EP2085455A1 - Coke oven wall brickwork structure - Google Patents
Coke oven wall brickwork structure Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2085455A1 EP2085455A1 EP07849909A EP07849909A EP2085455A1 EP 2085455 A1 EP2085455 A1 EP 2085455A1 EP 07849909 A EP07849909 A EP 07849909A EP 07849909 A EP07849909 A EP 07849909A EP 2085455 A1 EP2085455 A1 EP 2085455A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- stretcher
- brick
- wall
- binder
- bricks
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 238
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 206010022000 influenza Diseases 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B29/00—Other details of coke ovens
- C10B29/02—Brickwork, e.g. casings, linings, walls
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D1/00—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs
- F27D1/04—Casings; Linings; Walls; Roofs characterised by the form, e.g. shape of the bricks or blocks used
Definitions
- This invention relates to a coke oven wall brickwork structure, particularly to the part of the brickwork structure of a chamber coke oven including the stretcher brick walls partitioning the coking chambers and combustion chambers and the binder brick walls partitioning adjacent combustion chamber flues.
- the coking chambers and combustion chambers of the chamber coke oven are arranged alternately.
- the partitions separating the coking chambers and combustion chambers and the partitions separating the combustion chamber flues from each other are all formed as brickwork structures.
- the coking chambers 1 and the series of combustion chamber flues 3 are separated by partitions 4 called stretcher brick walls, and the combustion chamber flues 3 are separated from each other by partitions 5 called binder brick walls.
- the stretcher brick walls 4 can be further divided into portions where the combustion chamber flues 3 and the coking chambers 1 face one another (hereinafter sometimes called "flue facing regions 6") and portions within regions 8 on extensions of the binder walls (hereinafter sometimes called "intersecting regions 7").
- the walls of a coke oven are required to have adequate strength against thermal strain induced by uneven heating during construction, surface temperature differences during operation and the like, and various pressures such as coal expansion pressure during coking and lateral pressure during coke extrusion. They are also required to have an adequate margin of safety against buckling.
- coking in a coke oven relies on indirect heating through a single wall, air-tightness is essential not only between the combustion chamber flues and coking chambers but also between adjacent combustion chamber flues. Therefore, the individual bricks forming the coke furnace walls must have shapes that are strong against thermal deformation and external forces. In addition, they must ensure air-tightness and good thermal conductivity when assembled.
- Figs. 10(a), 10(b) , 10(c), 10(d) and 10(e) show a typical oven wall brickwork structure.
- the structure uses three kinds of bricks: hammer brick 41 centered on an intersecting region 7 and extending across part of a stretcher brick wall 4 and part of a binder brick wall 5, stretcher brick 42 located in a stretcher brick wall 4, and binder brick 43 located in a binder brick wall 5.
- the hammer bricks 41 are arranged one every other binder brick wall. As shown in FIG. 10(b) , the hammer bricks 41 are staggered in the vertically stacked courses.
- each joint 44 includes a tongue in groove joint 45 that helps to increase the strength and improve the sealing property of the brickwork structure.
- the arrangement of the vertical joints is not continuous but offset every tier. The ordinary practice is to lay the bricks so that their coarse joints are continuous in the horizontal direction.
- joints are present in two vertical rows per flue.
- the vertical joints are not continuous. Instead, joints and stretcher bricks are arranged alternately in the vertical direction.
- cracks 51 occur in the stretcher bricks located between the joints of the facing regions, and joint gaps 52 form in the joints of the flue facing regions in contact with the cracks. Owing to the continuity of the brick cracks and the joint gaps, it frequently happens that, as shown in FIG.
- vertical through-cracks 53 form in the oven height direction of the stretcher brick walls.
- a coking chamber wall in which a vertical through-crack 53 has occurred comes under a vertical load, it may not be able to withstand the load and the cracked bricks in the stretcher brick wall may cave in.
- Japanese Patent Publication (A) No. 2005-307003 ('003) teaches utilization of an angular U-shaped brick that faces the coking chamber and sandwiches the combustion chamber flue to structurally integrate a pair of binder brick walls and a stretcher brick wall in the oven longitudinal direction.
- the U-shaped brick is disposed at every other combustion chamber flue, neighboring U-shaped bricks are connected to a rectangular solid brick to form the stretcher brick wall of the oven.
- the stretcher brick wall has no joints, so that thermal cracks caused by joint gaps can be avoided.
- the binder brick walls and the stretcher brick walls are structurally integrated, the arrangement also exhibits an effect of offering extremely high rigidity with respect to side wall and locally concentrated load.
- the brickwork structure of '003 uses angularly U-shaped bricks to structurally unite the pair of binder brick walls and the stretcher brick wall and has a drawback in that the U-shaped brick is heavy. For easier handling during oven construction, it is generally required to keep the unit brick weight to 25 kg or less.
- the weight of the U-shaped brick taught by '003 can be held to within 25 kg by reducing the brick height to around 2/3 the ordinary size.
- use of bricks that are 2/3 the usual height would rather increase bricklaying labor because it would require the number of brick courses in the coking chamber height direction to be increased 1.5 times.
- the thinner brick profile would also cause other problems. For example, the bricks would be more susceptible to deformation during handling at the time of brickmaking and firing. The resulting impossibility of realizing a right-angled brick structure would make oven building difficult.
- the object of the present invention is to provide an oven wall brickwork structure for a chamber type coke oven including stretcher brick walls partitioning coking chambers and combustion chambers, and binder brick walls partitioning adjacent combustion chamber flues, which oven wall brickwork structure does not experience cave-in owing to vertical through-cracks in the stretcher brick wall and is easy to build.
- the gist of the invention is as set out below.
- the partitioning walls separating the coking chambers 1 and series of combustion chambers 2 are called “stretcher brick walls 4" and the partitioning walls separating the combustion chamber flues 3 from each other are called “binder brick walls 5.”
