JP4134562B2 - Method for manufacturing aluminum-based structure - Google Patents

Method for manufacturing aluminum-based structure Download PDF

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Publication number
JP4134562B2
JP4134562B2 JP2002021675A JP2002021675A JP4134562B2 JP 4134562 B2 JP4134562 B2 JP 4134562B2 JP 2002021675 A JP2002021675 A JP 2002021675A JP 2002021675 A JP2002021675 A JP 2002021675A JP 4134562 B2 JP4134562 B2 JP 4134562B2
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Japan
Prior art keywords
groove
friction stir
joint
joined
stir welding
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JP2003225780A (en
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久司 堀
剛 南田
慎也 牧田
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Nippon Light Metal Co Ltd
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Nippon Light Metal Co Ltd
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Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、アルミニウム系構造体製造方法に関し、特にアルマイト処理される自動車用ホイールリム等に適用して好適なアルミニウム系構造体製造方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、アルミニウムまたはアルミニウム合金(以下、本発明においてはこれらを総称してアルミニウム系と称する)部材等の金属部材どうしを突き合わせまたは重ね合わせて接合する方法として、特開平11−285862号公報、特許第2712838号公報、特許第2792233号公報等に開示された摩擦撹拌接合方法(Friction Stir Welding:以下、FSWと略称する)が知られている。
【0003】
FSWは、摩擦熱を利用して2つ(または1つ)の被接合材の接合部を互いに突き合わせるかまたは重ね合わせて接合する方法である。図9は2つの被接合材をFSWによって突き合わせ接合する場合の従来例を示す図である。同図において、被接合材1,2よりも硬質で耐熱性に優れた材料からなる摩擦撹拌接合ツール3を高速回転させ、その先端に一体に設けた撹拌ピン4を被接合材1,2の接合部5の接合面6に沿って押し込み、被接合材1,2とプローブ3を接合線SLに沿って紙面と直交する方向に相対的に移動させることにより、接合部5に摩擦熱を発生させる。この摩擦熱により2つの被接合材1,2の接合面6付近のメタルM(斜線部)は塑性加工可能な状態にまで軟化され、撹拌ピン4の高速回転による撹拌作用により撹拌・流動された後、撹拌ピン4の通過により冷却・固化することにより、接合部5を固相接合する。
【0004】
このようなFSWによって被接合材1,2を突き合わせ接合する場合は摩擦熱を利用した固相溶接であるため、TIG溶接またはMIG溶接によって溶接する場合と異なり、溶接棒、不活性ガス等を全く必要とせず、簡便で迅速に接合することができる利点があり、建築土木用、車両用、船舶用等の構造体の接合に広く用いられている。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、FSWによって接合されたアルミニウム系構造体をアルマイト処理すると、接合部の裏面側にすじ(表面酸化膜の痕)が生じたり、接合部と母材部(塑性加工可能な状態に軟化しない部分)との色調が異なってしまうという問題があった。接合部裏面側に生じるすじは、図9に示すように撹拌ピン4の先端を接合部材1,2の裏面側から内部に0.2mm程度位置させた状態、言い換えれば裏面側に突出させない状態で撹拌接合するため、2つの被接合材1,2の接合端面1a,2aの撹拌ピン4より下方部分が十分に撹拌されずに酸化膜のまま残存し、この酸化膜のアルマイト処理時のアルカリ洗浄における溶解のされ方が他の部分と異なることによるものと考えられる。また、この酸化膜部分は連続的に残りその程度が大きくなると未接合部分を形成するため十分な接合強度が得られない。接合部と母材部との色調差はこれら両部の成分・組織の相違、特に結晶粒径の相違に起因することが判明した。
【0006】
アルミニウム系構造体が建築土木用、車両用、船舶用等に用いられる一般の構造体である場合は接合部が直接視認されることが少ないため、すじや色調差が生じても問題になることは少ない。しかし、例えば平板状のバーを円筒状に折り曲げてその周方向両端をFSWによって突き合わせ接合することにより円筒体からなるリム用中間体を形成し、この中間体の開放端部を外側に折り曲げてフランジを形成することにより車両用ホイールリムとし、外周にタイヤを装着するようにした場合は、摩擦撹拌接合部がフランジ部の裏面や端面において直接視認されるため、接合部にすじや色調差があるとホイールリムの外観品質や光輝性が低下するので問題となる。このため、接合部にすじや色調差のないアルミニウム系構造材およびその製造方法の開発が要請されている。
【0007】
そこで、例えば特開平11−5179号公報に開示された摩擦撹拌接合方法は、被接合材の裏面側に配置される裏当てに溝を設け、撹拌ピンを接合部の裏面側に突出させて前記裏当ての溝に挿入して摩擦撹拌接合を行うことにより、未接合部の発生を防止するようにしている。しかしながら、このような貫通摩擦撹拌接合方法においては、摩擦熱によって塑性化したメタルが溝内に流入して固化するため、裏当てを研削によって削除するための余分な後工程を必要とするばかりか、溝内に流入する塑性化メタルの量が多いため、接合部のメタルが不足して内部にトンネル状の空洞欠陥が発生し易いという問題があった。
【0008】
本発明は上記した従来の問題および要請に応えるべくなされたもので、その目的とするところは、貫通摩擦撹拌接合を行うことなく接合が可能で、接合部にすじや色調差が生じず、外観品質、光輝性、さらには接合強度を向上させることができるアルミニウム系構造体製造方法を提供することにある。
【0017】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するために第1の発明に係るアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法は、板状に形成された被接合材の裏面の折り曲げ方向両端縁に開先用切欠きを形成する工程と、前記被接合材を表面が外側となるように円筒形状に折り曲げて折り曲げ方向両端を互いに突き合わせて接合部とし、この接合部の裏面側に前記開先用切欠きどうしの突き合わせによる開先を形成する工程と、前記被接合材の前記接合部裏面に裏当てを配置する工程と、前記被接合材の前記接合部の接合面に表面側から摩擦撹拌接合ツールを挿入して先端が前記開先内に位置する状態で前記接合部を摩擦撹拌接合する工程と、摩擦撹拌接合された前記被接合材の外表面をアルマイト処理する工程とを備え、前記摩擦撹拌接合ツールが円柱状のツール本体と、このツール本体の底面中央に一体に突設され被接合材の接合部に前記ツール本体の一部とともに押し込まれる撹拌ピンとからなり、前記ツール本体の底面が前記接合部の表面を押圧するツールショルダーを構成し、前記開先の幅を撹拌ピンの直径の6.25〜75%とし、開先の長手方向と直交する面内の縦断面積が前記撹拌ピンの軸線と直交する横断面積の0.13〜15%としたものである。
【0018】
第1の発明においては、被接合材を円筒形状に折り曲げることにより、周方向の両端が互いに突き合わされて接合部を形成する。開先用切欠きは、被接合材を円筒形状に折り曲げる前に予め切削加工等によって形成されており、被接合材が円筒形状に折り曲げられて周方向の両端が互いに突き合わされると、互いに突き合わされて1つの開先を形成する。開先は裏当てによって覆われる。
接合部を表面側から摩擦撹拌すると、酸化膜からなる開先面も撹拌され、摩擦熱によって塑性加工可能な状態にまで軟化したメタルが撹拌・流動して開先内に進入し固化する。このため、接合部は表面側から裏面側まで撹拌接合されて摩擦撹拌後は酸化膜からなる開先面が被接合材の裏面や端面に存在せず、大きな接合強度が得られる。また、アルマイト処理してもすじが生じないので外観品質を損なうことがない。
また、開先の幅が撹拌ピンの直径の6.25〜75%で、開先の長手方向と直交する面内の縦断面積が前記撹拌ピンの軸線と直交する横断面積の0.13〜15%であると、摩擦熱によって塑性加工可能な状態にまで軟化し開先内に入り込むメタルの量が十分であり、開先が凹みとなって残ることがなく、開先内に入り込まなかった余分なメタルは接合部表面の両側に沿って突出しばりとなり、確実な摩擦撹拌接合が得られる。開先の幅が撹拌ピンの直径の75%以上で、開先の縦断面積が撹拌ピンの軸線と直交する横断面積の15%以上であると、メタルの量が不十分で、開先が凹みとなって残る。
【0019】
の発明に係るアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法は、2つの被接合材の互いに突き合わせ接合される接合部の裏面側に接合面に沿って開先を形成するとともに裏当てを配置する工程と、前記被接合材の接合部の接合面に表面側から摩擦撹拌接合ツールを挿入して先端が前記開先内に位置する状態で前記接合部を摩擦撹拌接合する工程と、摩擦撹拌接合された前記被接合材の外表面をアルマイト処理する工程とを備え、前記摩擦撹拌接合ツールが円柱状のツール本体と、このツール本体の底面中央に一体に突設され被接合材の接合部に前記ツール本体の一部とともに押し込まれる撹拌ピンとからなり、前記ツール本体の底面が前記接合部の表面を押圧するツールショルダーを構成し、前記開先の幅を撹拌ピンの直径の6.25〜75%とし、開先の長手方向と直交する面内の縦断面積が前記撹拌ピンの軸線と直交する横断面積の0.13〜15%としたものである。
