JP3125035B2 - Hydraulic construction method for column-type continuous underground wall - Google Patents
Hydraulic construction method for column-type continuous underground wallInfo
- Publication number
- JP3125035B2 JP3125035B2 JP08325353A JP32535396A JP3125035B2 JP 3125035 B2 JP3125035 B2 JP 3125035B2 JP 08325353 A JP08325353 A JP 08325353A JP 32535396 A JP32535396 A JP 32535396A JP 3125035 B2 JP3125035 B2 JP 3125035B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- wall
- water
- well
- groundwater
- continuous underground
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Description
【0001】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は柱列式連続地中壁におけ
る通水工法に係り、特に、地下構造物の施工時には止水
性を、また、完成時には通水性を確保する山留め工法に
好適な柱列式連続地中壁における通水工法に関する。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of passing water through a column-type continuous underground wall, and more particularly, to a method of retaining a water when stopping an underground structure, and a mountain retaining method that ensures water passing when completed. The present invention relates to a method of passing water through a column-type continuous underground wall.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】従来のこの種の山留め工法、すなわち、
連続地中壁工法やソイルセメント柱列壁工法は、地盤中
に止水性のある連続地中壁を山留め材として築造し、そ
の連続地中壁で囲まれた内部の地盤を開削して地下構造
物を築造したのち、土砂の埋戻しを行うものである。こ
の場合、地下構造物施工時には、連続地中壁により地下
水の流通が遮断され、その止水性を確保して工事をでき
るが、工事完了後も地盤中に残置された連続地中壁によ
って、通水が遮断されたままとなるのが、通例であっ
た。2. Description of the Related Art This type of conventional mountain retaining method, namely,
In the continuous underground wall construction method and soil cement column wall construction method, a continuous underground wall with water-blocking properties is built in the ground as a retaining material, and the inner ground surrounded by the continuous underground wall is cut open to create an underground structure After constructing the object, the earth and sand are backfilled. In this case, at the time of construction of the underground structure, the continuous underground wall blocks the flow of groundwater and the water can be stopped, and construction can be performed.However, after the completion of the construction, the continuous underground wall remaining in the ground It was customary for the water to remain shut off.
【0003】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】上記従来技術において
は、地下構造物の完成後も、地盤中に残置されている連
続地中壁によって、地下水の流通が遮断され、地下水系
が変化し、地域地下環境上の大きな問題となっていた。
そこで、本出願人らは、連続地中壁内の鉛直方向に、円
形、角形あるいは多角形状の筒枠、または溝形枠などの
特殊通水枠を配設することで、連続地中壁に遮水と通水
との両機能をもたせ、地下工事を行う地盤開削部を挟ん
だ両側の連続地中壁の特殊通水枠を、粗粒材またはパイ
プ等で相互に連絡して、遮断された地下水を自由通水さ
せるようにした連続地中壁における通水工法を実現した
(特開平6−49839号公報参照)。In the above prior art, even after the completion of the underground structure, the continuous underground wall remaining in the ground interrupts the flow of groundwater, and the groundwater system changes, This was a major problem in the underground environment.
Therefore, the present applicants have arranged a special water flow frame such as a circular, square or polygonal cylindrical frame, or a grooved frame in the vertical direction inside the continuous ground wall, so that the continuous ground wall can be formed on the continuous ground wall. With both functions of impermeability and water penetration, the special water penetration frames on the continuous underground wall on both sides of the ground excavation part for underground construction are interconnected by coarse-grained materials or pipes, etc. A method of passing water through a continuous underground wall that allows free passage of groundwater has been realized (see JP-A-6-49839).
