JP2019055414A - 接合材 - Google Patents

接合材 Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2019055414A
JP2019055414A JP2017181702A JP2017181702A JP2019055414A JP 2019055414 A JP2019055414 A JP 2019055414A JP 2017181702 A JP2017181702 A JP 2017181702A JP 2017181702 A JP2017181702 A JP 2017181702A JP 2019055414 A JP2019055414 A JP 2019055414A
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JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
bonding material
metal particles
melting point
point metal
acid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP2017181702A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
真浩 坂田
Masahiro Sakata
真浩 坂田
真樹 山口
Maki Yamaguchi
真樹 山口
斉藤 晃一
Koichi Saito
晃一 斉藤
雅記 竹内
Masaki Takeuchi
雅記 竹内
史貴 上野
Fumitaka Ueno
史貴 上野
安 克彦
Katsuhiko Yasu
克彦 安
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Toyota Motor Corp
Resonac Corp
Original Assignee
Hitachi Chemical Co Ltd
Toyota Motor Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hitachi Chemical Co Ltd, Toyota Motor Corp filed Critical Hitachi Chemical Co Ltd
Priority to JP2017181702A priority Critical patent/JP2019055414A/ja
Priority to CN201811042895.XA priority patent/CN109530957A/zh
Priority to US16/127,464 priority patent/US20190084093A1/en
Publication of JP2019055414A publication Critical patent/JP2019055414A/ja
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0244Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/26Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 400 degrees C
    • B23K35/262Sn as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/28Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 950 degrees C
    • B23K35/286Al as the principal constituent
    • B23K35/288Al as the principal constituent with Sn or Zn
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3006Ag as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3013Au as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
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    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/302Cu as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B23K35/3601Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/36Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
    • B23K35/3612Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with organic compounds as principal constituents
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/36Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
