EP1746355A1 - Systeme de climatisation - Google Patents

Systeme de climatisation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1746355A1
EP1746355A1 EP05736755A EP05736755A EP1746355A1 EP 1746355 A1 EP1746355 A1 EP 1746355A1 EP 05736755 A EP05736755 A EP 05736755A EP 05736755 A EP05736755 A EP 05736755A EP 1746355 A1 EP1746355 A1 EP 1746355A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
air
heating medium
heating
conditioning system
room
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP05736755A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1746355B1 (fr
EP1746355A4 (fr
Inventor
Manabu; c/o Kanaoka Factory Sakai Plant YOSHIMI
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Daikin Industries Ltd
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Daikin Industries Ltd
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Publication date
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Publication of EP1746355A4 publication Critical patent/EP1746355A4/fr
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Publication of EP1746355B1 publication Critical patent/EP1746355B1/fr
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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/001Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems in which the air treatment in the central station takes place by means of a heat-pump or by means of a reversible cycle
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24DDOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D3/00Hot-water central heating systems
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F3/1411Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant
    • F24F3/1417Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant with liquid hygroscopic desiccants
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F3/1411Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant
    • F24F3/1423Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant with a moving bed of solid desiccants, e.g. a rotary wheel supporting solid desiccants
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F6/00Air-humidification, e.g. cooling by humidification
    • F24F6/02Air-humidification, e.g. cooling by humidification by evaporation of water in the air
    • F24F6/04Air-humidification, e.g. cooling by humidification by evaporation of water in the air using stationary unheated wet elements
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F2003/1435Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification comprising semi-permeable membrane
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2203/00Devices or apparatus used for air treatment
    • F24F2203/10Rotary wheel
    • F24F2203/1068Rotary wheel comprising one rotor
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24FAIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2203/00Devices or apparatus used for air treatment
    • F24F2203/10Rotary wheel
    • F24F2203/1084Rotary wheel comprising two flow rotor segments
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/06Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F25B2309/061Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide with cycle highest pressure above the supercritical pressure
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/008Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant being carbon dioxide

Definitions

  • the temperature level that can be used in the room heating devices can be increased, however, the temperature difference between an inlet and an outlet of the utilization side heat exchanger will be reduced, resulting in a reduced coefficient of performance (hereinafter referred to as COP) of the heat source unit. Accordingly, it is desired to improve the COP in an air conditioning system capable of heating the room, which uses a heat source unit that uses CO 2 as the refrigerant.
  • an object of the present invention is to prevent, in an air conditioning system capable of heating the room, a cold draft due to the ventilation air that is supplied to the room for ventilation in the room.
  • the heating medium circuit includes at least one room heating device that releases the heat of the heating medium heated in the utilization side heat exchanger into the room, and an outdoor air heating device that heats the ventilation air with the heat of the heating medium heated in the utilization side heat exchanger, and circulates the heating medium between the room heating device and the outdoor air heating device, and the utilization side heat exchanger.
  • the high temperature and high pressure refrigerant compressed in and discharged from the compressor heats the heating medium in the utilization side heat exchanger.
  • the heating medium heated in this utilization side heat exchanger is sent to at least one room heating device, and used to heat the room by releasing the heat of the heating medium into the room. Also, this heating medium is sent to the outdoor air heating device, and used for heating the outdoor air that is supplied to the room as the ventilation air by the air supply device. Then, the heating medium used in the room heating device and by the outdoor air heating device respectively for heating the room and for heating the ventilation air is again returned to the utilization side heat exchanger.
  • the refrigerant cooled in the utilization side heat exchanger by heating the heating medium is decompressed by the expansion mechanism, heated in the heat source side heat exchanger, converted into a low pressure refrigerant, and then again, sucked into the compressor.
  • the room heating device includes, for example, a radiator, a fan convector, and a floor heating device.
  • this air conditioning system is provided with the outdoor air heating device, the ventilation air can be first heated and then supplied to the room, when heating the room. This will enable prevention of a cold draft due to the ventilation air that is supplied to the room to ventilate the room, therefore improving the comfort of the room.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system according to the first aspect of the present invention, in which the heating medium circuit is connected to the utilization side heat exchanger such that the heating medium heated in the utilization side heat exchanger is sequentially supplied to the room heating devices and the outdoor air heating device.
  • the heating medium circuit is connected to the utilization side heat exchanger such that the heating medium heated in the utilization side heat exchanger is sequentially supplied to the room heating devices and the outdoor air heating device. Consequently, the room heating devices can use the heat of a high temperature heating medium that just has been heated in the utilization side heat exchanger, and the outdoor air heating device can use the heat of the heating medium cooled by releasing its heat into the room in the room heating device.
