EP2674673A2 - Load-dependent operated apparatus for the combustion of solid biogenic fuels and methods for their operating - Google Patents
Load-dependent operated apparatus for the combustion of solid biogenic fuels and methods for their operating Download PDFInfo
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- EP2674673A2 EP2674673A2 EP13171352.1A EP13171352A EP2674673A2 EP 2674673 A2 EP2674673 A2 EP 2674673A2 EP 13171352 A EP13171352 A EP 13171352A EP 2674673 A2 EP2674673 A2 EP 2674673A2
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- fuel
- combustion
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- firing
- heat
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C1/00—Combustion apparatus specially adapted for combustion of two or more kinds of fuel simultaneously or alternately, at least one kind of fuel being either a fluid fuel or a solid fuel suspended in a carrier gas or air
- F23C1/02—Combustion apparatus specially adapted for combustion of two or more kinds of fuel simultaneously or alternately, at least one kind of fuel being either a fluid fuel or a solid fuel suspended in a carrier gas or air lump and liquid fuel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C1/00—Combustion apparatus specially adapted for combustion of two or more kinds of fuel simultaneously or alternately, at least one kind of fuel being either a fluid fuel or a solid fuel suspended in a carrier gas or air
- F23C1/04—Combustion apparatus specially adapted for combustion of two or more kinds of fuel simultaneously or alternately, at least one kind of fuel being either a fluid fuel or a solid fuel suspended in a carrier gas or air lump and gaseous fuel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
- F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
- F23C6/045—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure
- F23C6/047—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure with fuel supply in stages
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
- F23G5/14—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion
- F23G5/16—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C2201/00—Staged combustion
- F23C2201/30—Staged fuel supply
- F23C2201/301—Staged fuel supply with different fuels in stages
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2204/00—Supplementary heating arrangements
- F23G2204/10—Supplementary heating arrangements using auxiliary fuel
- F23G2204/103—Supplementary heating arrangements using auxiliary fuel gaseous or liquid fuel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2209/00—Specific waste
- F23G2209/26—Biowaste
Definitions
- the invention relates to an apparatus and a method for burning solid, biogenic fuels in a first firing stage with a first feeder of the fuel in a Brenngutbett, a Primär Kunststoffzuschreib Road, an igniter for igniting the fuel in the Brenngutbett, provided above the Brenngutbett combustion chamber and a in a Heat flow of the burnt combustible heat exchanger arranged with at least one downstream heat storage.
- Generic devices are known for example as a combustion boiler for burning wood pellets, wood chips and the like.
- Such combustion boilers are operated by metering the broken fuel onto a fuel bed and ignited and burned there.
- a arranged in the adjoining combustion chamber above, for example, filled with water heat exchanger is heated and delivers the heated water to one or more heat storage from which, for example, a heater or a service water is optionally fed via other heat exchanger.
- the feeding of the fuel is carried out by means of feeder after the Querschub, underfeed or discharge method on a Brenngutbett, such as a grate, a shell or a tunnel.
- a Brenngutbett such as a grate, a shell or a tunnel.
- a charging device for a furnace in which firewood is fed to a crusher via a chute before it is fed into the kiln. The feeding takes place by means of a single feed device.
- a device for burning wood pellets is known, which are ground before being fed by means of a feeder into a combustion chamber by means of a mill and added to the combustion air.
- the object of the invention is therefore to propose a device which produces less pollutants and is adaptable in an improved manner to a temporally varying heat demand.
- a Primär Kunststoffzubow In a respective apparatus for burning solid, biogenic fuels in a first firing stage with a first feeder of the fuel in a Brenngutbett, a Primär Kunststoffzubow adopted, an igniter for igniting the fuel in the Brenngutbett, provided above the Brenngutbett combustion chamber and one in a heat flow of the combusted combustible arranged heat exchanger with at least one downstream heat storage for this purpose, the first combustion stage designed as a heat load compensating combustion stage and a second heat demand peaks covering the combustion stage with a second, in the combustion chambersentzürtzen fuel-introducing feed device provided.
- the device is provided as a fuel boiler for the combustion of broken wood pieces, wood chips, bark parts and the like, in particular wood pellets.
- a combustion boiler is preferably designed for small buildings such as single or multi-family homes, small commercial and office buildings and the like.
- the first feeder of the first combustion stage can be provided here as underfeed, shear feed or discharge device.
- the transport of the fuel from a reservoir to the boiler can be done for example by means of a screw conveyor.
- the operation of the device such as combustion boiler is load-controlled divided into two parts. In this case, a basic heat load is covered by firing the combustion boiler by means of metered from the first feeder according to the basic heat load supplied lumpy fuel such as wood pellets.
- the ignition of the fuel fed into the fuel bed takes place by means of an ignition device, for example an electric glow spiral, a fire conveyor such as a lighter or the like. It has proven to be advantageous to heat the primary air supply so that such an ignition process is facilitated or initiated without further aids by the flame temperature of the fuel is exceeded.
- the primary air can be heated, for example, by an electric heating coil. This is because of their sheltered housing less susceptible to interference than placed in Brenngutbett Glühspirale.
- a basic heat load is to be understood as a heat requirement, for example in the form of a buffer store and / or heat circuit held at a predetermined or predeterminable temperature, which accumulates essentially permanently, for example in a heating period in the form of a heating cycle. If this basic heat load is requested, the firing process can usually be maintained for a longer time after firing, so that firing phases with comparatively higher pollutant load can be minimized. Furthermore, cyclical startup and shutdown with associated long heating and warming times are avoided, on the one hand lead to long and uncomfortable reaction times of the boiler with difficult to controllable control curve with Regelschwingungsneist and on the other hand to uneconomical use of the fuel.
