EP3726642B1 - Polarising screen with wideband polarising radiofrequency cell(s) - Google Patents
Polarising screen with wideband polarising radiofrequency cell(s) Download PDFInfo
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- EP3726642B1 EP3726642B1 EP20166973.6A EP20166973A EP3726642B1 EP 3726642 B1 EP3726642 B1 EP 3726642B1 EP 20166973 A EP20166973 A EP 20166973A EP 3726642 B1 EP3726642 B1 EP 3726642B1
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- polarising
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
- H01P1/165—Auxiliary devices for rotating the plane of polarisation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/24—Polarising devices; Polarisation filters
- H01Q15/242—Polarisation converters
- H01Q15/244—Polarisation converters converting a linear polarised wave into a circular polarised wave
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
- H01P1/165—Auxiliary devices for rotating the plane of polarisation
- H01P1/17—Auxiliary devices for rotating the plane of polarisation for producing a continuously rotating polarisation, e.g. circular polarisation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P3/00—Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type
- H01P3/12—Hollow waveguides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P3/00—Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type
- H01P3/12—Hollow waveguides
- H01P3/123—Hollow waveguides with a complex or stepped cross-section, e.g. ridged or grooved waveguides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/24—Polarising devices; Polarisation filters
- H01Q15/242—Polarisation converters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a radiofrequency polarizer screen with high radioelectric performance, produced from an arrangement of one or more polarizing cell (s), made of an electrically conductive material and frequency selective. and in polarization, which makes it possible to transform an incident RF radiofrequency signal, received in linear polarization, into an output RF radiofrequency signal in circular polarization.
- polarizing cell s
- the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a polarizer screen according to the invention.
- Each polarizing cell of the polarizing screen according to the invention is produced by a waveguide section, configured to receive as input the incident electric field E of the injected RF signal, which can be broken down into two electric field signals E V , E H the polarizations of which are linear and mutually orthogonal in a first direction, denoted V and called by convention “vertical”, and a second direction, orthogonal to the first direction, denoted H and called by convention “horizontal”.
- each polarizing cell consists in applying a phase shift of + 90 ° or -90 ° between the two components E V and E H of the input linear polarization signal E.
- the polarizer screen according to the invention is assumed to operate on a single RF frequency band, preferably over a wide bandwidth.
- the structure of the polarizer screen according to the invention can be entirely metallic, this structure is particularly suitable for new additive manufacturing processes.
- the polarizer screen according to the invention applies to any thin multi-beam antenna and more particularly to the field of space telecommunications, in particular to antennas intended to be mounted on board aircraft. Satellites, or antennas intended for use on the ground on fixed or mobile terminals.
- a polarizing screen according to the invention can be used for antennas which do not allow circularly polarized signals to be synthesized simply, such as for example the antenna described in the patent.
- FR 3038457 B1 forming a first document, said antenna radiating from a continuous and elongated opening, using a waveguide beam former with parallel plates, make it possible to form several beams over a wide angular sector.
- a first type of known polarizing screen with waveguide sections is a metallic polarizing screen of the OMT (Orthogonal Mode Transducer) polarization duplexer type, consisting of an array of iris or waveguide waveguides.
- OMT Orthogonal Mode Transducer
- septum and described for example in the article by M. Chen and G. Tsandoulas, titled “A wide-band square-wave guide array polarizer", published in IEEE TAP, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 389-391, May 1973 , and forming a first document.
- the OMT septum polarization duplexer described in this first document is a device frequently used in antennas for satellite telecommunications. It usually converts two linear polarized signals, injected into accesses with superimposed waveguides, into two signals with orthogonal circular polarizations thanks to a septum plate whose profile is optimized.
- a second type of polarizing screen with waveguide sections is a metallic dichroic polarizing screen, consisting of an array of waveguides with slit resonators.
- the parameters of the slits of each polarizing cell are adjusted so as to obtain a total transmission on the two components (E V , E H ) of the incident electrical signal E in linear polarization E, as well as a phase shift of between the two components E V and E H.
- DE 893 819 C discloses a polarizing screen with polarizing cells in the form of a waveguide section having two orthogonal pairs of side walls parallel to each other which are each open along their entire length by a continuous middle slit.
- JP H02 250 401 A discloses a polarizer screen with polarizing cells in the form of a circular waveguide section which includes rods.
- All first type or second type waveguide section polarizer screen structures are metallic and easier to fabricate.
- these structures have a narrow passband, and if we add resonators on the walls of the guided sections to widen the band, the polarizing cells obtained then have a significant thickness compared to the wavelength of the electromagnetic signal, which confers at the polarizer screen, a great and unwanted sensitivity with respect to the angle of incidence of the signal injected at the input.
- the technical problem is to increase the bandwidth of a polarizer screen whose polarizing cell (s) are waveguide sections, each having two pairs of side walls parallel to each other electrically conductive, without widening the thickness. of said side walls.
- the invention relates to a polarizing screen, comprising an arrangement of at least one polarizing cell (s), made of an electrically conductive material, selective in frequency and polarization. , to transform the linear polarization of the electric field E of an incident electromagnetic wave TEM, received at the input and decomposable into two electric field signals E V , E H whose vertical and horizontal polarizations are linear and orthogonal, into a circular polarization d 'an output electric field, and in which each polarizing cell has a waveguide section having two orthogonal pairs, vertical and horizontal, of side walls parallel to each other and extended longitudinally along a direction of propagation of a incident EMT electromagnetic wave.
- the polarizer screen is characterized in that the four side walls of each polarizing cell are each open over their entire length by a continuous median slot, parallel to the direction of propagation of the incident electromagnetic wave, so as to form four folded plates electrically conductive; and each polarizing cell includes electrically conductive rods which interconnect the side walls and the four folded plates to make them partially or totally integral and which form one or more successive elementary electrical discontinuities, which are arranged at the end or inside the guide section wave forming the polarizing cell and carry one or more capacitive (s), inductive (s), or one or more resonator (s) equivalent (L, C) to an inductor and a connected capacitor in parallel or in series; and the longitudinally open slits of the side walls and the elementary electrical discontinuities of each polarizing cell comprise geometric shapes and dimensions which achieve total transmission of the incident wave, associated with a phase anisotropy of + 90 ° or -90 ° depending on the components E V and E H.
- the subject of the invention is also a method of manufacturing a polarizing screen as defined above and the manufacturing method is characterized in that the polarizing screen is entirely metallic, and the manufacturing method uses a technique of 3d printing.
- a polarizing screen comprises an arrangement of at least one polarizing cell (s) made of an electrically conductive material, selective in frequency and in polarization, to transform the linear polarization of the electric field E of the incident electromagnetic wave TEM, received as an input and which can be broken down into two electric field signals E V , E H , the polarizations of which are linear and orthogonal, into an electromagnetic output wave of circular polarization.
- polarizing cell made of an electrically conductive material
- Each polarizing cell has a waveguide section having two orthogonal pairs of sidewalls parallel to each other and extended longitudinally along an incident electromagnetic wave propagation direction TEM.
- each polarizing cell is each open over their entire length by a continuous median slot, parallel to the direction of propagation of the incident electromagnetic wave, so as to form four folded plates electrically conductive.
- each polarizing cell includes electrically conductive rods which interconnect the side walls and the four folded plates to make them partially or entirely integral and which form one or more elementary electrical discontinuities, which are arranged at the ends or inside the waveguide section forming the polarizing cell and carry one or more capacitive (s), inductive (s), or equivalent resonator (s) (L, C) to an inductor and a capacitor connected in parallel or in series.
- electrically conductive rods which interconnect the side walls and the four folded plates to make them partially or entirely integral and which form one or more elementary electrical discontinuities, which are arranged at the ends or inside the waveguide section forming the polarizing cell and carry one or more capacitive (s), inductive (s), or equivalent resonator (s) (L, C) to an inductor and a capacitor connected in parallel or in series.
- the longitudinal open slits of the side walls and the elementary electrical discontinuities of each polarizing cell have geometric shapes and dimensions which are adjusted so as to achieve a total transmission of the incident electromagnetic wave, associated with a phase anisotropy of + 90 ° or -90 ° depending on the components E V and E H.
- the waveguide section 10 comprises two orthogonal pairs of side walls 24, 25, 26, 27 parallel to each other and extended longitudinally along a direction 32 of propagation of an incident electromagnetic wave TEM (not shown).
- the four side walls 24, 25, 26, 27 of the polarizing cell are each open over their entire length by a median continuous slot 34, 35, 36, 37, parallel to the direction 32 of propagation of the incident electromagnetic wave, so as to form four folded plates 42, 44, 46, 48 electrically conductive.
- the waveguide section 10 with folded parallel plates of the polarizing cell 12 can be represented for a given direction of polarization, parallel to a direction of a pair of corresponding side walls, by a transmission line 52 whose impedance characteristic, denoted Z1, depends on the dimensions of the guided section 10, in particular on the distance between the walls parallel to the considered polarization of the wave, as well as on the opening w of the two longitudinal slits of the side walls of guidance.
- the transmission line 52 of characteristic impedance Z1 is interposed between input transmission lines 54 and output 56, of characteristic impedance Z0 corresponding to the propagation in a vacuum.
- the direction of polarization of the electromagnetic wave considered is the vertical direction V on the Figure 1A , corresponding to the component E v of the electric field E of the electromagnetic wave in TEM mode (in English “Transversal Electro-Magnetic”) and represented by the vertical arrow 56.
- the variation of the characteristic impedance is deduced from a characterization of this waveguide structure.
- the identification of this simplified model with “full wave” simulations makes it possible to identify the characteristic impedance Z1 as a function of w.
- the design of a polarizing cell of a polarizing screen involves the identification of the equivalent circuits associated with the folded-plate waveguide section and with the electrically conductive interconnections between plates or side walls forming one or more successive electrical discontinuities.
- a polarizing cell 112 of a polarizing screen 102 is illustrated with a first vertical polarization E V of the incident electric field E, represented on the figure.
- Figure 2A by a first vertical arrow 106
- a second horizontal polarization E H of the incident electric field E shown on the Figure 2C by a second horizontal arrow 108, it being assumed that the polarizing cell 112 of the Figure 2A has rotated clockwise by an angle of + 90 ° around the axis 32 of propagation of the TEM wave in the Figure 2A .
- the polarizing cell 112 has a waveguide section 120 whose four side walls 124, 125, 126, 127 are each open longitudinally over the entire length of the guided section 120 by a continuous median slot 134, 135, 136, 137 and a single electrical discontinuity 142, having a vertical component 142 V and a horizontal component 142 H , and produced by an H-shaped interconnection 152 of electrically conductive rods.
- the H-shaped interconnection 152 realizing the single elementary H-shaped electrical discontinuity 142, arranged inside the waveguide section 120 and substantially in the middle of the length of the polarizing cell 112, is made up of two first vertical rods 154, 156 of the same length and a second horizontal rod 158 connecting substantially in their middle said two vertical rods 154, 156, the first two vertical rods 154, 156 connecting the horizontal pair of parallel side walls, lower 124 and upper 125, so as to produce a first resonator circuit L V , C V parallel 142 V for the first vertical polarization, and a second resonator circuit L H , C H parallel 142 H for the second horizontal polarization, orthogonal to the first vertical polarization .
- the electrical representation of the polarizing cell 112 for the first vertical polarization is a first transmission line 158 of characteristic impedance Z1 V
- the electrical representation of the polarizing cell 112 for the horizontal polarization is a second transmission line 160 of characteristic impedance Z1 H
- the first and second transmission lines 158, 160 each being interrupted by the electrical discontinuity 142 along the vertical component 142 V and the horizontal component 142 H.
- the first and second transmission lines 158, 160, with respective characteristic impedance Z1 V , Z1 H , are each interposed between input transmission lines 164 and output 166, characteristic impedance Z0 corresponding to the propagation in the empty.
- a polarizing cell 172 of a polarizing screen 162 comprises a waveguide section 180 of which the four side walls 184, 185, 186, 187 are each open longitudinally over the entire length. length of the section guided 180 by a central continuous slot 194, 195, 196, 197 and a single electrical discontinuity 202, produced by an X-shaped interconnection 204 of rods, electrically conductive and interconnecting the side walls.
- the X-shaped interconnection 204 realizing the elementary electrical discontinuity 202, disposed inside the waveguide section 180 substantially in the middle of the length of the polarizing cell 172 and symmetrically with respect to a longitudinal median plane 212 traversing the waveguide section 180, consists of two rods 214, 216 of the same length, inclined relative to a vertical direction in the opposite direction, which substantially intersect in their respective middle 224, 226 while being slightly distant at the level of their middle, and which connect the horizontal pair of parallel side walls, lower 184 and upper 185, whose respective normal is vertical, so as to achieve a first resonator circuit L V , C V parallel for a first vertical polarization, and a second parallel resonator circuit L H , C H for a second horizontal polarization, orthogonal to the first vertical polarization.
- the two inclined rods of the X-shaped interconnection substantially cross each other in their respective middle while being connected at their midpoints.
- a polarizing cell 262 of a polarizing screen 252 is illustrated with a first vertical polarization of the incident electric field, represented by a first vertical arrow 256 on the Figure 4A , and a second horizontal polarization of the incident electric field, represented by a second horizontal arrow 258.
- the polarizing cell 262 has a waveguide section 270 whose four side walls 274, 275, 276, 277 are each open longitudinally over the entire length of the guided section 270 by a continuous middle slot 284, 285, 286, 287 and two elementary electrical discontinuities 292, 294 each formed by an interconnection 289, 290 of two parallel poles, 295, 296; 297, 298, not interconnected and electrically conductive.
- the two interconnections 289, 290 respectively forming the elementary electrical discontinuities, first 292 and second 294, arranged inside the waveguide section 270 and set back from the respective inlet and outlet ends of said waveguide section.
- waveguide 270 connect the pair of parallel side walls, lower 274 and upper 275, so as to each achieve an inductive load L V 299, 300 for a first vertical polarization, parallel to the direction of the vertical rods 295, 296, 297, 298, and a capacitive load C H 301, 302 for a second horizontal polarization, orthogonal to the first vertical polarization.
- the two continuous horizontal median slots 284, 285 of the pair of horizontal side walls, lower 274 and upper 275, of the waveguide section 270 are notched at the entry and exit of the section. of the waveguide 270.
- the two horizontal slots 284, 286 each pass through two horizontal guide sections and end at the inlet 303 and outlet 304 of the guided section with a first horizontal width W1 H , and passes through an intermediate guide section horizontal 306 with a second horizontal width W2 H , less than the first horizontal width W1 H.
- the first electrical discontinuity 292 delimits the horizontal guide section located at the inlet 303 of the guided section in two line portions of transmission of second horizontal polarization having the same first horizontal characteristic impedance Z1 H and of respective lengths d1 and d2 going towards the output of the guided section which has a length denoted d.
- the second electrical discontinuity 294 delimits the horizontal guide section located at the outlet 304 in two transmission line portions of second horizontal polarization having the same first horizontal characteristic impedance Z1 H and of respective lengths d2 and d1 going towards the outlet of the section. guided which has a noted length d.
- the length of the intermediate guide section 306 is denoted d3 and defines a portion of the transmission line of second horizontal polarization having a second horizontal characteristic impedance Z2 H.
- the two vertical mid-continuous slits of the pair of vertical side walls, left and right, of the waveguide section are devoid of indentations.
- the two vertical slots each pass through the same vertical guide section over the entire length with the same vertical width W1 V and a characteristic vertical impedance Z1 V.