【0020】
第2の発明において、2つの被接合材は裏面側の接合部側端縁に開先が形成され、接合部が表面側から摩擦撹拌接合される。開先の形成は、2つの被接合材の接合端を突き合わせた後に切削加工によって形成するか、または予め各被接合材の裏面接合側端縁に開先用切欠きを切削加工によって形成しておき、2つの被接合材の接合部を突き合わせて開先用切欠きを互いに対向させることで1つの開先としてもよい。
接合部を表面側から摩擦撹拌すると、酸化膜からなる開先面も撹拌され、摩擦熱によって塑性加工可能な状態にまで軟化したメタルが撹拌・流動して開先内に進入し固化する。このため、接合部は表面側から裏面側まで撹拌接合されて摩擦撹拌後は酸化膜からなる開先面が被接合材の裏面および両端面に存在せず、大きな接合強度が得られる。また、アルマイト処理してもすじが生じないので外観品質を損なうことがない。
また、開先の幅を撹拌ピンの直径の6.25〜75%とし、開先の長手方向と直交する面内の縦断面積が前記撹拌ピンの軸線と直交する横断面積の0.13〜15%としたので、摩擦熱によって塑性加工可能な状態にまで軟化し開先内に入り込むメタルの量が十分であり、開先が凹みとなって残ることがなく、開先内に入り込まなかった余分なメタルは接合部表面の両側に沿って突出しばりとなり、確実な摩擦撹拌接合が得られる。開先の幅が撹拌ピンの直径の75%以上で、開先の縦断面積が撹拌ピンの軸線と直交する横断面積の15%以上であると、メタルの量が不十分で、開先が凹みとなって残る。
【0025】
の発明に係るアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法は、撹拌ピンの先端面または外周に溝または突状体が形成されているものである。
【0026】
の発明において、撹拌部は接合面およびその近傍と開先面を撹拌・流動化させる。溝または突状体としては、環状、螺旋状、放射状等が考えられる。
【0027】
の発明に係るアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法は、上記第1〜3のうちのいずれか1つに記載の発明において、摩擦撹拌接合後、アルマイト処理する工程の前工程として、被接合材を300〜375℃で1〜5時間焼鈍処理する工程を備えたものである。
【0028】
の発明において、焼鈍処理によって接合部の結晶粒を再結晶化させて母材部の結晶粒と略等しくすると、接合部と母材部の色調差をなくすことができる。300℃以下であると、接合部の再結晶が不十分であり、375℃以上であると再結晶組織が粗大化するため、色調差が大きくなる。
【0029】
の発明に係るアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法は、上記第1〜4のうちのいずれか1つに記載の発明において、摩擦撹拌接合時の摩擦撹拌接合ツールの回転数R( rpm と接合速度W( mm min の比(R/W)を4〜11としたものである。
【0030】
の発明において、摩擦撹拌接合ツールの回転数と接合速度の比が4〜11であると、接合部と母材部の結晶粒が略等しくなり、接合部と母材部との色調差をなくすことができる。回転数と接合速度の比が1以下であると、接合部の結晶粒が細かく、11以上であると結晶粒が粗大化するため、アルマイト処理後の色調差が大きくなる。
【0031】
の発明に係るアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法は、上記第1〜5のうちのいずれか1つに記載の発明において、アルマイト処理工程の前工程として、摩擦撹拌接合された接合部の少なくとも裏面を研磨または機械加工によって平滑面に形成する工程を備えているものである。
【0032】
の発明においては、接合部を摩擦撹拌接合によって接合すると、接合部裏面の面精度が粗いため、研磨または機械加工によって平滑面に形成される。構造体が車両用ホイールリムの場合、タイヤが装着された状態において、フランジ部の裏面側が視認されるが、接合部裏面が研磨または機械加工によって平滑面に形成されているので、外観を損なうことがない。一方、接合部の表面側には摩擦撹拌接合によるばりおよび凹みが発生するが、このばりおよび凹みが視認される構造体の場合は、表面側も研磨または機械加工によって平滑面にすることが好ましい。特に車両用ホイールリムの場合、ばりが存在しタイヤに接触すると、タイヤを損傷するおそれがあるため、このばりを研磨または機械加工によって除去することが好ましい。
【0033】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明を図面に示す実施の形態に基づいて詳細に説明する。
図1は本発明に係るアルミニウム系構造体を車両用ホイールリムに適用した一実施の形態を示す外観斜視図、図2は同ホイールリムの断面図、図3(a)〜(c)はFSWの手順を説明するための図、図4は同ホイールリムのFSWを行っている状態を示す断面図、図5は図4のV−V線断面図、図6は撹拌ピンの撹拌部を示す図である。
【0034】
先ず、図1および図2に基づいて車両用ホイールリムの構造について説明する。全体を符号20で示す車両用ホイールリムは乗用車、トラック、バス等の車両に用いられるもので、外周にタイヤが装着される円筒状のリム本体20Aと、このリム本体20Aの一側縁に一体に形成されたフランジ20Bと、他側縁に形成されたガター20Cに嵌合固定されるフランジ21およびディスク22とで構成されている。リム本体20Aは、摩擦撹拌接合によって製作されている。フランジ20B,21は、摩擦撹拌接合後に行う塑性加工によって断面形状がL字状になるように折り曲げ形成されている。ガター20Cは、外面にフランジ21の基端部が嵌合する環状の溝23を有し、内面に前記ディスク22の後端部が嵌合されかつ溶接によって接合されている。フランジ21とディスク22は、リム本体20Aと同様に、5000系等のアルミニウム合金によって製作されている。そして、ホイールリム20は、装飾性および耐食性を向上させるために外表面全体がアルマイト処理されている。
【0035】
次に、前記リム本体20Aの製造手順を図3〜図6に基づいて詳述する。
先ず、アルミニウム合金の押出形材によって板状に形成された所定長さおよび幅を有するバー(被接合材)30を用意する(図3(a))。このバー30の裏面30aで長手方向の両端縁に開先用切欠き31a,31bをそれぞれ全幅にわたって形成する。開先用切欠き31aと31bは略同一形状で、裏面30aの長手方向端縁部を所要角度(例えば、30〜45°)で斜めに切削することにより形成されている。
【0036】
次に、バー30を表面30bが外側になるように円筒形状に折り曲げて長手方向の両端を互いに突き合わせ、この突き合わせ部分を接合部32とする。バー30を円筒形状に折り曲げてその周方向の両端を突き合わせて動かないように拘束すると、前記開先用切欠き31a,31bも互いに突き合わされることによりV字状の溝からなる1つの開先31を形成する。
【0037】
次に、接合部32の裏面側に裏当て34(図4)を密接し、表面側から接合部32を摩擦撹拌接合ツール36によって摩擦撹拌接合する。裏当て34は、鉄、アルミニウム等の金属製で、一方の面が円筒形状に折り曲げられたバー30の内周面と略同一の曲率半径を有する凸曲面に形成され、開先31を覆っている。
【0038】
前記摩擦撹拌接合ツール36は、バー30より融点が高い金属、例えば工具鋼等によって製作されるもので、円柱状のツール本体36Aと、このツール本体36Aの底面37の中央に一体に突設された撹拌ピン36Bとで構成され、前記底面37が前記接合部32の表面を押圧するツールショルダーを形成している。撹拌ピン36Bは、長さが前記バー30の板厚tより0.2〜0.4mm程度短く設定されており、先端面38と外周面39には前記接合部32の接合面35とその近傍を撹拌する撹拌部40,41がそれぞれ形成されている。この場合、本実施の形態においては撹拌部40を図6に示すように1つの螺旋状溝で構成した例を示したが、これに限らず例えば特開2001−71155号公報に開示されているように放射状の溝または突状体であったり、あるいは小さな円筒状の突起を多数突設したものであってもよい。また、外周面の撹拌部41については、本実施の形態においては周方向に等間隔をおいて形成した4つの螺旋状溝で構成した例を示したが、螺旋状の突状体であったりねじ溝であってもよい。
【0039】
このような摩擦撹拌接合ツール36は、接合部32の表面に対してプローブ36の移動方向(矢印A方向)とは反対側に所要角度α(=3〜5°程度)傾斜した状態でセットされる。
【0040】
次に、摩擦撹拌接合ツール36をモータによって500〜5000rpm程度の回転数で回転させながら撹拌ピン36Bを接合面35上に位置させて接合部表面に押し付け、摩擦熱によって接合部32の撹拌ピン36Bによって押し付けられている表面部分およびその近傍を加熱、可塑化させ、撹拌ピン36Bとツールショルダー37の一部を接合部32内に徐々に押し込む。このツールショルダー37が接合部32の表面に押し込まれる量、すなわち押込量δは、0.1〜0.3mm程度である。押込量δは、摩擦撹拌接合ツール36の軸線を通りプローブの移動方向(A方向)と直交する直線上における押込量である。なお、ツールショルダー37の移動方向先端側(図5において左端)は、摩擦撹拌接合ツール36内へのメタル供給を可能にするために接合部32の表面より上方に位置している。
【0041】
撹拌ピン36Bとツールショルダー37の一部が接合部32内に所定量押し込まれると、撹拌ピン36Bの先端は、開先31の傾斜した壁面(開先面)46の撹拌を可能にするために図4に示すように開先31内に突出しており、この状態で摩擦撹拌接合ツール36を矢印A方向に0.02〜2m/sec程度の送り速度(接合速度)で移動させることで、接合部32を摩擦撹拌接合する。すなわち、摩擦撹拌接合ツール36を高速回転させながら接合面35に沿って移動させると、接合面35とその近傍部は、撹拌ピン36Bにより加熱されることにより可塑化され、水平および垂直方向に流動化する。そして、流動化したメタル43の一部は、開先31内に入り込み撹拌ピン36Bが通過することにより冷却して固化し開先31を埋める。したがって、接合部32は撹拌ピン36Bを接合部32の裏面側に突出させないでも表面側から裏面側まで完全に接合される。このとき、酸化膜からなる開先31の開先面46は、撹拌部40,41によって撹拌・分断され、可塑化したメタル43内に分散される。なお、接合部32の裏面から撹拌ピン36Bの先端までの距離は0.2mm程度で、開先31はこれより深く形成されている。