  • the ventilation air that is supplied to the room by the air supply device has a lower temperature than the indoor air, and it is possible to heat the ventilation air by using the heating medium cooled by releasing its heat into the room by the room heating devices.
  • the heating medium used for heating the ventilation air that is supplied to the room by the outdoor air heating device is further cooled by heating the ventilation air, and then returned to the utilization side heat exchanger.
  • the heating medium cooled by releasing its heat in the room heating devices is supplied to the outdoor air heating device, and used to heat the ventilation air that is supplied to the room. Consequently, the temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet of the utilization side heat exchanger can be increased, therefore improving the COP of the heat source unit.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system of the sixth aspect of the present invention, in which the heat source unit further includes at least one bypass refrigerant circuit that bypasses the plurality of divided utilization side heat exchangers.
  • the heat source unit further includes at least one bypass refrigerant circuit that bypasses the plurality of divided utilization side heat exchangers, so that it is possible to supply the refrigerant to only some of the plurality of divided utilization side heat exchangers, according to need.
  • the bypass refrigerant circuit may be provided to each of the plurality of divided utilization side heat exchangers, or to some of the circuits. Alternatively, some of the plurality of divided utilization side heat exchangers can be collected together such that these heat exchangers are bypassed together.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system according to the seventh aspect of the present invention, in which the bypass refrigerant circuit includes a refrigerant flow control mechanism.
  • the ventilation air that is supplied to the room by the air supply device has a lower temperature than the indoor air, so that it is possible to heat the ventilation air by using the heating medium whose temperature is lower than the temperature of the heating medium cooled by releasing its heat into the room in the room heating devices. Then, the heating medium used by the outdoor air heating device for heating the ventilation air that is supplied to the room is further cooled by heating the ventilation air, and then returned to the utilization side heat exchanger.
  • the heating medium cooled by releasing its heat in the room heating devices is supplied to the outdoor air heating device, and used to heat the ventilation air to be supplied to the room, so that it will be possible to increase the temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet of the utilization side heat exchanger, therefore improving the COP of the heat source unit.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system according to any one of the first to tenth aspects of the present invention, in which the heating medium circuit includes a heating medium storage container.
  • the ventilation air that is heated by the outdoor air heating device and supplied to the room can be humidified. Therefore, even when the absolute humidity of the ventilation air is lower than the absolute humidity of the room air, it is possible to prevent the room from becoming dry due to the supply of ventilation air to the room.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system according to the twelfth aspect of the present invention, in which the humidifier includes a moisture permeable film that allows moisture to permeate therethrough, and water that is supplied to the moisture permeable film is caused to contact with the ventilation air via the moisture permeable film, thereby enabing to humidify the ventilation air.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system according to the twelfth aspect of the present invention, in which the humidifier includes moisture absorbing liquid capable of both absorbing moisture and desorbing the absorbed moisture through heating. Accordingly, it is possible to humidify the ventilation air by using the ventilation air to heat the moisture absorbing liquid in which moisture is absorbed and by desorbing moisture back into the ventilation air.
  • this air conditioning system is provided with the humidifier that uses the moisture absorbing liquid, it is possible to humidify the ventilation air by using the ventilation air to heat the moisture absorbing liquid in which moisture is absorbed and by desorbing moisture back into the ventilation air.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system according to the fourteenth aspect of the present invention, in which the humidifier is used to humidify the ventilation air by absorbing moisture in an outdoor air different from the ventilation air into the moisture absorbing liquid.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system according to the fourteenth aspect of the present invention, in which the humidifier is used to humidify the ventilation air by absorbing, into the moisture absorbing liquid, moisture in mixed air between the exhaust air that is exhausted from the room to the outside and the outdoor air different from the ventilation air.
  • moisture in the mixed air between the exhaust air that is exhausted from the room to the outside and an outdoor air different from the ventilation air is used as moisture to be absorbed into the moisture, absorbing liquid, so that it is possible to humidify the ventilation air without the need to supply water to the humidifier.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system according to the twelfth aspect of the present invention, in which the humidifier includes an adsorbent capable of both adsorbing moisture and desorbing the adsorbed moisture. Accordingly, it is possible to humidify the ventilation air by using the ventilation air to heat the adsorbent in which moisture is adsorbed and by desorbing moisture back into the ventilation air.