- the stretcher brick walls 4 can be further divided into portions where the flues 3 and the coking chambers 1 face one another (flue facing regions 6) and portions within regions 8 on extensions of the binder walls (intersecting regions 7).
- the coke oven wall brickwork structure requires stretcher A bricks 11 and stretcher B bricks 12.
- the stretcher A brick 11 is an L-shaped brick integrating part of the stretcher wall 4 and part of the binder brick wall 5.
- the stretcher A brick 11 includes an intersecting region 7, and further includes part of the stretcher wall in contact with one side of the intersecting region 7, and part of the binder wall in contact with the intersecting region 7.
- the L-shaped corner of the stretcher A brick 11 has, at the part thereof corresponding to the stretcher wall (corresponding to the intersecting region 7), a shoulder 14 for receiving a stretcher B brick 12.
- the stretcher wall portion end of the stretcher A brick 11 on the opposite side from the shoulder is hereinafter sometimes called the "stretcher end 15."
- the stretcher B brick 12 is a brick that forms part of the stretcher wall. As shown in FIG. 1(c) , its shape is substantially that of a rectangular solid (rectangular parallelepiped).
- first combustion chamber flues 3a and second combustion chamber flues 3b are arranged as shown in FIG. 1(a) .
- the first combustion chamber flues 3a and second combustion chamber flues 3b are alternately disposed in the series of combustion chambers arranged in parallel with the coking chambers.
- the stretcher wall separating the first combustion chamber flue 3a from the coking chamber 1 is formed by the stretcher ends 15 of two stretcher A bricks (11a, 11b) in contact with each other.
- the stretcher wall separating the second combustion chamber flue 3b from the coking chamber 1 is formed between opposing shoulders 14 of two stretcher A bricks (11a, 11c) by a stretcher B brick 12 whose opposite ends are received by the shoulders 14 of the two stretcher A bricks (11a, 11c).
- the shoulder 14 of the stretcher A brick 11 is formed in the intersecting region 7.
- the mating faces (joint 17) between the shoulder 14 of the stretcher A brick 11 and the end of the stretcher B brick 12 are situated in the intersecting region 7, i.e., in the stretcher wall within a region 8 on an extension of the binder wall.
- the series of combustion chambers are formed on both side with stretcher walls in contact the coking chambers. And both sides form brickwork structures composed of stretcher A bricks and stretcher B bricks in the foregoing manner.
- the binder brick wall 5 can be formed as shown in FIG. 2 by joining the binder wall ends of the stretcher A bricks 11 but it is also possible, as shown in FIGs. 1(a), 1(b), 1(c), 1(d) and 1(e) to interpose a separate binder brick 13 between the stretcher A bricks 11 on opposites sides. Provision of the separate binder brick 13 is preferable because it enables weight reduction of the individual stretcher A bricks.
- the binder wall is formed by two stretcher A bricks and a binder brick interposed between the two stretcher A bricks.
- FIGs. 3(a), 3(b) and 3(c) the first combustion chamber flues 3a and second combustion chamber flues 3b are interchanged relative to the foregoing presumption.
- a combustion chamber flue formed as a first combustion chamber flue 3a in the first course ( FIG. 3(a) ) by joining the stretcher ends of stretcher A bricks is in the second course ( FIG. 3(b) ) formed as a second combustion chamber flue 3b by installing a stretcher B brick.
- the brickwork structure separating the flues and the coking chambers is formed, as shown in FIG. 3(c) , by laying the bricks so that structures formed by contacting stretcher A bricks 11 with each other and structures formed by stretcher B bricks 12 alternate. The joints are therefore prevented from running continuously in the vertical direction.
- each L-shape stretcher A brick 11 is connected at its stretcher end 15 to the adjacent stretcher A brick 11 and is also assembled into the associated binder brick wall 5.
- a load P acting perpendicularly to the stretcher end 15 from the coking chamber side can be borne solely by a single course of bricks without relying on the rigidity of an adjacent course or courses.
- Stretcher B bricks 12 of the adjacent courses make contact with joint region between the stretcher ends 15. Since the stretcher ends of the L-shaped stretcher A bricks 11 are joined together, a pressing load acting on the joint 16 between the stretcher ends produces a force in the direction of closing the joint 16.
- the vertical joints formed in the stretcher wall include not only the joints 16 between the stretcher ends 15 of the stretcher A bricks 11 but also the joints where the ends of the stretcher B bricks 12 and the shoulders 14 of the stretcher A bricks 11 meet (the joints 17). These latter joints are located in the intersecting regions 7, i.e., within regions 8 on extensions of the binder walls ( FIGs. 1(a), 1(b), 1(c), 1(d) and 1(e) ).
- the so-arranged joints are characterized in being resistant to formation of vertical through-cracks.
- the oven wall brickwork structure according to the present invention even if a vertical through-crack should form in a joint between the stretcher ends of stretcher A bricks 11 (a joint 15) (formed in a flue facing region 5), the crack cannot easily grow, so that the oven wall is safe from cave-in. Moreover, the probability of a vertical through-crack forming in the joint between a stretcher A brick 11 and a stretcher B brick 12 (joint 17) (formed in a intersecting region 7) is low from the start.
- the coke oven wall brickwork structure according to the invention can therefore prevent cave-in of bricks cracked as a result of vertical through-cracking.
- the dimensions of the stretcher wall formed where two stretcher A bricks 11 join at their stretcher ends will be explained with reference to FIG. 6 .
- the stretcher wall length La of the stretcher A brick 11a (distance from binder wall surface on the opposite side from the shoulder (binder surface S) to the outer extremity of stretcher end) can be the same as or different from the stretcher wall length Lb of the stretcher A brick 11b.
- the joint 16 between the stretcher ends is located at the stretcher wall center C.
- La and Lb are different, the joint is located apart from the center C.