【0004】しかしながら、ソイルセメント柱列壁工法
は、地盤中を掘削中にセメントミルク等の固化材を混入
し、掘削土砂とセメントミルクが混ぜ合わされたソイル
セメントが固化する前に、H鋼等の土圧に対する応力負
担材を挿入し、このようなソイルセメント柱を順次形成
して、そのまま固化させて地盤中に止水壁を築造するも
のである。そのため、止水壁中に上記特殊通粋枠を配設
することが困難であり、止水壁で囲まれた内部の工事完
了後も、この工事区間を挟んで地下水が遮断されたまま
の状態になるという問題があった。[0004] However, the soil cement column wall method involves mixing a solidifying material such as cement milk during excavation in the ground, and solidifying the soil cement with excavated earth and sand and cement milk before solidifying the soil cement. A material that bears stress against the earth pressure is inserted, such soil cement columns are sequentially formed, and solidified as they are to build a water blocking wall in the ground. For this reason, it is difficult to arrange the above-mentioned special sculpture frame in the water stop wall, and even after the construction inside the water stop wall is completed, the groundwater is still shut off across this construction section. There was a problem of becoming.
【0005】本発明の目的は、上記問題点を解消するた
めになされたもので、ソイルセメントによる柱列式連続
地中壁においても、地下工事などの掘削時の止水性と、
地下構造物などの施工中および完成後の通水性とを確保
し、地下水系の自由流通を維持できる柱列式連続地中壁
における通水工法を提供することである。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems. Even in a column-type continuous underground wall made of soil cement, it is possible to improve the water stopping property during excavation such as underground construction.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a column-type continuous underground wall that can maintain water flow during construction of an underground structure or the like and after completion and maintain free circulation of a groundwater system.
【0006】[0006]
【課題を解決するための手段】上記目的は、以下の各発
明によって達成される。The above objects are achieved by the following inventions.
【0007】本発明は、地盤を掘削し、地中に連続して
ソイルセメント柱を順次形成して止水壁を築造し、この
止水壁の外側地盤側に砕石ドレーン等の井戸を設置する
柱列式連続地中壁における通水工法において、前記止水
壁の井戸設置部の内側には、前記ソイルセメントの固化
前に、2つのH鋼のフランジを接続して一体化させた特
殊応力負担材を挿入し、前記ソイルセメントが固化した
前記止水壁によって地下水を遮断した後、前記一体化さ
せた2つのH鋼のフランジの外側の止水壁および外側地
盤を掘削して、前記止水壁の厚みの中に井戸を含めるよ
うにして設置し、前記止水壁内外を貫通して前記井戸に
接続する通水管を設けることにより、前記止水壁内外の
地下水を自由流通させることを特徴とする。本方法によ
れば、止水壁の井戸設置部位に特殊応力負担材を挿入
し、井戸を止水壁と地盤とに重複させて設置するので、
止水壁の土圧等に対する強度は特殊応力負担材に保持さ
れ、井戸を止水壁と地盤とに重複させて設置できるた
め、井戸が止水壁の外側に突出しないので、敷地の有効
利用ができる。また、止水壁内部を掘削中は、地下水を
遮断でき、掘削完了後は、通水管を設けて開通させるこ
とにより地下水の自由流通を実現できる。 [0007] The present invention is to excavate the ground, and construction and waterproofing wall <br/> soil cement pillar in succession into the ground successively formed, this
In water flow method in tubular elements type continuous underground wall to install a well, such as crushed stone drain outside the ground side of the cut-off wall, the water stop
On the inside of the well installation part of the wall, solidification of the soil cement
Previously, two H steel flanges were connected and integrated.
A special stress-bearing material is inserted, and groundwater is cut off by the water blocking wall in which the soil cement is solidified.
Water barrier and outer ground outside two H steel flanges
Drill a panel and include a well in the thickness of the cut-off wall.
It installed Te Unishi by isosamples through said cut-off wall and out provided the water pipe to be connected to the well, characterized in that to free circulation of groundwater of the waterproofing wall and out. According to this method, a special stress-bearing material is inserted into the well installation site on the cutoff wall
And the wells are installed overlapping the water barrier and the ground,
The strength against the earth pressure etc. of the water stop wall is maintained by the special stress bearing material.
The well can be installed overlapping the water barrier and the ground.
Because the well does not protrude outside the water blocking wall,
Can be used. In addition, groundwater can be shut off while excavating the inside of the water stop wall, and after excavation is completed, free flow of groundwater can be realized by providing and opening a water pipe .