- the coverage of heat demand peaks, as they arise, for example, when preparing domestic hot water and the like, takes place by activation of the second combustion stage.
- the fuel that has been finely distributed by the second supply device is introduced into the combustion chamber above the combustion bed and preferably ignites instantaneously as a result of the prevailing environment in this combustion chamber.
- an additional ignition device for the fuel of the second combustion stage can be provided.
- the conditions of the fuel input are chosen so that contact with walls of the combustion chamber is preferably avoided and a uniform distribution over the combustion chamber is achieved. Due to the high surface area of the fuel, the fuel provides its energy content quickly and with great dynamics, so that fast heating rates of the heat exchanger can be achieved. With appropriate design of the combustion geometry in the combustion chamber with a corresponding arrangement of the heat exchanger in the combustion field of the second combustion stage heating properties in the sense of a water heater can be achieved.
- the fuel of the second combustion stage may be a liquid or gaseous fossil fuel, for example natural gas or fuel oil, which are metered into the combustion chamber via corresponding metering valves and nozzles and distributed in the same.
- the fuel of the second combustion stage is comminuted solid biogenic fuel.
- the same fuel of the first firing stage is provided after appropriate comminution and brought from the reservoir together or separately to the device.
- the comminution takes place by means of a comminution device, which is integrated into the device outside the combustion chamber and can be, for example, a grinder.
- the metering of the ground fuel into the combustion chamber takes place, for example, by means of a rapidly rotating screw which is driven, for example, by an electric motor which is speed-controlled as a function of the heat requirement peak.
- the combustion chamber is followed by a secondary air supply device with a primary air supply device, for example via the grate of the fuel bed or the like, with a secondary air supply device.
- a secondary air supply device By the air supply of secondary air in the secondary combustion chamber, the pollutant content, such as carbon monoxide and post-combustible organic compounds is lowered.
- the secondary air supply is preferably regulated independently of the primary air supply and depending on the pollutant load. It has proved to be advantageous if the secondary air is introduced perpendicular to the flow direction of the exhaust gas flow through the afterburner in this.
- combustion of the fuel metered onto the combustion bed in the first combustion stage is dependent on at least one variable reproducing the basic heat load and the metering of the fuel metered in the second combustion stage via the second supply device depending on at least one heat load tip Size.
- the second firing stage can be operated during a firing of the fuel of the first feed device.
- the second combustion stage can be switched on with additional heat requirement.
- the first firing stage is stopped, for example in a summer operation of the apparatus
- the second firing stage may be operated as an exclusive firing stage of the apparatus optionally with further energy sources, for example a solar thermal system for the preparation of hot process water.
- preheated water of the at least one heat accumulator can be introduced into the heat exchanger during operation of the second supply device.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematically illustrated device 1, for example in the form of a wood pellet boiler with two firing stages 2, 3.
- the firing stage 2 is a conventional for covering a base load of a heat demand continuously operated burner for non-shredded wood pellets. These are by means of the first feeder 4 from the reservoir 5 as shown by means of a Aufschvons on the Brenngutbett 7 with the grate 6, which may be pivotally mounted to dispose of the ash metered.
- the combustion stage 2 is permanently operated during a heat demand with predetermined power, for example, in a detached house with 8 kW.
- the regulation of the firing stage 2 for setting this power can be done on the basis of detectable performance parameters, such as a kiln scale in Brenngutbett 7 or, for example, a measurement of the mass flow in the feeder 4, the primary air supply 8, for example, the blower 9.
- the power will be done by means of recordable performance data, such as the average heat consumption, the outside temperature of a heating system and the like.
- the firing stage 2 is put into operation by means of an ignition of the combustion material located on the Brenngutbett 7 by 17 heated air is supplied, for example by the heater.
- the firing stage 3 metered the fuel by means of the feeder 10 directly into the combustion chamber 11.
- the feeder 10 is preceded by a crushing device 12, which finely grinds wood pellets from the reservoir 5.
- a fast-rotating, driven by an electric motor and controllable with respect to their speed screw of the pulverized fuel is finely dispersed and without being knocked down on the walls of the combustion chamber 11 into the combustion chamber 11.
- the finely divided fuel mixture ignites instantaneously on the flames of the fuel of the first combustion stage 2 or as a result of the temperatures prevailing in the combustion chamber 11 and burns with evolution of heat.
- the control of the supply of fuel of the second combustion stage 3 is dependent on heat demand peaks, which goes beyond the heat provided by the first combustion stage 2 amount of heat.
- the firing stage 3 is switched on in the firing phase of the firing stage 2, in order to gain a required amount of heat, for example, by a factor of three faster than in a recoverable only with the firing stage 2 heating time. Furthermore, the combustion stage 3 at heat demand peaks, which are determined for example on the basis of a consumption behavior such as a temperature and its temporal evolution, flow rates of a buffer storage, the heat exchanger and the like, controlled. To provide a sufficient and sufficiently rapid amount of heat, the firing level 3 for a detached house can be designed for a power of about 20 kW.
- the exhaust gas heats a directly arranged in the combustion chamber 11 or - as shown here - a reference to the train of the exhaust gas subsequently provided heat exchanger 13, for example a steam boiler 14, which feeds one or more buffer tanks, not shown. Due to the fast-reacting combustion stage 3, the capacity of a buffer memory can be reduced. For example, in the case of an intended switch-off of the firing stage 2, the switch-off can take place earlier and the slowly decreasing heat generation of the long-lasting burning process can be intercepted, if necessary, by the firing stage 3.
- the afterburner chamber 15 is provided, which is connected downstream of the combustion chamber 11 and has the secondary air supply means 16.
- the supply of the primary air and the secondary air can be done by means of the blower 9.