- the joint 16 between the stretcher ends is located apart from the center C means that the stretcher wall length La is small and the stretcher wall length Lb is large, but when one or the other of the stretcher wall lengths is too long, the strength of the stretcher regions of the stretcher A bricks 11 declines.
- the length of the combustion chamber stretcher wall between the binder walls is defined as L 0
- the thickness of the stretcher region of the stretcher A brick 11 is defined as W (mm), the height of the stretcher A brick 11 as H (mm), the distance from the shoulder 14 of the stretcher A brick 11 to the surface of the binder wall on the opposite side from the shoulder (binder surface S) as B (mm), and the distance from the binder surface S to the stretcher end as stretcher length L.
- W mm
- H height of the stretcher A brick 11
- B the distance from the shoulder 14 of the stretcher A brick 11 to the surface of the binder wall on the opposite side from the shoulder (binder surface S) as B (mm)
- the distance from the binder surface S to the stretcher end as stretcher length L.
- P (kg) is the concentrated load acting on the joint between the stretcher ends of two stretcher A bricks and ⁇ b (kg/mm 2 ) is the allowable bending stress of the stretcher A brick.
- 2,000 kg is adopted as the concentrated load P.
- the brick can be further improved in strength by increasing P to the range of greater than 2,000 kg to 5,000 kg.
- Ordinary silica bricks have a ⁇ b of around 0.6 to 1.0 kg/mm 2 .
- the maximum tensile stress acts on the stretcher A brick in the vicinity of the stretcher root and the shoulder root. If the dimensions and shape of the stretcher A brick satisfy the left side of the Formulas ⁇ 1> and ⁇ 2>, the maximum tensile stress under the concentrated load can be kept within the allowable stress, occurrence of through-cracking can be inhibited, and the strength and rigidity of the stretcher A brick with respect to bending stress can be ensured. Moreover, by striking a good balance among the values of H, W and B, a well-balanced structure that minimizes brick unit weight can be established. Increasing brick height H while maintaining low weight makes it possible to reduce the number of courses, thereby improving brickwork constructability.
- brick processing (making) performance can be improved (no thermal deformation of thickness and height) to inhibit through-cracking (ensure required thickness), thereby enhancing safety through gas-leakage prevention and the like. It also becomes possible to establish the flue cross-sectional area needed for good heat transfer efficiency, and to improve brickwork constructability (reduce number of courses).
- the length L 0 of the stretcher wall between the binder walls of the combustion chamber is too small, combustion performance is degraded owing to insufficient space within the combustion chamber. If it is too large, the length of the stretcher wall increases to reduce stretcher brick rigidity, which in turn reduces the rigidity of the oven wall. These problems do not arise if the inter-binder wall length L 0 is in the range of 200 to 500 mm. If the thickness W of the stretcher region of the stretcher A brick is too small, the rigidity of the stretcher brick declines to lower the rigidity of the oven wall. If it is too large, heat transfer from the combustion chamber diminishes to lower coke oven efficiency.
- the thickness W of the stretcher region is in the range of 90 to 130 mm. If the height H of the stretcher A brick is too small, the number of brick courses in the coking chamber height direction must be increased, which increases the amount of bricklaying work. In addition, the thinner brick is more susceptible to deformation during handling at the time of brickmaking and firing. The resulting impossibility of realizing a right-angled brick structure is liable to make oven building difficult. If the height H is too large, brick handling is impeded by the increase in brick unit weight. These problems do not arise if the height H is in the range of 100 to 150 mm.
- the stretcher A brick of the invention is substantially L-shaped and includes a stretcher region facing the combustion chamber flue and a corner region that contacts the binder wall ( FIG. 7(a) ).
- the corner region 18 preferably has a curved region.
- the presence of the curved region mitigates stress concentration and increases rigidity against bending.
- the radius of curvature of the curved region is desirably equal to or greater than about 1/3 to 1/2 the thickness W of the stretcher brick (about 50 mm).
- the binder walls are sometimes equipped with ducts for passing air for multi-stage combustion conducted as an NOx countermeasure.
- this invention as shown in FIG. 8 , it is possible to provide through-holes 19 in the binder regions of the stretcher A bricks 11 or in the binder bricks 13 or in both and to form the binder wall ducts of the through-holes 19. This is preferable because the through-holes are can be used without modification as the ducts for multi-stage combustion.
- the coke oven wall brickwork structure uses stretcher A bricks to form joints in the stretcher brick wall.
- the stretcher A brick is formed to have an L-shape that straddles the stretcher wall and the binder wall, whereby it can withstand stress acting perpendicular to the stretcher brick wall. Even if a vertical through-crack should form along the stretcher wall joints, the bricks do not cave into the flue.
- brick unit weight can be reduce relative to that according to Japanese Patent Publication (A) No. 2005-307003 , so that the workload during construction can be kept low without need to reduce brick height.
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- This invention relates to a coke oven wall brickwork structure, particularly to the part of the brickwork structure of a chamber coke oven including the stretcher brick walls partitioning the coking chambers and combustion chambers and the binder brick walls partitioning adjacent combustion chamber flues.
- The coking chambers and combustion chambers of the chamber coke oven are arranged alternately. The partitions separating the coking chambers and combustion chambers and the partitions separating the combustion chamber flues from each other are all formed as brickwork structures. As shown in
FIG. 9(a) , thecoking chambers 1 and the series ofcombustion chamber flues 3 are separated bypartitions 4 called stretcher brick walls, and thecombustion chamber flues 3 are separated from each other bypartitions 5 called binder brick walls. As shown inFIG. 9(b) , thestretcher brick walls 4 can be further divided into portions where the combustion chamber flues 3 and thecoking chambers 1 face one another (hereinafter sometimes called "flue facing regions 6") and portions withinregions 8 on extensions of the binder walls (hereinafter sometimes called "intersectingregions 7"). - The walls of a coke oven are required to have adequate strength against thermal strain induced by uneven heating during construction, surface temperature differences during operation and the like, and various pressures such as coal expansion pressure during coking and lateral pressure during coke extrusion. They are also required to have an adequate margin of safety against buckling. Moreover, since coking in a coke oven relies on indirect heating through a single wall, air-tightness is essential not only between the combustion chamber flues and coking chambers but also between adjacent combustion chamber flues. Therefore, the individual bricks forming the coke furnace walls must have shapes that are strong against thermal deformation and external forces. In addition, they must ensure air-tightness and good thermal conductivity when assembled.