    • B23K35/3612Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with organic compounds as principal constituents
    • B23K35/3613Polymers, e.g. resins
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/36Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
    • B23K35/362Selection of compositions of fluxes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L24/00Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
    • H01L24/01Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L24/10Bump connectors ; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L24/12Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors prior to the connecting process
    • H01L24/13Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual bump connector
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H01L24/00Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
    • H01L24/01Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L24/26Layer connectors, e.g. plate connectors, solder or adhesive layers; Manufacturing methods related thereto
    • H01L24/28Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors prior to the connecting process
    • H01L24/29Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual layer connector
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
    • H05K3/30Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor
    • H05K3/32Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits
    • H05K3/34Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by soldering
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
    • H05K3/30Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor
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    • H05K3/34Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by soldering
    • H05K3/341Surface mounted components
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    • H05K3/3436Leadless components having an array of bottom contacts, e.g. pad grid array or ball grid array components
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
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    • H05K3/3442Leadless components having edge contacts, e.g. leadless chip capacitors, chip carriers
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    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
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    • H05K3/30Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor
    • H05K3/32Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits
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    • H05K3/3489Composition of fluxes; Methods of application thereof; Other methods of activating the contact surfaces
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Abstract

【課題】本明細書が開示する技術は、ウィスカが発生し難い接合材を提供する。【解決手段】本明細書が開示する接合材は、高融点金属粒子と、低融点金属粒子と、熱硬化性を有するフラックス樹脂を含んでいる。高融点金属粒子と低融点金属粒子の総質量に対する高融点金属粒子の質量割合は、55〜75%である。さらには、高融点金属粒子の質量割合は、65〜75%の範囲が好ましい。高融点金属粒子は、Cu、Cu合金、Al、Ag、Auのいずれかであり、その粒径が5〜30μmであることが好ましい。低融点金属粒子は、Sn合金であり、その粒径が20〜40μmであることが好ましい。【選択図】なし

Description

本明細書が開示する技術は、接合材に関する。特に、ウィスカが発生し難い接合材に関する。
銅(Cu)などの高融点金属粒子と、スズ合金(Sn合金)などの低融点金属粒子を混合した接合材(はんだ材)が知られている(例えば特許文献1、2)。そのような接合材は、遷移的液相焼結法(Transient Liquid Phase Sintering; TLPS)に適している。上記の接合材は、半導体モジュールの基板への実装など、2回のリフロー工程が必要な実装工程の1次リフローに用いられる。
特開2002−254194号公報 特開2002−261105号公報
接合材を用いる場合、ウィスカの抑制が課題である。本明細書が開示する技術は、高融点金属粒子と低融点金属粒子の配合比を限定するとともに、熱硬化性を有するフラックス樹脂を配合することで、ウィスカを抑制することのできる接合材を提供する。
本明細書が開示する接合材は、高融点金属粒子と、低融点金属粒子と、熱硬化性を有するフラックス樹脂を含んでいる接合材である。「高融点金属」とは、「低融点金属」との比較で融点が高い金属を意味する。なお、高融点金属は、特に、Sn−Ag−Cu系の接合材の融点よりも高いことが望ましい。「低融点金属」とは、「高融点金属」との比較で融点が低い金属を意味する。高融点金属粒子と低融点金属粒子の総質量に対する高融点金属粒子の質量割合は、55〜75%である(したがって、低融点金属粒子の質量割合は45〜25%となる)。
上記の質量割合と、熱硬化性を有するフラックス樹脂の配合により、ウィスカの原因となるSn成分は全て高融点金属との合金化に使われ、リフロー後にSn成分は残存しなくなる。それゆえ、ウィスカの発生を抑制することができる。高融点金属粒子の質量割合が55%未満であると、焼結後に低融点金属が残存する。残存する低融点金属はウィスカの発生要因となる。他方、高融点金属粒子の質量割合が75%を超えると、接合材の全体に合金化が進行せず、接合強度不足を生じるおそれがある。なお、高融点金属粒子の質量割合は、65〜75%であることが好ましい。そのような範囲であると、ウィスカの抑制効果と、接合強度の点でバランスがよい。実施例において、ウィスカ抑制効果を確かめた試験の結果を示す。
本明細書が開示する技術の詳細とさらなる改良は以下の「発明を実施するための形態」にて説明する。
接合材のイメージ図である(焼結前)。 接合材のイメージ図である(焼結後)。 接合材を用いた部品実装工程を説明する図である。図3(A)は、ペースト状の接合材の印刷工程を説明する図である。図3(B)は、部品の載置工程を説明する図である。図3(C)は、リフロー工程を説明する図である。 接合材の評価試験の結果を示す表である(1)。 接合材の評価試験の結果を示す表である(2)。
本明細書が開示する接合材は、遷移的液相焼結法を利用した導電性接合材であり、260℃以下の温度でリフローすることで焼結が可能である。この接合材は、焼結後は、260℃では再溶融せず、また、ウィスカの発生を抑制できる。本明細書が開示する接合材によれば、従来よりも1次リフローの低温化が可能である。また、本明細書が開示する接合材は、ウィスカの発生を抑えることができる。即ち、焼結後に長時間放置しても導電性のひげが発生しない。それゆえ、焼結後の合金の表面に絶縁樹脂等のコーティング剤を塗布するなどの絶縁対策が不要となる。
本明細書が開示する接合材の技術要素を以下に記す。なお、以下の技術要素は、それぞれ独立した技術要素であって、単独であるいは各種の組合せによって技術的有用性を発揮するものであり、出願時請求項記載の組合せに限定されるものではない。
本明細書が開示する複合材のイメージを図1と図2に示す。図1は、焼結前の接合材10aのイメージ図であり、図2は、焼結後の接合材10bのイメージ図である。焼結前の接合材10aでは、高融点金属粒子12と、低融点金属粒子13aと、熱硬化性を有するフラックス樹脂14aを含んでいる。高融点金属粒子12は、例えば、粒径が5〜15μmのCu粒子である。低融点金属粒子13aは、例えば、粒径が20〜40μmのSn合金である。高融点金属粒子12と低融点金属粒子13aの総質量に対する高融点金属粒子12の質量割合は、例えば65%である。フラックス樹脂14aは、流動性を有しており、高融点金属粒子12と低融点金属粒子13aを包み込んでいる。フラックス樹脂14aが流動性を有しているので、焼結前の接合材10aは、ペースト状である。
