HK1021612A1 - Liquid crystal display and its driving method and circuit - Google Patents
Liquid crystal display and its driving method and circuitInfo
- Publication number
- HK1021612A1 HK1021612A1 HK98115546A HK98115546A HK1021612A1 HK 1021612 A1 HK1021612 A1 HK 1021612A1 HK 98115546 A HK98115546 A HK 98115546A HK 98115546 A HK98115546 A HK 98115546A HK 1021612 A1 HK1021612 A1 HK 1021612A1
- Authority
- HK
- Hong Kong
- Prior art keywords
- circuit
- liquid crystal
- crystal display
- driving method
- driving
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
- G09G3/3611—Control of matrices with row and column drivers
- G09G3/3622—Control of matrices with row and column drivers using a passive matrix
- G09G3/3629—Control of matrices with row and column drivers using a passive matrix using liquid crystals having memory effects, e.g. ferroelectric liquid crystals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
- G09G3/3611—Control of matrices with row and column drivers
- G09G3/3674—Details of drivers for scan electrodes
- G09G3/3681—Details of drivers for scan electrodes suitable for passive matrices only
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
- G09G3/3611—Control of matrices with row and column drivers
- G09G3/3685—Details of drivers for data electrodes
- G09G3/3692—Details of drivers for data electrodes suitable for passive matrices only
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
- G09G3/3611—Control of matrices with row and column drivers
- G09G3/3696—Generation of voltages supplied to electrode drivers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
- G09G2300/0469—Details of the physics of pixel operation
- G09G2300/0478—Details of the physics of pixel operation related to liquid crystal pixels
- G09G2300/0482—Use of memory effects in nematic liquid crystals
- G09G2300/0486—Cholesteric liquid crystals, including chiral-nematic liquid crystals, with transitions between focal conic, planar, and homeotropic states
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
- G09G2310/06—Details of flat display driving waveforms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
- G09G2310/06—Details of flat display driving waveforms
- G09G2310/061—Details of flat display driving waveforms for resetting or blanking
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2330/00—Aspects of power supply; Aspects of display protection and defect management
- G09G2330/02—Details of power systems and of start or stop of display operation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
- G09G3/3611—Control of matrices with row and column drivers
- G09G3/3614—Control of polarity reversal in general
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal Display Device Control (AREA)
- Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP11813195 | 1995-05-17 | ||
PCT/JP1995/001835 WO1996036902A1 (fr) | 1995-05-17 | 1995-09-14 | Affichage a cristaux liquides, son procede d'excitation, circuit d'excitation et alimentation electrique employes a cet effet |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
HK1021612A1 true HK1021612A1 (en) | 2000-06-16 |
Family
ID=14728818
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
HK98115546A HK1021612A1 (en) | 1995-05-17 | 1998-12-24 | Liquid crystal display and its driving method and circuit |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6252571B1 (xx) |
EP (1) | EP0772067B1 (xx) |
JP (1) | JP3577719B2 (xx) |
KR (1) | KR100254647B1 (xx) |
CN (1) | CN1156815C (xx) |
DE (1) | DE69526505T2 (xx) |
HK (1) | HK1021612A1 (xx) |
TW (1) | TW316307B (xx) |
WO (1) | WO1996036902A1 (xx) |
Families Citing this family (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB9717597D0 (en) * | 1997-08-21 | 1997-10-22 | Sharp Kk | Liquid crystal device |
JP3659013B2 (ja) * | 1997-10-22 | 2005-06-15 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液晶装置及びその駆動方法並びにそれを用いた電子機器 |
US6414669B1 (en) | 1998-05-14 | 2002-07-02 | Minolta Co., Ltd. | Driving method and apparatus for liquid crystal display device |
JP3713954B2 (ja) * | 1998-05-14 | 2005-11-09 | コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 | 液晶表示素子の駆動方法 |
US6927765B1 (en) * | 1998-11-17 | 2005-08-09 | Minolta Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device and driving method thereof |
US6954195B2 (en) | 2000-03-01 | 2005-10-11 | Minolta Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device having a liquid crystal display driven by interlace scanning and/or sequential scanning |
EP1446791B1 (en) * | 2001-11-20 | 2015-09-09 | E Ink Corporation | Methods for driving electrophoretic displays |
