JP4478685B2 - ターボ過給ディーゼル式ピストンエンジンおよびこのようなエンジンを制御する方法 - Google Patents
ターボ過給ディーゼル式ピストンエンジンおよびこのようなエンジンを制御する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
- F02B37/02—Gas passages between engine outlet and pump drive, e.g. reservoirs
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/02—Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors
- F01D5/04—Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors for radial-flow machines or engines
- F01D5/043—Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors for radial-flow machines or engines of the axial inlet- radial outlet, or vice versa, type
- F01D5/048—Form or construction
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B23/00—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation
- F02B23/02—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition
- F02B23/06—Other engines characterised by special shape or construction of combustion chambers to improve operation with compression ignition the combustion space being arranged in working piston
- F02B23/0672—Omega-piston bowl, i.e. the combustion space having a central projection pointing towards the cylinder head and the surrounding wall being inclined towards the cylinder center axis
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- F02B29/0406—Layout of the intake air cooling or coolant circuit
- F02B29/0412—Multiple heat exchangers arranged in parallel or in series
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F02B29/04—Cooling of air intake supply
- F02B29/0406—Layout of the intake air cooling or coolant circuit
- F02B29/0418—Layout of the intake air cooling or coolant circuit the intake air cooler having a bypass or multiple flow paths within the heat exchanger to vary the effective heat transfer surface
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F02B37/004—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust with exhaust drives arranged in series
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F02B37/013—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust with exhaust-driven pumps arranged in series
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
- F02B37/02—Gas passages between engine outlet and pump drive, e.g. reservoirs
- F02B37/025—Multiple scrolls or multiple gas passages guiding the gas to the pump drive
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B41/00—Engines characterised by special means for improving conversion of heat or pressure energy into mechanical power
- F02B41/02—Engines with prolonged expansion
- F02B41/10—Engines with prolonged expansion in exhaust turbines
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- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/30—Controlling fuel injection
- F02D41/38—Controlling fuel injection of the high pressure type
- F02D41/40—Controlling fuel injection of the high pressure type with means for controlling injection timing or duration
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/26—Rotors specially for elastic fluids
- F04D29/28—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for centrifugal or helico-centrifugal pumps for radial-flow or helico-centrifugal pumps
- F04D29/284—Rotors specially for elastic fluids for centrifugal or helico-centrifugal pumps for radial-flow or helico-centrifugal pumps for compressors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/08—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits
- F01N13/10—Other arrangements or adaptations of exhaust conduits of exhaust manifolds
- F01N13/107—More than one exhaust manifold or exhaust collector
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B2275/00—Other engines, components or details, not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- F02B2275/14—Direct injection into combustion chamber
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0002—Controlling intake air
- F02D2041/001—Controlling intake air for engines with variable valve actuation