- the proportion of secondary air is controlled by means of the supply air flap 18.
- the filter unit 19 and the carbon adsorber 20 can be connected in the exhaust gas flow.
- the device 1 may have corresponding measuring devices.
- chemical sensors, temperature sensors, a lambda probe and the like for detecting combustion data of the first combustion stage 2 can be provided at the measuring point 21.
- the relevant for the emission of pollutants into the ambient air exhaust air can be examined by means of appropriate sensors.
- an overall control of the device 1 can be provided by controlling the volume flows of the primary and secondary air, the metering of fuel via the feed devices 4, 10 depending on the heat requirement.
- the invention is not shown exhaustively by the geometric representation of the device 1. Depending on the requirements, the available space, a desired geometric design, the required performance and dynamics, other geometric interpretations of the combustion stages 2, 3, the combustion chamber 11, optionally the afterburning chamber 15, the heat exchanger 13 and more relevant to the invention Be provided components.
- FIG. 3 shows the diagram 101 with a typical combustion sequence of the device 1 of FIG. 2 over the time t at the measuring point 21 over the firing phases P1, P2, P3, P4.
- Curve 102 shows the oxygen concentration
- curve 103 the combustion air ratio (air ratio ⁇ )
- curve 104 the carbon monoxide concentration
- curve 105 the carbon dioxide concentration
- curve 106 the concentration of hydrocarbons
- curve 107 the hydrogen concentration.
- combustion phase P1 the ignition of the fuel of the firing stage 2 takes place.
- fuel for example 1.8 kg / h of wood pellets and, for example, 10 Nm 3 / h of primary air are fed into firing stage 2.
- the secondary air quantity is for example 25 Nm 3 / h.
- combustion results in combustion gas evolution shown in curves 102 through 107.
- firing stage 3 is operated with a supply of, for example, 4.5 kg / h of pulverized wood pellets.
- the pollution increases disproportionately, but this is of little relevance to the final pollutant emissions due to the aftertreatment in the afterburning chamber.
- combustion phase P4 the fuel charge of both combustion stages 2, 3 is switched off.
- FIG. 4 shows the diagram 110 with a typical combustion profile of the device 1 of FIG. 2 over the time t at the measuring point 22 via the P1, P2, P3, P4.
- the dosage of the fuels and the primary and secondary air corresponds to the conditions of the diagram 101 of FIG. 3 shown Brennlaufs.
- the measuring point 22 is relevant for the emission of the pollutants emitted by the device 1.
- the curve 112 shows the oxygen concentration, the curve 114, the carbon monoxide concentration, the curve 115, the carbon dioxide concentration and the curve 117, the water vapor concentration. Taking into account the changed scales, the carbon monoxide concentration is significantly reduced. However, it is noticeable that these are higher in the firing phase P2 with exclusive operation of the firing stage 2 compared to firing phase P3, in which both firing stages 2, 3 are operated.
- the effect of afterburning in the afterburning chamber 15 is therefore less effective in the firing phase P2.
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- Solid-Fuel Combustion (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung und ein Verfahren zur Verbrennung fester, biogener Brennstoffe in einer ersten Brennstufe mit einer ersten Zuführeinrichtung des Brennstoffs in ein Brenngutbett, einer Primärluftzufuhreinrichtung, einer Zündeinrichtung zur Entzündung des Brennstoffs im Brenngutbett, einem über dem Brenngutbett vorgesehenen Brennraum sowie einem in einem Wärmestrom des verbrannten Brennguts angeordneten Wärmetauscher mit zumindest einem nachgeschalteten Wärmespeicher.The invention relates to an apparatus and a method for burning solid, biogenic fuels in a first firing stage with a first feeder of the fuel in a Brenngutbett, a Primärluftzufuhreinrichtung, an igniter for igniting the fuel in the Brenngutbett, provided above the Brenngutbett combustion chamber and a in a Heat flow of the burnt combustible heat exchanger arranged with at least one downstream heat storage.
Gattungsgemäße Vorrichtungen sind beispielsweise als Brennkessel zur Verbrennung von Holzpellets, Hackschnitzeln und dergleichen bekannt. Derartige Brennkessel werden betrieben, indem der gestückelte Brennstoff auf ein Brenngutbett dosiert und dort gezündet und verbrannt wird. Ein in dem sich oben anschließenden Brennraum angeordneter, beispielsweise mit Wasser befüllter Wärmetauscher wird dabei erwärmt und gibt das erhitzte Wasser an einen oder mehrere Wärmespeicher ab, aus dem beispielsweise eine Heizung oder eine Brauchwasserleitung gegebenenfalls über weitere Wärmetauscher gespeist wird. Die Zuführung des Brennguts erfolgt mittels Zuführeinrichtung nach dem Quereinschub-, Unterschub- oder Abwurfverfahren auf ein Brenngutbett, beispielsweise einen Rost, eine Schale oder einen Tunnel. Beispielsweise ist aus der deutschen Patentschrift Nr.
Nach einer Zündung einer mit biogenen Feststoffen betriebenen Vorrichtung zur Erwärmung von Wasser für den Heiz- und Brauchwasserbetrieb entstehen große An- und Abbrandzeiten, so dass diese insbesondere bei schnellem Warmwasserbedarf unzureichend schnell reagieren und bei zyklischem Betrieb aufgrund der hohen Schadstoffbelastung im Anbrandbetrieb umweltrelevant und infolge von Regelschwingungen insbesondere bei mehreren hintereinander geschalteten Brennstoffkesseln schwer zu regeln sind.After ignition of a powered with biogenic solids device for heating water for heating and domestic water operation arise large on and burn times, so that they react insufficiently fast especially in fast hot water demand and environmentally relevant in cyclic operation due to the high pollutant loading in Anbrandbetrieb and as a result of Control vibrations are difficult to control, especially in several fuel boilers connected in series.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist daher, eine Vorrichtung vorzuschlagen, die weniger Schadstoffe produziert und in verbesserter Weise an einen zeitlich variierenden Wärmebedarf anpassbar ist.The object of the invention is therefore to propose a device which produces less pollutants and is adaptable in an improved manner to a temporally varying heat demand.