【0008】[0008]
【発明の実施の形態】以下、本発明の実施の形態を、図
面を参照して説明する。 (第1の実施形態)図1は、本発明の一実施形態を説明
する平面図である。図に示すように、柱列式連続地中壁
(止水壁)10は、応力負担材(H鋼)11を挿入し
た、例えば直径800mm程度の円形のソイルセメント
柱12を、地中に順次連続に設置して止水壁を築造する
ものである。こうして、止水壁10で囲まれた内部の地
盤を開削し、地下構造物等の工事を行う。Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. (First Embodiment) FIG. 1 is a plan view for explaining an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, a column-type continuous underground wall (water blocking wall) 10 sequentially inserts, for example, a circular soil cement column 12 having a diameter of about 800 mm into which a stress bearing material (H steel) 11 is inserted. It is installed continuously to build a waterproof wall. In this manner, the ground inside the area surrounded by the water blocking wall 10 is cut and the construction of the underground structure or the like is performed.
【0009】本実施形態は、この止水壁10の外側の地
盤13側に砕石ドレーン等の井戸14を設置し、止水壁
10を貫通して井戸14に接続する通水管16を設ける
ことにより、止水壁内外の地下水を自由流通できるよう
にした。また、それにより、開削部15を挟んだ両側の
止水壁の井戸と井戸との間を連結管26で接続し、一方
の井戸に集水された地下水を、開削部15の底面下に配
置した連結管26を通して反対側の井戸へ導き、工事区
間である開削部15を挟んだ両側の地盤中の地下水系が
自由に流通できるようになる。なお、井戸14の設置工
事は、地中に挿入したケーシングの内部を掘削し、掘削
土砂を除去して代わりに砕石17を充填した後、ケーシ
ングを引き抜くことにより砕石ドレーンが設置される。
また、通水管16は、掘削完了後に止水壁の内部側か
ら、ボーリング等により井戸に対して貫通孔を形成し設
置できる。In the present embodiment, a well 14 such as a crushed stone drain is installed on the ground 13 outside the water stop wall 10, and a water flow pipe 16 penetrating the water stop wall 10 and connecting to the well 14 is provided. In addition, groundwater inside and outside the cutoff wall can be freely circulated. Further, thereby, the wells of the water blocking walls on both sides of the excavation section 15 are connected to each other by the connecting pipe 26, and the groundwater collected in one of the wells is arranged below the bottom surface of the excavation section 15. Through the connecting pipe 26 to the well on the opposite side, and the groundwater system in the ground on both sides sandwiching the cutout 15 as a construction section can be freely circulated. In the installation work of the well 14, the inside of the casing inserted into the ground is excavated, the excavated earth and sand is removed, the crushed stone 17 is filled instead, and then the crushed stone drain is installed by extracting the casing.
In addition, the water pipe 16 can be formed by forming a through hole for the well by boring or the like from the inside of the water stop wall after the excavation is completed.
【0010】(第2の実施形態)図2は、本発明の他の
実施形態を説明するための平面図である。図に示すよう
に、本実施形態が図1のものと相違するところは、井戸
14の後壁には応力負担材11を配置せず、かわりに井
戸の両側に応力負担材を挿入した袖壁20を設置してい
る点である。袖壁によって連続地中壁としての強度を維
持しながら、井戸の後壁の応力負担材を省略できるの
で、井戸14や通水管16の設置工事が容易になってい
る。(Second Embodiment) FIG. 2 is a plan view for explaining another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the present embodiment is different from that of FIG. 1 in that the stress-bearing material 11 is not arranged on the rear wall of the well 14, but the sleeve-bearing wall in which the stress-bearing material is inserted on both sides of the well. 20. Since the stress-bearing material on the rear wall of the well can be omitted while maintaining the strength as a continuous underground wall by the sleeve wall, the installation work of the well 14 and the water pipe 16 is facilitated.