【0042】
開先31に充填されるメタル43の量が不足すると、開先31を完全に埋めることができず、接合部32の裏面側に凹部として残るため好ましくない。メタル43の最適量は、開先31を完全に埋め、かつ余剰のメタルが接合部32の表面両側に沿って飛び出して固化することにより、ばり44(図4)が若干生じる程度とされる。このため、ツール本体36Aの軸線を通り摩擦撹拌接合ツール36の移動方向(A方向)と直交する縦断面積のうち、接合部32に押し込まれる部分の縦断面積S(図4、図5参照)を開先31の長手方向と直交する面内の縦断面積S1 と略等しくするかこれより若干大きくする。または、別法として開先31の幅E(図4)を撹拌ピン36Bの外径Dの75%以下とし、開先31の断面積S1を前記撹拌ピン36Bの軸線と直交する横断面積(πD2/4)の15%以下にすることが好ましい。
【0043】
開先31の幅Eが撹拌ピン36Bの外径Dの75%以下で、開先31の縦断面積S1 が撹拌ピン36Bの軸線と直交する横断面積の15%以下であると、摩擦熱によって塑性加工可能な状態にまで軟化し開先31内に入り込むメタル43の量が十分であり、開先31が凹みとなって残ることがなく、開先31内に入り込まなかった余剰のメタルが接合部32の表面両側に沿って突出しばり44を形成することにより、確実な摩擦撹拌接合が得られる。これに対して、開先31の幅Eが撹拌ピン36Bの外径Dの75%以上で、開先31の縦断面積S1 が撹拌ピン36Bの軸線と直交する横断面積の15%以上になると、開先31に入り込むメタル43の量が不十分で、開先31が凹みとして残る。
【0044】
このような摩擦攪拌接合方法によれば、板厚tが2〜20mm程度のアルミニウム合金製の被接合材であるバー30の突き合わせ接合部32を表面側から裏面側にわたって強固に接合することが可能である。また、摩擦撹拌接合は金属材料の接合部を溶融せず、加熱温度が低いため、MIG溶接やTIG溶接に比べて熱影響が少なく、安定した品質を得ることができる。また、摩擦撹拌接合ツール36を回転させ、このプローブ36と円筒形状に折り曲げられたバー30を所要の接合速度で相対的に移動させるだけでよいため、大がかりな設備を必要とせずコスト的にも有利である。
【0045】
摩擦撹拌接合によってバー30を円筒体に形成した後、裏当て34を円筒体から取り外す。摩擦撹拌接合によって製作された円筒体は、図1および図2に示したリム本体20Aの中間製品である。この円筒体の摩擦撹拌接合された接合部32の表裏面は粗面であるため、研磨または機械加工によって母材部と同程度の面精度からなる平滑面に形成される。特に、図1および図2に示すホイールリム20においては、タイヤを装着した状態でフランジ20Bの裏面と、ガター21の先端面および裏面が視認されるので、これらの部分における接合部の裏面および端面を研磨または機械加工する必要がある。また、表面側についてはばり44とツールショルダー37の押し込みによる凹みが生じているので、表面側が視認される構造体の製作に当たっては表面側も研磨または機械加工して完全に取り除くことが好ましい。
【0046】
次に、研磨または機械加工が終了した円筒体を成形装置によって成形することにより、図1および図2に示した、一端側にフランジ20Bを一体に有し、他端側にガター20Cを一体に有するリム本体20Aを製作する(図3(c))。そして、ガター20Cにフランジ21とホイール22を取付け、ホイールリム20を製作する。なお、フランジ21については、リム本体20Aと別個に製作されるものに限らず、フランジ20Bと同様にリム本体20Aに一体に形成されるものであってもよい。その場合は、ガター20Cの製作は当然不要である。
【0047】
この後、ホイールリム20に装飾性、耐食性を付与するためにホイールリム20をアルマイト処理してその外表面全体に陽極酸化被膜を形成し、もってホイールリム20の製作を終了する。
【0048】
アルマイト処理工程の一実施の形態を図7に基づいて説明する。
先ず、上記摩擦撹拌接合によって接合され整形装置によって所定のリム形状に形成された被処理物(被接合材)を準備する(ステップ100)。次に、前処理工程として、被処理物を、酸(H2SO4、HNO3 またはこれらの混合水溶液)による脱脂工程(ステップ101)と、アルカリ(NaOH)によるエッチング工程(ステップ102)と、酸(H2SO4)による中和工程(ステップ103)をこの順序で行う。なお、エッチング工程は、表面の異物や変質層などを除去する工程である。
【0049】
次に、被処理物を酸(H2SO4 )の水溶液中に浸漬して陽極に接続し、水溶液を陰極に接続してアルマイト処理を行い(ステップ104)、被処理物の外表面全体に多孔質の陽極酸化被膜を形成する。次に、必要に応じて電解着色(ステップ105)を行った後、温水に浸漬して封孔処理を行うか(ステップ106)、またはクリアー電着塗装(ステップ107)を行うことにより、透明で光沢感のあるホイールリム20が製作される。なお、アルミニウム合金のアルマイト処理自体は、従来一般に行われている周知技術のため、これ以上の詳細については説明を省略する。
【0050】
摩擦撹拌接合した後、アルマイト処理する前工程としては、接合部32の結晶粒を再結晶化して粒径を母材部の結晶粒径と略一致させるために焼鈍処理を行うか、または摩擦撹拌接合条件を最適化することが好ましい。焼鈍処理は、摩擦撹拌接合された被接合材を加熱炉に入れて300℃〜375℃の温度範囲で1〜5時間加熱し、その後緩やかに冷却して常温にする。300℃以下であると結晶粒の再結晶化が不十分であり、375℃以上であると再結晶組織が粗大化するため好ましくない。
【0051】
摩擦撹拌接合条件を最適化する場合も、焼鈍処理と同様に接合部32と母材部の結晶粒径と略一致させることができる。最適化の条件としては、摩擦撹拌接合ツール36の回転数Rと接合速度Wの比率が4〜11の範囲になるようにする。この比率が4以下であると接合部32の結晶粒の再結晶化が不十分であり、11以上であると再結晶組織が粗大化するため好ましくない。
【0052】
【実施例1】
被接合材として板厚6mmのJIS A5052−Oを円筒形状に折り曲げてその周方向両端を突き合わせ摩擦撹拌接合した。使用した摩擦撹拌接合ツールは、ツールショルダー径20mm、撹拌ピンの直径8mm、ピン長さ5.4mmで、接合面に対するプローブの傾斜角度3°、回転数890rpm、接合速度200mm/minの条件で、開先31の深さD1 、幅E、および長手方向と直交する面内の縦断面積S1 を種々変更して摩擦撹拌接合を行った。その結果を表1に示す。
【0053】
【表1】

Figure 0004134562
【0054】
この表1から明らかなように、開先31を形成しないで、また撹拌ピンを接合部の裏面側に突出させないで摩擦撹拌接合した場合(比較例1)では、接合面の一部が撹拌されないで残るためアルマイト処理した後に接合部32の裏面側にすじが発生した。比較例2および比較例3では開先面積が撹拌ピンの横断面積の15%以上になるため接合部32内にトンネル状空洞欠陥と凹みが発生したが、本発明3に示すように開先31の断面積S1 が6mm2 では問題なく接合できた。このことから開先31の縦断面積S1 は撹拌ピンの横断面積の15%以下が望ましいと判断される。また、開先31の幅Eが8mmの場合(比較例4)、ピン径と一致するので、開先31に充填されるメタルの量が不足し開先31が凹みとして残る。したがって、開先31の幅Eはピン径以下で、好ましくは75%以下にする必要がある。
【0055】
開先31の深さD1 が0.1mmの場合(比較例5)、アルマイト処理した後に接合部32の裏面側にすじが発生した。これはピン先端が接合部32の裏面より0.2mmの位置{6mm−(5.4+0.4mm)}(3°傾斜分)にあり、開先31内に突出しておらず、開先面46を撹拌しないためである。したがって、開先31内に撹拌ピン36Bの先端部を突出させることが必要である。
【0056】
【実施例2】
摩擦撹拌接合条件が色調差に及ぼす影響について調査した結果を表2に示す。
【0057】
【表2】
Figure 0004134562
【0058】
この表2から明らかなように、摩擦撹拌接合ツール36の回転数Rと接合速度Wの比率が4〜11の範囲内にある本発明1〜4においては、母材部と接合部の色調に差が殆ど生じなかった。一方、前記比率が4以下または11以上となる比較例1〜3においては、母材部と接合部の色調が大きく異なるため不良品と判定された。
【0059】
図8は本発明の他の実施の形態を示す摩擦撹拌接合の断面図である。
この実施の形態は1つの被接合材を円筒形に丸めてその両端を突き合わせ接合する代わりに、平板状に形成されたアルミニウム合金からなる2つの被接合材50,51の一端を互いに突き合わせて接合部52とし、この接合部52を摩擦撹拌接合ツール36によって摩擦撹拌接合するようにしたものである。摩擦撹拌接合の条件は、被接合材が2つである点を除いて上記した実施の形態と全く同一である。また、その摩擦撹拌後のアルマイト処理工程等の工程についても全く同様である。
【0060】
各被接合材50,51の裏面で接合側端縁には、開先用切欠き53a,53bがそれぞれ形成されており、被接合材50,51の接合側端面を突き合わせることにより、開先用切欠き53a,53bも突き合わされて1つの開先53を形成する。この場合、予め開先用切欠き53a,53bを形成する代わりに、2つの被接合材50,51の接合端を互いに突き合わせた後、接合部52の裏面側にその接合面54に沿って開先53を切削加工によって形成してもよい。
【0061】
このように、2つの被接合材50,51を摩擦撹拌接合する場合は、上記したホイールリムに限らず種々の形状の構造体に適用することが可能であり、例えば自動車のピラー(車体の柱)、フロントクロスメンバー、リアクロスメンバー、サスペンションフレーム等の車体構造体、一般の建築土木用構造体等にも適用することが可能である。