- the electrical representation of the polarizing cell 262 for the first vertical polarization is a first transmission line 309 interrupted by the first inductive load L V 299 corresponding to the first electrical discontinuity 292 and the first vertical polarization, and the second inductive load 300 of same value L V , corresponding to the second electrical discontinuity 294, the first and second inductive loads L V 299, 300 being respectively connected at the input and at the output of the characteristic impedance line portion Z1 V of length d1.
- the electrical representation of the polarizing cell 262 for the second horizontal polarization is a second transmission line 310 in which the first capacitive load C H 303, corresponding to the first electrical discontinuity 292 and the second horizontal polarization, is connected to the input of the portion of the characteristic impedance line Z1 H , located downstream of the first discontinuity 292 and of length d2 and the second capacitive load of the same value C H , corresponding to the second electrical discontinuity and the second horizontal polarization is connected at the output of the portion of characteristic impedance line Z1 H , located upstream of the second discontinuity and of length d2.
- an interconnection consisting of two vertical metal wires produces an inductive load for the polarization parallel to the wires, and a capacitive load for the polarization orthogonal to the wires.
- the first and second transmission lines 309, 310 are each interposed between input transmission lines 311 1 and output 311 2 , of characteristic impedance Z0 corresponding to the propagation in a vacuum.
- a polarizing cell 322 of a polarizing screen 312 according to the invention is illustrated with a first vertical polarization of the incident electric field, represented by a first vertical arrow 316 on the Figure 5A , and a second horizontal polarization of the incident electric field, represented by a second horizontal arrow 318.
- the polarizing cell 322 has a waveguide section 320 whose four side walls 324, 325, 326, 327 are each open longitudinally over the entire length of the guided section 320 by a continuous middle slot 334, 335, 336, 337 and two elementary electrical discontinuities 342, 344 successive, each constituted by an interconnection 346, 348 in the form of an H and electrically conductive.
- the two interconnections 346, 348 forming the two elementary electrical discontinuities 342, 344 and arranged inside the waveguide section 320 and set back from the respective inlet and outlet ends of said waveguide section wave 320, each consist of two first vertical rods 352 1 , 352 2 ; 354 1 , 354 2 of the same length and of a second horizontal rod 356, 358 connecting substantially in their middle said two first vertical rods 352 1 , 352 2 ; 354 1 , 354 2 the first two vertical rods 352 1 , 352 2 ; 354 1 , 354 2 connecting the two vertical parallel side walls, lower 324 and upper 325, so as to each produce a first resonator circuit L1 V , C1 V parallel for the first vertical polarization, parallel to the direction of the first interconnection rods , and a second resonator circuit L2 H , C2 H parallel for a second horizontal polarization, orthogonal to the first vertical polarization.
- the four continuous median slots 334, 335, 336, 337 of the four side walls 324, 325, 326, 327 of the section of the waveguide 320 are here notched at the entry and exit of the section. waveguide.
- the two horizontal slots 334, 335 each pass through two horizontal guide sections and end at the inlet and outlet of the guided section with a first horizontal width W1 H , and through an intermediate horizontal guide section with a second horizontal width W2 H , less than the first horizontal width W1 H.
- the two entry and exit end sections and horizontal guide each have the same length d1 and each define a portion, first and fifth, of transmission line for the second horizontal polarization having a first horizontal characteristic impedance Z1 H.
- the first electrical discontinuity 342 and the second electrical discontinuity 344 share the intermediate horizontal guide section into three portions, second, third and fourth, of transmission line for the second horizontal polarization, each having the same second horizontal characteristic impedance Z2 H and respective lengths d2, d3 and d2.
- the first electrical discontinuity, connected between the second portion and the third portion of the transmission line of the second horizontal polarization, and the second electrical discontinuity, connected between the third and fourth portion of the transmission line of the second horizontal polarization, are separated by the distance d3.
- the two vertical slots 336, 337 each pass through two horizontal guide sections and end at the inlet and outlet of the guided section with a first vertical width W1 V , and pass through an intermediate vertical guide section with a second vertical width W2 V , less than the first vertical width W1 V.
- the two entry and exit and vertical guide end sections each have the same length d1 and each define a portion, first and fifth, of the transmission line for the first vertical polarization having a first vertical characteristic impedance Z1 H.
- the first electrical discontinuity 342 and the second electrical discontinuity 344 share the intermediate vertical guide section into three portions, second, third and fourth, of transmission line for the first vertical polarization, each having the same second horizontal characteristic impedance Z2 H and respective lengths d2, d3 and d2.
- the first electrical discontinuity, connected between the second portion and the third portion of the transmission line of the first horizontal polarization, and the second electrical discontinuity, connected between the third and fourth portion of the transmission line of the first vertical polarization, are separated by the distance d3.
- the electrical representation of the polarizing cell 322 for the first vertical polarization is a first transmission line 362 in which a first parallel first resonator L1 V , C1 V parallel corresponding to the first electrical discontinuity and the first vertical polarization, and a second first parallel resonator L1 V , parallel C1 V corresponding to the second electrical discontinuity and the first vertical polarization, are respectively connected at the input of the third portion and at the output of the third portion of the line portion of the intermediate section of second vertical characteristic impedance Z2 V .
- the electrical representation of the polarizing cell 322 for the second horizontal polarization is a second transmission line 363 in which a first second parallel resonator L2 H , C2 H parallel corresponding to the first electrical discontinuity and the second horizontal polarization and a second second resonator parallel L2 H , parallel C1 H , corresponding to the second electrical discontinuity and the second horizontal polarization, are respectively connected at the input of the third portion and at the output of the third portion of the line portion of the intermediate section having as characteristic impedance the second horizontal characteristic impedance Z2 H.
- the positions of the notches along the horizontal slits and of the vertical slits can differ from one another and / or the positions of the elementary electrical discontinuities with respect to the notches can vary.
- a polarizing cell 372 of a polarizing screen 364 according to the invention is illustrated with a first vertical polarization of the incident electric field, represented by a first vertical arrow 366 on the line.
- Figure 6 and a second horizontal polarization of the incident electric field, represented by a second horizontal arrow 368.
- the polarizing cell 372 has a waveguide section 370 whose four side walls 374, 375, 376, 377 are each open longitudinally over the entire length of the guided section 370 by a continuous middle slot 384, 385, 386, 387 , and two elementary electrical discontinuities 392, 394 each consisting of an interconnection 388, 390, X-shaped rods, electrically conductive and interconnecting the side walls.
- the two interconnections 388, 390 respectively forming the two elementary electrical discontinuities, first 392 and second 394, arranged inside the waveguide section 370 forming the polarizing cell 372 and set back from the respective input ends and output from said waveguide section 370, and symmetrically with respect to a vertical mid-plane longitudinally crossing the waveguide section, each consist of two rods 392 1 , 392 2 ; 394 1 , 394 2 of the same length, inclined with respect to the vertical direction in the opposite direction, which intersect substantially in their respective middle while being connected and which interconnect the horizontal parallel side walls, lower 374 and upper 375, so as to achieve each a first resonator circuit L1 V , C1 V parallel for the first vertical polarization, and a second resonator circuit L2 H , C2 H parallel for the second horizontal polarization, orthogonal to the first vertical polarization.
- the two horizontal median continuous slots 384, 385 of the pair of horizontal side walls, lower 374 and upper 375 are notched at the entry and exit of the waveguide section 370.
- the two horizontal slots 384, 385 each pass through two horizontal guide sections and end at the inlet and outlet of the guided section 370 with a first horizontal width W1 H , and crosses an intermediate horizontal guide section with a second horizontal width W2 H , less than the first horizontal width W1 H .
- a polarizing cell 412 of a polarizing screen 402 is illustrated with a first vertical polarization of the incident electric field, represented by a first vertical arrow 406 on the Figure 7A , and a second horizontal polarization of the incident electric field, represented by a second horizontal arrow 408.
- the polarizing cell 412 has a waveguide section 410 whose four side walls 414, 415, 416, 417 are each open longitudinally over the entire length of the guided section 410 by a continuous middle slot 424, 425, 426, 427 , two elementary electrical discontinuities, first 432 and second 434, of input and output ends, each formed by an H-shaped interconnection 442, 444 of a first type, and an intermediate electrical discontinuity 436, third, arranged between the first and second elementary end discontinuities 432, 434, and formed by an H-shaped interconnection 446 of a second type.
- the second, third, H-shaped interconnection 446 forming the third elementary discontinuity 436, disposed within the waveguide section 410 and substantially in the middle of the length of the polarizing cell 412, between the first and second elementary electrical discontinuities 432, 434, consists of two horizontal rods 456 1 , 456 2 of the same length and of a vertical rod 456 3 substantially connecting in their middle said two horizontal rods 456 1 , 456 2 , the first two rods horizontal 456 1 , 456 2 connecting the vertical parallel side walls, left 416 and right 417, the normal of which is horizontal, so as to produce a second vertical resonator circuit L2 V , C2 V parallel of the second type for the first vertical polarization, and a second parallel horizontal resonator circuit L2 H , C2 H of the second type for the second horizontal polarization.
- the central continuous slots 424, 425, 426, 427 of the four side walls 414, 415, 416, 417 of the waveguide section are devoid of notches at the entrance and exit of the guide section. wave 410.
- the two vertical slots 426, 427 each pass, from the inlet to the outlet, through four vertical guide sections of the guided section with the same vertical width W1 V. which successively define a portion, first, second, third, fourth, of the transmission line for the first vertical polarization V having the same vertical characteristic impedance Z1 V.
- the first portion of the vertical impedance line lying between the entry of the guided section and the first vertical elementary electrical discontinuity of the first type, the second portion of the vertical impedance line lying between the first electrical discontinuity vertical elementary first type and the third vertical elementary electrical discontinuity of the second type, the third portion of the vertical impedance line between the third vertical elementary electrical discontinuity of the second type and the second electrical discontinuity vertical elementary first type, and the fourth vertical impedance line portion between the second vertical elementary electrical discontinuity of the first type and the guide section output respectively have first, second, third, fourth length d1, d2, d2, d1 verifying equality: 2 * (d1 + d2) d, d denoting the length of the guided section.
- the two horizontal slots 424, 425 each pass, from the inlet to the outlet, through four horizontal guide sections of the guided section with the same horizontal width W1 H. which successively define a portion, first, second, third, fourth, of the transmission line for the second horizontal polarization H having the same horizontal characteristic impedance Z1 H.
- the first horizontal impedance line portion between the entry of the guided section and the first horizontal elementary electrical discontinuity of the first type, the second horizontal impedance line portion between the first electrical discontinuity horizontal elementary first type and the third horizontal elementary electrical discontinuity of the second type, the third portion of the horizontal impedance line between the third horizontal elementary electrical discontinuity of the second type and the second horizontal elementary electrical discontinuity of the first type, and the fourth portion of horizontal impedance line between the second horizontal elementary electrical discontinuity of the first type and the guide section output respectively have first, second, third, fourth lengths d1, d2, d2, d1 verifying equality: 2 * ( d1 + d2) d, d denoting the lon guise of the guided section.
- the electrical representation of the polarizing cell 412 for the first vertical polarization is a first transmission line 462 in which a first parallel resonator L1 V , C1 V parallel corresponding to the first electrical discontinuity of the first type and the first vertical polarization, a second first parallel resonator L1 V , C1 V parallel corresponding to the second electrical discontinuity of the first type and the first vertical polarization, and a single second resonator L2 V , C2 V parallel corresponding to the third electrical discontinuity of the second type and the first vertical polarization are respectively connected at the input of the second portion, at the output of the third portion and at the input of the third portion of the first transmission line 452.
- the electrical representation of the polarizing cell 412 for the second horizontal polarization is a second transmission line 464 in which a first parallel first resonator L1 H , C1 H parallel corresponding to the first electrical discontinuity of the first type and the second horizontal polarization, a second first resonator L1 H , C1 H parallel corresponding to the second electrical discontinuity of the first type and the second vertical polarization, and a single second resonator L2 H , C2 H parallel corresponding to the third electrical discontinuity of the second type and the second horizontal polarization are respectively connected at the input of the second portion, at the output of the third portion and at the input of the third portion of the second transmission line 454.
- the polarizing cell includes an elementary electrical discontinuity or a succession of elementary electrical discontinuities forming capacitive or inductive loads, or L, C, parallel or series circuits which make it possible to model the polarizing cell as a band-pass circuit for each of the vertical and horizontal polarizations.
- the waveguide sections and the interconnection rods forming each polarizing cell are electrically conductive.
- the waveguide sections and the interconnection rods forming each polarizing cell consist of a single homogeneous electrically conductive material.
- the waveguide sections and the interconnection rods forming each polarizing cell consist of a single homogeneous electrically conductive material.
- the only homogeneous electrically conductive material is a metal, or the second electrically conductive material is a metal.
- the polarizing screen When the structure of the polarizing cell (s) of the polarizing screen is entirely metallic, the polarizing screen exhibits low transmission losses regardless of the transmission or reception mode of the application used, and is compatible with high power applications.
- An entirely metallic structure of the polarizing cells makes it possible to produce the polarizing screen according to the invention by additive manufacturing using a 3-D printing process.
- the polarizing cells of the polarizing screen according to the invention have a very wide passband and lateral guiding walls that are thin with respect to the transmission wavelength.
- the use of guided sections based on folded parallel plates makes it possible not to introduce frequency dispersion in the waveguide sections and to obtain very wide band responses.
- the small thickness of the side walls of the guided sections typically less than the transmission wavelength, gives the polarizing screen stability in terms of incidence of the injected electromagnetic wave.
- a polarizer screen 502 is a continuous and periodic two-dimensional arrangement of polarizing cells 512, fitted on a planar surface and having a structure identical to that of the polarizing cell of the Figure 7A .
- the polarizing cells 512 are here formed by guided metal sections 510 open at the sides by longitudinal openings. Thanks to the longitudinal openings, the guides can propagate a TEM mode, which is not subject to a cutoff frequency.
- the guided sections 510 are loaded in several places by metal patterns of various shapes, joining the walls of the guides, here three H-shaped metallic patterns. These patterns make it possible to join the different parts of the structure of each polarizing cell and achieve generally inductive or capacitive type electrical charges, or parallel or (L, C) series resonators (L, C).
- the metallic patterns having the shape of H and connecting the four folds of each guided section, produce resonators (L, C) parallel according to the two polarizations whose values L and C for each polarization are determined. by the geometry of said patterns.
- the width of the guided section and the width of the longitudinal openings, here four slots of the same width will determine the characteristic impedance of the guided section.
- the periodic arrangement of the guided sections can be small with respect to the wavelength (typically ⁇ / 3).
- Very wide passbands can be obtained, for example making it possible to cover the Rx and Tx subbands of the Ka band.
- the frequency response of the screen according to each polarization is mainly determined by the capacitive and inductive loads carried out by the metal connections, and the characteristic impedances determined by the characteristics of the frame, acting as a waveguide with parallel plates.
- the curves 552, 554, 556, 558 of the evolution of the parameters S (transmission gain S 21 and return loss S 11 ) as a function of the frequency show the adaptation for a wide frequency band Ka for the two electrical components E V and E H of the incident electromagnetic wave, corresponding respectively to the first vertical polarization and to the second horizontal polarization.
- Curve 662 describes the change in the transmission coefficient for the vertical component E V of the incident electromagnetic wave, ie the first vertical polarization as a function of frequency.