  • this air conditioning system is provided with the humidifier that uses the adsorbent, it is possible to humidify the ventilation air by using the ventilation air to heat the adsorbent in which moisture is adsorbed and by desorbing moisture back into the ventilation air.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system according to the eighteenth aspect of the present invention, in which the humidifier is used to humidify the ventilation air by adsorbing, into the adsorbent, moisture in the exhaust air that is exhausted from the room to the outside.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system according to the eighteenth aspect of the present invention, in which the humidifier is used to humidify the ventilation air by adsorbing, into the adsorbent, moisture in the mixed air between the exhaust air that is exhausted from the room to the outside and an outdoor air different from the ventilation air.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system according to any one of the first to twenty-first aspects of the present invention, in which the heating medium that flows through the heating medium circuit is water.
  • the heating medium circuit can be configured at low cost.
  • brine that does not freeze below 0 degrees C is used as the heating medium that flows through the heating medium circuit, so that the heating medium is prevented from freezing in the outdoor air heating device even during the low outdoor air temperature period, and the ventilation air that is supplied to the room by the air supply device will be more reliably heated by using the outdoor air heating device.
  • An air conditioning system is the air conditioning system according to any one of the first to twenty-third aspects of the present invention, in which the refrigerant that flows through the refrigerant circuit is CO 2 .
  • CO 2 is used as the refrigerant that flows through the vapor compression type refrigerant circuit in the heat source unit, so that the refrigerant temperature on the discharge side of the compressor can be increased, and the temperature level that can be used in the room heating devices can be increased. This will achieve comfortable room heating.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an air conditioning system 101 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the air conditioning system 101 is a system capable of heating the room by operating a vapor compression type refrigerating cycle.
  • the air conditioning system 101 mainly comprises a heat source unit 102, an air supply device 103, and a heating medium circuit 104.
  • the heat source unit 102 is installed outside, for example, is provided with a vapor compression type refrigerant circuit 120 that mainly includes a compressor 121, a heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 as a utilization side heat exchanger, an expansion mechanism 123, and a heat source side heat exchanger 124; and is capable of heating, in the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122, a heating medium that is used to heat the room in a building U.
  • a vapor compression type refrigerant circuit 120 that mainly includes a compressor 121, a heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 as a utilization side heat exchanger, an expansion mechanism 123, and a heat source side heat exchanger 124; and is capable of heating, in the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122, a heating medium that is used to heat the room in a building U.
  • the compressor 121 is a compressor that is rotatably driven by a drive mechanism such as an electric motor so as to compress a low pressure refrigerant and discharge the refrigerant as the high temperature and high pressure refrigerant.
  • the expansion mechanism 123 is an electric expansion valve that decompresses the refrigerant that flows out from the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122.
  • HCFC refrigerant As an operating refrigerant in the refrigerant circuit 120 in the heat source unit 102, it is possible to use HCFC refrigerant, HFC refrigerant, HC refrigerant, and CO 2 .
  • CO 2 having a low critical temperature is used, and it is possible to provide a supercritical refrigerating cycle in which the pressure of the refrigerant on the discharge side of the compressor 121 is equal to or higher than the critical pressure of the refrigerant.
  • the exhaust fan 131 is used to ventilate the room, however, the room may be ventilated by, for example, providing a supply air fan to the supply air outlet, or by providing both the exhaust fan and the supply air fan to the supply air outlet.
  • the floor heating device 143 is placed under the floor of the building U for example, and is a device that mainly includes a floor heating pipe 143a that releases the heat of the heating medium into the room via a heat transfer panel provided on a floor surface.
  • the heating medium circuit 104 is connected to the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 such that the heating medium heated in the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 is sequentially supplied to the radiator heat exchanger 141a in the radiator 141, the convector heat exchanger 142a of the fan convector 142, the floor heating pipe 143a of the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heat exchanger 144a of the outdoor air heating device 144.
  • the heating medium circuit 104 constitutes a single heating medium circuit connected in series such that the heating medium heated in the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 by exchanging its heat with the refrigerant passes from a heating medium outlet of the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 sequentially through the radiator heat exchanger 141a, the convector heat exchanger 142a, the floor heating pipe 143a, and then the outdoor air heat exchanger 144a, and returns to a heating medium inlet of the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 by a heating medium circulating pump 145 connected to the heating medium outlet of the outdoor air heat exchanger 144a.
  • the heating medium circuit 104 will be connected in order from the radiator heat exchanger 141a that requires the highest temperature heating medium to the outdoor air heat exchanger 144a that can use even the lowest temperature heating medium.
  • water and brine may be used as the heating medium that flows through the heating medium circuit 104.
  • water it will be advantageous in that inexpensive devices and pipes can be used to constitute the heating medium circuit 104.