【0062】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように本発明に係るアルミニウム系構造体製造方法によれば、貫通摩擦撹拌接合を行うことなく接合が可能で、接合部の接合強度を向上させることができ、またアルマイト処理しても接合部裏面側にすじが発生せず、外観品質、光輝性に優れた構造体を提供することができる。
【0063】
また、本発明においては、摩擦撹拌接合後に焼鈍処理するかまたは摩擦撹拌接合条件を最適化して摩擦撹拌接合するようにしているので、接合部の結晶粒を再結晶化させることができ、母材部と接合部との色調を略一致させることができ、特に板状のバーを円筒形状に折り曲げて摩擦撹拌接合される車両用ホイールリムに適用して好適である。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】 本発明に係るアルミニウム系構造体を車両用ホイールリムに適用した一実施の形態を示す外観斜視図である。
【図2】 同ホイールリムの断面図である。
【図3】 (a)〜(c)はFSWの手順を説明するための図である。
【図4】 同ホイールリムのFSWを行っている状態を示す断面図である。
【図5】 図4のV−V線断面図である。
【図6】 撹拌ピンの撹拌部を示す図である。
【図7】 アルマイト処理工程のフローチャートである。
【図8】 本発明の他の実施の形態を示すFSWの断面図である。
【図9】 従来のFSWを説明するための図である。
【符号の説明】
20…ホイールリム、20A…リム本体、22…ホイール、30…バー(被接合材)、31…開先、31a,31b…開先用切欠き、32…接合部、35…開先面、36…摩擦撹拌接合ツール、36A…ツール本体、36B…撹拌ピン、34…裏当て、40,41…撹拌部、50,51…被接合材、52…接合部、53…開先。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  The present invention relates to an aluminum-based structure.ofAn aluminum-based structure that is suitable for use in automobile wheel rims and the like that are processed with alumite, particularly for manufacturing methodsofIt relates to a manufacturing method.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, as a method of joining metal members such as aluminum or aluminum alloy (hereinafter collectively referred to as aluminum-based members) such as aluminum or the like, a method disclosed in JP-A-11-285862, Patent No. Friction stir welding methods (hereinafter abbreviated as FSW) disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 2712838, Japanese Patent No. 2792233, and the like are known.
[0003]
FSW is a method in which two (or one) joined portions of materials to be joined are brought into contact with each other or overlapped using frictional heat. FIG. 9 is a view showing a conventional example when two materials to be joined are butt-joined by FSW. In the figure, a friction stir welding tool 3 made of a material harder than the materials 1 and 2 and having excellent heat resistance is rotated at a high speed, and a stirring pin 4 provided integrally at the tip of the friction stir welding tool 3 is attached to the materials 1 and 2. Friction heat is generated in the joint 5 by being pushed along the joint surface 6 of the joint 5 and relatively moving the materials 1 and 2 and the probe 3 along the joint line SL in a direction perpendicular to the paper surface. Let By this frictional heat, the metal M (shaded portion) in the vicinity of the joining surface 6 of the two materials to be joined 1 and 2 is softened to a state where plastic working is possible, and is stirred and fluidized by the stirring action by the high-speed rotation of the stirring pin 4. Thereafter, the joint 5 is solid-phase bonded by cooling and solidifying by passing the stirring pin 4.
[0004]
When butt-joining the materials 1 and 2 to be joined by such FSW is a solid phase welding using frictional heat, unlike welding by TIG welding or MIG welding, a welding rod, inert gas, etc. are completely removed. There is an advantage that it can be easily and quickly joined without being required, and is widely used for joining structures for architectural civil engineering, vehicles, ships and the like.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, when an aluminum structure bonded by FSW is alumite-treated, streaks (surface oxide film marks) are formed on the back side of the bonded portion, or the bonded portion and the base material portion (a portion that does not soften to a state where plastic processing is possible) ) And the color tone is different. As shown in FIG. 9, the streaks generated on the back surface side of the joint portion are in a state in which the tip of the stirring pin 4 is positioned about 0.2 mm from the back surface side of the joining members 1 and 2 inside, in other words, in a state where it does not protrude to the back surface side In order to perform agitation joining, the portions below the agitation pins 4 of the joining end faces 1a and 2a of the two materials to be joined 1 and 2 are not sufficiently agitated and remain as an oxide film, and are subjected to alkali cleaning during the alumite treatment of the oxide film. This is considered to be due to the difference in the dissolution method in other parts. Further, when this oxide film portion remains continuously and the degree thereof becomes large, an unbonded portion is formed, so that sufficient bonding strength cannot be obtained. It has been found that the color tone difference between the joint and the base material is caused by the difference in the components and structures of these two parts, particularly the difference in the crystal grain size.
