備える請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記炭化水素燃料を前記燃焼室に導入する前に、該炭化水素燃料を硫黄吸着体に流すことにより前記炭化水素燃料中の硫黄不純物を除去する請求項35に記載の方法。
- 前記反応生成物を吸着剤供給源に通す工程を更に備え、ここで前記反応生成物が残留アンモニアを含み、該残留アンモニアを吸着剤供給源に前記反応生成物を通すことによって除去する請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記熱供給工程が、前記燃焼触媒の温度が200℃から300℃に達するまで水素を用いて該燃焼触媒を介して室温ライトオフを達成し、その後炭化水素燃料又はアンモニア燃料を燃焼することによって熱を供給することを備える請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記水素を少なくとも一つの水素化物貯蔵ユニットから供給する請求項38に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも一つの水素化物貯蔵ユニットを前記水素精製ユニットを出る水素で再補給する工程を更に備える請求項39に記載の方法。
- 前記高純度水素が99.99%超の水素である請求項32に記載の方法。
- 前記高純度水素を燃料電池に利用する工程を更に備える請求項41に記載の方法。
- 前記高純度水素を貯蔵する工程を更に備える請求項32に記載の方法。
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WO2006113451A2 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
KR20080016805A (ko) | 2008-02-22 |
KR100964852B1 (ko) | 2010-06-24 |
US7867300B2 (en) | 2011-01-11 |
EP1874680A4 (en) | 2011-08-03 |
JP2008536795A (ja) | 2008-09-11 |
JP2011168486A (ja) | 2011-09-01 |
WO2006113451A3 (en) | 2007-11-01 |
JP5457395B2 (ja) | 2014-04-02 |
EP1874680A2 (en) | 2008-01-09 |
US20060112636A1 (en) | 2006-06-01 |
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