  • brine it is preferable to use brine that does not freeze below 0 degrees C even during the low outdoor air temperature period, in order to prevent the heating medium from freezing in the outdoor air heating device 144 (specifically, in the outdoor air heat exchanger 144a).
  • This type of brine includes, for example, calcium chloride aqueous solution, sodium chloride aqueous solution, magnesium chloride aqueous solution, etc.
  • the heating medium that circulates in the heating medium circuit 104 flows into the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 from the heating medium inlet (see dot Wi3 in Figures 1, 2, and 4), and will be heated in the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 by exchanging its heat with the high temperature and high pressure refrigerant compressed in and discharged from the compressor 121 (see dot Wo shown in Figures 1, 2, and 4).
  • the temperature of the room air RA is heated to about 20 degrees C (see dot RA shown in Figure 4) by the heating operation using the radiator 141, the fan convector 142, and the floor heating device 143. Accordingly, even when the ventilation air heated by the outdoor air heat exchanger 144a is supplied to the room and mixed with the room air RA, the temperature of the room air will hardly change.
  • the heating medium that flowed out from the outdoor air heat exchanger 144a again will flow into the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 through the heating medium circulating pump 145 (see dot Wi3 in Figures 1, 2, and 4).
  • the air conditioning system 101 of this embodiment has the following characteristics.
  • an air conditioning system 901 that comprises the heat source unit 102 same as those in the air conditioning system 101 of the this embodiment, the air supply device 103, and a heating medium circuit 904 including the radiator 141, the fan convector 142, and the heating medium circulating pump 145.
  • the heating medium circuit 904 does not have the outdoor air heating device 144, so that when heating the room, the ventilation air (shown as OA in Figure 5) will be supplied to the room as is by the air supply device 103.
  • the room air (see dot RA shown in Figure 6) will be mixed (see dot MA shown in Figure 6) with the ventilation air (see dot OA in Figure 6), and consequently the temperature of this room air will be lower (about 12 degrees C in Figure 6) than the temperature of the room air heated by the heating operation using the radiator 141 and the fan convector 142. Consequently, the ventilation air that is supplied to the room for ventilating the room will cause a cold draft.
  • the heating medium circuit 904 does not have either the floor heating device 143 or the outdoor air heating device 144. Therefore, as shown in Figures 2, 3, and 5, the heating medium heated by exchanging its heat with the refrigerant in the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 will circulate in the heating medium circuit 904 such that the heating medium will change from a state of dot Wo to a state of dot Wi1 and again returned to the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122.
  • the heating medium circuit 104 includes the floor heating device 143 and the outdoor air heating device 144, and is further connected to the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 such that the heating medium heated in the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 is sequentially supplied to the radiator 141, the fan convector 142, the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heating device 144, so that the heating medium heated by exchanging heat with refrigerant in the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 will circulate in the heating medium circuit 104 such that the heating medium changes from a state of dot Wo to a state of dot Wi3 and again is returned to the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122, as shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3.
  • the refrigerant will circulate in the refrigerant circuit 120 such that the refrigerant changes in order from a state of dot Rc on the suction side of the compressor 121 to a state of dot Ri that corresponds to dot Wo, to a state of dot Ro3 that corresponds to dot Wi3, and then to a state of Re3, and again is sucked into the compressor 121.
  • the radiator 141, the fan convector 142, and the floor heating device 143 can use the heat of a high temperature heating medium that just has been heated in heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122, and the outdoor air heating device 144 can use the heat of the heating medium cooled by releasing its heat into the room in the radiator 141, the fan convector 142, and the floor heating device 143 (see dot Wi2 in Figures 1 and 2).
  • the ventilation air (shown as OA in Figure 1) that is supplied to the room by the air supply device 103 has a lower temperature than the indoor air (shown as RA in Figure 1), so that the heating medium cooled by releasing its heat into the room in the radiator 141, the fan convector 142, and the floor heating device 143 can be used to heat the ventilation air. Then, the heating medium used for heating the ventilation air that is supplied to the room by the outdoor air heating device 144 is further cooled by heating the ventilation air (see dot Wi3 shown in Figures 1 and 2), and then returned to the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122.
  • the heating medium cooled by releasing its heat in the radiator 141, the fan convector 142, and the floor heating device 143 is supplied to the outdoor air heating device 144 in order to heat the ventilation air that is supplied to the room. Therefore, compared to the air conditioning system 901, the temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet of the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 (in other words, the temperature difference between the temperature of the heating medium in a state of dot Wo and the temperature of the heating medium in a state of dot Wi3) can be increased.