[0006]
If the aluminum-based structure is a general structure used for civil engineering, vehicles, ships, etc., the joints are rarely seen directly, so even if streaks or color differences occur, it can be a problem. There are few. However, for example, a flat bar is bent into a cylindrical shape, and both ends in the circumferential direction are butt-joined by FSW to form an intermediate body for a rim formed of a cylindrical body, and an open end portion of this intermediate body is bent outward to form a flange. When a tire is mounted on the outer periphery by forming a wheel rim for a vehicle, the friction stir welded portion is directly visible on the back surface or end surface of the flange portion, so that there is a streak or color difference in the joined portion. This is a problem because the appearance quality and brightness of the wheel rim deteriorate. For this reason, there is a demand for the development of an aluminum-based structural material having no streaks or color difference at the joint and a method for manufacturing the same.
[0007]
Therefore, for example, in the friction stir welding method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-5179, a groove is provided in a backing disposed on the back side of the material to be joined, and the stir pin protrudes to the back side of the joint portion to By inserting into the backing groove and performing friction stir welding, generation of unjoined portions is prevented. However, in such a through friction stir welding method, the metal plasticized by frictional heat flows into the groove and solidifies, so that not only an extra post-process for removing the backing by grinding is required. Since the amount of plasticized metal flowing into the groove is large, there is a problem that the metal at the joint is insufficient and tunnel-like cavity defects are easily generated inside.
[0008]
  The present invention has been made to meet the above-described conventional problems and demands, and the object of the present invention is to allow joining without performing through friction stir welding, without causing streaks or color difference in the joint, and appearance. Aluminum-based structure that can improve quality, brightness, and bonding strengthofIt is to provide a manufacturing method.
[0017]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, a method for manufacturing an aluminum-based structure according to the first invention includes a step of forming notches for grooves at both edges in the bending direction of the back surface of a material to be joined formed in a plate shape, The material to be joined is folded into a cylindrical shape so that the surface is on the outside, both ends in the folding direction are butted together to form a joint, and a groove is formed by butting the groove notches on the back side of the joint. A step, a step of placing a backing on the back surface of the joint portion of the material to be joined, and a friction stir welding tool inserted into the joint surface of the joint portion of the material to be joined from the front side so that the tip is in the groove A step of friction stir welding the joint in a state located at a position, and a step of anodizing the outer surface of the material to be joined friction stir welded, the friction stir welding tool is a cylindrical tool body, This tool book Consisting of a stirring pin that is integrally projected at the center of the bottom surface and is pushed together with a part of the tool body into the joint portion of the material to be joined, and constitutes a tool shoulder that the bottom surface of the tool body presses the surface of the joint portion, The width of the groove is the diameter of the stirring pin6.25-75%,The longitudinal cross-sectional area in the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the groove has a transverse area perpendicular to the axis of the stirring pin.0.13-15%It is what.
[0018]
  In 1st invention, the to-be-joined material is bend | folded by the cylindrical shape, and the both ends of the circumferential direction are mutually abutted and a junction part is formed. The groove notch is formed in advance by cutting or the like before bending the material to be joined into a cylindrical shape, and when the material to be joined is folded into a cylindrical shape and both ends in the circumferential direction are abutted against each other, they are abutted against each other. Combined to form one groove. The groove is covered by a backing.
  When the joint is frictionally agitated from the surface side, the groove surface made of an oxide film is also agitated, and the metal softened to a state that can be plastically processed by frictional heat stirs and flows, enters the groove and solidifies. For this reason, the joint portion is agitated and joined from the front surface side to the back surface side, and after frictional agitation, the groove surface made of an oxide film does not exist on the back surface or end surface of the material to be joined, and a large joining strength is obtained. Further, even if the alumite treatment is performed, no streaking occurs, so that the appearance quality is not impaired.
  Also, the width of the groove is the diameter of the stirring pin6.25-75%The longitudinal cross-sectional area in the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the groove has a transverse area perpendicular to the axis of the stirring pin.0.13-15%If so, the amount of metal that softens to a state that can be plastically processed by frictional heat and enters the groove is sufficient, the groove does not remain as a dent, and the excess that did not enter the groove The metal protrudes along both sides of the joint surface, and a reliable friction stir welding is obtained. If the groove width is 75% or more of the diameter of the stirring pin and the longitudinal sectional area of the groove is 15% or more of the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the axis of the stirring pin, the amount of metal is insufficient and the groove is recessed. Remains.
[0019]
  First2The method for producing an aluminum-based structure according to the invention includes a step of forming a groove along the joining surface on the back side of the joining portion where two materials to be joined are butt-joined and arranging a backing, A step of inserting a friction stir welding tool from the surface side into the joint surface of the joint portion of the material to be joined and friction stir welding the joint portion with the tip positioned in the groove; and the friction stir welded workpiece An alumite treatment of the outer surface of the bonding material, and the friction stir welding tool is integrally formed at the center of the bottom surface of the tool main body and the bottom surface of the tool main body. A stirring pin that is pushed together with a part, and the bottom surface of the tool body constitutes a tool shoulder that presses against the surface of the joint, and the width of the groove is the diameter of the stirring pin.6.25-75%,The longitudinal cross-sectional area in the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the groove has a transverse area perpendicular to the axis of the stirring pin.0.13-15%It is what.
[0020]
  2nd invention WHEREIN: A groove | channel is formed in the joining part side edge of a back surface side, and a joining part is friction stir welded from the surface side. The groove is formed by cutting after joining the joining ends of the two materials to be joined, or by previously forming a groove notch on the back surface joining side edge of each material to be joined by cutting. Further, it is possible to make one groove by abutting the joint portions of the two materials to be joined and making the groove notches face each other.
  When the joint is frictionally agitated from the surface side, the groove surface made of an oxide film is also agitated, and the metal softened to a state that can be plastically processed by frictional heat stirs and flows, enters the groove and solidifies. For this reason, the joint portion is agitated and joined from the front surface side to the back surface side, and after frictional agitation, the groove surface made of an oxide film does not exist on the back surface and both end surfaces of the materials to be joined, and a large joining strength is obtained. Further, even if the alumite treatment is performed, no streaking occurs, so that the appearance quality is not impaired.
  Also,The width of the groove is the diameter of the stirring pin6.25-75%,The longitudinal cross-sectional area in the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the groove has a transverse area perpendicular to the axis of the stirring pin.0.13-15%Therefore, the amount of metal that softens to a state that can be plastically processed by frictional heat and enters the groove is sufficient, the groove does not remain as a dent, and the excess that did not enter the groove The metal protrudes along both sides of the joint surface, and a reliable friction stir welding is obtained. If the groove width is 75% or more of the diameter of the stirring pin and the longitudinal sectional area of the groove is 15% or more of the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the axis of the stirring pin, the amount of metal is insufficient and the groove is recessed. Remains.
[0025]
  First3The manufacturing method of the aluminum-based structure according to the invention is provided on the tip surface or outer periphery of the stirring pin.Groove or protrusionIs formed.
[0026]
  First3In the invention, the stirring unit stirs and fluidizes the joint surface, the vicinity thereof, and the groove surface.Groove or protrusionAs a ring, spiral, radialEtc.Conceivable.
[0027]
  First4The method for manufacturing an aluminum-based structure according to the invention is the above-mentioned first.1-3In the invention described in any one of the above, after the friction stir welding, as a pre-process of the step of anodizing, the material to be bonded is annealed at 300 to 375 ° C. for 1 to 5 hours. .
[0028]
  First4In the present invention, when the crystal grains of the joint portion are recrystallized by annealing treatment to make them substantially equal to the crystal grains of the base material portion, the color difference between the joint portion and the base material portion can be eliminated. When the temperature is 300 ° C. or lower, the recrystallization of the joint portion is insufficient, and when the temperature is 375 ° C. or higher, the recrystallized structure becomes coarse, so that the color tone difference increases.
[0029]
  First5The method for manufacturing an aluminum-based structure according to the invention is the above-mentioned first.1-4In the invention described in any one of the above, the rotational speed of the friction stir welding tool during friction stir weldingR ( rpm )And joining speedW ( mm / min )Ratio of(R / W)4-11.
[0030]
  First5In the invention, when the ratio of the rotational speed and the joining speed of the friction stir welding tool is 4 to 11, the crystal grains of the joint and the base material are substantially equal, and the color tone difference between the joint and the base is eliminated. be able to. When the ratio of the rotational speed and the joining speed is 1 or less, the crystal grains at the joint are fine, and when the ratio is 11 or more, the crystal grains are coarsened, so that the color tone difference after the alumite treatment becomes large.