【0011】(第3の実施形態)図3は、本発明のさら
に他の実施形態を説明するための平面図である。図に示
すように、本実施形態が図1のものと相違するところ
は、本実施形態では、止水壁10の井戸設置部に、2つ
のH鋼のフランジを接続して一体化させた特殊応力負担
材21を挿入し、強度を保持しながら止水壁10の厚み
の中に井戸14を含めるようにして設置している。本工
法は、連続地中壁外部に敷地の余裕がない場合にきわめ
て有効である。(Third Embodiment) FIG. 3 is a plan view for explaining still another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the present embodiment is different from that of FIG. 1 in that in the present embodiment, two H steel flanges are connected to and integrated with the well installation portion of the water blocking wall 10. The stress bearing member 21 is inserted, and the well 14 is installed in the thickness of the water blocking wall 10 while maintaining the strength. This method is extremely effective when there is no room for the site outside the continuous underground wall.
【0012】(第4の実施形態)図4は、本発明のさら
に他の実施形態を説明するための平面図である。図に示
すように、本実施形態は、図3に示したメインの井戸1
4に、いくつかの(図では2個の)サブの井戸22、2
3をラップさせて設置した点である。本工法によれば、
図中矢印で示すように、地盤に対する集水面積が拡大
し、地下水の効率的な流通が可能になる。また、そのた
めに通水ルートの設置間隔を大きくとることができる。(Fourth Embodiment) FIG. 4 is a plan view for explaining still another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the drawing, this embodiment is different from the main well 1 shown in FIG.
4, several (two in the figure) sub wells 22, 2
3 is wrapped. According to this method,
As indicated by the arrows in the figure, the water collection area with respect to the ground is increased, and efficient distribution of groundwater becomes possible. In addition, the installation interval of the water flow route can be increased.
【0013】(第5の実施形態)図5は、本発明のさら
に他の実施形態を説明するための平面図である。図に示
すように、本実施形態は、図4において、メインの井戸
14の中心部に通水性のあるスクリーン管24を設けた
ものである。ケーシング内部の掘削土砂を除去した後、
中心部に設けたスクリーン管24の外部に砕石17を充
填し、ケーシングを引き抜くことにより、中心部に鉛直
な空洞のある井戸ができる。本工法によれば、スクリー
ン管内の空洞内の地下水を排出することにより、空洞内
へ流入する地下水の流入圧によって、スクリーンや砕石
間の目づまりを洗浄することができる。また、大量の地
下水を流通させることも可能となる。(Fifth Embodiment) FIG. 5 is a plan view for explaining still another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the figure, in the present embodiment, a water-permeable screen tube 24 is provided at the center of the main well 14 in FIG. After removing the excavated earth and sand inside the casing,
By filling the crushed stone 17 into the outside of the screen tube 24 provided in the center and pulling out the casing, a well having a vertical cavity in the center is formed. According to this method, by discharging the groundwater in the cavity in the screen pipe, the clogging between the screen and the crushed stone can be washed by the inflow pressure of the groundwater flowing into the cavity. Also, a large amount of groundwater can be distributed.
【0014】図6は、図5のA−A断面を示す地中断面
図である。図に示すように、上流側の地盤13aの地下
水は、井戸14aの砕石部17aを通じて集められ、通
水管16から地下構造物25の工事区間15の地底の連
結管26を通って下流側の井戸14bへ導かれ、砕石部
17bから下流側地盤13b中に拡散される。そのた
め、工事区間15を挟んだ両側の地盤13a、13bの
地下水位は同じレベルとなり、地下水系の自由流通を維
持できる。FIG. 6 is an underground sectional view showing an AA section of FIG. As shown in the figure, groundwater in the ground 13a on the upstream side is collected through the crushed stone portion 17a of the well 14a, and is connected from the water pipe 16 to the connection pipe 26 at the bottom of the construction section 15 of the underground structure 25, and the wells on the downstream side are collected. It is guided to 14b and diffused from the crushed stone portion 17b into the downstream ground 13b. Therefore, the groundwater levels of the grounds 13a and 13b on both sides of the construction section 15 are at the same level, and free circulation of the groundwater system can be maintained.