  • the air conditioning system 101 of this embodiment includes the floor heating device 143 in addition to the outdoor air heating device 144, so that the temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet of the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 and the COP are further increased, compared to the conventional air conditioning system 901.
  • the air conditioning system 101 of this embodiment when water is used as a heating medium that flows through the heating medium circuit 104, it is possible to configure the heating medium circuit 104 at low cost.
  • the heating medium is prevented from freezing in the outdoor air heating device 144 even during the low outdoor air temperature period, and the ventilation air that is supplied to the room by the air supply device 103 will be more reliably heated by using the outdoor air heating device 144.
  • the air conditioning system 101 of this embodiment uses CO 2 as the refrigerant that flows through the vapor compression type refrigerant circuit 120 of the heat source unit 102. Accordingly, the refrigerant temperature on the discharge side of the compressor 121 can be increased, and the temperature level that can be used in the radiator 141, the fan convector 142, the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heating device 144 can be increased. This will achieve comfortable room heating.
  • the heating medium circuit 104 may further include a bypass heating medium circuit that bypasses at least one of the radiator 141, the fan convector 142, the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heating device 144.
  • the heating medium circuit 104 that does not include the fan convector 142 as shown in Figure 7 may be provided with bypass heating medium circuits 151, 153, 154 respectively for the radiator 141, the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heating device 144. This will enable to supply the heating medium to only some of the radiator 141, the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heating device 144 according to need.
  • bypass heating medium circuits 151, 153, 154 are respectively provided with a solenoid valve 151a, a motor operated valve 153a, and a solenoid valve 154a as a heating medium flow control mechanism. Consequently, the bypass heating medium circuits 151, 154 will be able to block the heating medium that flows through each of the bypass heating medium circuits 151, 154 according to need, and thereby enabling to control the flow of the heating medium that is supplied to the radiator 141 and the outdoor air heating device 144. In addition, the bypass heating medium circuit 153 will be able to control the flow of the heating medium that flows through the bypass heating medium circuit 153, and thereby enabling highly precise control of the flow of the heating medium that is supplied to the floor heating device 143.
  • the bypass heating medium circuit may be provided to each of the radiator 141, the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heating device 144, or to only some of the radiator 141, the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heating device 144.
  • some of the radiator 141, the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heating device 144 may be collected together such that these devices are bypassed together.
  • the type of a valve to be provided to the bypass heating medium circuit it is possible to select a valve according to the precision of flow control of the heating medium required in each bypass heating medium circuit.
  • some of the radiator 141, the fan convector 142, the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heating device 144 may use refrigerant that flows through the refrigerant circuit 120 without flowing through the heating medium circuit 104.
  • the floor heating device 143 and the outdoor air heating device 144 use the heat of the refrigerant that flows through the refrigerant circuit 120 in the heat source unit 102 via the heating medium that circulates in the heating medium circuit 104.
  • the high temperature and high pressure refrigerant compressed in and discharged from the compressor 121 may be caused to flow into the radiator heat exchanger 141a of the radiator 141 so as to directly release the heat of the refrigerant into the room. This will enable simplification of the heating medium circuit 104.
  • refrigerant that flows through the refrigerant circuit 120 may be caused to flow into the floor heating pipe 143a and the outdoor air heat exchanger 144a so as to use the heat of the refrigerant.
  • the air conditioning system 101 of this modified example may be provided with the bypass heating medium circuit of the modified example 1.
  • the heating medium circuit 104 may be provided with a heating medium storage tank.
  • the heating medium circulating pump 145 may be provided with a heating medium storage tank 161 on the suction side thereof. This will enable to prevent problems such as breakage of devices constituting the heating medium circuit 104, which may occur when the heating medium circulating in the heating medium circuit 104 expands in volume along with its change in temperature.
  • the heating medium circuit 104 may be constituted by a plurality of divided heating medium circuits that independently circulate the heating medium between at least one of the radiator 141, the fan convector 142, the floor heating device 143 and the outdoor air heating device 144, and the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122.
  • the divided heating medium circuits 104a, 104b, 104c respectively include heating medium circulating pumps 145a, 145b, and 145c. This will enable to supply the heating medium to only some of the radiator 141, the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heating device 144 according to need.