- Curve 664 describes the change in the transmission coefficient for the horizontal component E H of the incident electromagnetic wave, ie the second polarization as a function of frequency.
- a 90 ° anisotropy between the two curves 662 and 664 is visible on the 660 frequency band between 20 GHz and 28 GHz.
- a planar two-dimensional polarizer screen 702 according to the invention is inputted to a waveguide section 706 for injecting an incident electromagnetic wave polarized linearly.
- the polarizer screen 702 is here a continuous and periodic two-dimensional planar arrangement of polarizing cells 712 each having the same structure as that described in Figure 4A .
- the waveguide section 706 for injecting a linearly polarized incident electromagnetic wave here comprises a flare 714, configured to modify the impedance of the parallel plate guide 716 which precedes it upstream by matching it to the impedance. input of the polarizer screen.
- the electrical diagrams of the polarizer screen 702 for the two orthogonal polarizations are similar to those of the Figures 4A and 4B in which the characteristic input impedance Z0 of the screen corresponding to a propagation in a vacuum has been replaced by an impedance Zpp corresponding to the characteristic output impedance of the flaring.
- the polarizer screen 702 further comprises a lateral support structure 720 which laterally envelops the polarizing cells 712 arranged between them, and on which are fixed the ends of rods 724 making the polarizing cells partially integral with each other.
- the polarizing cells 712 are made integral with each other in their entirety by the joint action, on the one hand of the rods 720 passing through the walls of guide sections of polarizing cells 712 in the same lateral direction, here the vertical direction of each cell polarizing, parallel to the first direction of vertical polarization which corresponds to the direction of the incident E V field inclined by 45 ° with respect to the vertical direction of the Figure 10B , and on the other hand the support structure 720 which fixes the position of the connecting rods 724.
- the polarizer screen 702 is attached to the input waveguide section 706 by two sets of polarizing cell waveguide section wall input end fasteners 712, configured to be rigidly connected to walls. sides of the waveguide 706.
- the input waveguide is replaced by an injection horn output of the incident electromagnetic wave.
- a plane polarizer screen 802 is, like the two-dimensional plane polarizer screen 702 of the Figures 10A-10B , a planar, continuous and periodic two-dimensional arrangement of polarizing cells 812 each having the same structure as that described in Figure 4A .
- the polarizer screen 802 is devoid of a lateral support structure but comprises two plates 806 1 , 806 2 for guiding and injecting the input signal connected at the input to the assembly of the waveguide sections forming the arrangement of polarizing cells. These parallel plates may include a flare.
- the polarizing cells are made integral with each other in their entirety by the joint action, on the one hand of the rods 820 passing through the walls of guide sections of polarizing cells aligned in the same lateral direction, here the vertical direction of each polarizing cell , parallel to the first direction of vertical polarization which corresponds to the direction of the incident field E inclined by 45 ° with respect to the vertical direction of FIG. 11B, and on the other hand the two plates 806 1 , 806 2 for guiding and d Injection of the input RF signal which fixes the positions of the folded plate cluster connection rods through end links of at least one folded plate by folded plate groups of the waveguide sections.
- the polarizing cell arrangement is attached at the input end to the two guiding and injecting plates of the input RF signal by two sets of input end fasteners of folded plates of walls of waveguide sections polarizing cells, configured to be rigidly connected to the two guiding and injection plates of the linearly polarized input RF signal.
- a plane two-dimensional polarizer screen 902 of identical structure to that of the Figures 10A-10B is integrated in a multibeam antenna 904, formed by an array 906 of linearly polarized TEM wave RF sources 908 and a beamformator 910 as described in the patent FR 3038457 B1 .
- the beamformer 910 is a waveguide having parallel plates allowing several beams to be formed over a wide angular sector.
- the RF sources 908 which feed the beam former 910 are here of the horn type, four of them being shown here.
- the multibeam antenna 904 is configured to radiate from a continuous aperture, formed by a waveguide section 912 for injecting a linearly polarized incident electromagnetic wave similar to that described in Figures 10A-10B .
- the polarizer screen 902 is a planar, continuous and periodic two-dimensional arrangement of polarizing cells 932 each having the same structure as that described in Figure 4A .
- the polarizer screen 902 further comprises a lateral support structure 936 which laterally envelops the polarizing cells 932 arranged between them, and on which are fixed the ends of rods making the polarizing cells partially integral with each other.
- the polarizer screen 902 is connected to the output of the waveguide section 912 for injecting an incident electromagnetic wave linearly polarized in a manner similar to that described in Figures 10A-10B .
- a method of manufacturing a polarizing screen according to the invention as described above can advantageously use a 3D printing technique, when the polarizing cells (guided sections and interconnection rods) are completely metallic.
- the polarizing cells according to the invention are dimensioned to operate in a frequency band included in one of the bands L, S, C, Ku and Ka
Landscapes
- Waveguide Switches, Polarizers, And Phase Shifters (AREA)
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Description
La présente invention concerne un écran polariseur radiofréquence à performances radioélectriques élevées, réalisé à partir d'un agencement d'un d'une ou plusieurs cellule(s) polarisante(s), constituée(s) en un matériau électriquement conducteur et sélectives en fréquence et en polarisation, qui permet de transformer un signal radiofréquence RF incident, reçu en polarisation linéaire, en un signal radiofréquence RF de sortie en polarisation circulaire.The present invention relates to a radiofrequency polarizer screen with high radioelectric performance, produced from an arrangement of one or more polarizing cell (s), made of an electrically conductive material and frequency selective. and in polarization, which makes it possible to transform an incident RF radiofrequency signal, received in linear polarization, into an output RF radiofrequency signal in circular polarization.
L'invention concerne également un procédé de fabrication d'un écran polariseur selon l'invention.The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a polarizer screen according to the invention.
Chaque cellule polarisante de l'écran polariseur selon l'invention est réalisée par une section de guide d'onde, configurée pour recevoir en entrée le champ électrique incident E du signal RF injecté, décomposable en deux signaux de champ électrique EV, EH dont les polarisations sont linéaires et mutuellement orthogonales suivant une première direction, notée V et appelée par convention « verticale », et une deuxième direction, orthogonale à la première direction, notée H et appelée par convention « horizontale ».Each polarizing cell of the polarizing screen according to the invention is produced by a waveguide section, configured to receive as input the incident electric field E of the injected RF signal, which can be broken down into two electric field signals E V , E H the polarizations of which are linear and mutually orthogonal in a first direction, denoted V and called by convention “vertical”, and a second direction, orthogonal to the first direction, denoted H and called by convention “horizontal”.
La transformation opérée par chaque cellule polarisante consiste à appliquer un déphasage de +90° ou -90° entre les deux composantes EV et EH du signal de polarisation linéaire E d'entrée.The transformation carried out by each polarizing cell consists in applying a phase shift of + 90 ° or -90 ° between the two components E V and E H of the input linear polarization signal E.
L'écran polariseur selon l'invention est supposé fonctionner sur une seule bande de fréquences RF, de préférence sur une large bande passante.The polarizer screen according to the invention is assumed to operate on a single RF frequency band, preferably over a wide bandwidth.
La structure de l'écran polariseur selon l'invention pouvant être entièrement métallique, cette structure est particulièrement adaptée aux nouveaux procédés de fabrication additive.Since the structure of the polarizer screen according to the invention can be entirely metallic, this structure is particularly suitable for new additive manufacturing processes.
L'écran polariseur selon l'invention s'applique à toute antenne multifaisceaux de faible épaisseur et plus particulièrement au domaine des télécommunications spatiales, en particulier aux antennes destinées à être montées à bord des satellites, ou aux antennes destinées à être utilisées au sol sur des terminaux fixes ou mobiles.The polarizer screen according to the invention applies to any thin multi-beam antenna and more particularly to the field of space telecommunications, in particular to antennas intended to be mounted on board aircraft. satellites, or antennas intended for use on the ground on fixed or mobile terminals.
Il est à remarquer qu'un écran polariseur selon l'invention peut être utilisé pour des antennes ne permettant pas de synthétiser simplement des signaux à polarisation circulaire, comme par exemple l'antenne décrite dans le brevet
Il est connu de réaliser des écrans polariseurs ou des surfaces 3-D, sélectives en fréquence et polarisation, à partir de cellules polarisantes formées par des sections de guide d'onde, afin de surmonter les limitations de performances RF et d'encombrement des écrans polariseurs multicouches, sélectifs en fréquence et polarisation et qui utilisent des surfaces multicouches quart d'onde avec des substrats diélectriques.It is known to produce polarizing screens or 3-D surfaces, selective in frequency and polarization, from polarizing cells formed by waveguide sections, in order to overcome the limitations of RF performance and size of the screens. Multilayer polarizers, selective in frequency and polarization and which use quarter wave multilayer surfaces with dielectric substrates.
Un premier type d'écran polariseur connu à sections de guide d'onde est un écran polarisant métallique de type duplexer de polarisation OMT (en anglais « Orthogonal Mode Transducer »), constitué d'un réseau de guides d'onde à iris ou à septum, et décrit par exemple dans l'article de
Un deuxième type d'écran polariseur à sections de guide d'onde est un écran polarisant dichroïque métallique, constitué d'un réseau de guides d'onde avec des résonateurs fentes.A second type of polarizing screen with waveguide sections is a metallic dichroic polarizing screen, consisting of an array of waveguides with slit resonators.
L'article de
L'article de C. Molero, T. Debogovic et M. Garcia-Vigueras, intitulé « Design of full-metal polarizing screen based on circuit modeling », publié dans International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Philadelphia, USA, 2018 et formant un troisième document, décrit un deuxième mode de réalisation du deuxième type d'écran polariseur comme un agencement périodique de cellules polarisantes, formées de sections guidées sous coupure, i.e ne permettant une propagation d'un mode guidé qu'au-delà de la fréquence de coupure qui est inférieure à la fréquence de d'opération souhaitée, et de plaques métalliques, placées en entrée et en sorties des sections guidées, et sur lesquelles deux couples de fentes résonantes repliées et sans boucles ont étés insérées. Chaque couple de fentes résonne selon une polarisation Ex ou Ey. Il en résulte une transmission dans une bande de fréquence, et il est possible d'ajuster l'anisotropie des cellules polarisantes au travers de la conception des résonateurs fentes en termes de formes et de dimensions, de sorte qu'un déphasage de +90° ou -90° soit obtenu entre les deux coefficients en transmission agissant sur les deux composantes (Ex, Ey) du signal incident en polarisation linéaire E.The article by C. Molero, T. Debogovic and M. Garcia-Vigueras, entitled “Design of full-metal polarizing screen based on circuit modeling”, published in International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Philadelphia, USA, 2018 and forming a third document, describes a second embodiment of the second type of polarizing screen as a periodic arrangement of polarizing cells, formed of guided sections under cut-off, ie allowing propagation of a guided mode only beyond the frequency of cutoff which is lower than the desired operating frequency, and metal plates, placed at the input and output of the guided sections, and on which two pairs of folded resonant slots without loops have been inserted. Each pair of slots resonates according to an Ex or Ey polarization. This results in transmission in a frequency band, and it is possible to adjust the anisotropy of the polarizing cells through the design of the slit resonators in terms of shapes and dimensions, so that a phase shift of + 90 ° or -90 ° is obtained between the two coefficients in transmission acting on the two components (Ex, Ey) of the incident signal in linear polarization E.
Suivant un troisième mode de réalisation du deuxième type d'écran polariseur, il est aussi possible de cumuler les deux techniques, utilisées pour les premier et deuxième modes de réalisation du deuxième type d'écran, et décrites ci-dessus.
Toutes les structures d'écran polariseur à sections de guide d'onde, de premier type ou de deuxième type, sont métalliques et plus faciles à fabriquer.All first type or second type waveguide section polarizer screen structures are metallic and easier to fabricate.
Toutefois ces structures présentent une bande passante étroite, et si on ajoute des résonateurs sur les parois des sections guidées pour élargir la bande, les cellules polarisantes obtenues ont alors une épaisseur importante par rapport à la longueur d'onde du signal électromagnétique, ce qui confère à l'écran polariseur une grande sensibilité, non souhaitée, vis-à-vis de l'angle d'incidence du signal injecté en entrée.However, these structures have a narrow passband, and if we add resonators on the walls of the guided sections to widen the band, the polarizing cells obtained then have a significant thickness compared to the wavelength of the electromagnetic signal, which confers at the polarizer screen, a great and unwanted sensitivity with respect to the angle of incidence of the signal injected at the input.
Le problème technique est d'augmenter la largeur de bande passante d'un écran polariseur dont la ou les cellules polarisantes sont des sections de guide d'onde, ayant chacune deux paires de murs latéraux parallèles entre eux électriquement conducteur, sans élargir l'épaisseur desdits murs la latéraux .The technical problem is to increase the bandwidth of a polarizer screen whose polarizing cell (s) are waveguide sections, each having two pairs of side walls parallel to each other electrically conductive, without widening the thickness. of said side walls.
A cet effet, l'invention a pour objet un écran polariseur, comprenant un agencement d'au moins une cellule(s) polarisante(s), constituée(s) en un matériau électriquement conducteur, sélective(s) en fréquence et en polarisation, pour transformer la polarisation linéaire du champ électrique E d'une onde électromagnétique TEM incidente, reçu en entrée et décomposable en deux signaux de champ électrique EV, EH dont les polarisations verticale et horizontale sont linéaires et orthogonales, en une polarisation circulaire d'un champ électrique de sortie, et dans lequel chaque cellule polarisante comporte une section de guide d'onde ayant deux paires orthogonales, verticale et horizontale, de murs latéraux parallèles entre eux et étendus longitudinalement le long d'une direction de propagation d'une onde électromagnétique TEM incidente.To this end, the invention relates to a polarizing screen, comprising an arrangement of at least one polarizing cell (s), made of an electrically conductive material, selective in frequency and polarization. , to transform the linear polarization of the electric field E of an incident electromagnetic wave TEM, received at the input and decomposable into two electric field signals E V , E H whose vertical and horizontal polarizations are linear and orthogonal, into a circular polarization d 'an output electric field, and in which each polarizing cell has a waveguide section having two orthogonal pairs, vertical and horizontal, of side walls parallel to each other and extended longitudinally along a direction of propagation of a incident EMT electromagnetic wave.
L'écran polariseur est caractérisé en ce que les quatre murs latéraux de chaque cellule polarisante sont chacun ouverts sur toute leur longueur par une fente continue médiane, parallèle à la direction de propagation de l'onde électromagnétique incidente, de sorte à former quatre plaques repliées électriquement conductrices ; et chaque cellule polarisante inclut des tiges électriquement conductrices qui interconnectent les murs latéraux et les quatre plaques repliées pour les rendre partiellement ou en totalité solidaires et qui forment une ou plusieurs discontinuités électriques élémentaires successives, lesquelles sont disposées en extrémité ou à l'intérieur de la section de guide d'onde formant la cellule polarisante et réalisent une ou des charge(s) capacitive(s), inductive(s), ou une ou des résonateur(s) équivalent(s) (L,C) à une inductance et un capacité branchées en parallèle ou en série ; et les fentes ouvertes longitudinalement des murs latéraux et les discontinuités électriques élémentaires de chaque cellule polarisante comportent des formes géométriques et des dimensions qui réalisent une transmission totale de l'onde incidente, associé à une anisotropie de phase de +90° ou -90° selon les composantes EV et EH.The polarizer screen is characterized in that the four side walls of each polarizing cell are each open over their entire length by a continuous median slot, parallel to the direction of propagation of the incident electromagnetic wave, so as to form four folded plates electrically conductive; and each polarizing cell includes electrically conductive rods which interconnect the side walls and the four folded plates to make them partially or totally integral and which form one or more successive elementary electrical discontinuities, which are arranged at the end or inside the guide section wave forming the polarizing cell and carry one or more capacitive (s), inductive (s), or one or more resonator (s) equivalent (L, C) to an inductor and a connected capacitor in parallel or in series; and the longitudinally open slits of the side walls and the elementary electrical discontinuities of each polarizing cell comprise geometric shapes and dimensions which achieve total transmission of the incident wave, associated with a phase anisotropy of + 90 ° or -90 ° depending on the components E V and E H.