【0015】これらの実施形態によれば、地下工事の掘
削中は連続地中壁により止水性を確保でき、掘削完了
後、すなわち地下構造物の工事中、そして完成後は、連
結管で上下流の井戸を連結することにより、地下水系の
通水性を回復することができる。そのため、鉄筋コンク
リート造の連続地中壁に比較して、施工が容易でコスト
の低いソイルセメントによる柱列式連続地中壁において
も、地下水系を遮断することなく、地域地下環境を維持
することができる。According to these embodiments, during excavation in underground construction, water barrier properties can be ensured by the continuous underground wall, and after excavation is completed, that is, during construction of the underground structure, and after completion, the connecting pipe is used for upstream and downstream. By connecting the wells, the water permeability of the groundwater system can be restored. Therefore, compared with the reinforced concrete continuous underground wall, even in the column-type continuous underground wall made of soil cement that is easy to construct and low in cost, it is possible to maintain the local underground environment without blocking the groundwater system. it can.
【0016】[0016]
【発明の効果】上述のとおり本発明によれば、鉄筋コン
クリート造の連続地中壁に比較して、施工が容易でコス
トの低いソイルセメントによる柱列式連続地中壁におい
ても、地下工事掘削中は止水性を確保でき、掘削完了後
は、地下水系を自由通水させることができるので、地域
地下環境を維持することができる。As described above, according to the present invention, compared with the continuous underground wall made of reinforced concrete, the column-type continuous underground wall made of soil cement, which is easy to construct and has low cost, can be used during underground work excavation. Can secure the water stoppage, and after the excavation is completed, the underground water system can be freely passed through, so that the local underground environment can be maintained.
【図1】本発明の一実施形態を説明するための平面図で
ある。FIG. 1 is a plan view for explaining an embodiment of the present invention.
【図2】本発明の他の実施形態を説明するための平面図
である。FIG. 2 is a plan view for explaining another embodiment of the present invention.
【図3】本発明のさらに他の実施形態を説明するための
平面図である。FIG. 3 is a plan view for explaining still another embodiment of the present invention.
【図4】本発明のさらに他の実施形態を説明するための
平面図である。FIG. 4 is a plan view for explaining still another embodiment of the present invention.
【図5】本発明のさらに他の実施形態を説明するための
平面図である。FIG. 5 is a plan view for explaining still another embodiment of the present invention.
【図6】図5のA−A断面を示す地中断面図である。FIG. 6 is an underground sectional view showing an AA section of FIG. 5;
10 柱列式連続地中壁(止水壁) 11 応力負担材(H鋼) 12 ソイルセメント柱 13、13a、13b 地盤 14、14a、14b 井戸(砕石ドレーン) 15 開削部 16 通水管 17、17a、17b 砕石(砕石部) 20 袖壁 21 特殊応力負担材 22、23 サブの井戸 24 スクリーン管 25 地下構造物 26 連結管 Reference Signs List 10 Column type continuous underground wall (water blocking wall) 11 Stress-bearing material (H steel) 12 Soil cement column 13, 13a, 13b Ground 14, 14a, 14b Well (crushed stone drain) 15 Opening section 16 Water pipe 17, 17a , 17b Crushed stone (crushed stone part) 20 Sleeve wall 21 Special stress-bearing material 22, 23 Sub well 24 Screen tube 25 Underground structure 26 Connecting tube
フロントページの続き (72)発明者 坂本 佳一 東京都千代田区一番町31番地 株式会社 錢高組 東京本社内 (72)発明者 佐藤 常雄 東京都千代田区一番町31番地 株式会社 錢高組 東京本社内 (72)発明者 松田 義則 埼玉県戸田市笹目1−10−1 コスモフ ェスタ戸田 308号 審査官 池谷 香次郎 (56)参考文献 特開 平8−158394(JP,A) 特開 昭53−129408(JP,A) 特開 平8−269946(JP,A) (58)調査した分野(Int.Cl.7,DB名) E02D 5/18 - 5/20 Continued on the front page (72) Inventor Keiichi Sakamoto 31st Ichibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Tokyo Main Office (72) Inventor Tsuneo Sato 31st Ichibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Tokyo Main Office ( 72) Inventor Yoshinori Matsuda 1-10-1 Sasame, Toda City, Saitama Prefecture Cosmofesta Toda No. 308 Examiner Kojiro Ikeya (56) References JP-A-8-158394 (JP, A) JP-A-53-129408 (JP) , A) JP-A-8-269946 (JP, A) (58) Fields investigated (Int. Cl. 7 , DB name) E02D 5/18-5/20