-
Figs. 10(a), 10(b) ,10(c), 10(d) and 10(e) show a typical oven wall brickwork structure. The structure uses three kinds of bricks:hammer brick 41 centered on anintersecting region 7 and extending across part of astretcher brick wall 4 and part of abinder brick wall 5,stretcher brick 42 located in astretcher brick wall 4, and binderbrick 43 located in abinder brick wall 5. In the stretcher brick wall facing the coking chamber, thehammer bricks 41 are arranged one every other binder brick wall. As shown inFIG. 10(b) , thehammer bricks 41 are staggered in the vertically stacked courses. - The mating faces 44 between bricks are called joints. As shown in
FIGs. 10(c) and 10(d) , eachjoint 44 includes a tongue ingroove joint 45 that helps to increase the strength and improve the sealing property of the brickwork structure. In the example shown inFIG. 10(b) , owing to the staggering of thehammer bricks 41 in the vertically stacked courses, the arrangement of the vertical joints is not continuous but offset every tier. The ordinary practice is to lay the bricks so that their coarse joints are continuous in the horizontal direction. - At the parts of the
stretcher brick walls 4 located at theflue facing regions 6 in the oven wall brickwork shown inFIGs. 10(a), 10(b) ,10(c), 10(d) and 10(e) , joints are present in two vertical rows per flue. The vertical joints are not continuous. Instead, joints and stretcher bricks are arranged alternately in the vertical direction. When the coke oven wall brickwork structure sustains damage,cracks 51 occur in the stretcher bricks located between the joints of the facing regions, andjoint gaps 52 form in the joints of the flue facing regions in contact with the cracks. Owing to the continuity of the brick cracks and the joint gaps, it frequently happens that, as shown inFIG. 10(e) , vertical through-cracks 53 form in the oven height direction of the stretcher brick walls. When a coking chamber wall in which a vertical through-crack 53 has occurred comes under a vertical load, it may not be able to withstand the load and the cracked bricks in the stretcher brick wall may cave in. - Japanese Patent Publication (A) No.
2005-307003 - The brickwork structure of '003 uses angularly U-shaped bricks to structurally unite the pair of binder brick walls and the stretcher brick wall and has a drawback in that the U-shaped brick is heavy. For easier handling during oven construction, it is generally required to keep the unit brick weight to 25 kg or less. The weight of the U-shaped brick taught by '003 can be held to within 25 kg by reducing the brick height to around 2/3 the ordinary size. However, use of bricks that are 2/3 the usual height would rather increase bricklaying labor because it would require the number of brick courses in the coking chamber height direction to be increased 1.5 times. Moreover, the thinner brick profile would also cause other problems. For example, the bricks would be more susceptible to deformation during handling at the time of brickmaking and firing. The resulting impossibility of realizing a right-angled brick structure would make oven building difficult.
- The object of the present invention is to provide an oven wall brickwork structure for a chamber type coke oven including stretcher brick walls partitioning coking chambers and combustion chambers, and binder brick walls partitioning adjacent combustion chamber flues, which oven wall brickwork structure does not experience cave-in owing to vertical through-cracks in the stretcher brick wall and is easy to build.
- The gist of the invention is as set out below.
- (1) A coke oven wall brickwork structure including bricks of a
stretcher wall 4 that is a wall partitioning acoking chamber 1 and a combustion chamber 2 and bricks of abinder wall 5 that is a wall portioningcombustion chamber flues 3 from each other, comprising
astretcher A brick 11 that is an L-shaped brick integrally combining part of thestretcher wall 4 and part of thebinder wall 5; and
astretcher B brick 12 that is a brick forming part of thestretcher wall 4;
wherein an L-shaped corner of the stretcher Abrick 11 is formed at a location thereof corresponding to the stretcher wall with ashoulder 14 capable of receiving thestretcher B brick 12, a stretcher wall portion end of thestretcher A brick 11 on the opposite side from the shoulder constitutes astretcher end 15 and mating of thestretcher ends 15 of two stretcher Abricks 11 with each other forms a stretcher wall separating a firstcombustion chamber flue 3a and acoking chamber 1, astretcher B brick 12 received at its opposite ends by theshoulders 14 of twostretcher A bricks 11 disposed with theirshoulders 14 facing each other forms a stretcher wall separating a secondcombustion chamber flue 3b and thecoking chamber 1, and the firstcombustion chamber flue 3a and secondcombustion chamber flue 3b are arranged alternately. - (2) A coke oven wall brickwork structure according to (1), wherein the
binder wall 5 is formed by twostretcher A bricks 11 and abinder brick 13 disposed between the twostretcher A bricks 11. - (3) A coke oven wall brickwork structure according to (1) or (2), wherein the brickwork structure at the
stretcher brick wall 4 separating thecombustion chamber flue 3 and thecoking chamber 1 is formed by alternately overlaying a structure formed ofstretcher A bricks 11 in contact with one another and a structure formed of astretcher B brick 12. - (4) A coke oven wall brickwork structure according to any of (1) to (3),
wherein the distance between binder walls of acombustion chamber flue 3 is defined as L0 and ajoint 16 between thestretcher ends 15 of the stretcher A bricks is within ± 0.05 L0 from the center of theflue 3, and wherein the following relationships are satisfied:
where W is the thickness of the stretcher region of thestretcher A brick 11, H is the height of thestretcher A brick 11, B is the distance from theshoulder 14 of thestretcher A brick 11 to the surface of the binder wall on the opposite side from the shoulder 14 (binder surface S), and L is the stretcher length defined as the distance from the binder surface S to thestretcher end 15,
provided that P is the concentrated load acting on the joint between the stretcher ends of stretcher A bricks and has a value of 2,000 kg to 5,000 kg, and σb is the allowable bending stress of the stretcher A brick. - (5) A coke oven wall brickwork structure according to any of (1) to (4), wherein the length L of the combustion chamber stretcher