Selon des modes particuliers de réalisation, l'écran polariseur comprend l'une ou plusieurs des caractéristiques suivantes, prises isolément ou en combinaison :
- les sections de guide d'onde et les tiges d'interconnexion, formant chaque cellule polarisante, électriquement conductrices sont constituées par un unique matériau homogène électriquement conducteur, ou un premier matériau recouvert par un deuxième matériau électriquement conducteur ;
- l'unique matériau homogène électriquement conducteur est un métal, ou le deuxième matériau électriquement conducteur est un métal ;
- les fentes continues médianes des quatre murs latéraux de chaque section de guide d'onde formant une cellule polarisante, sont échancrées en entrée et en sortie de la section du guide d'onde ; ou les fentes continues médianes d'une seule paire de murs latéraux parallèles de chaque section de guide d'onde formant une cellule polarisante, sont échancrées en entrée et en sortie de la section du guide d'onde ; ou les fentes continues médianes des quatre murs latéraux de chaque section de guide d'onde formant une cellule polarisante, sont dépourvues d'échancrure en entrée et en sortie de la section du guide d'onde ;
- les cellules polarisantes sont dimensionnées pour fonctionner dans une bande de fréquence comprise dans l'une des bandes L, S, C, Ku et Ka ;
- chaque cellule polarisante inclut des tiges pleines en matériau électriquement conducteur, d'interconnexion des murs latéraux en une interconnexion en forme de H, réalisant une unique discontinuité électrique élémentaire ; et l'interconnexion en forme de H formant la discontinuité électrique élémentaire, disposée à l'intérieur de section de guide d'onde et sensiblement au milieu de la longueur de la cellule polarisante, est constituée de deux premières tiges verticales de même longueur et d'une deuxième tige horizontale reliant sensiblement en leur milieu lesdites deux tiges verticales, les deux premières tiges verticales connectant une paire de murs latéraux horizontaux, inférieur et supérieur, de sorte à réaliser un premier circuit résonateur LV, Cv parallèle pour une première polarisation verticale, et un deuxième circuit résonateur LH, CH parallèle pour une deuxième polarisation horizontale, orthogonale à la première polarisation verticale ;
- chaque cellule polarisante inclut des tiges en matériau électriquement conducteur, d'interconnexion en forme de X des murs latéraux réalisant une unique discontinuité électrique élémentaire ; et l'interconnexion en forme de X réalisant l'unique discontinuité électrique élémentaire, disposée à l'intérieur de section de guide d'onde sensiblement au milieu de la longueur de la cellule polarisante et symétriquement par rapport à un plan médian longitudinal traversant la section de guide d'onde, est constituée de deux tiges de même longueur, inclinées par rapport à une direction verticale en sens opposé, qui se croisent sensiblement en leur milieu respectif en étant reliées ou faiblement distante au niveau de leur milieu, et qui connectent une paire de murs latéraux horizontaux, inférieur et supérieur, de sorte à réaliser un premier circuit résonateur LV, CV parallèle pour une première polarisation verticale, et un deuxième circuit résonateur LH, CH parallèle pour une deuxième polarisation horizontale, orthogonale à la première polarisation verticale ;
- chaque cellule polarisante inclut des tiges en matériau électriquement conducteur, d'interconnexion des murs latéraux, en deux interconnexions, formées chacune par deux tiges verticales ou poteaux verticaux sans connexion centrale entre eux, et réalisant chacune une interconnexion électrique élémentaire ; et les deux interconnexions, première et deuxième, réalisant les deux discontinuités électriques élémentaires, disposées à l'intérieur de la section de guide d'onde formant la cellule polarisante et en retrait des extrémités respectives d'entrée et de sortie de ladite section de guide d'onde, connectent les deux murs latéraux horizontaux, inférieur et supérieur, de sorte à réaliser une charge inductive pour la première polarisation verticale, parallèle à la direction des tiges verticales, et une charge capacitive pour la deuxième polarisation horizontale, orthogonale à la première polarisation verticale ;
- chaque cellule polarisante inclut des tiges en un matériau électriquement conducteur, d'interconnexion des murs latéraux suivant deux interconnexions successives en forme de H, réalisant deux discontinuités électriques élémentaires ; et les deux interconnexions successives, première et deuxième, réalisant les deux discontinuités élémentaires, disposées à l'intérieur de la section de guide d'onde formant la cellule polarisante et en retrait des extrémités respectives d'entrée et de sortie de ladite section de guide d'onde, sont constituées chacune de deux premières tiges verticales de même longueur et d'une deuxième tige horizontale reliant sensiblement en leur milieu lesdites deux tiges verticales, les deux premières tiges verticales connectant les murs latéraux horizontaux, inférieur et supérieur, de sorte à réaliser chacun un premier circuit résonateur LV, CV parallèle pour la première polarisation verticale, et un deuxième circuit résonateur LH, CH parallèle pour la deuxième polarisation horizontale, orthogonale à la première polarisation verticale ;
- chaque cellule polarisante inclut des tiges en matériau électriquement conducteur, d'interconnexion des murs latéraux suivant deux interconnexion en forme de X, réalisant deux discontinuités électriques élémentaires ; et les deux interconnexions successives, première et deuxième, réalisant les deux discontinuités élémentaires, disposées à l'intérieur de la section de guide d'onde formant la cellule polarisante et en retrait des extrémités respectives d'entrée et de sortie de ladite section de guide d'onde et symétriquement par rapport à un plan médian vertical traversant longitudinalement la section de guide d'onde, sont constituées chacune de deux tiges de même longueur, inclinées par rapport à une direction verticale en sens opposé, qui se croisent sensiblement en leur milieu respectif en étant reliées ou faiblement distantes au niveau de leur milieu, et qui connectent les deux murs latéraux horizontaux, inférieur et supérieur, de sorte à réaliser chacune un premier circuit résonateur LV, Cv parallèle pour la première polarisation verticale, et un deuxième circuit résonateur LH, CH parallèle pour la deuxième polarisation horizontale, orthogonale à la première polarisation verticale ;
- chaque cellule polarisante inclut des tiges en matériau électriquement conducteur, d'interconnexion des murs latéraux suivant deux interconnexions, première et deuxième, en forme de H d'un premier type, réalisant deux discontinuités électriques élémentaires d'un premier type et suivant une interconnexion, troisième, en forme de H d'un deuxième type, réalisant une discontinuité électrique élémentaire d'un deuxième type ; et les deux interconnexions en forme de H de premier type, première et deuxième, disposées à l'intérieur de la section de guide d'onde formant la cellule polarisante et en retrait des extrémités respectives d'entrée et de sortie de ladite section de guide d'onde, sont constituées chacune de deux premières tiges verticales de même longueur et d'une deuxième tige horizontale reliant sensiblement en leur milieu lesdites deux tiges verticales, les deux premières tiges verticales connectant les deux murs latéraux horizontaux, inférieur et supérieur, de sorte à réaliser chacune un premier circuit résonateur LV1, CV1 parallèle de premier type pour une première polarisation verticale, et un deuxième circuit résonateur LH1, CH1 parallèle pour une deuxième polarisation horizontale, orthogonale à la première polarisation verticale ; et l'interconnexion en forme de H de deuxième type, troisième, disposée à l'intérieur de section de guide d'onde et sensiblement au milieu de la longueur de la cellule polarisante, est constituée de deux troisièmes tiges horizontales de même longueur et d'une quatrième tige verticale reliant sensiblement en leur milieu lesdites deux troisièmes tiges horizontales, les deux troisièmes tiges horizontales connectant les murs latéraux verticaux, gauche et droit, de sorte à réaliser un premier circuit résonateur LV2, Cv2 parallèle de deuxième type pour la première polarisation verticale, et un deuxième circuit résonateur LH2, CH2 parallèle de deuxième type pour la deuxième polarisation horizontale ;
- l'écran polariseur comporte une structure de support latéral qui enveloppe latéralement l'agencement les cellules polarisantes et sur laquelle sont fixées des extrémités de tiges rendant solidaires partiellement ou en totalité chaque cellule polarisante ; ou deux plaques parallèles de guidage et d'injection (706) du signal électrique incident, polarisées linéairement, fixées en bout de murs de cellules polarisant de sorte à rendre solidaires les cellules polarisantes de l'écran polariseur en coopération avec des tiges d'interconnexion solidarisant des groupes de cellules polarisantes ;
- l'agencement des cellules polarisantes est un agencement bidimensionnel continu d'au moins trois cellules polarisantes (512) ajustées sur une surface régulière.
- the waveguide sections and the interconnection rods, forming each polarizing cell, electrically conductive, consist of a single homogeneous electrically conductive material, or a first material covered by a second electrically conductive material;
- the only homogeneous electrically conductive material is a metal, or the second electrically conductive material is a metal;
- the continuous median slots of the four side walls of each waveguide section forming a polarizing cell, are notched at the inlet and at the outlet of the waveguide section; or the continuous median slots of a single pair of parallel side walls of each waveguide section forming a polarizing cell, are notched at the inlet and at the outlet of the waveguide section; or the median continuous slits of the four side walls of each waveguide section forming a polarizing cell, are devoid of notches at the entry and exit of the waveguide section;
- the polarizing cells are dimensioned to operate in a frequency band included in one of the bands L, S, C, Ku and Ka;
- each polarizing cell includes solid rods of electrically conductive material, interconnecting the side walls in an H-shaped interconnection, achieving a single elementary electrical discontinuity; and the H-shaped interconnection forming the elementary electrical discontinuity, disposed within the waveguide section and substantially in the middle of the length of the polarizing cell, consists of two first rods verticals of the same length and a second horizontal rod connecting substantially in their middle said two vertical rods, the first two vertical rods connecting a pair of horizontal side walls, lower and upper, so as to produce a first resonator circuit L V , Cv parallel for a first vertical polarization, and a second resonator circuit L H , C H parallel for a second horizontal polarization, orthogonal to the first vertical polarization;
- each polarizing cell includes rods of electrically conductive material, X-shaped interconnection of the side walls making a single elementary electrical discontinuity; and the X-shaped interconnection providing the single elementary electrical discontinuity, disposed within the waveguide section substantially in the middle of the length of the polarizing cell and symmetrically with respect to a longitudinal midplane crossing the section waveguide, consists of two rods of the same length, inclined with respect to a vertical direction in the opposite direction, which cross each other substantially in their respective middle while being connected or slightly distant at the level of their middle, and which connect a pair of horizontal side walls, lower and upper, so as to produce a first resonator circuit L V , C V parallel for a first vertical polarization, and a second resonator circuit L H , C H parallel for a second horizontal polarization, orthogonal to the first vertical polarization;
- each polarizing cell includes rods of electrically conductive material, interconnecting the side walls, in two interconnections, each formed by two vertical rods or vertical posts without a central connection between them, and each making an elementary electrical interconnection; and the two interconnections, first and second, making the two elementary electrical discontinuities, arranged inside the waveguide section forming the polarizing cell and set back from the respective inlet and outlet ends of said guide section wave, connect the two horizontal side walls, lower and upper, so as to realize an inductive load for the first vertical polarization, parallel to the direction of the vertical rods, and a capacitive load for the second horizontal polarization, orthogonal to the first vertical polarization;
- each polarizing cell includes rods made of an electrically conductive material, interconnecting the side walls along two successive H-shaped interconnections, making two elementary electrical discontinuities; and the two successive interconnections, first and second, making the two elementary discontinuities, arranged inside the waveguide section forming the polarizing cell and set back from the respective inlet and outlet ends of said guide section wave, each consist of two first vertical rods of the same length and a second horizontal rod connecting substantially in their middle said two vertical rods, the first two vertical rods connecting the horizontal side walls, lower and upper, so as to each perform a first resonator circuit L V , C V parallel for the first vertical polarization, and a second resonator circuit L H , C H parallel for the second horizontal polarization, orthogonal to the first vertical polarization;
- each polarizing cell includes rods of electrically conductive material, interconnecting the side walls along two X-shaped interconnections, making two elementary electrical discontinuities; and the two successive interconnections, first and second, making the two elementary discontinuities, arranged inside the waveguide section forming the polarizing cell and set back from the respective inlet and outlet ends of said guide section wave and symmetrically with respect to a vertical median plane longitudinally crossing the waveguide section, each consist of two rods of the same length, inclined with respect to a vertical direction in the opposite direction, which intersect substantially in their middle respective by being connected or slightly distant at the level of their middle, and which connect the two horizontal side walls, lower and upper, so as to each produce a first resonator circuit L V , Cv parallel for the first vertical polarization, and a second circuit resonator L H , C H parallel for the second horizontal polarization, orthogonal to the first vertical polarization;
- each polarizing cell includes rods of electrically conductive material, interconnecting the side walls along two interconnections, first and second, in the form of an H of a first type, making two elementary electrical discontinuities of a first type and following a third H-shaped interconnection of a second type, forming an elementary electrical discontinuity of a second type; and the two H-shaped interconnects of the first type, first and second, disposed inside the waveguide section forming the polarizing cell and recessed from the respective inlet and outlet ends of said guide section wave, each consist of two first vertical rods of the same length and a second horizontal rod connecting substantially in their middle said two vertical rods, the first two vertical rods connecting the two horizontal side walls, lower and upper, so in each making a first parallel resonator circuit L V1 , C V1 of the first type for a first vertical polarization, and a second resonator circuit L H1 , C H1 parallel for a second horizontal polarization, orthogonal to the first vertical polarization; and the second, third type H-shaped interconnect, disposed within the waveguide section and substantially midway along the length of the polarizing cell, consists of two third horizontal rods of the same length and d 'a fourth vertical rod connecting substantially in their middle said two third horizontal rods, the two third horizontal rods connecting the vertical side walls, left and right, so as to produce a first parallel resonator circuit L V2 , Cv 2 of the second type for the first vertical polarization, and a second parallel resonator circuit L H2 , C H2 of the second type for the second horizontal polarization;
- the polarizer screen comprises a lateral support structure which laterally envelops the arrangement of the polarizing cells and on which are fixed the ends of rods making each polarizing cell partially or totally integral; or two parallel plates for guiding and injecting (706) the incident electrical signal, linearly polarized, fixed at the end of polarizing cell walls so as to make the polarizing cells of the polarizing screen integral with cooperation with interconnection rods uniting groups of polarizing cells;
- the polarizing cell arrangement is a continuous two-dimensional arrangement of at least three polarizing cells (512) fitted to a regular surface.
L'invention a également pour objet un procédé de fabrication d'un écran polariseur tel que défini ci-dessus et le procédé de fabrication est caractérisé en ce que l'écran polariseur est entièrement métallique, et le procédé de fabrication utilise une technique d'impression 3D.The subject of the invention is also a method of manufacturing a polarizing screen as defined above and the manufacturing method is characterized in that the polarizing screen is entirely metallic, and the manufacturing method uses a technique of 3d printing.