  • the radiator 141 can use the heat of the heating medium (see dots Wo and Wi1 shown in Figures 2, 3, and 10) that just has been heated by the refrigerant (see dot Ri shown in Figures 2, 3, and 10) compressed in and discharged from the compressor 121 in the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122;
  • the floor heating device 143 can use the heat of the heating medium whose temperature is lower than the temperature of the heating medium (see dots Wi1 and Wi2 in Figures 2, 3, and 10) used in the radiator 141 heated by the refrigerant (see dot Ro1 shown in Figures 2, 3, and 10) that heat-exchanged with the heating medium that flows through the first divided heating medium circuit 104a in the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122;
  • the outdoor air heating device 144 can use the heat of the heating medium (see dots Wi2 and Wi3 shown in Figures 2, 3 and 10) whose temperature is equal to or lower than the temperature of the heating medium used by the floor heating device 143 heated by the refrigerant (
  • the refrigerant will circulate in the refrigerant circuit 120 such that the refrigerant changes in order from a state of dot Rc on the suction side of the compressor 121 to a state of dot Ri that corresponds to dot Wo, to a state of dot Ro3 that corresponds to dot Wi3, and then to a state of Re3, and again is sucked into the compressor 121.
  • the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 may be constituted by three divided heating medium - refrigerant heat exchangers 122a, 122b, and 122c serving as divided utilization side heat exchangers, which are divided so as to correspond to the divided heating medium circuits 104a, 104b, 104c.
  • the radiator 141 can use the heat of the heating medium (see dots Wo and Wi1 shown in Figures 2, 3, and 11) that just has been heated by the refrigerant (see dot Ri shown in Figures 2, 3, and 11) compressed in and discharged from the compressor 121 in the first divided heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122a;
  • the floor heating device 143 can use the heat of the heating medium (see dots Wi1 and Wi2 in Figures 2, 3, and 11) whose temperature is lower than the temperature of the heating medium used in the radiator 141 heated by the refrigerant (see dot Ro1 shown in Figures 2, 3, and 11) that heat-exchanged with the heating medium that flows through the first divided heating medium circuit 104a in the first divided heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122a;
  • the outdoor air heating device 144 can use the heat of the heating medium (see dots Wi2 and Wi3 shown in Figures 2, 3 and 11) whose temperature is equal to or lower than the temperature of the heating medium used by the floor heating device 143 heated by
  • the heating medium circuit 104 may be divided into the first divided heating medium circuit 104a including a first heating medium circulating pump 145a dedicated to the radiator 141, and the second divided heating medium circuit 104d including a second heating medium circulating pump 145d shared by the floor heating device 143 and the outdoor air heating device 144, and also, the heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122 may be divided into the first divided heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122a dedicated to the radiator 141 and a second divided heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122d shared by the floor heating device 143 and the outdoor air heating device 144.
  • the bypass refrigerant circuit 171 is provided with a solenoid valve 171a as a heating medium flow control mechanism. Consequently, it will be possible to block the heating medium that flows through the bypass heating medium circuit 171 according to need, and thereby enabling to control the flow of refrigerant that is supplied to the divided heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122a.
  • the bypass refrigerant circuit may be provided to only the first divided heating medium - refrigerant heat exchanger 122a, or to each of the divided heating medium - refrigerant heat exchangers 122a, 122b, 122c. Alternatively, some of the divided heating medium - refrigerant heat exchangers 122a, 122b, 122c may be collected together such that these devices are bypassed together.
  • the type of a valve to be provided to the bypass refrigerant circuit it is possible to select a valve according to the precision of flow control of the heating medium required in each bypass heating medium circuit. For example, use of a motor operated valve instead of a solenoid valve will enable highly precise control of the flow of refrigerant that is supplied to the bypass refrigerant circuit.
  • some of the radiator 141, the fan convector 142, the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heating device 144 may use refrigerant that flows through the refrigerant circuit 120 without flowing through the heating medium circuit 104.
  • the floor heating device 143 and the outdoor air heating device 144 use the heat of the refrigerant that flows through the refrigerant circuit 120 in the heat source unit 102 via the heating medium that circulates in the divided heating medium circuits 104b, 104c.
  • the high temperature and high pressure refrigerant compressed in and discharged from the compressor 121 may be caused to flow into the radiator heat exchanger 141a of the radiator 141 so as to directly release the heat of the refrigerant into the room. This will enable simplification of the heating medium circuit 104.
  • refrigerant that flows through the refrigerant circuit 120 may be caused to flow into the floor heating pipe 143a and the outdoor air heat exchanger 144a so as to use the heat of the refrigerant.
  • the heating medium circuit 104 may be provided with a heating medium storage tank.
  • the heating medium circulating pumps 145a, 145b, 145c may be provided with heating medium storage tanks 161 a, 161b, 161c on the suction side each thereof. Consequently, it will be possible to prevent problems such as breakage of devices constituting the divided heating medium circuits 104a, 104b, and 104c, which may occur when the heating medium circulating in the heating medium circuit 104 expands in volume along with its change in temperature.