brick 11 between binder walls is 200 to 500 mm, the thickness W of the stretcher region of the stretcher A brick is 90 to 130 mm, the height H of the stretcher A brick is 100 to 150 mm, and the distance B from the shoulder of the stretcher A brick to the binder wall surface on the opposite side from the shoulder (binder surface 1) is 100 to 250 mm. - (6) A coke oven wall brickwork structure according to any of (1) to (5), wherein a
corner region 18 where the stretcher region of the stretcher Abrick 11 facing thecombustion chamber flue 3 and thebinder brick wall 5 meet has a curved region. - (7) A coke oven wall brickwork structure according to any of (1) to (6), wherein one or both of the binder region of the
stretcher A brick 11 and thebinder brick 13 has a through-hole 19 for forming a duct in the binder wall. -
-
FIG. 1(a) is a plan vies showing a brickwork structure according to the invention. -
FIG. 1(b) is a plan view of a brick that is a component of an invention brickwork structure. -
FIG. 1(c) is a plan view of a brick that is a component of an invention brickwork structure. -
FIG. 1(d) is a plan view of a brick that is a component of an invention brickwork structure. -
FIG. 1(e) is a side view showing a brickwork structure according to the invention. -
FIG. 2 is a plan view showing a brickwork structure according to the invention. -
FIG. 3(a) is a plan view showing a brickwork structure according to the invention. -
FIG. 3(b) is a plan view showing a brickwork structure according to the invention. -
FIG. 3(c) is a side view showing a brickwork structure according to the invention. -
FIG. 4 is a plan view showing a brickwork structure according to the invention. -
FIG. 5 is a perspective cross-sectional view showing a brickwork structure according to the invention. -
FIG. 6 is a lateral cross-sectional view showing a brickwork structure according to the invention. -
FIG. 7(a) is a plan view showing a brick according to the invention. -
FIG. 7(b) is a plan view showing a brick according to the invention. -
FIG. 8 is a lateral cross-sectional view showing a brickwork structure according to the invention. -
FIG. 9(a) is diagram used to explain the individual parts of the brickwork. -
FIG. 9(b) is diagram used to explain the individual parts of the brickwork. -
FIG. 10(a) is a plan view showing a conventional brickwork structure. -
FIG. 10(b) is a side view showing a conventional brickwork structure. -
FIG. 10(c) is a plan view of bricks of a conventional brickwork structure. -
FIG. 10(d) is a cross-sectional view in the direction of arrow D-D inFIG. 10(c) . -
FIG. 10(e) is a side view showing a conventional brickwork structure. - Referring to
Figs. 9(a) and 9(b) , in this invention, the partitioning walls separating thecoking chambers 1 and series of combustion chambers 2 are called "stretcher brick walls 4" and the partitioning walls separating thecombustion chamber flues 3 from each other are called "binder brick walls 5." Thestretcher brick walls 4 can be further divided into portions where theflues 3 and thecoking chambers 1 face one another (flue facing regions 6) and portions withinregions 8 on extensions of the binder walls (intersecting regions 7). - As shown in
FIG. 1 , the coke oven wall brickwork structure according to the present invention requiresstretcher A bricks 11 andstretcher B bricks 12. As shown inFIG. 1(b) , thestretcher A brick 11 is an L-shaped brick integrating part of thestretcher wall 4 and part of thebinder brick wall 5. Thestretcher A brick 11 includes anintersecting region 7, and further includes part of the stretcher wall in contact with one side of theintersecting region 7, and part of the binder wall in contact with theintersecting region 7. The L-shaped corner of thestretcher A brick 11 has, at the part thereof corresponding to the stretcher wall (corresponding to the intersecting region 7), ashoulder 14 for receiving astretcher B brick 12. The stretcher wall portion end of thestretcher A brick 11 on the opposite side from the shoulder is hereinafter sometimes called the "stretcher end 15." Thestretcher B brick 12 is a brick that forms part of the stretcher wall. As shown inFIG. 1(c) , its shape is substantially that of a rectangular solid (rectangular parallelepiped). - For convenience of explanation, the description will initially be made on the presumption that first
combustion chamber flues 3a and secondcombustion chamber flues 3b are arranged as shown inFIG. 1(a) . The firstcombustion chamber flues 3a and secondcombustion chamber flues 3b are alternately disposed in the series of combustion chambers arranged in parallel with the coking chambers. The stretcher wall separating the firstcombustion chamber flue 3a from thecoking chamber 1 is formed by the stretcher ends 15 of two stretcher A bricks (11a, 11b) in contact with each other. On the other hand, the stretcher wall separating the secondcombustion chamber flue 3b from thecoking chamber 1 is formed between opposingshoulders 14 of two stretcher A bricks (11a, 11c) by astretcher B brick 12 whose opposite ends are received by theshoulders 14 of the two stretcher A bricks (11a, 11c). - As shown in
FIG. 1(b) , theshoulder 14 of thestretcher A brick 11 is formed in theintersecting region 7. As a result, the mating faces (joint 17) between theshoulder 14 of thestretcher A brick 11 and the end of thestretcher B brick 12 are situated in theintersecting region 7, i.e., in the stretcher wall within aregion 8 on an extension of the binder wall. - The series of combustion chambers are formed on both side with stretcher walls in contact the coking chambers. And both sides form brickwork structures composed of stretcher A bricks and stretcher B bricks in the foregoing manner. In the present invention, the
binder brick wall 5 can be formed as shown inFIG. 2 by joining the binder wall ends of thestretcher A bricks 11 but it is also possible, as shown inFIGs. 1(a), 1(b), 1(c), 1(d) and1(e) to interpose aseparate binder brick 13 between thestretcher A bricks 11 on opposites sides. Provision of theseparate binder brick 13 is preferable because it enables weight reduction of the individual stretcher A bricks. In this case, the binder wall is formed by two stretcher A bricks and a binder brick interposed between the two stretcher A bricks. - When next course of bricks is laid on the previously laid course, it is assumed that, as shown in