EP1324308A1 (en) * | 2001-12-27 | 2003-07-02 | STMicroelectronics S.r.l. | Generation system for driving voltages of the rows and of the columns of a liquid crystal display |
FR2835644B1 (fr) * | 2002-02-06 | 2005-04-29 | Nemoptic | Procede et dispositif d'adressage d'un ecran cristal liquide bistable |
JP4169992B2 (ja) * | 2002-02-27 | 2008-10-22 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置及びその駆動方法 |
JP4015908B2 (ja) * | 2002-08-29 | 2007-11-28 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | 表示装置用駆動回路及び表示装置 |
JP4366914B2 (ja) * | 2002-09-25 | 2009-11-18 | 日本電気株式会社 | 表示装置用駆動回路及びそれを用いた表示装置 |
JP4543632B2 (ja) * | 2003-08-07 | 2010-09-15 | 日本電気株式会社 | 液晶表示装置及び液晶表示装置駆動方法 |
TW200521600A (en) * | 2003-09-29 | 2005-07-01 | Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv | A bi-stable display with accurate greyscale and natural image update |
US7545396B2 (en) * | 2005-06-16 | 2009-06-09 | Aurora Systems, Inc. | Asynchronous display driving scheme and display |
KR100661828B1 (ko) * | 2006-03-23 | 2006-12-27 | 주식회사 아나패스 | 직렬화된 멀티레벨 데이터 신호를 전달하기 위한디스플레이, 타이밍 제어부 및 데이터 구동부 |
WO2007108574A1 (en) * | 2006-03-23 | 2007-09-27 | Anapass Inc. | Display, timing controller and data driver for transmitting serialized multi-level data signal |
EP2104094A1 (fr) * | 2008-03-17 | 2009-09-23 | The Swatch Group Research and Development Ltd. | Dispositif d'affichage pouvant fonctionner en mode partiel d'affichage basse consommation |
US9024964B2 (en) | 2008-06-06 | 2015-05-05 | Omnivision Technologies, Inc. | System and method for dithering video data |
CN102208175B (zh) * | 2010-03-29 | 2016-01-20 | 精工电子有限公司 | 双稳定型液晶显示装置的驱动方法 |
CN110738973A (zh) * | 2019-09-09 | 2020-01-31 | 福建华佳彩有限公司 | 一种面板驱动方法 |
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IT946051B (it) | 1970-12-04 | 1973-05-21 | Hoffmann La Roche | Cellula ottica |
US3837730A (en) | 1973-11-28 | 1974-09-24 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Matrix-addressed liquid crystal display |
JPS5341199A (en) | 1976-08-31 | 1978-04-14 | Sharp Corp | Liquid crystal color display unit |
US4239345A (en) | 1979-04-16 | 1980-12-16 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Bistable liquid crystal twist cell |
US4333708A (en) | 1979-11-30 | 1982-06-08 | Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated | Mechanically multistable liquid crystal cell |
US4367924A (en) | 1980-01-08 | 1983-01-11 | Clark Noel A | Chiral smectic C or H liquid crystal electro-optical device |
US4505548A (en) | 1980-10-20 | 1985-03-19 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Bistable liquid crystal twist cell |
US4529271A (en) | 1982-03-12 | 1985-07-16 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Matrix addressed bistable liquid crystal display |
FR2532453A1 (fr) | 1982-08-25 | 1984-03-02 | Western Electric Co | Dispositif d'affichage a cristaux liquides bistable utilisant des tensions de preparation |
US4717243A (en) | 1982-08-25 | 1988-01-05 | American Telephone And Telegraph Company, At&T Bell Laboratories | Bistable liquid crystal display utilizing priming voltages |
US4601542A (en) | 1982-10-15 | 1986-07-22 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Nematic liquid crystal storage display device |
US4601544A (en) | 1982-10-15 | 1986-07-22 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Nematic liquid crystal storage display device |
US4601543A (en) | 1982-10-15 | 1986-07-22 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Nematic liquid crystal storage display device |
US4582396A (en) | 1983-05-09 | 1986-04-15 | Tektronix, Inc. | Field sequential color display system using optical retardation |
US4566758A (en) | 1983-05-09 | 1986-01-28 | Tektronix, Inc. | Rapid starting, high-speed liquid crystal variable optical retarder |
IN161652B (xx) | 1983-07-12 | 1988-01-09 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | |
US4664483A (en) | 1984-02-24 | 1987-05-12 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Liquid crystal display device with a hysteresis |
US4701026A (en) | 1984-06-11 | 1987-10-20 | Seiko Epson Kabushiki Kaisha | Method and circuits for driving a liquid crystal display device |
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US4850676A (en) | 1985-07-31 | 1989-07-25 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Method for driving a liquid crystal element |
US4770500A (en) | 1986-06-10 | 1988-09-13 | Kaiser Aerospace And Electronics Corporation | Method and apparatus for multi color display |
JP2623539B2 (ja) * | 1986-09-10 | 1997-06-25 | カシオ計算機株式会社 | 液晶駆動電圧発生回路 |
JPS6381328A (ja) * | 1986-09-26 | 1988-04-12 | Hitachi Ltd | 液晶表示装置駆動用電源回路 |