Die Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmale der Vorrichtung des Anspruchs 1 und des Verfahrens des Anspruchs 7 gelöst. Die auf diese zurückbezogenen Ansprüche betreffen vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen.The object is solved by the features of the device of
In einer betreffenden Vorrichtung zur Verbrennung fester, biogener Brennstoffe in einer ersten Brennstufe mit einer ersten Zuführeinrichtung des Brennstoffs in ein Brenngutbett, einer Primärluftzufuhreinrichtung, einer Zündeinrichtung zur Entzündung des Brennstoffs im Brenngutbett, einem über dem Brenngutbett vorgesehenen Brennraum sowie einem in einem Wärmestrom des verbrannten Brennguts angeordneten Wärmetauscher mit zumindest einem nachgeschalteten Wärmespeicher ist hierzu die erste Brennstufe als eine Wärmegrundlast kompensierende Brennstufe ausgebildet und eine zweite, Wärmebedarfsspitzen abdeckende Brennstufe mit einer zweiten, im Brennraum selbstentzündlichen Brennstoff eintragenden Zuführeinrichtung vorgesehen.In a respective apparatus for burning solid, biogenic fuels in a first firing stage with a first feeder of the fuel in a Brenngutbett, a Primärluftzufuhreinrichtung, an igniter for igniting the fuel in the Brenngutbett, provided above the Brenngutbett combustion chamber and one in a heat flow of the combusted combustible arranged heat exchanger with at least one downstream heat storage for this purpose, the first combustion stage designed as a heat load compensating combustion stage and a second heat demand peaks covering the combustion stage with a second, in the combustion chamber selbstentzündlichen fuel-introducing feed device provided.
Die Vorrichtung ist als Brennstoffkessel zur Verbrennung von gestückelten Holzteilen, Holzspänen, Rindenteilen und dergleichen, insbesondere Holzpellets vorgesehen. Ein derartiger Brennkessel wird bevorzugt für kleine Gebäude wie Ein- oder Mehrfamilienhäuser, kleine Gewerbe- und Bürogebäude und dergleichen ausgelegt. Die erste Zuführeinrichtung der ersten Brennstufe kann hierbei als Unterschub-, Querschubbeschickung oder Abwurfeinrichtung vorgesehen sein. Der Transport des Brennstoffs von einem Vorratsbehälter zum Brennkessel kann beispielsweise mittels einer Förderschnecke erfolgen. Der Betrieb der Vorrichtung wie Brennkessel erfolgt lastgesteuert zweigeteilt. Hierbei wird eine Wärmegrundlast durch Befeuerung des Brennkessels mittels von der ersten Zuführeinrichtung entsprechend der Wärmegrundlast dosiert zugeführtem stückeligem Brennstoff wie Holzpellets abgedeckt. Die Zündung des in das Brenngutbett zugeführten Brennstoffs erfolgt mittels einer Zündeinrichtung, beispielbeispielsweise einer elektrischen Glühspirale, eines Brandförderers wie beispielsweise eines Anzünders oder dergleichen. Es hat sich dabei als vorteilhaft erwiesen, die Primärluftzufuhr so zu erwärmen, dass ein derartiger Zündvorgang erleichtert oder ohne weitere Hilfsmittel eingeleitet wird, indem die Flammtemperatur des Brennstoffs überschritten wird. Die Primärluft kann beispielsweise durch eine elektrische Heizspirale erwärmt werden. Diese ist wegen ihrer geschützten Unterbringung weniger störanfällig als eine im Brenngutbett platzierte Glühspirale.The device is provided as a fuel boiler for the combustion of broken wood pieces, wood chips, bark parts and the like, in particular wood pellets. Such a combustion boiler is preferably designed for small buildings such as single or multi-family homes, small commercial and office buildings and the like. The first feeder of the first combustion stage can be provided here as underfeed, shear feed or discharge device. The transport of the fuel from a reservoir to the boiler can be done for example by means of a screw conveyor. The operation of the device such as combustion boiler is load-controlled divided into two parts. In this case, a basic heat load is covered by firing the combustion boiler by means of metered from the first feeder according to the basic heat load supplied lumpy fuel such as wood pellets. The ignition of the fuel fed into the fuel bed takes place by means of an ignition device, for example an electric glow spiral, a fire conveyor such as a lighter or the like. It has proven to be advantageous to heat the primary air supply so that such an ignition process is facilitated or initiated without further aids by the flame temperature of the fuel is exceeded. The primary air can be heated, for example, by an electric heating coil. This is because of their sheltered housing less susceptible to interference than placed in Brenngutbett Glühspirale.