[0031]
  First6The method for producing an aluminum-based structure according to the present invention is the above-described first.1-5In the invention described in any one of the above, as a pre-process of the alumite treatment step, a step of forming at least the back surface of the friction stir welded joint portion into a smooth surface by polishing or machining is provided. .
[0032]
  First6In this invention, when the joint portion is joined by friction stir welding, the surface accuracy of the back surface of the joint portion is rough, so that it is formed on a smooth surface by polishing or machining. When the structure is a vehicle wheel rim, the rear surface side of the flange portion is visually recognized in a state where the tire is mounted. However, since the rear surface of the joint portion is formed on a smooth surface by polishing or machining, the appearance is impaired. There is no. On the other hand, burrs and dents due to friction stir welding occur on the surface side of the joint, but in the case of a structure in which these burrs and dents are visible, the surface side is also preferably made smooth by polishing or machining. . In particular, in the case of a wheel rim for a vehicle, if there is a flash and contact with the tire, the tire may be damaged. Therefore, it is preferable to remove the flash by polishing or machining.
[0033]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail based on embodiments shown in the drawings.
FIG. 1 is an external perspective view showing an embodiment in which an aluminum-based structure according to the present invention is applied to a vehicle wheel rim, FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the wheel rim, and FIGS. 3A to 3C are FSWs. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a state where the wheel rim is being FSWed, FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line VV of FIG. 4, and FIG. 6 is a stirring portion of the stirring pin. FIG.
[0034]
First, the structure of the vehicle wheel rim will be described with reference to FIGS. A vehicle wheel rim generally indicated by reference numeral 20 is used for vehicles such as passenger cars, trucks, buses, etc., and is integrally formed with a cylindrical rim main body 20A on which tires are mounted on the outer periphery and one side edge of the rim main body 20A. And a flange 21 and a disk 22 fitted and fixed to a gutter 20C formed on the other side edge. The rim body 20A is manufactured by friction stir welding. The flanges 20B and 21 are bent so that the cross-sectional shape is L-shaped by plastic working performed after friction stir welding. The gutter 20C has an annular groove 23 in which the base end portion of the flange 21 is fitted on the outer surface, and the rear end portion of the disk 22 is fitted on the inner surface and joined by welding. The flange 21 and the disk 22 are made of an aluminum alloy such as 5000 series, like the rim body 20A. The wheel rim 20 is anodized on the entire outer surface in order to improve decorativeness and corrosion resistance.
[0035]
Next, the manufacturing procedure of the rim body 20A will be described in detail with reference to FIGS.
First, a bar (material to be joined) 30 having a predetermined length and width formed in a plate shape by an extruded shape of an aluminum alloy is prepared (FIG. 3A). Groove notches 31a and 31b are formed over the entire width at both end edges in the longitudinal direction on the back surface 30a of the bar 30. The groove notches 31a and 31b have substantially the same shape, and are formed by cutting the longitudinal edge of the back surface 30a obliquely at a required angle (for example, 30 to 45 °).
[0036]
Next, the bar 30 is bent into a cylindrical shape so that the surface 30b is on the outer side, and both ends in the longitudinal direction are butted together. When the bar 30 is bent into a cylindrical shape and both ends in the circumferential direction are abutted and restrained so as not to move, the groove notches 31a and 31b are also abutted against each other, thereby forming one groove formed of a V-shaped groove. 31 is formed.
[0037]
Next, the backing 34 (FIG. 4) is brought into close contact with the back surface side of the joint portion 32, and the joint portion 32 is friction stir welded by the friction stir welding tool 36 from the front surface side. The backing 34 is made of a metal such as iron or aluminum, and is formed in a convex curved surface having one surface that is bent into a cylindrical shape and having substantially the same radius of curvature as the inner peripheral surface of the bar 30, and covers the groove 31. Yes.
[0038]
The friction stir welding tool 36 is made of a metal having a melting point higher than that of the bar 30, such as tool steel, and is integrally projected at the center of a cylindrical tool body 36A and the bottom surface 37 of the tool body 36A. The bottom surface 37 forms a tool shoulder that presses the surface of the joint portion 32. The length of the stirring pin 36B is set to be 0.2 to 0.4 mm shorter than the plate thickness t of the bar 30, and the front end surface 38 and the outer peripheral surface 39 have the joint surface 35 of the joint portion 32 and the vicinity thereof. Stirring portions 40 and 41 for agitating are respectively formed. In this case, in the present embodiment, the example in which the stirring unit 40 is configured by one spiral groove as shown in FIG. 6 is shown. However, the present invention is not limited thereto, and is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-71155. Thus, it may be a radial groove or projecting body, or a plurality of small cylindrical projections projecting. Further, in the present embodiment, the stirring portion 41 on the outer peripheral surface is shown as being configured with four spiral grooves formed at equal intervals in the circumferential direction, but may be a spiral protrusion. It may be a thread groove.
[0039]
Such a friction stir welding tool 36 is set in a state where the required angle α (= about 3 to 5 °) is inclined with respect to the surface of the joint portion 32 on the side opposite to the moving direction (arrow A direction) of the probe 36. The
[0040]
Next, while the friction stir welding tool 36 is rotated by a motor at a rotational speed of about 500 to 5000 rpm, the stirring pin 36B is positioned on the joining surface 35 and pressed against the joint surface, and the stirring pin 36B of the joint 32 is caused by frictional heat. The surface portion and its vicinity pressed against each other are heated and plasticized, and the stirring pin 36B and part of the tool shoulder 37 are gradually pushed into the joint portion 32. The amount that the tool shoulder 37 is pushed into the surface of the joint portion 32, that is, the pushing amount δ is about 0.1 to 0.3 mm. The pushing amount δ is a pushing amount on a straight line that passes through the axis of the friction stir welding tool 36 and is orthogonal to the moving direction (A direction) of the probe. Note that the front end side of the tool shoulder 37 in the moving direction (the left end in FIG. 5) is located above the surface of the joint portion 32 in order to enable the metal supply into the friction stir welding tool 36.
[0041]
When a part of the agitating pin 36B and the tool shoulder 37 is pushed into the joint 32 by a predetermined amount, the tip of the agitating pin 36B is allowed to agitate the inclined wall surface (groove surface) 46 of the groove 31. As shown in FIG. 4, it protrudes into the groove 31, and in this state, the friction stir welding tool 36 is moved in the arrow A direction at a feed rate (joining speed) of about 0.02 to 2 m / sec. The part 32 is friction stir welded. That is, when the friction stir welding tool 36 is moved along the joining surface 35 while rotating at high speed, the joining surface 35 and its vicinity are plasticized by being heated by the stirring pin 36B and flow in the horizontal and vertical directions. Turn into. A part of the fluidized metal 43 enters the groove 31 and cools and solidifies to fill the groove 31 when the stirring pin 36B passes through. Therefore, the joining part 32 is completely joined from the front side to the back side without causing the stirring pin 36B to protrude to the back side of the joining part 32. At this time, the groove surface 46 of the groove 31 made of an oxide film is stirred and divided by the stirring portions 40 and 41 and dispersed in the plasticized metal 43. In addition, the distance from the back surface of the junction part 32 to the front-end | tip of the stirring pin 36B is about 0.2 mm, and the groove | channel 31 is formed deeper than this.
[0042]
If the amount of the metal 43 filled in the groove 31 is insufficient, the groove 31 cannot be completely filled and is left as a concave portion on the back surface side of the joint portion 32, which is not preferable. The optimum amount of the metal 43 is such that the burrs 44 (FIG. 4) are slightly generated when the groove 31 is completely filled and surplus metal protrudes and solidifies along both sides of the surface of the joint portion 32. For this reason, the longitudinal cross-sectional area S (refer FIG. 4, FIG. 5) of the part pushed into the junction part 32 among the longitudinal cross-sectional areas orthogonal to the moving direction (A direction) of the friction stir welding tool 36 through the axis line of the tool main body 36A. The longitudinal sectional area S1 in the plane orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the groove 31 is made substantially equal to or slightly larger than this. Alternatively, the width E (FIG. 4) of the groove 31 is set to 75% or less of the outer diameter D of the stirring pin 36B, and the cross-sectional area S1 of the groove 31 is set to a transverse area (πD) orthogonal to the axis of the stirring pin 36B.2/ 4) is preferably 15% or less.