L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description de plusieurs formes de réalisation qui va suivre, donnée uniquement à titre d'exemple et faite en se référant aux dessins sur lesquels :
- [
Fig. 1A] et [Fig. 1B ] représentent respectivement une vue générale de la section de guide d'onde utilisée dans une cellule polarisante d'un écran polariseur selon l'invention et de sa représentation électrique par un ligne de transmission d'impédance caractéristique variable ; - [
Fig. 2A ] et [Fig. 2C ] représentent les vues, sous deux angles de vue d'orientations différentes, correspondant respectivement à une polarisation verticale V et une polarisation horizontale H d'une onde électromagnétique incidente de polarisation linéaire, d'un même premier mode de réalisation d'une cellule polarisante d'un écran polariseur selon l'invention comportant une section de guide d'onde dont les quatre murs latéraux sont ouverts chacun longitudinalement sur toute la longueur de la section par une fente continue médiane et une unique discontinuité électrique, réalisée par une interconnexion en forme de H de tiges, électriquement conductrices et interconnectant les murs latéraux, et les - [
Fig. 2B ] et [Fig. 2D ] représentent les vues des représentations électriques de la cellule polarisante par une première ligne de transmission pour la polarisation verticale V et par une deuxième ligne de transmission pour la polarisation horizontale H ; - [
Fig. 3 ] représente une vue d'un deuxième mode de réalisation d'une cellule polarisante d'un écran polariseur selon l'invention comportant une section de guide d'onde dont les quatre murs latéraux sont ouverts chacun longitudinalement sur toute la longueur de la section par une fente continue médiane et une unique discontinuité électrique, réalisée par une interconnexion en forme de X de tiges électriquement conductrices ; - [
Fig. 4A ] représente une vue d'un troisième mode de réalisation d'une cellule polarisante d'un écran polariseur selon l'invention comportant une section de guide d'onde dont les quatre murs latéraux sont ouverts chacun longitudinalement sur toute la longueur de la section par une fente continue médiane et deux discontinuités électriques, réalisées chacune par une interconnexion de deux tiges verticales, non reliée entre elles, étendues dans la direction de la polarisation verticale et interconnectant les deux murs latéraux horizontales, et les - [
Fig. 4B] et [Fig. 4C ] représentent les vues des représentations électriques de la cellule polarisante, correspondantes à la polarisation verticale V et à la polarisation horizontale H, respectivement par une première ligne de transmission et par une deuxième ligne de transmission ; - [
Fig. 5A ] représente une vue d'un quatrième mode de réalisation d'une cellule polarisante d'un écran polariseur selon l'invention comportant une section de guide d'onde dont les quatre murs latéraux sont ouverts chacun longitudinalement sur toute la longueur de la section par une fente continue médiane et deux discontinuités électriques, réalisées chacune par une interconnexion en forme de H de tiges interconnectant les murs latéraux, et les - [
Fig. 5B] et [Fig. 5C ] représentent les vues des représentations électriques de la cellule polarisante, correspondantes à la polarisation verticale et à la polarisation horizontale, respectivement par une première ligne de transmission et par une deuxième ligne de transmission ; - [
Fig. 6 ] représente une vue d'un cinquième mode de réalisation d'une cellule polarisante d'un écran polariseur selon l'invention comportant une section de guide d'onde dont les quatre murs latéraux sont ouverts chacun longitudinalement sur toute la longueur de la section par une fente continue médiane et deux discontinuités électriques successives, réalisées chacune par une interconnexion en forme de X de tiges interconnectant les murs latéraux ; - [
Fig. 7A ] représente une vue d'un sixième mode de réalisation d'une cellule polarisante d'un écran polariseur selon l'invention comportant une section de guide d'onde dont les quatre murs latéraux sont ouverts chacun longitudinalement sur toute la longueur de la section par une fente continue médiane, deux discontinuités électriques de premier type, réalisées par deux interconnexions successives en forme de H vertical de tiges interconnectant les murs latéraux, et une discontinuité électrique de deuxième type, réalisée par une interconnexion en forme de H horizontal de tiges interconnectant les murs latéraux, et les - [
Fig. 7B] et [Fig. 7C ] représentent les vues des représentations électriques de la cellule polarisante, correspondantes à la polarisation verticale V et à la polarisation horizontale H, respectivement par une première ligne de transmission et par une deuxième ligne de transmission ; - [
Fig. 8 ] représente une vue d'un deuxième mode de réalisation, bidimensionnel, d'un écran polariseur réalisé par un agencement bidimensionnel continu et périodique, de cellules polarisantes, ajustées sur un plan et dont la structure est identique à celle de la cellule polarisante de laFigure 7A ; - [
Fig. 9A ], [Fig. 9B] et [Fig. 9C ] représentent des vues des performances radioélectriques d'un écran polariseur bidimensionnel plan ayant des cellules polarisantes identiques à celle de laFigure 4A , respectivement les courbes d'évolution des paramètres S11, S21 en fonction de la fréquence qui mettent en évidence l'adaptation pour une large bande de fréquence Ka pour les deux composantes électriques EV et EH de l'onde électromagnétique incidente, la différence de phase entre les deux coefficients de transmissions S21 pour les deux composantes électriques EV et EH de l'onde électromagnétique incidente, et l'évolution du taux d'ellipticité en fonction de la fréquence sur une large bande de bande Ka ; - [
Fig. 10A ] et [Fig. 10B ] représentent respectivement une vue latérale et une vue en perspective d'un troisième mode de réalisation, bidimensionnel, d'un écran polariseur plan, connecté en entrée à une section de guide d'onde d'injection de l'onde électromagnétique incidence, dans lequel chaque cellule polarisante a la même structure que celle de la cellule de polarisation de laFigure 4A , et comportant une structure de support latéral qui enveloppe l'agencement des cellules polarisantes et fixe les positions de tiges de discontinuités électriques en rendant complètement solidaires les cellules polarisantes ; - [
Fig. 11 ] représente une vue en en perspective d'un quatrième mode de réalisation, bidimensionnel, d'un écran polariseur plan, connecté en entrée, dépourvu de structure de support latéral, dans lequel chaque cellule polarisante a la même structure que celle de la cellule polarisante de laFigure 4A , et comportant deux plaques parallèles de guidage et d' injection du signal RF d'entrée, connecté en entrée et en bout à des murs latéraux de cellules polarisantes ; - [
Fig. 12A ] représente une vue en perspective d'une antenne multifaisceaux dans laquelle est intégré en sortie un écran polariseur à plusieurs cellules polarisantes, similaire à celui décrit dans lesFigures 10A-10B , et la - [
Fig. 12B ] représente une vue agrandie de la section longitudinale de l'écran polariseur, connecté en sortie de l'antenne multifaisceaux à une section de guide d'onde d'injection du signal électrique incident polarisé linéairement.
- [
Fig. 1A] and [Fig. 1B ] respectively represent a general view of the waveguide section used in a polarizing cell of a polarizing screen according to the invention and of its electrical representation by a transmission line of variable characteristic impedance; - [
Fig. 2A ] and [Fig. 2C ] represent the views, under two viewing angles of different orientations, corresponding respectively to a vertical polarization V and a horizontal polarization H of an incident electromagnetic wave of linear polarization, of the same first embodiment of a polarizing cell of a polarizer screen according to the invention comprising a waveguide section, the four side walls of which are each open longitudinally over the entire length of the section by a central continuous slot and a single electrical discontinuity, produced by a shaped interconnection of H of rods, electrically conductive and interconnecting the side walls, and the - [
Fig. 2B ] and [Fig. 2D ] represent the views of the electrical representations of the polarizing cell by a first transmission line for the vertical polarization V and by a second transmission line for the horizontal polarization H; - [
Fig. 3 ] shows a view of a second embodiment of a polarizing cell of a polarizing screen according to the invention comprising a waveguide section, the four side walls of which are each open longitudinally over the entire length of the section by a continuous lunge median and a single electrical discontinuity, produced by an X-shaped interconnection of electrically conductive rods; - [
Fig. 4A ] shows a view of a third embodiment of a polarizing cell of a polarizing screen according to the invention comprising a waveguide section, the four side walls of which are each open longitudinally over the entire length of the section by a central continuous slot and two electrical discontinuities, each made by an interconnection of two vertical rods, not connected to each other, extended in the direction of vertical polarization and interconnecting the two horizontal side walls, and the - [
Fig. 4B] and [Fig. 4C ] represent the views of the electrical representations of the polarizing cell, corresponding to the vertical polarization V and to the horizontal polarization H, respectively by a first transmission line and by a second transmission line; - [
Fig. 5A ] shows a view of a fourth embodiment of a polarizing cell of a polarizing screen according to the invention comprising a waveguide section, the four side walls of which are each open longitudinally over the entire length of the section by a continuous middle slot and two electrical discontinuities, each made by an H-shaped interconnection of rods interconnecting the side walls, and the - [
Fig. 5B] and [Fig. 5C ] represent the views of the electrical representations of the polarizing cell, corresponding to the vertical polarization and to the horizontal polarization, respectively by a first transmission line and by a second transmission line; - [
Fig. 6 ] shows a view of a fifth embodiment of a polarizing cell of a polarizing screen according to the invention comprising a waveguide section, the four side walls of which are each open longitudinally over the entire length of the section by a central continuous slot and two successive electrical discontinuities, each made by an X-shaped interconnection of rods interconnecting the side walls; - [
Fig. 7A ] shows a view of a sixth embodiment of a polarizing cell of a polarizing screen according to the invention comprising a section of waveguide whose four side walls are each open longitudinally over the entire length of the section by a continuous median slot, two electrical discontinuities of the first type, produced by two successive vertical H-shaped interconnections of rods interconnecting the side walls, and a second type electrical discontinuity, achieved by a horizontal H-shaped interconnection of rods interconnecting the side walls, and the - [
Fig. 7B] and [Fig. 7C ] represent the views of the electrical representations of the polarizing cell, corresponding to the vertical polarization V and to the horizontal polarization H, respectively by a first transmission line and by a second transmission line; - [
Fig. 8 ] represents a view of a second embodiment, two-dimensional, of a polarizing screen produced by a continuous and periodic two-dimensional arrangement of polarizing cells, adjusted on a plane and whose structure is identical to that of the polarizing cell of theFigure 7A ; - [
Fig. 9A ], [Fig. 9B] and [Fig. 9C ] represent views of the radio performance of a two-dimensional plane polarizer screen having polarizing cells identical to that of theFigure 4A , respectively the evolution curves of the parameters S 11 , S 21 as a function of the frequency which demonstrate the adaptation for a wide frequency band Ka for the two electrical components E V and E H of the incident electromagnetic wave, the phase difference between the two transmission coefficients S 21 for the two electrical components E V and E H of the incident electromagnetic wave, and the evolution of the ellipticity rate as a function of the frequency over a wide band of Ka band ; - [
Fig. 10A ] and [Fig. 10B ] respectively show a side view and a perspective view of a third, two-dimensional embodiment of a plane polarizer screen, connected at the input to a waveguide section for injecting the incidence electromagnetic wave, in which each polarizing cell has the same structure as that of the polarizing cell of theFigure 4A , and comprising a lateral support structure which envelops the arrangement of the polarizing cells and fixes the positions of the rods of the electrical discontinuities by making the polarizing cells completely interdependent; - [
Fig. 11 ] shows a perspective view of a fourth, two-dimensional embodiment of a plane polarizer screen, connected at the input, without a lateral support structure, in which each polarizing cell has the same structure as that of the polarizing cell of theFigure 4A , and comprising two parallel plates for guiding and injecting the input RF signal, connected at the input and at the end to side walls of polarizing cells; - [
Fig. 12A ] represents a perspective view of a multibeam antenna in which is integrated at the output a polarizing screen with several polarizing cells, similar to that described in theFigures 10A-10B , and the - [
Fig. 12B ] represents an enlarged view of the longitudinal section of the polarizer screen, connected at the output of the multibeam antenna to a waveguide section for injecting the incident linearly polarized electrical signal.
De manière générale, un écran polariseur selon l'invention comprend un agencement d'au moins une cellule(s) polarisante(s en un matériau électriquement conducteur, sélective(s) en fréquence et en polarisation, pour transformer la polarisation linéaire du champ électrique E de l'onde électromagnétique TEM incidente, reçue en entrée et décomposable en deux signaux de champ électrique EV, EH dont les polarisations sont linéaires et orthogonales, en une onde électromagnétique de sortie de polarisation circulaire.In general, a polarizing screen according to the invention comprises an arrangement of at least one polarizing cell (s) made of an electrically conductive material, selective in frequency and in polarization, to transform the linear polarization of the electric field E of the incident electromagnetic wave TEM, received as an input and which can be broken down into two electric field signals E V , E H , the polarizations of which are linear and orthogonal, into an electromagnetic output wave of circular polarization.
Chaque cellule polarisante comporte une section de guide d'onde ayant deux paires orthogonales de murs latéraux parallèles entre eux et étendus longitudinalement le long d'une direction de propagation de onde électromagnétique TEM incidente.Each polarizing cell has a waveguide section having two orthogonal pairs of sidewalls parallel to each other and extended longitudinally along an incident electromagnetic wave propagation direction TEM.
Suivant une première caractéristique de l'invention, les quatre murs latéraux de chaque cellule polarisante sont chacun ouverts sur toute leur longueur par une fente continue médiane, parallèle à la direction de propagation de l'onde électromagnétique incidente, de sorte à former quatre plaques repliées électriquement conductrices.According to a first characteristic of the invention, the four side walls of each polarizing cell are each open over their entire length by a continuous median slot, parallel to the direction of propagation of the incident electromagnetic wave, so as to form four folded plates electrically conductive.
Suivant une deuxième caractéristique additionnelle, combinée à la première, chaque cellule polarisante inclut des tiges électriquement conductrices qui interconnectent les murs latéraux et les quatre plaques repliées pour les rendre partiellement ou en totalité solidaires et qui forment une ou plusieurs discontinuités électriques élémentaires, lesquelles sont disposées en extrémités ou à l'intérieur de la section de guide d'onde formant la cellule polarisante et réalisent une ou des charge(s) capacitive(s), inductive(s), ou une ou des résonateur(s) équivalent(s) (L,C) à une inductance et un capacité branchées en parallèle ou en série.According to a second additional characteristic, combined with the first, each polarizing cell includes electrically conductive rods which interconnect the side walls and the four folded plates to make them partially or entirely integral and which form one or more elementary electrical discontinuities, which are arranged at the ends or inside the waveguide section forming the polarizing cell and carry one or more capacitive (s), inductive (s), or equivalent resonator (s) (L, C) to an inductor and a capacitor connected in parallel or in series.
Les fentes ouvertes longitudinales des murs latéraux et les discontinuités électriques élémentaires de chaque cellule polarisante comportent des formes géométriques et des dimensions qui sont ajustées de sorte à réaliser une transmission totale de l'onde électromagnétique incidente, associé à une anisotropie de phase de +90° ou -90° selon les composantes EV et EH.The longitudinal open slits of the side walls and the elementary electrical discontinuities of each polarizing cell have geometric shapes and dimensions which are adjusted so as to achieve a total transmission of the incident electromagnetic wave, associated with a phase anisotropy of + 90 ° or -90 ° depending on the components E V and E H.