焼結後の接合材(図2)では、低融点金属粒子は溶融し、高融点金属粒子の一部と合金化する。図2の符号13bが、合金を表している。固まった合金13bは、高融点金属の残留粒子の全体を覆っており、焼結後の接合材10bは焼結する。また、フラックス樹脂14bは熱硬化する。ウィスカの原因となる低融点金属(図1の低融点金属粒子13a)は、全て合金に使われるので、ウィスカが発生しない。
高融点金属粒子は、Sn−Ag−Cu系の接合材よりも融点が高い金属(金属合金)であればよい。高融点金属粒子は、Cu、Cu合金、Al、Ag、Auのいずれかであり、その粒径が5〜35μmであるとよい。高融点金属粒子は、特にCu粒子であることが望ましい。また、粒子径が5μm未満であると、粒子の凝集力が上昇し、接合材のペーストを製造する際、粘度が高くなりすぎるおそれが生じる。他方、粒径が30μmを超えると、接合材中の金属密度が低下するため、接合強度不足のおそれが生じる。なお、本明細書が開示する接合材は、高融点金属粒子として、Cu、Cu合金、Al、Ag、Auのいずれか1種類の金属のみを含むものであってもよいし、複数種類の金属を含むものであってもよい。高融点金属粒子の表面がSnまたはSn合金でめっきされていてもよい。
低融点金属粒子は、Sn合金であればよいが、Sn−Ag系、Sn−Ag−Cu系、Sn−In−Ag−Bi系、Sn−Zn系、Sn−Zn−Bi系、Sn−Bi系、Sn−In系などの中温系から低温系のはんだ材であることが望ましい。本明細書が開示する接合材は、低融点金属粒子として、1種類のSn合金のみを含むものであってもよいし、複数種類のSn合金を含むものであってもよい。
低融点金属粒子は、Sn合金であり、その粒径が20〜40μmであることが望ましい。粒径が20μm未満であると、高融点金属粒子への濡れ拡がり性が低下し、リフロー後に接合材の表面に現れる高融点金属を覆いきれない可能性が残る。その結果、接合不良のおそれが生じる。粒径が40μmを超えると、接合材を基板に印刷するときの精度が低下するおそれが生じる。
接合材に配合されるフラックス樹脂は、熱硬化性を有するエポキシ樹脂を含んでいるとよい。特に、フラックス樹脂は、エポキシ樹脂、活性剤、ロジン、チキソ剤、溶剤等を均一に混合したものを用いるのが好ましい。また、上記以外に、硬化促進剤、酸化防止剤、粉末表面処理剤、カップリング剤等を含んでいてもよく、これらはフラックス樹脂の樹脂組成に対して0.01−5.0質量%の範囲であることが好ましい。
エポキシ樹脂については、特に制限はないが、例えばビスフェノールA型、ビスフェノールF型、ビフェニル型、ナフタレン型等のものが使用可能である。エポキシ樹脂は、常温で液状のものが好ましい。固形のものを使用する場合は、液状のものと併用することが好ましい。
活性剤は、金属表面に存在する金属酸化物を除去する作用を有するものであれば制限はないが、有機酸、非解離性のハロゲン化化合物からなる非解離型活性剤、アミン系活性剤などが好ましい。有機酸としては、コハク酸、グルタル酸、アジピン酸、ピコリン酸、6−メチルピコリン酸、3−シクロプロピルピコリン酸、5−ブチルピコリン酸、6−シクロブチルピコリン酸、安息香酸、「1,2−アミノドデカン酸」、セバシン酸、ジフェニル酢酸、「3,5−ジブロモサリチル酸」、p−アニス酸などが挙げられる。
非解離性のハロゲン化化合物からなる非解離型活性剤としては、例えば、特開2015−160234号公報に記載されているような、ハロゲン原子が共有結合により結合した非塩系の有機化合物が挙げられる。このハロゲン化化合物としては、塩素化物、臭素化物、フッ化物のように塩素、臭素、フッ素の各単独元素の共有結合による化合物でもよいが、塩素、臭素およびフッ素の任意の2つまたは全部のそれぞれの共有結合を有する化合物でもよい。これらの化合物は、水性溶媒に対する溶解性を向上させるために、例えばハロゲン化アルコールやハロゲン化カルボキシルのように水酸基やカルボキシル基などの極性基を有することが好ましい。ハロゲン化アルコールとしては、例えば、2,3−ジブロモプロパノール/2,3−ジブロモブタンジオール/トランス−2,3−ジブロモ−2−ブテン−1,4−ジオール/1,4−ジブロモ−2−ブタノール/トリブロモネオペンチルアルコールなどの臭素化アルコール/1,3−ジクロロ−2−プロパノール/1,4−ジクロロ−2−ブタノールなどの塩素化アルコール/3−フルオロカテコールなどのフッ素化アルコール/その他これらに類する化合物が挙げられる。ハロゲン化カルボキシルとしては、2−ヨード安息香酸、3−ヨード安息香酸、2−ヨードプロピオン酸、5−ヨードサリチル酸、5−ヨードアントラニル酸などのヨウ化カルボキシル、2−クロロ安息香酸、3−クロロプロピオン酸などの塩化カルボキシル、2,3−ジブロモプロピオン酸、2,3−ジブロモコハク酸、2−ブロモ安息香酸などの臭素化カルボキシル、その他これらに類する化合物が挙げられる。これらの活性剤は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、あるいは、2種類以上の活性剤を混合して用いてもよい。
アミン系活性剤としては、例えば、特開2015−160234号公報に記載されているような、下記の活性剤が挙げられる。アミン系活性剤としては、アミン類(エチレンジアミンなどのポリアミンなど)、アミン塩類(トリメチロールアミン、シクロヘキシルアミン、ジエチルアミンなどのアミンやアミノアルコールなどの有機酸塩や無機酸塩(塩酸、硫酸、臭化水素酸など))、アミノ酸類(グリシン、アラニン、アスパラギン酸、グルタミン酸、バリンなど)、アミド系化合物などが挙げられる。具体的には、ジフェニルグアニジン臭化水素酸塩、シクロヘキシルアミン臭化水素酸塩、ジエチルアミン塩(塩酸塩、コハク酸塩、アジピン酸塩、セバシン酸塩など)、トリエタノールアミン、モノエタノールアミン、これらのアミンの臭化水素酸塩などが挙げられる。これらの活性剤も、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、あるいは、2種類以上の活性剤を混合して用いてもよい。