Unter Wärmegrundlast ist ein Wärmebedarf, beispielsweise in Form eines auf einer vorgegebenen beziehungsweise vorgebbaren Temperatur gehaltenen Pufferspeichers und/oder Wärmekreislaufs zu verstehen, der im Wesentlichen dauerhaft, beispielsweise in einer Heizperiode in Form eines Heizkreislaufs anfällt. Wird diese Wärmegrundlast angefordert, kann der Brennvorgang nach einem Anbrand in der Regel über längere Zeit aufrecht erhalten werden, so dass Anbrandphasen mit vergleichsweise höherer Schadstoffbelastung minimiert werden können. Weiterhin werden zyklische An- und Abschaltvorgänge mit damit verbundenen langen Aufheiz- und Abwärmzeiten vermieden, die einerseits zu langen und unkomfortablen Reaktionszeiten des Brennkessels mit schwer zu kontrollierbarem Regelverlauf mit Regelschwingungsneigung und andererseits zu unökonomischer Nutzung des Brennstoffs führen.A basic heat load is to be understood as a heat requirement, for example in the form of a buffer store and / or heat circuit held at a predetermined or predeterminable temperature, which accumulates essentially permanently, for example in a heating period in the form of a heating cycle. If this basic heat load is requested, the firing process can usually be maintained for a longer time after firing, so that firing phases with comparatively higher pollutant load can be minimized. Furthermore, cyclical startup and shutdown with associated long heating and warming times are avoided, on the one hand lead to long and uncomfortable reaction times of the boiler with difficult to controllable control curve with Regelschwingungsneigung and on the other hand to uneconomical use of the fuel.
Die Abdeckung von Wärmebedarfsspitzen, wie sie beispielsweise bei Bereitung von warmem Brauchwasser und dergleichen entstehen, erfolgt durch Aktivierung der zweiten Brennstufe. Der von der zweiten Zuführeinrichtung entsprechend fein verteilt aufbereitete Brennstoff wird im Gegensatz zu dem im Brenngutbett abbrennenden Brennstoff in den Brennraum über dem Brenngutbett eingebracht und zündet in bevorzugter Weise infolge der in dieser vorherrschenden Umgebung instantan. Bei abgeschalteter erster Brennstufe kann eine zusätzliche Zündeinrichtung für den Brennstoff der zweiten Brennstufe vorgesehen sein. Dabei werden die Bedingungen des Brennstoffeintrags so gewählt, dass ein Kontakt mit Wänden des Brennraums in bevorzugter Weise vermieden und eine gleichmäßige Feinverteilung über den Brennraum erzielt wird. Infolge der hohen Oberfläche des Brennstoffs stellt der Brennstoff seinen Energieinhalt schnell und mit großer Dynamik zur Verfügung, so dass schnelle Aufheizraten des Wärmetauschers erzielt werden. Bei entsprechender Auslegung der Brenngeometrie im Brennraum mit entsprechender Anordnung des Wärmetauschers im Brennfeld der zweiten Brennstufe können Aufheizeigenschaften im Sinne eines Durchlauferhitzers erzielt werden.The coverage of heat demand peaks, as they arise, for example, when preparing domestic hot water and the like, takes place by activation of the second combustion stage. In contrast to the fuel burning off in the fuel bed, the fuel that has been finely distributed by the second supply device is introduced into the combustion chamber above the combustion bed and preferably ignites instantaneously as a result of the prevailing environment in this combustion chamber. When switched off the first combustion stage, an additional ignition device for the fuel of the second combustion stage can be provided. The conditions of the fuel input are chosen so that contact with walls of the combustion chamber is preferably avoided and a uniform distribution over the combustion chamber is achieved. Due to the high surface area of the fuel, the fuel provides its energy content quickly and with great dynamics, so that fast heating rates of the heat exchanger can be achieved. With appropriate design of the combustion geometry in the combustion chamber with a corresponding arrangement of the heat exchanger in the combustion field of the second combustion stage heating properties in the sense of a water heater can be achieved.
Der Brennstoff der zweiten Brennstufe kann ein flüssiger oder gasförmiger fossiler Brennstoff, beispielsweise Erdgas oder Heizöl sein, die über entsprechende Dosierventile und Düsen in den Brennraum dosiert eingetragen und in diesem verteilt werden. In besonders vorteilhafter Weise ist der Brennstoff der zweiten Brennstufe zerkleinerter fester biogener Brennstoff. Bevorzugt wird hierzu derselbe Brennstoff der ersten Brennstufe nach entsprechender Zerkleinerung vorgesehen und aus dem Vorratsbehälter gemeinsam oder separat an die Vorrichtung herangeführt. Die Zerkleinerung erfolgt mittels einer Zerkleinerungsvorrichtung, die in die Vorrichtung außerhalb des Brennraums integriert ist und beispielsweise ein Mahlwerk sein kann. Die Dosierung des gemahlenen Brennstoffs in den Brennraum erfolgt beispielsweise mittels einer schnell drehenden Schnecke, die beispielsweise von einem abhängig von der Wärmebedarfsspitze drehzahlgeregelten Elektromotor angetrieben wird.The fuel of the second combustion stage may be a liquid or gaseous fossil fuel, for example natural gas or fuel oil, which are metered into the combustion chamber via corresponding metering valves and nozzles and distributed in the same. In a particularly advantageous manner, the fuel of the second combustion stage is comminuted solid biogenic fuel. Preferably, for this purpose, the same fuel of the first firing stage is provided after appropriate comminution and brought from the reservoir together or separately to the device. The comminution takes place by means of a comminution device, which is integrated into the device outside the combustion chamber and can be, for example, a grinder. The metering of the ground fuel into the combustion chamber takes place, for example, by means of a rapidly rotating screw which is driven, for example, by an electric motor which is speed-controlled as a function of the heat requirement peak.