Suivant la
Suivant la première caractéristique de l'invention les quatre murs latéraux 24, 25, 26, 27 de la cellule polarisante sont chacun ouverts sur toute leur longueur par une fente continue médiane 34, 35, 36, 37, parallèle à la direction 32 de propagation de l'onde électromagnétique incidente, de sorte à former quatre plaques repliées 42, 44, 46, 48 électriquement conductrices.According to the first characteristic of the invention, the four
Suivant la
Ici, la direction de polarisation de l'onde électromagnétique considérée est la direction verticale V sur la
A titre d'exemple, la variation de l'impédance caractéristique est déduite d'une caractérisation de cette structure de guide d'onde. L'identification de ce modèle simplifié avec des simulations « onde pleine » (en anglais « full wave ») permettent d'identifier l'impédance caractéristique Z1 en fonction de w.By way of example, the variation of the characteristic impedance is deduced from a characterization of this waveguide structure. The identification of this simplified model with “full wave” simulations makes it possible to identify the characteristic impedance Z1 as a function of w.
De manière générale, la conception d'une cellule polarisante d'un écran polariseur selon l'invention passe par l'identification des circuits équivalents associés la section de guide d'onde à plaques repliées et aux interconnexions électriquement conductrices entre plaques ou murs latéraux formant une ou plusieurs discontinuités électriques successives.In general, the design of a polarizing cell of a polarizing screen according to the invention involves the identification of the equivalent circuits associated with the folded-plate waveguide section and with the electrically conductive interconnections between plates or side walls forming one or more successive electrical discontinuities.
Une fois caractérisé(s) pour chaque polarisation, verticale et horizontale, le ou les circuits électromagnétique(s) équivalent(s) à une section de guide, comme décrit dans l'exemple des
Suivant les
La cellule polarisante 112 comporte une section de guide d'onde 120 dont les quatre murs latéraux 124, 125, 126, 127 sont ouverts chacun longitudinalement sur toute la longueur de la section guidée 120 par une fente continue médiane 134, 135, 136, 137 et une unique discontinuité électrique 142, ayant une composante verticale 142V et une composante horizontale 142H, et réalisée par une interconnexion 152 en forme de H de tiges, électriquement conductrices.The
L'interconnexion 152 en forme H réalisant l'unique discontinuité électrique élémentaire 142 en forme de H, disposée à l'intérieur de section 120 de guide d'onde et sensiblement au milieu de la longueur de la cellule polarisante 112, est constituée de deux premières tiges verticales 154, 156 de même longueur et d'une deuxième tige horizontale 158 reliant sensiblement en leur milieu lesdites deux tiges verticales 154, 156, les deux premières tiges verticales 154, 156 connectant la paire horizontale des murs latéraux parallèles, inférieur 124 et supérieur 125, de sorte à réaliser un premier circuit résonateur LV, CV parallèle 142V pour la première polarisation verticale, et un deuxième circuit résonateur LH, CH parallèle 142H pour la deuxième polarisation horizontale, orthogonale à la première polarisation verticale.The H-shaped
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Les première et deuxième lignes de transmission 158, 160, d'impédance caractéristique respective Z1V, Z1H, sont chacune interposées entre des lignes de transmission d'entrée 164 et de sortie 166, d'impédance caractéristique Z0 correspondant à la propagation dans le vide.The first and
De manière générale, pour une discontinuité élémentaire correspondant à une interconnexion de tiges ayant la forme d'un H, un circuit L,C parallèle est obtenu, dont les valeurs varient en fonction des dimensions de la structure en forme de H, les valeurs L et C étant spécifiques à chaque polarisation.In general, for an elementary discontinuity corresponding to an interconnection of rods having the shape of an H, a parallel circuit L, C is obtained, the values of which vary according to the dimensions of the H-shaped structure, the values L and C being specific to each polarization.
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L'interconnexion 204 en forme de X réalisant la discontinuité électrique élémentaire 202, disposée à l'intérieur de section 180 de guide d'onde sensiblement au milieu de la longueur de la cellule polarisante 172 et symétriquement par rapport à un plan médian longitudinal 212 traversant la section de guide d'onde 180, est constituée de deux tiges 214, 216 de même longueur, inclinées par rapport à une direction verticale en sens opposé, qui se croisent sensiblement en leur milieu respectif 224, 226 en étant faiblement distante au niveau de leur milieu, et qui connectent la paire horizontale des murs latéraux parallèles, inférieur 184 et supérieur 185, dont leur normale respective est verticale, de sorte à réaliser un premier circuit résonateur LV, CV parallèle pour une première polarisation verticale, et un deuxième circuit résonateur LH, CH parallèle pour une deuxième polarisation horizontale, orthogonale à la première polarisation verticale.The
En variante, les deux tiges inclinés de l'interconnexion en forme de X se croisent sensiblement en leur milieu respectif en étant reliées au niveaux de leurs milieux.As a variant, the two inclined rods of the X-shaped interconnection substantially cross each other in their respective middle while being connected at their midpoints.
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La cellule polarisante 262 comporte une section de guide d'onde 270 dont les quatre murs latéraux 274, 275, 276, 277 sont ouverts chacun longitudinalement sur toute la longueur de la section guidée 270 par une fente continue médiane 284, 285, 286, 287 et deux discontinuités électriques élémentaires 292, 294 constituées chacune par une interconnexion 289, 290 de deux poteaux parallèles, 295, 296; 297, 298, non reliés entre eux et électriquement conducteurs.The
Les deux interconnexions 289, 290, formant respectivement les discontinuités électriques élémentaires, première 292 et deuxième 294, disposées à l'intérieur de la section de guide d'onde 270 et en retrait des extrémités respectives d'entrée et de sortie de ladite section de guide d'onde 270, connectent la paire de murs latéraux parallèles, inférieur 274 et supérieur 275, de sorte à réaliser chacune une charge inductive LV 299, 300 pour une première polarisation verticale, parallèle à la direction des tiges verticales 295, 296, 297, 298, et une charge capacitive CH 301, 302 pour une deuxième polarisation horizontale, orthogonale à la première polarisation verticale.The two
Par ailleurs, il est à remarquer que les deux fentes continues médianes horizontales 284, 285 de la paire des murs latéraux horizontaux, inférieur 274 et supérieur 275, de la section de guide d'onde 270 sont échancrées en entrée et en sortie de la section du guide d'onde 270. Les deux fentes horizontales 284, 286 traversent chacune deux tronçons de guidage horizontal et d'extrémité en entrée 303 et sortie 304 de la section guidée avec une première largeur horizontale W1H, et traverse un tronçon intermédiaire de guidage horizontal 306 avec une deuxième largeur horizontal W2H, inférieure à la première largeur horizontale W1H.Furthermore, it should be noted that the two continuous horizontal
La première discontinuité électrique 292 délimite le tronçon de guidage horizontal située en entrée 303 de la section guidée en deux portions de ligne de transmission de deuxième polarisation horizontale ayant une même première impédance caractéristique horizontale Z1H et de longueurs respectives d1 et d2 en allant vers la sortie de la section guidée qui a une longueur notée d.The first
La deuxième discontinuité électrique 294 délimite le tronçon de guidage horizontal situé en sortie 304 en deux portions de ligne de transmission de deuxième polarisation horizontale ayant une même première impédance caractéristique horizontale Z1H et de longueurs respectives d2 et d1 en allant vers la sortie de la section guidée qui a une longueur notée d.The second
La longueur du tronçon intermédiaire 306 de guidage est notée d3 et définit une portion de ligne de transmission de deuxième polarisation horizontale ayant une deuxième impédance caractéristique horizontale Z2H.The length of the
Les deux fentes continues médianes verticales de la paire des murs latéraux verticaux, de gauche et de droite, de la section de guide d'onde sont dépourvue d'échancrures. Les deux fentes verticales traversent chacune un même tronçon de guidage vertical sur toute la longueur avec une même largeur verticale W1V et une impédance caractéristique verticale Z1V.The two vertical mid-continuous slits of the pair of vertical side walls, left and right, of the waveguide section are devoid of indentations. The two vertical slots each pass through the same vertical guide section over the entire length with the same vertical width W1 V and a characteristic vertical impedance Z1 V.
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Ainsi, une interconnexion constituée de deux fils métalliques verticaux réalise une charge inductive pour la polarisation parallèle aux fils, et une charge capacitive pour la polarisation orthogonale aux fils.Thus, an interconnection consisting of two vertical metal wires produces an inductive load for the polarization parallel to the wires, and a capacitive load for the polarization orthogonal to the wires.
Les première et deuxième lignes de transmission 309, 310, sont chacune interposées entre des lignes de transmission d'entrée 3111 et de sortie 3112, d'impédance caractéristique Z0 correspondant à la propagation dans le vide.The first and
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La cellule polarisante 322 comporte une section de guide d'onde 320 dont les quatre murs latéraux 324, 325, 326, 327 sont ouverts chacun longitudinalement sur toute la longueur de la section guidée 320 par une fente continue médiane 334, 335, 336, 337 et deux discontinuités électriques élémentaires 342, 344 successives, constituées chacune par une interconnexion 346, 348 en forme de H et électriquement conductrice.The
Les deux interconnexions 346, 348, formant les deux discontinuités électriques élémentaires 342, 344 et disposées à l'intérieur de la section de guide d'onde 320 et en retrait des extrémités respectives d'entrée et de sortie de ladite section de guide d'onde 320, sont constituées chacune de deux premières tiges verticales 3521, 3522 ; 3541, 3542 de même longueur et d'une deuxième tige horizontale 356, 358 reliant sensiblement en leur milieu lesdites deux premières tiges verticales 3521, 3522 ; 3541, 3542 les deux premières tiges verticales 3521, 3522 ; 3541, 3542 connectant les deux murs latéraux parallèles verticaux, inférieur 324 et supérieur 325, de sorte à réaliser chacune un premier circuit résonateur L1V, C1V parallèle pour la première polarisation verticale, parallèle à la direction des premières tiges d'interconnexion, et un deuxième circuit résonateur L2H, C2H parallèle pour une deuxième polarisation horizontale, orthogonale à la première polarisation verticale.The two
Par ailleurs, il est à remarquer que les quatre fentes continues médianes 334, 335, 336, 337 des quatre murs latéraux 324, 325, 326, 327 de la section du guide d'onde 320 sont ici échancrées en entrée et en sortie de section de guide d'onde.Furthermore, it should be noted that the four continuous
Les deux fentes horizontales 334, 335 traversent chacune deux tronçons de guidage horizontal et d'extrémité en entrée et sortie de la section guidée avec une première largeur horizontale W1H, et traverse un tronçon intermédiaire de guidage horizontal avec une deuxième largeur horizontal W2H, inférieure à la première largeur horizontale W1H.The two
Les deux tronçons d'extrémités d'entrée et de sortie et de guidage horizontal ont chacun une même longueur d1 et définissent chacun une portion, première et cinquième, de ligne de transmission pour la deuxième polarisation horizontale ayant une première impédance caractéristique horizontale Z1H.The two entry and exit end sections and horizontal guide each have the same length d1 and each define a portion, first and fifth, of transmission line for the second horizontal polarization having a first horizontal characteristic impedance Z1 H.
La première discontinuité électrique 342 et la deuxième discontinuité électrique 344 partagent le tronçon intermédiaire de guidage horizontal en trois portions, deuxième, troisième et quatrième, de ligne de transmission pour la deuxième polarisation horizontale, ayant chacune une même deuxième impédance caractéristique horizontale Z2H et des longueurs respectives d2, d3 et d2. La première discontinuité électrique, branchée entre la deuxième portion et la troisième portion de ligne de transmission de la deuxième polarisation horizontale, et la deuxième discontinuité électrique, branchée entre la troisième et quatrième portion de ligne de transmission de la deuxième polarisation horizontale, sont séparées par la distance d3. Les longueurs d1, d2, d3, et d vérifient ici l'égalité suivante: d=2*d1+ 2*d2+d3, le symbole «*» désignant l'opérateur de multiplication.The first
Les deux fentes verticales 336, 337 traversent chacune deux tronçons de guidage horizontal et d'extrémité en entrée et sortie de la section guidée avec une première largeur verticale W1V, et traverse un tronçon intermédiaire de guidage vertical avec une deuxième largeur verticale W2V, inférieure à la première largeur verticale W1V.The two
Les deux tronçons d'extrémités d'entrée et de sortie et de guidage vertical ont chacun une même longueur d1 et définissent chacun une portion, première et cinquième, de ligne de transmission pour la première polarisation verticale ayant une première impédance caractéristique verticale Z1H.The two entry and exit and vertical guide end sections each have the same length d1 and each define a portion, first and fifth, of the transmission line for the first vertical polarization having a first vertical characteristic impedance Z1 H.
La première discontinuité électrique 342 et la deuxième discontinuité électrique 344 partagent le tronçon intermédiaire de guidage vertical en trois portions, deuxième, troisième et quatrième, de ligne de transmission pour la première polarisation verticale, ayant chacune une même deuxième impédance caractéristique horizontale Z2H et des longueurs respectives d2, d3 et d2. La première discontinuité électrique, branchée entre la deuxième portion et la troisième portion de ligne de transmission de la première polarisation horizontale, et la deuxième discontinuité électrique, branchée entre la troisième et quatrième portion de ligne de transmission de la première polarisation verticale, sont séparées par la distance d3. Les longueurs d1, d2, d3, et d vérifient ici l'égalité suivante: d=2*d1+ 2*d2+d3, le symbole «*» désignant l'opérateur de multiplication.The first
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En variante, les positions des échancrures le long des fentes horizontales et des fentes verticales peuvent différer entre elles et/ou les positions des discontinuités électriques élémentaires par rapport aux échancrures peuvent varier.As a variant, the positions of the notches along the horizontal slits and of the vertical slits can differ from one another and / or the positions of the elementary electrical discontinuities with respect to the notches can vary.