FIGs. 3(a), 3(b) and3(c) , the firstcombustion chamber flues 3a and secondcombustion chamber flues 3b are interchanged relative to the foregoing presumption. Specifically, a combustion chamber flue formed as a firstcombustion chamber flue 3a in the first course (FIG. 3(a) ) by joining the stretcher ends of stretcher A bricks is in the second course (FIG. 3(b) ) formed as a secondcombustion chamber flue 3b by installing a stretcher B brick. In other words, in laying the bricks of the stretcher wall, the brickwork structure separating the flues and the coking chambers is formed, as shown inFIG. 3(c) , by laying the bricks so that structures formed by contactingstretcher A bricks 11 with each other and structures formed bystretcher B bricks 12 alternate. The joints are therefore prevented from running continuously in the vertical direction. - As regards the stretcher walls on opposite sides of the combustion chamber flues during the laying of a given course, it is possible, as shown in
FIG. 4 , to lay bricks on one side assuming a combustion chamber flue to becombustion chamber flue 3a and on the other side to lay bricks assuming the same combustion chamber flue to be a secondcombustion chamber flue 3b. - As shown in
FIG. 5 , in the brickwork structure according to the present invention, each L-shapestretcher A brick 11 is connected at itsstretcher end 15 to the adjacentstretcher A brick 11 and is also assembled into the associatedbinder brick wall 5. As a result, a load P acting perpendicularly to the stretcher end 15 from the coking chamber side can be borne solely by a single course of bricks without relying on the rigidity of an adjacent course or courses.Stretcher B bricks 12 of the adjacent courses make contact with joint region between the stretcher ends 15. Since the stretcher ends of the L-shapedstretcher A bricks 11 are joined together, a pressing load acting on the joint 16 between the stretcher ends produces a force in the direction of closing the joint 16. Therefore, no force is applied in the direction of producing a crack in thestretcher B bricks 12 of the adjacent courses. As a result, brick cracking does not readily occur in thestretcher B bricks 12 adjacent to joint 16 between the stretcher ends. Even if a crack should occur in one of the adjacentstretcher B bricks 12 and progress through the joint bonding the stretcher ends of the stretcher A bricks (the joint 16) to grow into a vertical through-crack, the fact that the stretcher A bricks possess self-supporting rigidity ensures that the brickwork does not cave into the combustion chamber flue. - Moreover, as mentioned above, when a perpendicular load P acts on the stretcher ends 15 from the coking chamber side, a force is produced that acts in the direction of closing the joint 16 between the stretcher ends, so that no gap forms in the stretcher end joint. Thus, any vertical through-crack that might form is countered by a force acting in the direction of preventing crack enlargement. A crack resisting property is thus established.
- The vertical joints formed in the stretcher wall include not only the
joints 16 between the stretcher ends 15 of thestretcher A bricks 11 but also the joints where the ends of thestretcher B bricks 12 and theshoulders 14 of thestretcher A bricks 11 meet (the joints 17). These latter joints are located in theintersecting regions 7, i.e., withinregions 8 on extensions of the binder walls (FIGs. 1(a), 1(b), 1(c), 1(d) and1(e) ). The so-arranged joints are characterized in being resistant to formation of vertical through-cracks. - Thus, as will be understood from the foregoing explanation, in the oven wall brickwork structure according to the present invention, even if a vertical through-crack should form in a joint between the stretcher ends of stretcher A bricks 11 (a joint 15) (formed in a flue facing region 5), the crack cannot easily grow, so that the oven wall is safe from cave-in. Moreover, the probability of a vertical through-crack forming in the joint between a
stretcher A brick 11 and a stretcher B brick 12 (joint 17) (formed in a intersecting region 7) is low from the start. The coke oven wall brickwork structure according to the invention can therefore prevent cave-in of bricks cracked as a result of vertical through-cracking. - The dimensions of the stretcher wall formed where two
stretcher A bricks 11 join at their stretcher ends will be explained with reference toFIG. 6 . The stretcher wall length La of thestretcher A brick 11a (distance from binder wall surface on the opposite side from the shoulder (binder surface S) to the outer extremity of stretcher end) can be the same as or different from the stretcher wall length Lb of thestretcher A brick 11b. When the stretcher wall lengths La and Lb are the same, the joint 16 between the stretcher ends is located at the stretcher wall center C. When La and Lb are different, the joint is located apart from the center C. - To say that the joint 16 between the stretcher ends is located apart from the center C means that the stretcher wall length La is small and the stretcher wall length Lb is large, but when one or the other of the stretcher wall lengths is too long, the strength of the stretcher regions of the
stretcher A bricks 11 declines. In the present invention, where the length of the combustion chamber stretcher wall between the binder walls is defined as L0, it is preferable from the viewpoint of maintaining adequate strength of the stretcher A bricks for the joint between the stretcher ends of the stretcher A bricks to be within ± 0.05 L0 from the center C. - Further, as shown in
FIG. 5 , the thickness of the stretcher region of thestretcher A brick 11 is defined as W (mm), the height of thestretcher A brick 11 as H (mm), the distance from theshoulder 14 of thestretcher A brick 11 to the surface of the binder wall on the opposite side from the shoulder (binder surface S) as B (mm), and the distance from the binder surface S to the stretcher end as stretcher length L. In the present invention, it is desirable to satisfy: - The form of the middle terms of the formulas can be derived from the theoretical equation for the bending moment of the narrowest width region in the vicinity of the stretcher A brick.