Es hat sich insbesondere aus Gründen der Schadstoffbegrenzung als vorteilhaft erwiesen, wenn dem Brennraum mit einer Primärluftzuführeinrichtung beispielsweise über den Rost des Brenngutbetts oder dergleichen eine Nachbrennkammer mit einer Sekundärluftzuführeinrichtung nachgeschaltet ist. Durch die Luftzufuhr von Sekundärluft in die Nachbrennkammer wird der Schadstoffgehalt, beispielsweise Kohlenmonoxid und nachverbrennbare organische Verbindungen gesenkt. Die Sekundärluftzufuhr wird bevorzugt unabhängig von der Primärluftzufuhr und abhängig von der Schadstoffbelastung geregelt. Es hat sich als vorteilhaft erwiesen, wenn die Sekundärluft senkrecht zur Strömungsrichtung des Abgasstroms durch die Nachbrennkammer in diese eingebracht wird.It has proved to be advantageous, in particular for reasons of emission control, if the combustion chamber is followed by a secondary air supply device with a primary air supply device, for example via the grate of the fuel bed or the like, with a secondary air supply device. By the air supply of secondary air in the secondary combustion chamber, the pollutant content, such as carbon monoxide and post-combustible organic compounds is lowered. The secondary air supply is preferably regulated independently of the primary air supply and depending on the pollutant load. It has proved to be advantageous if the secondary air is introduced perpendicular to the flow direction of the exhaust gas flow through the afterburner in this.
In einem Verfahren zum Betrieb der vorgeschlagenen Vorrichtung erfolgt eine Verbrennung des in der ersten Brennstufe auf das Brenngutbett dosierten Brennstoffs abhängig von zumindest einer die Wärmegrundlast reproduzierenden Größe und die Dosierung des in der zweiten Brennstufe über die zweite Zuführeinrichtung dosierten Brennstoffs abhängig von zumindest einer eine Wärmelastspitze reproduzierenden Größe. In vorteilhafter Weise kann zur Beschleunigung eines Aufheizvorgangs des Wärmetauschers die zweite Brennstufe während eines Anbrands des Brennstoffs der ersten Zuführeinrichtung betrieben werden. Weiterhin kann während eines Dauerbetriebs der ersten Brennstufe beispielsweise während eines Heizbetriebs tagsüber oder ganztägig die zweite Brennstufe bei zusätzlichem Wärmebedarf zugeschaltet werden. Alternativ kann bei stillgesetzter erster Brennstufe beispielsweise in einem Sommerbetrieb der Vorrichtung die zweite Brennstufe als ausschließliche Brennstufe der Vorrichtung gegebenenfalls mit weiteren Energiequellen, beispielsweise einer Solartherme zur Bereitung von warmem Brauchwasser betrieben werden.In a method for operating the proposed device, combustion of the fuel metered onto the combustion bed in the first combustion stage is dependent on at least one variable reproducing the basic heat load and the metering of the fuel metered in the second combustion stage via the second supply device depending on at least one heat load tip Size. In an advantageous manner, to accelerate a heating process of the heat exchanger, the second firing stage can be operated during a firing of the fuel of the first feed device. Furthermore, during a continuous operation of the first combustion stage, for example during a heating operation during the day or all day, the second combustion stage can be switched on with additional heat requirement. Alternatively, when the first firing stage is stopped, for example in a summer operation of the apparatus, the second firing stage may be operated as an exclusive firing stage of the apparatus optionally with further energy sources, for example a solar thermal system for the preparation of hot process water.
Um eine besonders schnelle Erwärmung von Brauchwasser zu erzielen, kann während des Betriebs der zweiten Zuführeinrichtung vorerwärmtes Wasser des zumindest einen Wärmespeichers in den Wärmetauscher eingebracht werden.In order to achieve a particularly rapid heating of service water, preheated water of the at least one heat accumulator can be introduced into the heat exchanger during operation of the second supply device.
Die Erfindung wird anhand der in den
Figur 1- ein Diagramm eines Brennbetriebs einer Vorrichtung mit lediglich einer Brennstufe,
Figur 2- eine Vorrichtung zur Verbrennung von festen biogenen Brennstoffen mit zwei Brennstufen,
- Figur 3
- ein Diagramm eines Brennbetriebs der Vorrichtung der
mit über dem Brenngutbett erfassten Messwerten,Figur 2 Figur 4- ein Diagramm eines Brennbetriebs der Vorrichtung der
mit hinter einer Nachbrennkammer ermittelten MesswertenFigur 2 - und
Figur 5 - ein Diagramm eines Brennbetriebs der Vorrichtung der
mit gegenüber derFigur 2 veränderten Zufuhrbedingen von Primär- und Sekundärluft.Figur 4
- FIG. 1
- a diagram of a combustion operation of a device with only one firing stage,
- FIG. 2
- a device for burning solid biogenic fuels with two firing stages,
- FIG. 3
- a diagram of a burning operation of the device of
FIG. 2 with measured values recorded above the firing material bed, - FIG. 4
- a diagram of a burning operation of the device of
FIG. 2 with measured values determined behind a secondary combustion chamber - and FIG. 5
- a diagram of a burning operation of the device of
FIG. 2 with respect to theFIG. 4 altered feed conditions of primary and secondary air.
Aus dem Diagramm 100 der
Aus den Teildiagrammen I und II geht das Verhalten einer kontinuierlich betriebenen Vorrichtung hervor, bei der sich nach dem Ende des ersten Anbrands bis zum Abbrand ein im Wesentlichen konstantes Verbrennungsluftverhältnis mit geringen Schadstoffbelastungen einstellt.From the partial diagrams I and II, the behavior of a continuously operated device emerges in which sets after the end of the first firing to combustion a substantially constant combustion air ratio with low pollution loads.