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La cellule polarisante 372 comporte une section de guide d'onde 370 dont les quatre murs latéraux 374, 375, 376, 377 sont ouverts chacun longitudinalement sur toute la longueur de la section guidée 370 par une fente continue médiane 384, 385, 386, 387, et deux discontinuités électriques élémentaires 392, 394 constituées chacune d'une interconnexion 388, 390, en forme de X de tiges, électriquement conductrices et interconnectant les murs latéraux.The
Les deux interconnexions 388, 390, formant respectivement les deux discontinuités électriques élémentaires, première 392 et deuxième 394, disposées à l'intérieur de la section de guide d'onde 370 formant la cellule polarisante 372 et en retrait des extrémités respectives d'entrée et de sortie de ladite section de guide d'onde 370, et symétriquement par rapport à un plan médian vertical traversant longitudinalement la section de guide d'onde, sont constituées chacune de deux tiges 3921, 3922; 3941, 3942 de même longueur, inclinées par rapport à la direction verticale en sens opposé, qui se croisent sensiblement en leur milieu respectif en étant reliées et qui interconnectent les murs latéraux parallèles horizontaux, inférieur 374 et supérieur 375, de sorte à réaliser chacune un premier circuit résonateur L1V, C1V parallèle pour la première polarisation verticale, et un deuxième circuit résonateur L2H, C2H parallèle pour la deuxième polarisation horizontale, orthogonale à la première polarisation vertical.The two
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La cellule polarisante 412 comporte une section de guide d'onde 410 dont les quatre murs latéraux 414, 415, 416, 417 sont ouverts chacun longitudinalement sur toute la longueur de la section guidée 410 par une fente continue médiane 424, 425, 426, 427, deux discontinuités électriques élémentaires, première 432 et deuxième 434, d'extrémités d'entrée et de sortie, formées chacune par une interconnexion 442, 444 en forme de H d'un premier type, et une discontinuité électrique 436 intermédiaire, troisième, disposée entre les première et deuxième discontinuités élémentaires 432, 434 d'extrémité, et formée par une interconnexion 446 en forme de H d'un deuxième type.The
Les deux interconnexions 442, 444, en forme de H de premier type, première et deuxième, formant les première et deuxième discontinuités électriques élémentaires 432, 434, disposées à l'intérieur de la section de guide d'onde 410 et en retrait des extrémités respectives d'entrée et de sortie de ladite section de guide d'onde 410, sont constituées chacune de deux premières tiges verticales 4521, 4522 ; 4541, 4542, de même longueur et d'une deuxième tige horizontale 4523 ; 4543 reliant sensiblement en leur milieu lesdites deux tiges verticale, les deux premières tiges verticales 4521, 4522 ; 4541, 4542 connectant une paire de murs latéraux horizontaux parallèles, inférieur 414 et supérieur 415, de sorte à réaliser chacune un premier circuit résonateur vertical L1V, C1V parallèle de premier type pour la première polarisation verticale, et un premier circuit résonateur horizontal L1H, C1H parallèle pour une deuxième polarisation horizontale, orthogonale à la première polarisation verticale.The two
L'interconnexion 446 en forme de H de deuxième type, troisième, formant la troisième discontinuité élémentaire 436, disposée à l'intérieur de section de guide d'onde 410 et sensiblement au milieu de la longueur de la cellule polarisante 412, entre les première et deuxième discontinuités électriques élémentaires 432, 434, est constituée de deux tiges horizontales 4561, 4562 de même longueur et d'une tige verticale 4563 reliant sensiblement en leur milieu lesdites deux tiges horizontales 4561, 4562, les deux premières tiges horizontales 4561, 4562 connectant les murs latéraux parallèles verticaux, gauche 416 et droit 417, dont la normale est horizontale, de sorte à réaliser un deuxième circuit résonateur vertical L2V, C2V parallèle de deuxième type pour la première polarisation verticale, et un deuxième circuit résonateur horizontal L2H, C2H parallèle de deuxième type pour la deuxième polarisation horizontale.The second, third, H-shaped
Ici, les fentes continues médianes 424, 425, 426, 427 des quatre murs latéraux 414, 415, 416, 417 de la section de guide d'onde, sont dépourvues d'échancrure en entrée et en sortie de la section du guide d'onde 410.Here, the central
Les deux fentes verticales 426, 427 traversent chacune, depuis l'entrée vers la sortie, quatre tronçons de guidage vertical de la section guidée avec une même largeur verticale W1V. qui définissent successivement une portion, première, deuxième, troisième, quatrième, de ligne de transmission pour la première polarisation verticale V ayant une même impédance caractéristique verticale Z1V.The two
Pour la première polarisation verticale V, la première portion de ligne d'impédance verticale comprise entre l'entrée de section guidée et la première discontinuité électrique élémentaire verticale de premier type, la deuxième portion de ligne d'impédance verticale comprise entre la première discontinuité électrique élémentaire verticale de premier type et la troisième discontinuité électrique élémentaire verticale de deuxième type, la troisième portion de ligne d'impédance verticale comprise entre la troisième discontinuité électrique élémentaire verticale de deuxième type et la deuxième discontinuité électrique élémentaire verticale de premier type, et la quatrième portion de ligne d'impédance verticale comprise entre la deuxième discontinuité électrique élémentaire verticale de premier type et la sortie de section guide ont respectivement des première, deuxième, troisième, quatrième longueur d1, d2, d2, d1 vérifiant l'égalité : 2*(d1+d2) = d, d désignant la longueur de la section guidée.For the first vertical polarization V, the first portion of the vertical impedance line lying between the entry of the guided section and the first vertical elementary electrical discontinuity of the first type, the second portion of the vertical impedance line lying between the first electrical discontinuity vertical elementary first type and the third vertical elementary electrical discontinuity of the second type, the third portion of the vertical impedance line between the third vertical elementary electrical discontinuity of the second type and the second electrical discontinuity vertical elementary first type, and the fourth vertical impedance line portion between the second vertical elementary electrical discontinuity of the first type and the guide section output respectively have first, second, third, fourth length d1, d2, d2, d1 verifying equality: 2 * (d1 + d2) = d, d denoting the length of the guided section.
Les deux fentes horizontales 424, 425 traversent chacune, depuis l'entrée vers la sortie, quatre tronçons de guidage horizontal de la section guidée avec une même largeur horizontale W1H. qui définissent successivement une portion, première, deuxième, troisième, quatrième, de ligne de transmission pour la deuxième polarisation horizontale H ayant une même impédance caractéristique horizontale Z1H.The two
Pour la deuxième polarisation horizontale H, la première portion de ligne d'impédance horizontale comprise entre l'entrée de section guidée et la première discontinuité électrique élémentaire horizontale de premier type, la deuxième portion de ligne d'impédance horizontale comprise entre la première discontinuité électrique élémentaire horizontale de premier type et la troisième discontinuité électrique élémentaire horizontale de deuxième type, la troisième portion de ligne d'impédance horizontale comprise entre la troisième discontinuité électrique élémentaire horizontale de deuxième type et la deuxième discontinuité électrique élémentaire horizontale de premier type, et la quatrième portion de ligne d'impédance horizontale comprise entre la deuxième discontinuité électrique élémentaire horizontale de premier type et la sortie de section guide ont respectivement des première, deuxième, troisième, quatrième longueur d1, d2, d2, d1 vérifiant l'égalité : 2*(d1+d2) = d, d désignant la longueur de la section guidée.For the second horizontal polarization H, the first horizontal impedance line portion between the entry of the guided section and the first horizontal elementary electrical discontinuity of the first type, the second horizontal impedance line portion between the first electrical discontinuity horizontal elementary first type and the third horizontal elementary electrical discontinuity of the second type, the third portion of the horizontal impedance line between the third horizontal elementary electrical discontinuity of the second type and the second horizontal elementary electrical discontinuity of the first type, and the fourth portion of horizontal impedance line between the second horizontal elementary electrical discontinuity of the first type and the guide section output respectively have first, second, third, fourth lengths d1, d2, d2, d1 verifying equality: 2 * ( d1 + d2) = d, d denoting the lon guise of the guided section.
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De manière générale, la cellule polarisante inclut une discontinuité électrique élémentaire ou une succession de discontinuités électriques élémentaires formant des charges capacitives ou inductives, ou des circuits L,C, parallèles ou séries qui permettent de modéliser la cellule polarisante comme un circuit passe-bande pour chacune des polarisations verticale et horizontale.In general, the polarizing cell includes an elementary electrical discontinuity or a succession of elementary electrical discontinuities forming capacitive or inductive loads, or L, C, parallel or series circuits which make it possible to model the polarizing cell as a band-pass circuit for each of the vertical and horizontal polarizations.
De manière générale, les sections de guide d'onde et les tiges d'interconnexion, formant chaque cellule polarisante sont électriquement conductrices.Generally, the waveguide sections and the interconnection rods forming each polarizing cell are electrically conductive.
Suivant un premier mode de réalisation, les sections de guide d'onde et les tiges d'interconnexion, formant chaque cellule polarisante sont constituées par un unique matériau homogène électriquement conducteur.According to a first embodiment, the waveguide sections and the interconnection rods forming each polarizing cell consist of a single homogeneous electrically conductive material.
Suivant un deuxième mode de réalisation, les sections de guide d'onde et les tiges d'interconnexion, formant chaque cellule polarisante sont constituées par un unique matériau homogène électriquement conducteur.According to a second embodiment, the waveguide sections and the interconnection rods forming each polarizing cell consist of a single homogeneous electrically conductive material.
De manière particulière, l'unique matériau homogène électriquement conducteur est un métal, ou le deuxième matériau électriquement conducteur est un métal.In particular, the only homogeneous electrically conductive material is a metal, or the second electrically conductive material is a metal.
Lorsque la structure de la ou des cellules polarisantes de l'écran polariseur est entièrement métallique, l'écran polariseur présente des faibles pertes de transmission indépendamment du mode émission ou réception de l'application utilisée, et est compatible d'applications de forte puissance.When the structure of the polarizing cell (s) of the polarizing screen is entirely metallic, the polarizing screen exhibits low transmission losses regardless of the transmission or reception mode of the application used, and is compatible with high power applications.
Une structure entièrement métallique des cellules polarisantes permet de réaliser l'écran polariseur selon l'invention par fabrication additive en utilisant un procédé d'impression 3-D.An entirely metallic structure of the polarizing cells makes it possible to produce the polarizing screen according to the invention by additive manufacturing using a 3-D printing process.
Les cellules polarisantes de l'écran polariseur selon l'invention ont une bande passante très large et des murs latéraux de guidage de faible épaisseur vis-à-vis de la longueur d'onde de transmission. L'utilisation de section guidées à base de plaques parallèles repliées permet de ne pas introduire de dispersion fréquentielle dans les sections de guide d'onde et d'obtenir des réponses très large bande. La faible épaisseur des murs latéraux des sections guidées, typiquement inférieure à la longueur d'onde de transmission, confère à l'écran polariseur une stabilité en incidence de l'onde électromagnétique injecté.The polarizing cells of the polarizing screen according to the invention have a very wide passband and lateral guiding walls that are thin with respect to the transmission wavelength. The use of guided sections based on folded parallel plates makes it possible not to introduce frequency dispersion in the waveguide sections and to obtain very wide band responses. The small thickness of the side walls of the guided sections, typically less than the transmission wavelength, gives the polarizing screen stability in terms of incidence of the injected electromagnetic wave.
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Les cellules polarisantes 512 sont formées ici par des sections guidées 510 métalliques ouvertes sur les côtés par des ouvertures longitudinales. Grace aux ouvertures longitudinales, les guides peuvent propager un mode TEM, qui n'est pas soumis à une fréquence de coupure.The
Les sections guidées 510 sont chargées en plusieurs endroits par des motifs métalliques de diverses formes, rejoignant les parois des guides, ici trois motifs métalliques en forme de H. Ces motifs permettent de solidariser les différentes parties de la structure de chaque cellules polarisantes et réalisent de manière générale des chargements électriques de type inductifs ou capacitifs, ou des résonateurs (L,C) parallèle ou (L,C) série.The guided
Ici, les motifs métalliques ayant la forme de H et reliant les quatre repliées de chaque section guidée, réalisent des résonateurs (L,C) parallèle selon les deux polarisations dont les valeurs L et C pour chaque polarisation sont déterminées par la géométrie desdits motifs. La largeur de la section guidée et la largeur des ouvertures longitudinales, ici quatre fentes de même largeur détermineront l'impédance caractéristique de la section guidée.Here, the metallic patterns having the shape of H and connecting the four folds of each guided section, produce resonators (L, C) parallel according to the two polarizations whose values L and C for each polarization are determined. by the geometry of said patterns. The width of the guided section and the width of the longitudinal openings, here four slots of the same width will determine the characteristic impedance of the guided section.
Grâce à l'absence de fréquence de coupure, l'agencement périodique des sections guidées peut être petit par rapport à la longueur d'onde (typiquement λ/3). Des bandes passantes très larges peuvent être obtenues, permettant par exemple de couvrir les sous bandes Rx et Tx de la bande Ka. La réponse fréquentielle de l'écran selon chaque polarisation est principalement déterminée par les charges capacitives et inductives réalisées par les connections métalliques, et les impédances caractéristiques déterminées par les caractéristiques du cadre, agissant comme un guide d'onde à plaques parallèles.Thanks to the absence of a cut-off frequency, the periodic arrangement of the guided sections can be small with respect to the wavelength (typically λ / 3). Very wide passbands can be obtained, for example making it possible to cover the Rx and Tx subbands of the Ka band. The frequency response of the screen according to each polarization is mainly determined by the capacitive and inductive loads carried out by the metal connections, and the characteristic impedances determined by the characteristics of the frame, acting as a waveguide with parallel plates.
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La courbe 662 décrit l'évolution du coefficient de transmission pour la composante verticale EV de l'onde électromagnétique incidente, i.e. la première polarisation verticale en fonction de la fréquence.
La courbe 664 décrit l'évolution du coefficient de transmission pour la composante horizontale EH de l'onde électromagnétique incidente, i.e. la deuxième polarisation en fonction de la fréquence.
Une anisotropie de 90°entre les deux courbes 662 et 664 est visible sur la bande 660 de fréquence comprise entre 20 GHz et 28 GHz.A 90 ° anisotropy between the two
Suivant la
Suivant les
L'écran polariseur 702 est ici un agencement bidimensionnel plan continu et périodique de cellules polarisantes 712 ayant chacune la même structure que celle décrite dans la
La section de guide d'onde 706 d'injection d'une onde électromagnétique incidente polarisée linéairement comporte ici un évasement 714, configuré pour modifier l'impédance du guide à plaques parallèles 716 qui le précède en amont en l'adaptant à l'impédance d'entrée de l'écran polariseur. Plus l'évasement est grand, plus l'impédance caractéristique se rapprochera de celle du vide. Dans ce cas les schémas électriques de l'écran polariseur 702 pour les deux polarisations orthogonales sont similaires à ceux des
L'écran polariseur 702 comprend en outre une structure de support latéral 720 qui enveloppe latéralement les cellules polarisantes 712 agencées entre elles, et sur laquelle sont fixées des extrémités de tiges 724 rendant solidaires partiellement les cellules polarisantes entre elles.The
Ici, les cellules polarisantes 712 sont rendues solidaires entre elles en totalité par l'action conjointe, d'une part des tiges 720 traversant des murs de sections de guide de cellules polarisantes 712 suivant une même direction latérale, ici la direction verticale de chaque cellule polarisante, parallèle à la première direction de polarisation verticale qui correspond à la direction du champ EV incident incliné de 45° par rapport à la direction verticale de la
L'écran polariseur 702 est fixé à la section de guide d'onde d'entrée 706 par deux ensembles de fixations de bouts d'entrée de murs de sections de guide d'onde de cellules polarisantes 712, configurés pour être connectés rigidement de murs latéraux du guide d'onde 706.The
En variante, le guide d'onde d'entrée est remplacé par une sortie de cornet d'injection de l'onde électromagnétique incidente.As a variant, the input waveguide is replaced by an injection horn output of the incident electromagnetic wave.
Suivant la
A la différence de l'écran polariseur 702 des
Ici, les cellules polarisantes sont rendues solidaires entre elles en totalité par l'action conjointe, d'une part des tiges 820 traversant des murs de sections de guide de cellules polarisantes alignés suivant une même direction latérale, ici la direction verticale de chaque cellule polarisante, parallèle à la première direction de polarisation verticale qui correspond à la direction du champ E incident incliné de 45° par rapport à la direction verticale de la Figure 11B, et d'autre part les deux plaques 8061, 8062 de guidage et d'injection du signal RF d'entrée qui fixent les positions des tiges de connexion groupée de plaques repliées au travers de liaisons en bout d'au moins une plaque repliée par groupes de plaques repliées des sections de guide d'onde.Here, the polarizing cells are made integral with each other in their entirety by the joint action, on the one hand of the rods 820 passing through the walls of guide sections of polarizing cells aligned in the same lateral direction, here the vertical direction of each polarizing cell , parallel to the first direction of vertical polarization which corresponds to the direction of the incident field E inclined by 45 ° with respect to the vertical direction of FIG. 11B, and on the other hand the two plates 806 1 , 806 2 for guiding and d Injection of the input RF signal which fixes the positions of the folded plate cluster connection rods through end links of at least one folded plate by folded plate groups of the waveguide sections.