活性剤は、フラックス樹脂の組成に対して0.5〜10.0質量%の範囲で混合するのが好ましい。0.5%未満では低融点金属粒子の溶解後の濡れ性が低下し、焼結性が不足する傾向がある。また、10質量%を超えると、フラックス組成物の絶縁性が低下する傾向がある。
ロジンについては、カルボキシル基を有する松脂などの天然ロジン、重合ロジンであれば、特に制限はない。例えば、アビエチン酸、ネオアビエチン酸、パラストリン酸、ピマール酸、イソピマール酸、デヒドロアビエチン酸などの天然ロジンや、アクリル化ロジン、水添ロジン、マレイン化ロジン等の重合ロジンが好ましい。これらのロジンは1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を混合して用いてもよい。
溶剤については、比較的に高沸点で水溶性の溶剤を用いることが好ましい。例えば、特開2015−160234号公報に記載された、次の溶剤が挙げられる。そのような溶剤としては、沸点170℃以上の水溶性溶剤を用いることが好ましい。そのような溶剤としては、例えば、ジエチレングリコール、ジプロピレングリコール、トリエチレングリコール、ヘキシレングリコール、ヘキシルジグリコール、1,5−ペンタンジオール、メチルカルビトール、ブチルカルビトール、2−エチルヘキシルジグリコール(EHDG)、オクタンジオール、フェニルグリコール、ジエチレングリコールモノヘキシルエーテル、テトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテルが挙げられる。これらの溶剤は1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を混合して用いてもよい。
酸化防止剤については、フラックス中に含まれていてもよく、フェノール系酸化防止剤、硫黄系酸化防止剤などが挙げられる。フェノール系酸化防止剤としては、分子内に置換または無置換のフェノール基を有するフェノール系酸化防止剤であり、ヒンダードフェノール構造またはハーフヒンダードフェノール構造を有するものであってよい。硫黄系酸化防止剤としては、分子内に硫黄およびエステル結合を有するチオエステル系酸化防止剤などが挙げられる。これらの酸化防止剤は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を混合して用いてもよい。
導電性の接合材のペースト中の金属粒子とフラックス樹脂の割合は、金属の組成および粒径、フラックス樹脂の種類などに適合させて適切な範囲から選択可能であり、ペースト全体(接合材全体)の質量に対して、金属粒子が85〜95質量%が好ましく、88〜93質量%であることが特に好ましい。85質量%未満では、接合材の印刷形状不良や、加熱時のダレ等が発生する。また、95質量%を超えると、フラックス樹脂中に金属粒子が十分に混合しなくなる。
本明細書が開示する接合材を用いて、表面実装用の部品をプリント基板に接合することも好適である。プリント基板の材料としては、紙フェノール系、ガラスエポキシ系、ポリイミド系、ビスマレイミドトリアジン系、液晶ポリマー系、ポリテトラフルオロエチレンおよびポリエーテルエーテルケトン等の熱硬化樹脂系、セラミック系、金属系を使用したものを用いてもよい。表面実装用の部品は、チップ部品、半導体部品、小型実装部品のいずれでもよい。チップ部品の例は、コンデンサ、抵抗、ダイオードなどの電子部品である。半導体部品の例は、QFP(Quad Flat Package)、TSOP(Thin Small Outline Package)、SOP(Small Outline Package)、CSP(Chip Size Package)、BGA(Ball Grid Array)などがある。小型実装部品の例は、アルミ電解コンデンサ、トランジスタ、トリマ、リレー、トランスなどがある。
図3に、本明細書が開示する接合材を用いた部品実装工程の説明図を示す。図3(A)は、回路基板3にペースト状の接合材2の印刷工程を説明する図である。導電性のペースト状の接合材2は、メタルマスクなどを用いて回路基板3の上の銅配線4の上に印刷される。図3(B)は、部品の載置工程を説明する図である。チップ部品5は、電子部品実装機(チップマウンタ)等で、印刷された接合材2の上に実装される。図3(C)は、リフロー工程を説明する図である。図3(C)は、リフロー加熱後の基板を示している。チップ部品5を実装した回路基板3は、リフロー炉などで加熱することで、接合材2が合金化し、全体がペースト状から固化し、実装が完了する。なお、図3(C)では、接合材2が図3(B)の状態から変化し、合金化したことを模式的に表すために、接合材2にハッチングを施してある。
2回のリフローを行って半導体モジュール実装基板や部品内蔵基板などの部品実装を行う場合において、本明細書が開示する接合材を1次リフローに用いると、次の利点が得られる。
(1)従来よりも低温(≦260℃)で部品を実装可能である。
(2)2次リフロー(約260℃)の際に再溶融しない。
(3)環境への負荷が小さい(Pbフリーに対応)。
(4)接合部からウィスカが発生しない。ウィスカが発生しないので、接合後の接合箇所に絶縁樹脂などのコーティング剤を塗布する必要がなくなる。
以下、実施例を説明する。配合を変えて9種類の評価サンプルと3種類の比較例を作成し、(1)再溶融するか否か、(2)せん断強度、(3)ウィスカの発生の有無、を評価した。実施方法は以下の通りである。図4、図5に、実施例1−9と比較例1−3の組成と評価結果(特性)を示す。
<フラックス樹脂の調整>(手法は共有)