[0043]
When the width E of the groove 31 is 75% or less of the outer diameter D of the stirring pin 36B and the longitudinal cross-sectional area S1 of the groove 31 is 15% or less of the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the axis of the stirring pin 36B, plasticity is generated by frictional heat. The amount of the metal 43 that softens to a workable state and enters the groove 31 is sufficient, the groove 31 does not remain as a recess, and excess metal that has not entered the groove 31 is joined. By forming projecting burrs 44 along both sides of the surface of 32, reliable friction stir welding is obtained. On the other hand, when the width E of the groove 31 is 75% or more of the outer diameter D of the stirring pin 36B and the longitudinal sectional area S1 of the groove 31 is 15% or more of the cross-sectional area orthogonal to the axis of the stirring pin 36B, The amount of the metal 43 entering the groove 31 is insufficient, and the groove 31 remains as a dent.
[0044]
According to such a friction stir welding method, it is possible to firmly join the butt joint portion 32 of the bar 30, which is a material to be joined made of aluminum alloy having a thickness t of about 2 to 20 mm, from the front surface side to the back surface side. It is. In addition, the friction stir welding does not melt the joint portion of the metal material, and the heating temperature is low. Therefore, the friction stir welding has less thermal influence than MIG welding and TIG welding, and stable quality can be obtained. Further, the friction stir welding tool 36 is rotated, and the probe 36 and the bar 30 bent into a cylindrical shape need only be moved relatively at a required joining speed. It is advantageous.
[0045]
After the bar 30 is formed in the cylindrical body by friction stir welding, the backing 34 is removed from the cylindrical body. The cylindrical body manufactured by friction stir welding is an intermediate product of the rim main body 20A shown in FIGS. Since the front and back surfaces of the joint portion 32 of the cylindrical body subjected to friction stir welding are rough surfaces, they are formed into smooth surfaces having surface accuracy comparable to that of the base material portion by polishing or machining. In particular, in the wheel rim 20 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the rear surface of the flange 20 </ b> B and the front end surface and the rear surface of the gutter 21 are visually recognized with the tire mounted. Need to be polished or machined. In addition, since the surface side has a dent due to the pressing of the flash 44 and the tool shoulder 37, it is preferable to completely remove the surface side by polishing or machining when manufacturing the structure in which the surface side is visually recognized.
[0046]
Next, the cylindrical body that has been polished or machined is molded by a molding apparatus, so that the flange 20B is integrally formed on one end side and the gutter 20C is integrated on the other end side, as shown in FIGS. The rim body 20A having the same is manufactured (FIG. 3C). Then, the flange 21 and the wheel 22 are attached to the gutter 20C, and the wheel rim 20 is manufactured. The flange 21 is not limited to be manufactured separately from the rim main body 20A, and may be formed integrally with the rim main body 20A similarly to the flange 20B. In that case, the production of the gutter 20C is naturally unnecessary.
[0047]
Thereafter, in order to impart decorativeness and corrosion resistance to the wheel rim 20, the wheel rim 20 is anodized to form an anodic oxide coating on the entire outer surface thereof, thereby completing the production of the wheel rim 20.
[0048]
An embodiment of the anodizing process will be described with reference to FIG.
First, an object to be processed (bonded material) which is bonded by the friction stir welding and formed into a predetermined rim shape by the shaping device is prepared (step 100). Next, as a pretreatment step, the object to be treated is acid (H2SOFour, HNOThree Alternatively, a degreasing process (step 101) using a mixed aqueous solution thereof, an etching process (step 102) using an alkali (NaOH), and an acid (H2SOFour) Is performed in this order (step 103). Note that the etching step is a step of removing surface foreign matter or a deteriorated layer.
[0049]
Next, the object to be treated is acid (H2SOFour ) In an aqueous solution and connected to the anode, and the aqueous solution is connected to the cathode and alumite treatment is performed (step 104) to form a porous anodic oxide coating on the entire outer surface of the workpiece. Next, after performing electrolytic coloring (step 105) as necessary, it is immersed in warm water to perform sealing treatment (step 106), or by performing clear electrodeposition coating (step 107). A glossy wheel rim 20 is produced. In addition, since the alumite treatment itself of the aluminum alloy is a well-known technique that has been generally performed in the related art, description of further details will be omitted.
[0050]
After the friction stir welding, as a pre-process for the alumite treatment, the crystal grains of the joint portion 32 are recrystallized and an annealing treatment is performed in order to make the grain size substantially coincide with the crystal grain size of the base material part, or friction stirring. It is preferable to optimize the joining conditions. In the annealing treatment, the materials to be joined by friction stir welding are put into a heating furnace, heated in a temperature range of 300 ° C. to 375 ° C. for 1 to 5 hours, and then slowly cooled to room temperature. If it is 300 ° C. or lower, recrystallization of crystal grains is insufficient, and if it is 375 ° C. or higher, the recrystallized structure becomes coarse.
[0051]
Even when the friction stir welding conditions are optimized, the crystal grain sizes of the joint portion 32 and the base material portion can be made substantially the same as in the annealing treatment. As an optimization condition, the ratio of the rotational speed R and the welding speed W of the friction stir welding tool 36 is set in the range of 4-11. If this ratio is 4 or less, recrystallization of the crystal grains of the joint portion 32 is insufficient, and if it is 11 or more, the recrystallized structure becomes coarse, which is not preferable.
[0052]
[Example 1]
As a material to be joined, JIS A5052-O having a thickness of 6 mm was bent into a cylindrical shape, and both ends in the circumferential direction were butted and subjected to friction stir welding. The friction stir welding tool used was a tool shoulder diameter of 20 mm, a stirring pin diameter of 8 mm, a pin length of 5.4 mm, a probe tilt angle of 3 ° with respect to the joining surface, a rotational speed of 890 rpm, and a joining speed of 200 mm / min. Friction stir welding was performed by variously changing the depth D1 and width E of the groove 31 and the longitudinal sectional area S1 in the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0053]
[Table 1]
Figure 0004134562
[0054]
As is apparent from Table 1, when the friction stir welding is performed without forming the groove 31 and without causing the stirring pin to protrude to the back side of the joint (Comparative Example 1), a part of the joint surface is not stirred. Therefore, after the alumite treatment, streaks occurred on the back side of the joint portion 32. In Comparative Example 2 and Comparative Example 3, since the groove area is 15% or more of the cross-sectional area of the stirring pin, tunnel-like cavity defects and dents are generated in the joint portion 32. However, as shown in the present invention 3, the groove 31 is formed. The cross-sectional area S1 is 6mm2 Then, it was able to join without a problem. From this, it is determined that the longitudinal sectional area S1 of the groove 31 is preferably 15% or less of the cross-sectional area of the stirring pin. Further, when the width E of the groove 31 is 8 mm (Comparative Example 4), it matches the pin diameter, so that the amount of metal filled in the groove 31 is insufficient and the groove 31 remains as a dent. Therefore, the width E of the groove 31 needs to be not more than the pin diameter, preferably not more than 75%.
[0055]
When the depth D1 of the groove 31 was 0.1 mm (Comparative Example 5), streaks occurred on the back surface side of the joint portion 32 after the alumite treatment. This is because the tip of the pin is at a position {6 mm− (5.4 + 0.4 mm)} (3 ° inclination) 0.2 mm from the back surface of the joint portion 32, and does not protrude into the groove 31. Is not stirred. Therefore, it is necessary to project the tip of the stirring pin 36 </ b> B into the groove 31.
[0056]
[Example 2]
Table 2 shows the results of investigation on the influence of the friction stir welding condition on the color tone difference.
[0057]
[Table 2]
Figure 0004134562
[0058]
As apparent from Table 2, in the present inventions 1 to 4 in which the ratio of the rotational speed R and the joining speed W of the friction stir welding tool 36 is in the range of 4 to 11, the color tone of the base material part and the joined part is adjusted. There was almost no difference. On the other hand, in Comparative Examples 1 to 3 in which the ratio is 4 or less or 11 or more, since the color tone of the base material portion and the joint portion are greatly different, it was determined as a defective product.
[0059]
FIG. 8 is a sectional view of friction stir welding showing another embodiment of the present invention.
In this embodiment, instead of rounding one member to be joined into a cylindrical shape and butt-joining both ends, one end of two members to be joined 50 and 51 made of an aluminum alloy formed into a flat plate shape is joined to each other. The joint 52 is friction stir welded by the friction stir welding tool 36. The conditions for the friction stir welding are exactly the same as in the above-described embodiment except that the number of materials to be joined is two. The same applies to steps such as the alumite treatment step after the friction stirring.