L'agencement des cellules polarisantes est fixé en bout d'entrée aux deux plaques de guidage et d'injection du signal RF d'entrée par deux ensembles de fixations de bouts d'entrée de plaques repliées de murs de sections de guide d'onde de cellules polarisantes, configurés pour être connectés rigidement aux deux plaques de guidage et d'injection du signal RF d'entrée polarisé linéairement.The polarizing cell arrangement is attached at the input end to the two guiding and injecting plates of the input RF signal by two sets of input end fasteners of folded plates of walls of waveguide sections polarizing cells, configured to be rigidly connected to the two guiding and injection plates of the linearly polarized input RF signal.
En variante, dans les deuxième et troisième modes de réalisation des
Suivant les
L'antenne multifaisceaux 904 est configurée pour rayonner à partir d'une ouverture continue, formée par une section de guide d'onde 912 d'injection d'une onde électromagnétique incidente polarisée linéairement similaire à celui décrit dans les
L'écran polariseur 902 est un agencement bidimensionnel plan, continu et périodique, de cellules polarisantes 932 ayant chacune la même structure que celle décrite dans la
L'écran polariseur 902 est connectée à la sortie de la section de guide d'onde 912 d'injection d'une onde électromagnétique incidente polarisée linéairement de manière similaire à celle décrite dans les
Un procédé de fabrication d'un écran polariseur selon l'invention tel que décrit ci-dessus peut utiliser avantageusement une technique d'impression 3D, lorsque les cellules polarisantes (sections guidées et tiges d'interconnexion) sont totalement métalliques.A method of manufacturing a polarizing screen according to the invention as described above can advantageously use a 3D printing technique, when the polarizing cells (guided sections and interconnection rods) are completely metallic.
Les cellules polarisantes selon l'invention sont dimensionnées pour fonctionner dans une bande de fréquence comprise dans l'une des bandes L, S, C, Ku et KaThe polarizing cells according to the invention are dimensioned to operate in a frequency band included in one of the bands L, S, C, Ku and Ka
Plusieurs applications peuvent être couvertes par un écran polariseur selon l'invention te que décrit ci-dessus, comme par exemple :
- des antennes bord multifaisceaux embarquées à bord de satellites de systèmes de télécommunications spatiales, basés sur des constellations de satellites évoluant en orbite basse LEO (en anglais « Low Earth Orbit ») ou moyenne MEO (en anglais « Médium Earth Orbit ») ;
- des antennes de terminaux de communication SATCOM ; ou
- des terminaux utilisateur de systèmes de télécommunications basés sur des constellations de satellites en orbite basse LEO ou moyenne MEO.
- multibeam on-board antennas on board space telecommunications system satellites, based on constellations of satellites operating in low LEO (“Low Earth Orbit”) or medium MEO (“Medium Earth Orbit”) orbit;
- SATCOM communication terminal antennas; Where
- user terminals of telecommunications systems based on constellations of satellites in low orbit LEO or medium MEO.
Claims (14)
- A polarising screen comprising an arrangement of at least one polarising cell (112; 172; 262; 312; 372; 412; 512; 932) made of an electrically conductive material, which is frequency- and polarisation-selective, for transforming the linear polarisation of the electric field E of an incident electromagnetic TEM wave, which field is received as input and is decomposable into two electric field signals EV, EH, the vertical and horizontal polarisations of which are linear and orthogonal, into a circular polarisation of an output electric field, and wherein each polarising cell (112; 172; 262; 312; 372; 412; 512; 932) contains a section of waveguide having two orthogonal, i.e. vertical and horizontal, pairs of lateral walls that are parallel to one another and that extend longitudinally in a direction of propagation of an incident electromagnetic TEM wave,the polarising screen being characterised in thatthe four lateral walls (124, 125, 126, 127; 194, 195, 196, 197; 274, 275, 276, 277; 324, 325, 326, 327; 374, 375, 376, 377; 414, 415, 416, 417) of each polarising cell (112; 172; 262; 312; 372; 412; 512; 932) are each open over their entire length due to a median continuous slot (134, 135, 136, 137;194, 195, 196, 197; 284, 285, 286, 287; 324, 325, 326, 327; 384, 385, 386, 387; 424, 425, 426, 427), parallel to the direction of propagation of the incident electromagnetic wave, so as to form four angled electrically conductive plates, andeach polarising cell includes electrically conductive rods which interconnect the lateral walls and the four angled plates so that they are partially or completely coupled and which form one or more successive elementary electrical discontinuities, which are arranged at the end of or inside the section of waveguide forming the polarising cell and produce one or more inductive or capacitive loads, or one or more resonators (L, C) equivalent to an inductor and a capacitor connected in parallel or in series; andthe longitudinally open slots (134, 135, 136, 137; 194, 195, 196, 197; 284, 285, 286, 287; 324, 325, 326, 327; 384, 385, 386, 387; 424, 425, 426, 427), of the lateral walls and the elementary electrical discontinuities of each polarising cell have geometric shapes and dimensions which perform total transmission of the incident wave, which is associated with a phase anisotropy of +90° or -90° according to the components EV and EH.
- The polarising screen according to claim 1, wherein the sections of waveguide and the interconnecting rods, forming each polarising cell, which are electrically conductive, are made of:a single electrically conductive homogeneous material, ora first material covered with a second, electrically conductive material.
- The polarising screen according to claim 2, wherein the single electrically conductive homogeneous material is a metal, or the second, electrically conductive material is a metal.
- The polarising screen according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the median continuous slots of the four lateral walls of each section of waveguide forming a polarising cell are indented at the input and at the output of the section of the waveguide; orthe median continuous slots of a single pair of parallel lateral walls of each section of waveguide forming a polarising cell are indented at the input and at the output of the section of the waveguide; orthe median continuous slots of the four lateral walls of each section of waveguide forming a polarising cell are without indentation at the input and at the output of the section of the waveguide.
- The polarising screen according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein
the polarising cells (112; 172; 262; 312; 372; 412; 512; 932) are dimensioned to operate in a frequency band comprised in one of the L, S, C, Ku and Ka bands. - The polarising screen according to one of claims 1 to 5, whereineach polarising cell (112) includes rods made of electrically conductive material, for interconnecting the lateral walls via an H-shaped interconnection, producing a single elementary electrical discontinuity, andthe H-shaped interconnection forming the elementary electrical discontinuity, arranged inside the section of waveguide and substantially in the middle of the length of the polarising cell, consists of two first, vertical rods of same length and of a second, horizontal rod linking said two vertical rods substantially at their middles, the two first, vertical rods connecting a pair of upper and lower horizontal lateral walls so as to produce a first parallel resonator circuit LV, CV for a first, vertical polarisation and a second parallel resonator circuit LH, CH for a second, horizontal polarisation, orthogonal to the first, vertical polarisation.
- The polarising screen according to one of claims 1 to 5, whereineach polarising cell (172) includes rods made of electrically conductive material, for interconnecting the lateral walls via an X-shape, producing a single elementary electrical discontinuity, andthe X-shaped interconnection producing the single elementary electrical discontinuity, arranged inside the section of waveguide substantially in the middle of the length of the polarising cell and symmetrically relative to a longitudinal median plane passing through the section of waveguide, consists of two rods of same length, inclined relative to a vertical direction in the opposite direction, which intersect substantially at their respective middles while being linked or slightly separated at their middles, and which connect a pair of, upper and lower, horizontal lateral walls so as to produce a first parallel resonator circuit LV, CV for a first, vertical polarisation, and a second parallel resonator circuit LH, CH for a second, horizontal polarisation, orthogonal to the first, vertical polarisation.
- The polarising screen according to one of claims 1 to 5, whereineach polarising cell (262) includes rods made of electrically conductive material, for interconnecting the lateral walls via two interconnections, each formed by two vertical rods or vertical pillars without a central connection between them, and each producing an elementary electrical interconnection; andthe two, first and second, interconnections producing the two elementary electrical discontinuities, arranged inside the section of waveguide forming the polarising cell and set back from the respective input and output ends of said section of waveguide, connect the two, lower and upper, horizontal lateral walls so as to produce an inductive load for the first, vertical polarisation, parallel to the direction of the vertical rods, and a capacitive load for the second, horizontal polarisation, orthogonal to the first, vertical polarisation.
- The polarising screen according to one of claims 1 to 5, whereineach polarising cell (312) includes rods made of an electrically conductive material, for interconnecting the lateral walls via two successive H-shaped interconnections, producing two elementary electrical discontinuities; andthe two, first and second, successive interconnections forming the two elementary discontinuities, arranged inside the section of waveguide forming the polarising cell and set back from the respective input and output ends of said section of waveguide, each consist of two first, vertical rods of same length and of a second, horizontal rod linking said two vertical rods substantially at their middles, the two first, vertical rods connecting the, upper and lower, horizontal lateral walls so as to each form a first parallel resonator circuit LV, CV for the first, vertical polarisation, and a second parallel resonator circuit LH, CH for the second, horizontal polarisation, orthogonal to the first, vertical polarisation.
- The polarising screen according to one of claims 1 to 5, whereineach polarising cell (372) includes rods made of electrically conductive material, for interconnecting the lateral walls via two X-shaped interconnections, producing two elementary electrical discontinuities; andthe two, first and second, successive interconnections forming the two elementary discontinuities, arranged inside the section of waveguide forming the polarising cell and set back from the respective input and output ends of said section of waveguide and symmetrically relative to a vertical median plane passing longitudinally through the section of waveguide, each consist of two rods of same length, inclined relative to a vertical direction in the opposite direction, which intersect substantially at their respective middles while being linked or slightly separated at their middles, and which connect the two, lower and upper, horizontal lateral walls,so as to each form a first parallel resonator circuit LV, CV for the first, vertical polarisation, and a second parallel resonator circuit LH, CH for the second, horizontal polarisation, orthogonal to the first, vertical polarisation.
- The polarising screen according to one of claims 1 to 5, whereineach polarising cell (412) includes rods made of electrically conductive material, for interconnecting the lateral walls via two, first and second, H-shaped interconnections of a first type, producing two elementary electrical discontinuities of a first type, and via a third H-shaped interconnection, of a second type, producing an elementary electrical discontinuity of a second type; andthe two, first and second, H-shaped interconnections of the first type, arranged inside the section of waveguide forming the polarising cell and set back from the respective input and output ends of said section of waveguide, each consist of two first, vertical rods of same length and of a second, horizontal rod linking said two vertical rods substantially at their middles, the two first, vertical rods connecting the two, lower and upper, horizontal lateral walls so as each to form a first parallel resonator circuit LV1 , Cvi of a first type for a first, vertical polarisation, and a second parallel resonator circuit LH1, CH1 for a second, horizontal polarisation, orthogonal to the first, vertical polarisation; andthe third H-shaped interconnection, of the second type, arranged inside the section of waveguide and substantially in the middle of the length of the polarising cell, consists of two third, horizontal rods of same length and of a fourth, vertical rod linking said two third, horizontal rods substantially at their middles, the two third, horizontal rods connecting the, left and right, vertical lateral walls so as to produce a first parallel resonator circuit LV2, CV2 of a second type for the first, vertical polarisation, and a second parallel resonator circuit LH2, CH2 of a second type for the second, horizontal polarisation.
- The polarising screen according to one of claims 1 to 11, further comprisinga lateral supporting structure (720) which laterally surrounds the arrangement of the polarising cells and on which ends of rods are attached, partially or completely coupling each polarising cell; ortwo linearly polarised parallel plates (706) for guiding and injecting the incident electrical signal, which plates are attached at the end of walls of polarising cells so as to couple the polarising cells of the polarising screen in cooperation with interconnection rods coupling groups of polarising cells.
- The polarising screen according to one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the arrangement of the polarising cells is a continuous two-dimensional arrangement of at least three polarising cells (512) distributed over a regular surface.
- The method for producing a polarising screen such as defined in one of claims 1 to 13, characterised in thatthe polarising screen is made entirely of metal, andthe production method uses a 3D-printing technique.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR1904139A FR3095303B1 (en) | 2019-04-18 | 2019-04-18 | WIDE BAND RADIOFREQUENCY (S) POLARIZING CELL (S) POLARIZER SCREEN |
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EP3726642A1 EP3726642A1 (en) | 2020-10-21 |
EP3726642B1 true EP3726642B1 (en) | 2021-12-22 |
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EP20166973.6A Active EP3726642B1 (en) | 2019-04-18 | 2020-03-31 | Polarising screen with wideband polarising radiofrequency cell(s) |
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US (1) | US11171396B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3726642B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA3078132A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2906084T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR3095303B1 (en) |
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CN112525797A (en) * | 2020-11-27 | 2021-03-19 | 中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Soil body horizontal permeability coefficient testing device |
US20240063550A1 (en) * | 2020-12-22 | 2024-02-22 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | A polarizer for parallel plate waveguides |
WO2022157410A1 (en) * | 2021-01-25 | 2022-07-28 | Universidad De Granada | Reconfigurable three-dimensional structure for the manipulation of electromagnetic waves |
FR3134659A1 (en) | 2022-04-14 | 2023-10-20 | Thales | Device for controlling RF electromagnetic beams according to their frequency band and manufacturing method |
FR3144427A1 (en) | 2022-12-22 | 2024-06-28 | Thales | Wide-angle impedance matching device for radiating element array antenna and method for designing such a device |
CN117832872B (en) * | 2024-01-17 | 2024-06-25 | 北京星英联微波科技有限责任公司 | Broadband total metal reflection unit, reflection array and reflection array antenna structure |
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DE893819C (en) * | 1944-12-23 | 1953-10-19 | Siemens Ag | Hollow pipeline |
US4672334A (en) * | 1984-09-27 | 1987-06-09 | Andrew Corporation | Dual-band circular polarizer |
JPS61199302A (en) * | 1985-02-28 | 1986-09-03 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Microwave transmission line |
JP2748518B2 (en) * | 1989-03-23 | 1998-05-06 | 日本電気株式会社 | Polarization converter |
US8933855B2 (en) * | 2012-02-28 | 2015-01-13 | Alcatel Lucent | Antenna feed with polarization rotation |
FR3038457B1 (en) | 2015-07-03 | 2017-07-28 | Thales Sa | QUASI-OPTICAL BEAM TRAINER WITH LENS AND FLAT ANTENNA COMPRISING SUCH A BEAM FORMER |
US20180198184A1 (en) * | 2017-01-11 | 2018-07-12 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Cable for transmitting electromagnetic waves |
EP3618172B1 (en) * | 2017-05-22 | 2021-11-24 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | Antenna device and array antenna device |
-
2019
- 2019-04-18 FR FR1904139A patent/FR3095303B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2020
- 2020-03-31 ES ES20166973T patent/ES2906084T3/en active Active
- 2020-03-31 EP EP20166973.6A patent/EP3726642B1/en active Active
- 2020-04-15 US US16/849,941 patent/US11171396B2/en active Active
- 2020-04-17 CA CA3078132A patent/CA3078132A1/en active Pending
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FR3095303B1 (en) | 2021-04-09 |
US20200335842A1 (en) | 2020-10-22 |
CA3078132A1 (en) | 2020-10-18 |
ES2906084T3 (en) | 2022-04-13 |
EP3726642A1 (en) | 2020-10-21 |
US11171396B2 (en) | 2021-11-09 |
FR3095303A1 (en) | 2020-10-23 |
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