  • an increase in the amount of heating medium in the divided heating medium circuits 104a, 104b, 104c will increase the heat capacity of each of the divided heating medium circuits 104a, 104b, 104c, and the temperature of the heating medium that is supplied to the radiator 141, the floor heating device 143, and the outdoor air heating device 144, and the temperature of the heating medium that is returned to the divided heating medium - refrigerant heat exchangers 122a, 122b, 122c will become stable.
  • controllability of the heat source unit 102 and the divided heating medium circuits 104a, 104b, 104c will improve.
  • the air conditioning system 101 of the above described embodiments and modified examples comprises the outdoor air heating device 144. Consequently, a cold draft due to the ventilation air that is supplied to the room for ventilation in the room is prevented and the comfort of the room is improved. However, when the absolute humidity of the ventilation air is lower than the absolute humidity of the room air, the supply of ventilation air may dry the room. Therefore, according to this modified example, the air conditioning system 101 of the above described embodiments and modified examples is further provided with a humidifier that humidifies the ventilation air that is heated by the outdoor air heating device 144 and supplied to the room.
  • the air conditioning system 101 the same as the one in Figure 1 as shown in Figure 16 can be provided with a humidifier 182 having a spray nozzle 182a that sprays water to the ventilation air that is heated by the outdoor air heating device 144 and supplied to the room, and a water supply pipe 181 that supplies water to a spray nozzle 182a of the humidifier 182.
  • the ventilation air (shown as SA3 in Figure 16) heated by exchanging heat with the heating medium in the outdoor air heating device 144 is to be supplied to the room
  • the ventilation air is introduced into the humidifier 182, humidified with water sprayed from the spray nozzle 182a of the humidifier 182, and then supplied to the room (shown as SA3' in Figure 16).
  • the air conditioning system 101 of this modified example can humidify the ventilation air, so that even when the absolute humidity of the ventilation air is lower than the absolute humidity of the room air, it is possible to prevent the room from becoming dry due to the supply of ventilation air to the room.
  • the temperature of the ventilation air humidified by the humidifier 182 will be lower than the temperature of the ventilation air heated by the outdoor air heating device 144.
  • the amount of heating the ventilation air in the outdoor air heating device 144 is increased with consideration of evaporation of water in the humidifier 182.
  • the ventilation air (shown as SA3 in Figure 17) is heated by the outdoor air heating device 144 so as to increase its temperature (to about 30 degrees C in Figure 17) higher than the temperature (about 20 degrees C in Figure 4) of the ventilation air (shown as SA 3 in Figure 4) in the air conditioning system that does not include the humidifier 182 shown in Figure 1.
  • the temperature of the ventilation air (shown as SA 3' in Figure 17) that is supplied to the room will be close to the temperature (about 20 degrees C in Figure 17) of the room air (shown as RA in Figure 17).
  • the absolute humidity of the ventilation air SA 3' is also almost equal to the absolute humidity of the room air RA (in Figure 17, it is equivalent to relative humidity 50%). Accordingly, in the air conditioning system 101 of this modified example, the ventilation air having a low temperature and a low humidity compared to the room air is heated and humidified respectively by the outdoor air heating device 144 and the humidifier 182 so that the ventilation air and the room air will have the same temperature and humidity conditions, and then is supplied to the room. As a result, it is possible to further enhance the comfort of the room.
  • an air washer may be used instead of a spray nozzle.
  • a spray nozzle or an air washer is used as a humidifier for humidifying the ventilation air that is heated by the outdoor air heating device 144 and supplied to the room.
  • a moisture permeable film having a moisture permeability may be used.
  • the air conditioning system 101 that does not include the fan convector 142 as shown in Figure 18 may be provided with a humidifier 183 comprising a moisture permeable film module 183a having a plurality of tube shaped moisture permeable films, and a water supply pipe 181 for supplying water to the moisture permeable film module 183a of the humidifier 183.
  • the moisture permeable film module 183a is provided with a passage such that the ventilation air that is heated by the outdoor air heating device 144 and supplied to the room passes over the outside of the moisture permeable film.
  • the inside of the moisture permeable film is configured such that water supplied to the moisture permeable film module 183a is introduced therein, and is capable of humidifying the ventilation air by causing water that is supplied to the moisture permeable film to contact with the ventilation air via the moisture permeable film.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • the ventilation air can be humidified by causing water that is supplied to the moisture permeable film of the moisture permeable film module 183a of the humidifier 183 to contact with the ventilation air via the moisture permeable film. Therefore, as in the modified example 10, even when the absolute humidity of the ventilation air is lower than the absolute humidity of the room air, it is possible to prevent the room from becoming dry due to the supply of ventilation air to the room.