US5189535A (en) | 1986-12-11 | 1993-02-23 | Fujitsu Limited | Liquid crystal display element and method for driving same |
US4952032A (en) | 1987-03-31 | 1990-08-28 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Display device |
US5010328A (en) | 1987-07-21 | 1991-04-23 | Thorn Emi Plc | Display device |
NL8701831A (nl) | 1987-08-04 | 1989-03-01 | Philips Nv | Oscillator met frekwentiestabilisatiemiddelen. |
JPH078581B2 (ja) | 1987-09-14 | 1995-02-01 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 液晶光スイツチ駆動方法 |
JPH01216323A (ja) * | 1988-02-24 | 1989-08-30 | Seiko Epson Corp | 液晶表示装置 |
JP2770365B2 (ja) | 1989-01-17 | 1998-07-02 | 富士通株式会社 | 液晶表示素子 |
US5061044A (en) | 1989-05-23 | 1991-10-29 | Citizen Watch Co., Ltd. | Ferroelectric liquid crystal display having opposingly inclined alignment films wherein the liquid crystal has one twisted and two aligned states which coexist and a driving method to produce gray scale |
US5065695A (en) | 1989-06-16 | 1991-11-19 | Nordson Corporation | Apparatus for compensating for non-linear flow characteristics in dispensing a coating material |
JPH03125119A (ja) | 1989-10-09 | 1991-05-28 | Sharp Corp | 液晶素子の駆動方法 |
JPH03177817A (ja) | 1989-12-06 | 1991-08-01 | Toshiba Corp | アクティブマトリクス型液晶表示素子 |
US5168270A (en) * | 1990-05-16 | 1992-12-01 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Liquid crystal display device capable of selecting display definition modes, and driving method therefor |
JPH04113314A (ja) | 1990-09-03 | 1992-04-14 | Sharp Corp | 液晶表示装置 |
JP2659473B2 (ja) * | 1990-09-28 | 1997-09-30 | 富士通株式会社 | 表示パネル駆動回路 |
GB2249653B (en) | 1990-10-01 | 1994-09-07 | Marconi Gec Ltd | Ferroelectric liquid crystal devices |
JP2695981B2 (ja) * | 1990-10-05 | 1998-01-14 | 株式会社東芝 | 液晶表示器駆動電源回路 |
JP2794499B2 (ja) | 1991-03-26 | 1998-09-03 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 半導体装置の作製方法 |
JPH0535200A (ja) * | 1991-07-31 | 1993-02-12 | Hitachi Ltd | 表示装置とその駆動方法 |
JPH0537057A (ja) | 1991-07-31 | 1993-02-12 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | ガスレーザ装置 |
DE69220173T2 (de) | 1991-10-07 | 1997-09-18 | Fujitsu Ltd | Verfahren zum Steuern eines oberflächenstabilisierten ferroelektrischen Flüssigkristallanzeigeelements zur Erhöhung der Graupegelzahl |
KR950000754B1 (ko) * | 1992-04-30 | 1995-01-28 | 삼성전관 주식회사 | 강유전성 액정의 구동방법 및 바이어스 전압회로 |
SG63551A1 (en) | 1992-05-07 | 1999-03-30 | Seiko Epson Corp | Liquid crystal display device having two metastable states and its driving method |
JP3753440B2 (ja) | 1992-05-07 | 2006-03-08 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液晶表示装置及び液晶表示装置の駆動方法 |
US5251048A (en) * | 1992-05-18 | 1993-10-05 | Kent State University | Method and apparatus for electronic switching of a reflective color display |
JP3634390B2 (ja) | 1992-07-16 | 2005-03-30 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液晶電気光学素子 |
DE69430687T2 (de) | 1993-02-10 | 2002-11-21 | Seiko Epson Corp | Aktives matrix-substrat und dünnfilmtransistor und verfahren zur herstellung |
JP3489169B2 (ja) * | 1993-02-25 | 2004-01-19 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 液晶表示装置の駆動方法 |
JP3177817B2 (ja) | 1995-06-13 | 2001-06-18 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 車両用走行誘導装置 |
-
1995
- 1995-09-14 WO PCT/JP1995/001835 patent/WO1996036902A1/ja active IP Right Grant
- 1995-09-14 CN CNB951941712A patent/CN1156815C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-09-14 EP EP95931415A patent/EP0772067B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-09-14 US US08/765,894 patent/US6252571B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-09-14 KR KR1019970700243A patent/KR100254647B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 1995-09-14 DE DE69526505T patent/DE69526505T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-09-14 JP JP50938196A patent/JP3577719B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-10-06 TW TW084110537A patent/TW316307B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1998
- 1998-12-24 HK HK98115546A patent/HK1021612A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0772067A4 (en) | 1999-03-17 |
US6252571B1 (en) | 2001-06-26 |
JP3577719B2 (ja) | 2004-10-13 |
CN1152962A (zh) | 1997-06-25 |
DE69526505D1 (de) | 2002-05-29 |
EP0772067B1 (en) | 2002-04-24 |
WO1996036902A1 (fr) | 1996-11-21 |
KR100254647B1 (ko) | 2000-05-01 |
EP0772067A1 (en) | 1997-05-07 |
TW316307B (xx) | 1997-09-21 |
DE69526505T2 (de) | 2002-10-31 |
CN1156815C (zh) | 2004-07-07 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PF | Patent in force | ||
PC | Patent ceased (i.e. patent has lapsed due to the failure to pay the renewal fee) |
Effective date: 20120914 |