Claims (3)
メント柱を順次形成して止水壁を築造し、この止水壁の
外側地盤側に砕石ドレーン等の井戸を設置する柱列式連
続地中壁における通水工法において、前記止水壁の井戸
設置部の内側には、前記ソイルセメントの固化前に、2
つのH鋼のフランジを接続して一体化させた特殊応力負
担材を挿入し、前記ソイルセメントが固化した前記止水
壁によって地下水を遮断した後、前記一体化させた2つ
のH鋼のフランジの外側の止水壁および外側地盤を掘削
して、前記止水壁の厚みの中に井戸を含めるようにして
設置し、前記止水壁内外を貫通して前記井戸に接続する
通水管を設けることにより、前記止水壁内外の地下水を
自由流通させることを特徴とする柱列式連続地中壁にお
ける通水工法。1. A drilled ground, are sequentially formed a soil cement pillar and construction of the water-stop wall is continuously in the ground, the water-stop wall
In water flow method in tubular elements type continuous underground wall to install a well, such as crushed stone drain outside the ground side, the well of the water stop wall
Before the solidification of the soil cement, 2
Special stress load integrated by connecting two H steel flanges
After inserting the supporting material and blocking the groundwater with the water blocking wall where the soil cement has solidified, the two
Of drilled outside the cut-off wall and the outer fabric panel of the flange of the H-steel, to include the wells in the thickness of the cut-off wall <br/> installed, through the cut-off wall and out the Rukoto provided the water pipe which connects to the well Te, water flow method in tubular elements type continuous underground wall, characterized in that to free circulation of groundwater of the waterproofing wall and out.
挿入し、前記ケーシング内部の掘削土砂を除去した後、
中心部にスクリーン管を設置し、前記スクリーン管の外
部に砕石を充填して前記ケーシングを引き抜くことによ
り、中心部に鉛直な空洞のある井戸を形成する請求項1
に記載の柱列式連続地中壁における通水工法。 2. The casing for excavating the well installation portion to form a casing.
After inserting and removing the excavated earth and sand inside the casing,
Install a screen tube in the center, outside the screen tube
Part is filled with crushed stone and the casing is pulled out.
And forming a well having a vertical cavity in the center.
4. A method of passing water through a column-type continuous underground wall according to <2>.
記通水管に連結する連結管を設置し、前記連結管により
前記地下工事区間の上流側と下流側の井戸を連結し、前
記止水壁で遮断された上流側および下流側の地下水を自
由流通させる請求項1に記載の柱列式連続地中壁におけ
る通水工法。3. established a connection pipe for connecting the water passage pipe underground construction section sandwiched between the previous Kitome waterwall, the wells of the upstream-side and downstream side of the underground construction section connected by the connecting tube, 2. The method of passing water in a column-type continuous underground wall according to claim 1, wherein groundwater on an upstream side and a downstream side blocked by the water stop wall is freely circulated. 3.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP08325353A JP3125035B2 (en) | 1996-12-05 | 1996-12-05 | Hydraulic construction method for column-type continuous underground wall |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP08325353A JP3125035B2 (en) | 1996-12-05 | 1996-12-05 | Hydraulic construction method for column-type continuous underground wall |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH10168872A JPH10168872A (en) | 1998-06-23 |
JP3125035B2 true JP3125035B2 (en) | 2001-01-15 |
Family
ID=18175875
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP08325353A Expired - Fee Related JP3125035B2 (en) | 1996-12-05 | 1996-12-05 | Hydraulic construction method for column-type continuous underground wall |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP3125035B2 (en) |
-
1996
- 1996-12-05 JP JP08325353A patent/JP3125035B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH10168872A (en) | 1998-06-23 |
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