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
- F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
- F02M26/05—High pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust system upstream of the turbine and reintroduced into the intake system downstream of the compressor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
- F02M26/08—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines for engines having two or more intake charge compressors or exhaust gas turbines, e.g. a turbocharger combined with an additional compressor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/33—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage controlling the temperature of the recirculated gases
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2220/00—Application
- F05D2220/40—Application in turbochargers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Supercharger (AREA)
- Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
- Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
- Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
- High-Pressure Fuel Injection Pump Control (AREA)
- Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
- Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
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Description
Claims (37)
- シリンダ(52)と各シリンダ内において移動可能に配置されるとともにクランク軸(54)に接続されるピストン(53)とにより形成される少なくとも1個の燃焼室と、燃料を前記燃焼室内に直接噴射するように設計される噴射装置(56)と、低圧ターボ(22)と前記低圧ターボ(22)の下流に配置される高圧ターボ(18)とからなるターボ装置とから構成されるディーゼル式ピストンエンジンを制御する方法において、前記低圧ターボ(22)と高圧ターボ(18)との各々は、60〜70%のターボマップ効率を有し、ガス交換弁の制御機構は、少なくとも第1の動作範囲である5.0〜7.5m/秒の平均ピストン瞬間速度かつ15〜30バールのBMEPのエンジン負荷を内燃機関にもたらすように構成され、前記第1の動作範囲内における容積効率が45〜85%となっていることを特徴とする方法。
- 前記燃焼室に取り付けられるガス交換弁(57、58)は、前記エンジンの動作状態によって、45%〜85%の範囲内で変動する容積効率をもたらすように制御されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記燃焼室に取り付けられる吸気弁(57)の閉弁は、前記内燃機関の動作状態によって変動することを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 前記燃焼室に取り付けられる吸気弁(57)は、前記内燃機関の最大容積効率が達成される閉弁時期の前または後に閉弁されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記噴射装置(56)からの燃料の噴射は、7〜30バールのBMEPのエンジン負荷における前記内燃機関の動作範囲内において、クランク角度0.12度であり、少なくとも0.10度/(バール×m/秒)を下回る比噴射時間を有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記噴射装置(56)からの燃料の噴射は、12〜30バールのBMEPのエンジン負荷における前記内燃機関の動作範囲内において、クランク角度0.095度/(バール×m/秒)を下回る比噴射時間を有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記噴射装置(56)からの燃料の噴射は、6.0〜7.5m/秒の平均ピストン瞬間速度における前記内燃機関の動作範囲内において、クランク角度0.095度/(バール×m/秒)を下回る比噴射時間を有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記噴射装置(56)からの燃料の噴射は、18〜30バールのBMEPのエンジン負荷における前記内燃機関の動作範囲内において、クランク角度0.09度/(バール×m/秒)を下回る比噴射時間を有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至7のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記燃焼室への空気および燃料の供給は、18〜30バールのBMEPの範囲内のエンジン負荷時において、1.70〜2.05の範囲内の等価空気過剰係数(λ)が得られるように調節されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至8のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 燃料供給は、上死点より0〜10.0度手前の範囲内であり、少なくとも2.5〜7.5度手前の範囲内のクランク角度において開始されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至9のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記噴射装置(46)の最大噴射圧力は、1600バールであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至10のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 最高ニードル開き圧力NOPと最大噴射圧力maxIPとの間における比は、0.7であること、すなわちNOP/maxIP=0.7を特徴とする請求項1乃至11のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 噴射は、6個を超える穴を有する噴射ノズルを介して行なわれることを特徴とする請求項1乃至12のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 給気冷却器(27)が、前記低圧ターボと高圧ターボとの間において配置されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至13のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記燃焼室内での燃焼プロセスによる排気ガスは、少なくとも部分的に断熱される排気ダクトを通過することを特徴とする請求項1乃至14のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記燃焼室への空気および燃料の供給は、燃焼時の最大シリンダ圧力が8*BMEPを超えうるように調節されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至15のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 前記燃焼室への空気および燃料の供給は、燃焼時の最大シリンダ圧力が9*BMEPを超えうるように調節されることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記燃焼室への空気および燃料の供給は、燃焼時の最大シリンダ圧力が10*BMEPを超えうるように調節されることを特徴とする請求項17に記載の方法。