- P (kg) is the concentrated load acting on the joint between the stretcher ends of two stretcher A bricks and σb (kg/mm2) is the allowable bending stress of the stretcher A brick. 2,000 kg is adopted as the concentrated load P. The brick can be further improved in strength by increasing P to the range of greater than 2,000 kg to 5,000 kg. Ordinary silica bricks have a σb of around 0.6 to 1.0 kg/mm2.
- When the concentrated load is applied to the stretcher end, the maximum tensile stress acts on the stretcher A brick in the vicinity of the stretcher root and the shoulder root. If the dimensions and shape of the stretcher A brick satisfy the left side of the Formulas <1> and <2>, the maximum tensile stress under the concentrated load can be kept within the allowable stress, occurrence of through-cracking can be inhibited, and the strength and rigidity of the stretcher A brick with respect to bending stress can be ensured. Moreover, by striking a good balance among the values of H, W and B, a well-balanced structure that minimizes brick unit weight can be established. Increasing brick height H while maintaining low weight makes it possible to reduce the number of courses, thereby improving brickwork constructability. In addition, brick processing (making) performance can be improved (no thermal deformation of thickness and height) to inhibit through-cracking (ensure required thickness), thereby enhancing safety through gas-leakage prevention and the like. It also becomes possible to establish the flue cross-sectional area needed for good heat transfer efficiency, and to improve brickwork constructability (reduce number of courses).
- The reason for making the right sides of Formulas <1> and <2> equal to or less than 13,000 (mm2) is to avoid excessive rigidity reduction, occurrence of stress, and shape-related production problems by making brick width, depth and height as close to equal as possible
- In this invention, if the length L0 of the stretcher wall between the binder walls of the combustion chamber is too small, combustion performance is degraded owing to insufficient space within the combustion chamber. If it is too large, the length of the stretcher wall increases to reduce stretcher brick rigidity, which in turn reduces the rigidity of the oven wall. These problems do not arise if the inter-binder wall length L0 is in the range of 200 to 500 mm. If the thickness W of the stretcher region of the stretcher A brick is too small, the rigidity of the stretcher brick declines to lower the rigidity of the oven wall. If it is too large, heat transfer from the combustion chamber diminishes to lower coke oven efficiency. These problems do not arise if the thickness W of the stretcher region is in the range of 90 to 130 mm. If the height H of the stretcher A brick is too small, the number of brick courses in the coking chamber height direction must be increased, which increases the amount of bricklaying work. In addition, the thinner brick is more susceptible to deformation during handling at the time of brickmaking and firing. The resulting impossibility of realizing a right-angled brick structure is liable to make oven building difficult. If the height H is too large, brick handling is impeded by the increase in brick unit weight. These problems do not arise if the height H is in the range of 100 to 150 mm. If the distance B from the shoulder of the stretcher A brick to the binder wall surface on the opposite side from the shoulder (binder surface 1) is too small, the rigidity of the stretcher brick against rotation declines. If it is too large, heat transfer from the combustion chamber diminishes to lower coke oven efficiency. These problems do not arise if the distance B is in the range of 100 to 250 mm.
- The stretcher A brick of the invention is substantially L-shaped and includes a stretcher region facing the combustion chamber flue and a corner region that contacts the binder wall (
FIG. 7(a) ). In this invention, as shown inFIG. 7(b) , thecorner region 18 preferably has a curved region. The presence of the curved region mitigates stress concentration and increases rigidity against bending. The radius of curvature of the curved region is desirably equal to or greater than about 1/3 to 1/2 the thickness W of the stretcher brick (about 50 mm). - The binder walls are sometimes equipped with ducts for passing air for multi-stage combustion conducted as an NOx countermeasure. In this invention, as shown in
FIG. 8 , it is possible to provide through-holes 19 in the binder regions of thestretcher A bricks 11 or in thebinder bricks 13 or in both and to form the binder wall ducts of the through-holes 19. This is preferable because the through-holes are can be used without modification as the ducts for multi-stage combustion. - The coke oven wall brickwork structure according to this invention uses stretcher A bricks to form joints in the stretcher brick wall. The stretcher A brick is formed to have an L-shape that straddles the stretcher wall and the binder wall, whereby it can withstand stress acting perpendicular to the stretcher brick wall. Even if a vertical through-crack should form along the stretcher wall joints, the bricks do not cave into the flue. Owing to the fact that even the largest of the
stretcher A bricks 11 merely occupies a portion of the stretcher wall and a portion of the binder wall, brick unit weight can be reduce relative to that according to Japanese Patent Publication (A) No.2005-307003
Claims (7)
- A coke oven wall brickwork structure including bricks of a stretcher wall that is a wall partitioning a coking chamber and a combustion chamber and bricks of a binder wall that is a wall portioning combustion chamber flues from each other, comprising
a stretcher A brick that is an L-shaped brick integrally combining part of the stretcher wall and part of the binder wall; and
a stretcher B brick that is a brick forming part of the stretcher wall;
wherein an L-shaped corner of the stretcher A brick is formed at a location thereof corresponding to the stretcher wall with a shoulder capable of receiving the stretcher B brick, a stretcher wall portion end of the stretcher A brick on the opposite side from the shoulder constitutes a stretcher end and mating of the stretcher ends of two stretcher A bricks with each other forms a stretcher wall separating a first combustion chamber flue and a coking chamber, a stretcher B brick received at its opposite ends by the shoulders of two stretcher A bricks disposed with their shoulders facing each other forms a stretcher wall separating a second combustion chamber flue and the coking chamber, and the first combustion chamber flue and second combustion chamber flue are arranged alternately. - A coke oven wall brickwork structure according to claim 1, wherein the binder wall is formed by two stretcher A bricks and a binder brick disposed between the two stretcher A bricks.