Die Brennstufe 3 dosiert den Brennstoff mittels der Zuführeinrichtung 10 direkt in den Brennraum 11. Der Zuführeinrichtung 10 ist eine Zerkleinerungsvorrichtung 12 vorgeschaltet, welches Holzpellets aus dem Vorratsbehälter 5 fein vermahlt. Beispielsweise mittels einer schnell drehenden, von einem Elektromotor angetriebenen und bezüglich ihrer Drehzahl regelbaren Schnecke wird der pulverisierte Brennstoff fein verteilt und ohne sich an den Wänden des Brennraums 11 niederzuschlagen in den Brennraum 11 dosiert. Das feinverteilte Brennstoffgemisch entzündet sich an den Flammen des Brennstoffs der ersten Brennstufe 2 oder infolge der im Brennraum 11 herrschenden Temperaturen instantan und verbrennt unter Wärmeentwicklung. Die Regelung der Zufuhr von Brennstoff der zweiten Brennstufe 3 erfolgt abhängig von Wärmebedarfsspitzen, die über die von der ersten Brennstufe 2 bereit gestellte Wärmemenge hinausgeht. Die Brennstufe 3 wird in der Anbrandphase der Brennstufe 2 zugeschaltet, um eine erforderliche Wärmemenge beispielsweise um den Faktor drei schneller als bei einer nur mit der Brennstufe 2 erzielbaren Aufheizzeit zu gewinnen. Weiterhin wird die Brennstufe 3 bei Wärmebedarfsspitzen, die beispielsweise anhand eines Verbrauchsverhaltens wie einer Temperatur und deren zeitliche Entwicklung, Durchflussmengen eines Pufferspeichers, des Wärmetauschers und dergleichen ermittelt werden, gesteuert. Zur Bereitstellung einer ausreichenden und ausreichend schnellen Wärmemenge kann die Brennstufe 3 für ein Einfamilienhaus auf eine Leistung von ca. 20 kW ausgelegt sein.The firing stage 3 metered the fuel by means of the
Das Abgas erwärmt einen direkt in dem Brennraum 11 angeordneten oder - wie hier dargestellt - einem bezogen auf den Zug des Abgases nachfolgend vorgesehenen Wärmetauscher 13, beispielsweise einen Dampfkessel 14, der einen oder mehrere nicht dargestellte Pufferspeicher speist. Aufgrund der schnell reagierenden Brennstufe 3 kann die Kapazität eines Pufferspeichers verringert werden. Beispielsweise kann bei vorgesehener Abschaltung der Brennstufe 2 die Abschaltung früher erfolgen und die langsam abnehmende Wärmeerzeugung des lange andauernden Abbrandvorgangs gegebenenfalls durch die Brennstufe 3 abgefangen werden.The exhaust gas heats a directly arranged in the
Zur Verringerung der Schadstoffbelastung ist in dem gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel die Nachbrennkammer 15 vorgesehen, die dem Brennraum 11 nachgeschaltet ist und über die Sekundärluftzufuhreinrichtung 16 verfügt. Die Zufuhr der Primärluft und der Sekundärluft kann mittels des Gebläses 9 erfolgen. Zur Dosierung der Sekundärluft in die Nachbrennkammer 15 wird mit Hilfe der Zuluftklappe 18 der Anteil der Sekundärluft gesteuert. Zur Weiteren Abgasreinigung können die Filtereinheit 19 und der Kohleadsorber 20 in den Abgasstrom geschaltet sein.To reduce the pollutant load in the embodiment shown, the
Neben einem verbrauchsgesteuerten Betrieb der Vorrichtung 1 kann eine Korrektur der Steuerung zur Verringerung der Schadstoffbelastung erfolgen. Hierzu kann die Vorrichtung 1 über entsprechende Messvorrichtungen verfügen. Beispielsweise können an der Messstelle 21 chemische Sensoren, Temperaturmessfühler, eine Lambda-Sonde und dergleichen zur Erfassung von Verbrennungsdaten der ersten Brennstufe 2 vorgesehen sein. An der Messstelle 22 kann mittels entsprechender Sensoren die für die Emission von Schadstoffen in die Umgebungsluft relevante Abluft untersucht werden. Anhand der erfassten Messdaten kann durch Steuerung der Volumenströme der Primär- und Sekundärluft, der Dosierung von Brennstoff über die Zuführeinrichtungen 4, 10 abhängig vom Wärmebedarf eine Gesamtsteuerung der Vorrichtung 1 vorgesehen werden.In addition to a consumption-controlled operation of the
Es versteht sich, dass die Erfindung nicht durch die geometrische Darstellung der Vorrichtung 1 erschöpfend dargestellt ist. Abhängig von den Anforderungen, dem zur Verfügung stehenden Bauraum, einer gewünschten geometrischen Auslegung, der erforderlichen Leistung und Dynamik können auch andere geometrische Auslegungen der Brennstufen 2, 3, des Brennraums 11, gegebenenfalls der Nachbrennkammer 15, des Wärmetauschers 13 und weiterer für die Erfindung relevanter Bauteile vorgesehen sein.It is understood that the invention is not shown exhaustively by the geometric representation of the
- 11
- Vorrichtungcontraption
- 22
- Brennstufefiring step
- 33
- Brennstufefiring step
- 44
- Zuführeinrichtungfeeding
- 55
- Vorratsbehälterreservoir
- 66
- Rostrust
- 77
- BrenngutbettBrenngutbett
- 88th
- PrimärluftzufuhreinrichtungPrimary air supply means
- 99
- Gebläsefan
- 1010
- Zuführeinrichtungfeeding
- 1111
- Brennraumcombustion chamber
- 1212
- Zerkleinerungsvorrichtungcomminution device
- 1313
- Wärmetauscherheat exchangers
- 1414
- Dampfkesselsteam boiler
- 1515
- Nachbrennkammerafterburner chamber
- 1616
- SekundärluftzufuhreinrichtungSecondary air supply means
- 1717
- Heizeinrichtungheater
- 1818
- Zuluftklappeinlet flap
- 1919
- Filtereinheitfilter unit
- 2020
- KohleadsorberKohleadsorber
- 2121
- Messstellemeasuring point
- 2222
- Messstellemeasuring point
- 100100
- Diagrammdiagram
- 101101
- Diagrammdiagram