- シリンダ(52)と各シリンダ内において移動可能に配置されるとともにクランク軸(54)に接続されるピストン(53)とにより形成される少なくとも1個の燃焼室と、燃料を前記燃焼室内に直接噴射するように設計される噴射装置(56)と、低圧ターボ(22)と前記低圧ターボ(22)の下流に配置される高圧ターボ(18)とからなるターボ装置とから構成されるディーゼル式ピストンエンジンにおいて、前記低圧ターボ(22)と高圧ターボ(18)との各々は、60〜70%のターボマップ効率を有し、ガス交換弁(57、58)の制御機構は、少なくとも第1の動作範囲である5.0〜7.5m/秒の平均ピストン瞬間速度かつ15〜30バールのBMEPのエンジン負荷を内燃機関にもたらすように構成され、前記第1の動作範囲内における容積効率が45〜85%となっていることを特徴とするピストンエンジン。
- 前記燃焼室に取り付けられるガス交換弁(57、58)は、前記エンジンの動作状態によって、45%〜85%の範囲内で変動する容積効率をもたらすように制御されるべく設計されることを特徴とする請求項19に記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記燃焼室に取り付けられる吸気弁(57)の閉弁は、前記内燃機関の動作状態によって変動するべく設計されることを特徴とする請求項19または20に記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記燃焼室に取り付けられる吸気弁(57)は、前記内燃機関の容積効率の最適条件が達成される前または後に閉弁されるべく設計されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至21のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記燃焼室に取り付けられる吸気弁(57)は、下死点の手前または後で閉弁されるべく設計されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至22のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記燃焼室に取り付けられる吸気弁(57)の閉弁時期は、前記内燃機関の動作状態によって変動することを特徴とする請求項19乃至23のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記噴射装置(56)は、7〜30バールのBMEPのエンジン負荷における前記内燃機関の動作範囲内において、クランク角度0.12度であり、少なくとも0.10度/(バール×m/秒)を下回る比噴射時間を有するべく設計されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至24のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記噴射装置(56)は、12〜30バールのBMEPのエンジン負荷における前記内燃機関の動作範囲内において、クランク角度0.095度/(バール×m/秒)を下回る比噴射時間を有するべく設計されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至25のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記噴射装置(56)は、6.0〜7.5m/秒の平均ピストン瞬間速度における前記内燃機関の動作範囲内において、クランク角度0.095度/(バール×m/秒)を下回る比噴射時間を有するべく設計されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至26のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記噴射装置(56)は、18〜30バールのBMEPのエンジン負荷における前記内燃機関の動作範囲内において、クランク角度0.09度/(バール×m/秒)を下回る比噴射時間を有するべく設計されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至27のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記燃焼室への空気および燃料の供給は、18〜30バールのBMEPの範囲内のエンジン負荷時において、1.70〜2.05の範囲内の等価空気過剰係数(λ)が得られるように調節されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至28のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記噴射装置(56)は、上死点の0〜10.0度手前の範囲内であり、少なくとも2.5〜7.5度手前の範囲内のクランク角度において燃料供給を開始するべく設計されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至29のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記噴射装置(56)は、1600バールの最大噴射圧力を達成するべく設計されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至30のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記噴射装置(56)は、ニードル開き圧力NOPと最大噴射圧力maxIPとの間において0.7の比を、すなわちNOP/maxIP=0.7を達成するべく設計されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至31のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 給気冷却器(27)が、前記低圧ターボ(22)と高圧ターボ(18)との間において配置されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至32のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 少なくとも部分的に断熱される排気ダクトが、前記燃焼室に取り付けられる排気ポートに接続されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至33のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記燃焼室への空気および燃料の供給は、燃焼時の最大シリンダ圧力が8*BMEPを超えうるように調節されることを特徴とする請求項19乃至34のいずれかに記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記燃焼室への空気および燃料の供給は、燃焼時の最大シリンダ圧力が9*BMEPを超えうるように調節されることを特徴とする請求項35に記載のピストンエンジン。
- 前記燃焼室への空気および燃料の供給は、燃焼時の最大シリンダ圧力が10*BMEPを超えうるように調節されることを特徴とする請求項36に記載のピストンエンジン。
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SE0301412A SE525219C2 (sv) | 2003-05-15 | 2003-05-15 | Turboladdarsystem för en förbränningsmotor där båda kompressorstegen är av radialtyp med kompressorhjul försedda med bakåtsvepta blad |
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PCT/SE2004/000752 WO2004101977A1 (en) | 2003-05-15 | 2004-05-14 | Turbo charge diesel-type piston engine and method for controlling such an engine |
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JP2006532190A Expired - Fee Related JP4478685B2 (ja) | 2003-05-15 | 2004-05-14 | ターボ過給ディーゼル式ピストンエンジンおよびこのようなエンジンを制御する方法 |
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