[0060]
Groove notches 53a and 53b are formed on the joining side edges on the back surfaces of the materials to be joined 50 and 51, respectively, and by joining the joining side end surfaces of the materials to be joined 50 and 51, the groove is formed. The notches 53a and 53b are also abutted to form one groove 53. In this case, instead of forming the groove notches 53a and 53b in advance, the joining ends of the two materials to be joined 50 and 51 are brought into contact with each other, and then opened on the back side of the joining portion 52 along the joining surface 54. The tip 53 may be formed by cutting.
[0061]
In this way, when the two workpieces 50 and 51 are friction stir welded, the present invention can be applied not only to the wheel rim described above but also to various shapes of structures, for example, automobile pillars (car body pillars). ), A front cross member, a rear cross member, a vehicle body structure such as a suspension frame, and a general structure for civil engineering.
[0062]
【The invention's effect】
  As described above, the aluminum-based structure according to the present inventionofAccording to the manufacturing method, joining is possible without performing through friction stir welding, the joint strength of the joint can be improved, and no streaking occurs on the back side of the joint even when anodized, and the appearance quality It is possible to provide a structure excellent in glitter.
[0063]
Further, in the present invention, since the annealing treatment is performed after the friction stir welding or the friction stir welding conditions are optimized so that the friction stir welding is performed, the crystal grains of the joint can be recrystallized, and the base material The color tone of the portion and the joint portion can be made to substantially match, and is particularly suitable for application to a vehicle wheel rim that is bent and joined in a friction stir by bending a plate-like bar into a cylindrical shape.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an external perspective view showing an embodiment in which an aluminum-based structure according to the present invention is applied to a vehicle wheel rim.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the wheel rim.
FIGS. 3A to 3C are diagrams for explaining a procedure of FSW. FIG.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing a state where FSW of the wheel rim is performed.
5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line VV in FIG.
FIG. 6 is a view showing a stirring portion of a stirring pin.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart of an alumite treatment process.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of an FSW showing another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a diagram for explaining a conventional FSW.
[Explanation of symbols]
20 ... wheel rim, 20A ... rim body, 22 ... wheel, 30 ... bar (material to be joined), 31 ... groove, 31a, 31b ... groove notch, 32 ... joint, 35 ... groove surface, 36 ... friction stir welding tool, 36A ... tool main body, 36B ... stirring pin, 34 ... backing, 40, 41 ... stirring part, 50, 51 ... material to be joined, 52 ... joining part, 53 ... groove.

Claims (6)

板状に形成された被接合材の裏面の折り曲げ方向両端縁に開先用切欠きを形成する工程と、
前記被接合材を表面が外側となるように円筒形状に折り曲げて折り曲げ方向両端を互いに突き合わせて接合部とし、この接合部の裏面側に前記開先用切欠きどうしの突き合わせによる開先を形成する工程と、
前記被接合材の前記接合部裏面に裏当てを配置する工程と、
前記被接合材の前記接合部の接合面に表面側から摩擦撹拌接合ツールを挿入して先端が前記開先内に位置する状態で前記接合部を摩擦撹拌接合する工程と、
摩擦撹拌接合された前記被接合材の外表面をアルマイト処理する工程とを備え、
前記摩擦撹拌接合ツールが円柱状のツール本体と、このツール本体の底面中央に一体に突設され被接合材の接合部に前記ツール本体の一部とともに押し込まれる撹拌ピンとからなり、前記ツール本体の底面が前記接合部の表面を押圧するツールショルダーを構成し、
前記開先の幅を撹拌ピンの直径の6.25〜75%とし、開先の長手方向と直交する面内の縦断面積が前記撹拌ピンの軸線と直交する横断面積の0.13〜15%としたことを特徴とするアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法。
Forming a notch for a groove at both edges in the bending direction of the back surface of the joined material formed in a plate shape;
The material to be joined is folded into a cylindrical shape so that the surface is on the outside, both ends in the folding direction are butted together to form a joint, and a groove is formed by butting the groove notches on the back side of the joint. Process,
A step of arranging a backing on the back surface of the bonded portion of the material to be bonded;
Inserting a friction stir welding tool from the surface side into the joint surface of the joint of the material to be joined and friction stir welding the joint in a state where the tip is located in the groove;
And anodizing the outer surface of the material to be joined that has been friction stir welded,
The friction stir welding tool comprises a cylindrical tool body, and a stirring pin that is integrally projected at the center of the bottom surface of the tool body and is pushed together with a part of the tool body into the joint portion of the material to be joined. The bottom constitutes a tool shoulder that presses the surface of the joint,
The width of the groove and from 6.25 to 75% of the diameter of the stirring pins, from 0.13 to 15% of the cross-sectional area vertical area of a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the groove is perpendicular to the axis of the stirring pin The manufacturing method of the aluminum-type structure characterized by the above-mentioned.
2つの被接合材の互いに突き合わせ接合される接合部の裏面側に接合面に沿って開先を形成するとともに裏当てを配置する工程と、
前記被接合材の接合部の接合面に表面側から摩擦撹拌接合ツールを挿入して先端が前記開先内に位置する状態で前記接合部を摩擦撹拌接合する工程と、
摩擦撹拌接合された前記被接合材の外表面をアルマイト処理する工程とを備え、
前記摩擦撹拌接合ツールが円柱状のツール本体と、このツール本体の底面中央に一体に突設され被接合材の接合部に前記ツール本体の一部とともに押し込まれる撹拌ピンとからなり、前記ツール本体の底面が前記接合部の表面を押圧するツールショルダーを構成し、
前記開先の幅を撹拌ピンの直径の6.25〜75%とし、開先の長手方向と直交する面内の縦断面積が前記撹拌ピンの軸線と直交する横断面積の0.13〜15%としたことを特徴とするアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法。
Forming a groove along the joining surface on the back side of the joining portion where the two materials to be joined are butt-joined and arranging a backing;
Inserting a friction stir welding tool from the surface side into the joint surface of the joint of the material to be joined and friction stir welding the joint in a state where the tip is located in the groove; and
And anodizing the outer surface of the material to be joined that has been friction stir welded,
The friction stir welding tool comprises a cylindrical tool body, and a stirring pin that is integrally projected at the center of the bottom surface of the tool body and is pushed together with a part of the tool body into the joint portion of the material to be joined. The bottom constitutes a tool shoulder that presses the surface of the joint,
The width of the groove and from 6.25 to 75% of the diameter of the stirring pins, from 0.13 to 15% of the cross-sectional area vertical area of a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the groove is perpendicular to the axis of the stirring pin The manufacturing method of the aluminum-type structure characterized by the above-mentioned.
請求項1または2記載のアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法において、
撹拌ピンの先端面または外周に溝または突状体が形成されていることを特徴とするアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法。
In the manufacturing method of the aluminum-type structure of Claim 1 or 2,
A method for producing an aluminum-based structure, wherein a groove or a protrusion is formed on the tip surface or outer periphery of the stirring pin.
請求項1〜3のうちのいずれか1つに記載のアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法において、
摩擦撹拌接合後、アルマイト処理する工程の前工程として、被接合材を300〜375℃で1〜5時間焼鈍処理する工程を備えたことを特徴とするアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法。
In the manufacturing method of the aluminum-type structure as described in any one of Claims 1-3,
A method for producing an aluminum-based structure, comprising a step of annealing a material to be joined at 300 to 375 ° C. for 1 to 5 hours as a pre-step of the step of anodizing after friction stir welding.
請求項1〜4のうちのいずれか1つに記載のアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法において、
摩擦撹拌接合時の摩擦撹拌接合ツールの回転数R(rpm)と接合速度W(mm/min)の比(R/W)を4〜11としたことを特徴とするアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法。
In the manufacturing method of the aluminum-type structure as described in any one of Claims 1-4,
A method for producing an aluminum-based structure, wherein the ratio (R / W) of the rotational speed R (rpm) and the welding speed W (mm / min) of the friction stir welding tool during friction stir welding is 4 to 11 .
請求項1〜5のうちのいずれか1つに記載のアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法において、
アルマイト処理工程の前工程として、摩擦撹拌接合された接合部の少なくとも裏面を研磨または機械加工によって平滑面にする工程を備えたことを特徴とするアルミニウム系構造体の製造方法。
In the manufacturing method of the aluminum-type structure as described in any one of Claims 1-5,
A method for producing an aluminum-based structure, comprising a step of making at least the back surface of a joint part subjected to friction stir welding as a smooth surface by polishing or machining as a pre-step of the alumite treatment step.
JP2002021675A 2002-01-30 2002-01-30 Method for manufacturing aluminum-based structure Expired - Fee Related JP4134562B2 (en)

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