液状エポキシ樹脂(製品名「jER828」/「jER806」、ビスフェノールA型/F型エポシキ樹脂、三菱化学(株)製)、ロジン(デヒドロアビエチン酸)、活性剤(グルタル酸)、チキソ剤(1,2−ヒドロキシステアリン酸トリグリセリド)、溶剤(ブチルカルビトール)を良く混合し、フラックス樹脂を調整した。
<導電性ペースト(接合材)の調整>(手法は共通)
フラックス樹脂と市販の銅粉末(平均粒径10μm)とはんだ粉末(SAC305、平均粒径30μm)とをソフナーで混練し、導電性ペーストの接合材を調整した。SAC305は、合金の組成がSn−3.0Ag−0.5Cuのはんだ材である。
<評価サンプル(実施例と比較例)作成>
表面に銅箔ランドが形成されたガラスエポキシ基板の上に上記した接合材を、0.8mm×1.5mm×100μmのメタルマスクを用いてメタルスキージで印刷した。その後、Snめっきの1005チップを銅箔ランドの印刷膜上に20個搭置した。プリヒート180℃、ピーク温度250℃のリフロー条件でチップ部品を実装し、評価サンプルとした。
<260℃での再溶融評価>
作成した評価サンプルを260℃に設定したはんだ槽に1分間浮かべ、接合部が再溶融したか否かを目視で観察した。
<せん断強度評価>
作成した評価サンプルをシェアテスタ(「万能型ボンドテスター4000」、デイジ・ジャパン(株)製)を用いて、チップ接合部のせん断強度を測定した。
<ウィスカの発生評価>
作成した評価サンプルを85℃、85RHの高温高湿条件に200時間投入し、その後常温で24時間放置する。これを5回繰り返した後、顕微鏡でウィスカが発生しているか否かを観察した。上記条件の5回の繰り返しは、高温高湿放置1000時間に相当する。
実施例1−9と比較例1―3の組成の技術的意味は以下の通りである。
実施例1:標準組成(Cu粒子の含有比率:65Wt%)
実施例2:Cu粒子の質量比の下限(Cu粒子の含有比率:55Wt%)
実施例3:Cu粒子の質量比の上限(Cu粒子の含有比率:75Wt%)
実施例4:Cu粒子に代えてAg粒子を採用
実施例5:Cu粒子の表面にSnめっき有
実施例6:はんだ粉末SAC305と、Sn−Bi粒子の混合組成
実施例7:フラックスの組成比を変更
実施例8:エポキシ樹脂を2種類混合
実施例9:金属とフラックスの混合比を変更
比較例1:Cu粒子含有量過少(Cu粒子の含有比率:50Wt%)
比較例2:Cu粒子含有量過多(Cu粒子の含有比率:80Wt%)
比較例3:エポキシ樹脂無
評価結果も図4、図5に示してある。図4、図5の結果から、実施例1−9は、260℃での再溶融はなく、ウィスカの発生もなかった。実施例1−9では、せん断強度は14.6〜17.0[N]の良好な強度が得られた。これらの実施例に対して、Cu粒子の組成比が50質量%の比較例1は、Cu粒子の組成比が低いために、リフロー後にはんだ材SAC305(Sn)の残存によるウィスカの発生が見られた。
また、Cu粒子の組成比が80質量%の比較例2は、はんだ材SAC305が不足するため、せん断強度が大幅に低下した。さらに、Cu粒子が比較的に多く、また、フラックス組成中にエポキシ樹脂を含有していない比較例3は、フラックス樹脂が熱硬化しないため、せん断強度の低下がみられた。
高融点金属粒子(Cu粒子)と低融点金属粒子(はんだ材SAC305)の総質量に対する高融点金属粒子(Cu粒子)の質量割合は、55%(実施例2)〜75%(実施例3)で良好な結果が得られている。特に、高融点金属粒子(Cu粒子)の質量割合が65%(実施例1、4−9)〜75%(実施例3)で良好な結果が得られた。
実施例で説明した技術に関する留意点を述べる。上記の記載中に使用した金属記号の意味を以下に記す。Cu:銅、Sn:スズ、Al:アルミニウム、Au:金、Ag:銀、Bi:ビスマス、In:インジウム、Zn:亜鉛である。
以上、本発明の具体例を詳細に説明したが、これらは例示に過ぎず、特許請求の範囲を限定するものではない。特許請求の範囲に記載の技術には、以上に例示した具体例を様々に変形、変更したものが含まれる。本明細書または図面に説明した技術要素は、単独であるいは各種の組合せによって技術的有用性を発揮するものであり、出願時請求項記載の組合せに限定されるものではない。また、本明細書または図面に例示した技術は複数目的を同時に達成し得るものであり、そのうちの一つの目的を達成すること自体で技術的有用性を持つものである。

Claims (6)

  1. 高融点金属粒子と、低融点金属粒子と、熱硬化性を有するフラックス樹脂を含んでいる接合材であり、
    前記高融点金属粒子と前記低融点金属粒子の総質量に対する前記高融点金属粒子の質量割合が55〜75%である、接合材。
  2. 前記高融点金属粒子の前記質量割合が65〜75%である、請求項1に記載の接合材。
  3. 前記高融点金属粒子は、Cu、Cu合金、Al、Ag、Auのいずれかであり、その粒径が5〜30μmである、請求項1または2に記載の接合材。
  4. 前記低融点金属粒子は、Sn合金であり、その粒径が20〜40μmである、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の接合材。
  5. 前記高融点金属粒子の表面がSnまたはSn合金でめっきされている、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の接合材。
  6. 前記フラックス樹脂は、エポキシ樹脂を含んでいる、請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載の接合材。
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