- 102102
- KurveCurve
- 103103
- KurveCurve
- 104104
- KurveCurve
- 105105
- KurveCurve
- 106106
- KurveCurve
- 107107
- KurveCurve
- 110110
- Diagrammdiagram
- 112112
- KurveCurve
- 114114
- KurveCurve
- 115115
- KurveCurve
- 117117
- KurveCurve
- 120120
- Diagrammdiagram
- II
- Teildiagrammpartial diagram
- IIII
- Teildiagrammpartial diagram
- IIIIII
- Teildiagrammpartial diagram
- IVIV
- Teildiagrammpartial diagram
- P1P1
- Brennphaseburning phase
- P2P2
- Brennphaseburning phase
- P3P3
- Brennphaseburning phase
- P4P4
- Brennphaseburning phase
- tt
- ZeitTime
- Δt.delta.t
- Zeitintervalltime interval
- λλ
- VerbrennungsluftverhältnisCombustion air ratio
Claims (12)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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DE102012105099.6A DE102012105099B4 (en) | 2012-06-13 | 2012-06-13 | Load-dependent device for burning solid biogenic fuels and method for their operation |
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EP2674673A2 true EP2674673A2 (en) | 2013-12-18 |
EP2674673A3 EP2674673A3 (en) | 2014-08-13 |
EP2674673B1 EP2674673B1 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
Family
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EP13171352.1A Not-in-force EP2674673B1 (en) | 2012-06-13 | 2013-06-11 | Load-dependent apparatus for the combustion of solid biogenic fuels and method for its operation |
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EP (1) | EP2674673B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102012105099B4 (en) |
Cited By (1)
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CN109059017A (en) * | 2018-08-31 | 2018-12-21 | 江西大江农业科技发展有限公司 | A kind of environment-friendly biomass combustion system |
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DE3226877A1 (en) | 1982-07-17 | 1984-01-19 | Albert 6200 Wiesbaden Wagner | Heating boiler |
EP1162405A2 (en) | 2000-06-05 | 2001-12-12 | Theodor Ernst Seebacher | Device for the combustion of renewable particle fuels, in particular wood pellets |
DE102008056019A1 (en) | 2007-11-07 | 2009-05-20 | Manuel Hochgatterer | Feeding device for a furnace |
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GB1023583A (en) * | 1961-04-25 | 1966-03-23 | Fuel Firing Ltd | Improvements in or relating to solid fuel furnace and boiler plant |
US3680500A (en) * | 1970-10-08 | 1972-08-01 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Two-stage smokeless incinerator |
US4078541A (en) * | 1976-02-09 | 1978-03-14 | Roycraft Engineering Company | Wood and oil burning furnace |
US4312278A (en) * | 1980-07-22 | 1982-01-26 | Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Maine | Chip wood furnace and furnace retrofitting system |
DE3106015C2 (en) * | 1981-02-18 | 1985-08-01 | "HDG" Entwicklungs- und Patentverwertungsgesellschaft mbH, Wald, Steiermark | Process for operating a heating boiler which can be heated with solid fuel and with oil or gas and device for carrying out the process |
FR2733303B1 (en) * | 1995-04-19 | 1997-05-30 | Gaz De France | WASTE BOILER-INCINERATOR AND METHOD FOR OPERATING A WASTE BOILER-INCINERATOR |
US20020083944A1 (en) * | 2001-01-03 | 2002-07-04 | Darbonne Johnny R. | Pellet furnace heating apparatus |
ATE366393T1 (en) * | 2001-01-08 | 2007-07-15 | Stoeger Josef Jun | BENEFIT GAS PROCESS FOR OBTAINING ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL ENERGY FROM BIOMASS BOILERS |
GB0703469D0 (en) * | 2007-02-22 | 2007-04-04 | Alley Enterprises Ltd | A burner assembly |
DE102007017102A1 (en) * | 2007-04-10 | 2008-10-16 | S+K Haustechnik Gmbh | Operational method for solid fuel burner, initially burns fuel producing no aggressive substances, especially acids, in order to reach operational temperature |
DE102009020344B3 (en) * | 2009-05-07 | 2011-01-13 | Wachtel GmbH & Co. Bäckereimaschinen-Backöfen | Pellet burner has reservoir, burner housing, burner grill and control unit, where dosing unit is arranged in front of burner housing, and dosing unit consists of two separate dosing devices |
-
2012
- 2012-06-13 DE DE102012105099.6A patent/DE102012105099B4/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2013
- 2013-06-11 EP EP13171352.1A patent/EP2674673B1/en not_active Not-in-force
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE666007C (en) | 1936-09-12 | 1938-10-10 | Duerrwerke Akt Ges | Grate furnace for pre-dried fuels, the fine-grained parts of which are burned in suspension |
DE3226877A1 (en) | 1982-07-17 | 1984-01-19 | Albert 6200 Wiesbaden Wagner | Heating boiler |
EP1162405A2 (en) | 2000-06-05 | 2001-12-12 | Theodor Ernst Seebacher | Device for the combustion of renewable particle fuels, in particular wood pellets |
DE102008056019A1 (en) | 2007-11-07 | 2009-05-20 | Manuel Hochgatterer | Feeding device for a furnace |
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CN109059017A (en) * | 2018-08-31 | 2018-12-21 | 江西大江农业科技发展有限公司 | A kind of environment-friendly biomass combustion system |
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EP2674673B1 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
DE102012105099B4 (en) | 2014-02-06 |
DE102012105099A1 (en) | 2013-12-19 |
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