- A coke oven wall brickwork structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the brickwork structure at the stretcher brick wall separating the combustion chamber flue and the coking chamber is formed by alternately overlaying a structure formed of stretcher A bricks in contact with one another and a structure formed of a stretcher B brick.
- A coke oven wall brickwork structure according to any of claims 1 to 3,
wherein the distance between binder walls of a combustion chamber flue is defined as L0 and a joint between the stretcher ends of the stretcher A bricks is within ± 0.05 L0 from the center of the flue, and
wherein the following relationships are satisfied:
where W is the thickness of the stretcher region of the stretcher A brick, H is the height of the stretcher A brick, B is the distance from the shoulder of the stretcher A brick to the surface of the binder wall on the opposite side from the shoulder (binder surface S), and L is the stretcher length defined as the distance from the binder surface S to the stretcher end,
provided that P is the concentrated load acting on the joint between the stretcher ends of stretcher A bricks and has a value of 2,000 kg to 5,000 kg, and σb is the allowable bending stress of the stretcher A brick. - A coke oven wall brickwork structure according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the length L of the combustion chamber stretcher brick between binder walls is 200 to 500 mm, the thickness W of the stretcher region of the stretcher A brick is 90 to 130 mm, the height H of the stretcher A brick is 100 to 150 mm, and the distance B from the shoulder of the stretcher A brick to the binder wall surface on the opposite side from the shoulder (binder surface 1) is 100 to 250 mm.
- A coke oven wall brickwork structure according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein a corner region where the stretcher region of the stretcher A brick facing the combustion chamber flue and the binder brick wall meet has a curved region.
- A coke oven wall brickwork structure according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein one or both of the binder region of the stretcher A brick and the binder brick has a through-hole for forming a duct in the binder wall.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2006314239A JP4926667B2 (en) | 2006-11-21 | 2006-11-21 | Coke oven furnace wall brickwork structure |
PCT/JP2007/072993 WO2008062899A1 (en) | 2006-11-21 | 2007-11-21 | Coke oven wall brickwork structure |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP2085455A1 true EP2085455A1 (en) | 2009-08-05 |
EP2085455A4 EP2085455A4 (en) | 2014-04-30 |
EP2085455B1 EP2085455B1 (en) | 2015-01-14 |
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ID=39429826
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP07849909.2A Active EP2085455B1 (en) | 2006-11-21 | 2007-11-21 | Coke oven wall brickwork structure |
Country Status (9)
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EP (1) | EP2085455B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4926667B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR101066790B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101535446B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2007322602B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0719022B1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2410408C1 (en) |
TW (1) | TW200835782A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008062899A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2010028049A (en) * | 2008-07-24 | 2010-02-04 | Kyocera Corp | Light-emitting device and lighting system |
US8266853B2 (en) * | 2009-05-12 | 2012-09-18 | Vanocur Refractories Llc | Corbel repairs of coke ovens |
CN102452786A (en) * | 2010-11-03 | 2012-05-16 | 中国中轻国际工程有限公司 | Multi-layer pool wall joint structure for glass smelting kiln |
JP6524439B2 (en) * | 2015-06-29 | 2019-06-05 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | Refractory block for coke oven combustion chamber and refractory block stacking structure of coke oven combustion chamber |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US1782638A (en) * | 1926-02-13 | 1930-11-25 | Totzek Fritz | Coke-oven-wall structure |
DE2416948B2 (en) * | 1974-04-08 | 1976-05-26 | PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR OF COOK CHAMBER WALL | |
DE2430053C2 (en) * | 1974-06-22 | 1982-10-21 | Krupp-Koppers Gmbh, 4300 Essen | Heating wall for horizontal coke oven batteries |
DE4244547A1 (en) * | 1992-12-30 | 1994-07-07 | Lichtenberg Feuerfest | Form stone for the delivery of coke oven chambers |
JPH0987633A (en) * | 1995-09-18 | 1997-03-31 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | Blocking-up method for opening for removing foreign material in repairing coke oven |
JP2005307003A (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2005-11-04 | Nippon Steel Corp | Bricklayer structure of coke oven wall |
-
2006
- 2006-11-21 JP JP2006314239A patent/JP4926667B2/en active Active
-
2007
- 2007-11-21 RU RU2009123518/05A patent/RU2410408C1/en active
- 2007-11-21 KR KR1020097010276A patent/KR101066790B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2007-11-21 AU AU2007322602A patent/AU2007322602B2/en active Active
- 2007-11-21 WO PCT/JP2007/072993 patent/WO2008062899A1/en active Application Filing
- 2007-11-21 EP EP07849909.2A patent/EP2085455B1/en active Active
- 2007-11-21 CN CN200780041747XA patent/CN101535446B/en active Active
- 2007-11-21 BR BRPI0719022A patent/BRPI0719022B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2007-11-21 TW TW96144077A patent/TW200835782A/en unknown
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AU2007322602A1 (en) | 2008-05-29 |
KR101066790B1 (en) | 2011-09-21 |
KR20090069196A (en) | 2009-06-29 |
BRPI0719022B1 (en) | 2018-10-30 |
JP4926667B2 (en) | 2012-05-09 |
RU2410408C1 (en) | 2011-01-27 |
CN101535446A (en) | 2009-09-16 |
TW200835782A (en) | 2008-09-01 |
EP2085455B1 (en) | 2015-01-14 |
JP2008127472A (en) | 2008-06-05 |
BRPI0719022A2 (en) | 2013-12-17 |
WO2008062899A1 (en) | 2008-05-29 |
CN101535446B (en) | 2012-10-31 |
AU2007322602B2 (en) | 2010-09-02 |
EP2085455A4 (en) | 2014-04-30 |
TWI376410B (en) | 2012-11-11 |
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