  • a water supply type humidifier in which water is supplied to the humidifier via the water supply pipe 181 is used.
  • a humidifier that uses moisture absorbing liquid capable of both absorbing moisture and desorbing the absorbed moisture.
  • This humidifier 184 operates to circulate the moisture absorbing liquid by the moisture absorbing liquid circulating pump 184c in order from the second moisture permeable film module 184b to the first moisture permeable film module 184a.
  • moisture in the exhaust air will be absorbed into the moisture absorbing liquid via the moisture permeable film of the second moisture permeable film module 184b.
  • the moisture absorbing liquid that absorbed this moisture will be sent to the first moisture permeable film module 184a.
  • the ventilation air heated by the outdoor air heating device 144 is passed through the first moisture permeable film module 184a, the moisture absorbing liquid sent from the second moisture permeable film module 184b to the first moisture permeable film module 184a will be heated via the moisture permeable film. Then, moisture is desorbed from this heated moisture absorbing liquid back to the ventilation air via the moisture permeable film, and the ventilation air is humidified and supplied to the room.
  • the air conditioning system 101 of this modified example is provided with the humidifier 184 that uses the moisture absorbing liquid, so that it is possible to humidify the ventilation air by using the ventilation air to heat the moisture absorbing liquid in which moisture is absorbed and by desorbing moisture back into the ventilation air.
  • moisture included in the exhaust air that is exhausted from the room to the outside is used as moisture to be absorbed into the moisture absorbing liquid, so that it is possible to humidify the ventilation air without the need to supply water to the humidifier 184.
  • the air conditioning system 101 of the above described modified example 12 uses a humidifier that uses the moisture absorbing liquid capable of both absorbing moisture and desorbing the absorbed moisture through heating.
  • a humidifier that uses an adsorbent capable of both adsorbing moisture and desorbing the adsorbed moisture through heating may be used.
  • the air conditioning system 101 that does not include the fan convector 142 as shown in Figure 21 may be provided with a humidifier 185 having a desiccant rotor 185a in which an adsorbent is carried.
  • the humidifier 185 is provided with a passage such that the ventilation air that is heated by the outdoor air heating device 144 and supplied to the room passes through a portion of the desiccant rotor 185a.
  • a passage in which the exhaust air that is exhausted from the room to the outside passes therethrough is provided on a different portion of the desiccant rotor 185a.
  • the desiccant rotor 185a is configured to be capable of being rotatably driven by a drive mechanism such as an electric motor, and is capable of flowing the ventilation air and the exhaust air through each portion of the desiccant rotor 185a.
  • zeolite, silica gel, activated alumina, and the like may be used.
  • this humidifier 185 when the exhaust air is passed through a portion of the desiccant rotor 185a other than a portion through which the ventilation air is passed, moisture in the exhaust air will be adsorbed onto the adsorbent of the desiccant rotor 185a. Then, the desiccant rotor 185a is rotated, and a portion in which moisture is adsorbed is moved to a portion corresponding to the passage through which the ventilation air is passed.
  • the ventilation air will pass through a portion of the desiccant rotor 185a in which moisture in the exhaust air is adsorbed, and the ventilation air heated by the outdoor air heating device 144 will heat the portion of the desiccant rotor 185a in which moisture is adsorbed. Consequently, it will be possible to desorb moisture from this heated adsorbent back to the ventilation air, humidify the ventilation air, and supply the humidified ventilation air to the room.
  • the air conditioning system 101 of this modified example is provided with the humidifier 185 that uses an adsorbent, so that the adsorbent onto which moisture is adsorbed can be heated by using the ventilation air to desorb the moisture back to the ventilation air, thereby humidifying the ventilation air.
  • the air conditioning system 101 uses moisture in the exhaust air that is exhausted from the room to the outside, so that the ventilation air can be humidified without the need to supply water to the humidifier 185.
  • the exhaust air that is exhausted from the room to the outside (shown as RA on the left side of the desiccant rotor 185a in Figure 21) is mixed with the outdoor air (shown as OA on the left side of the desiccant rotor 185a in Figure 21) different from the ventilation air, and this mixed air may be passed through the desiccant rotor 185a so as to adsorb moisture onto the adsorbent of the desiccant rotor 185a and desorb the moisture back to the ventilation air.
  • both the exhaust air that is exhausted from the room to the outside and the outdoor air different from the ventilation air are caused to pass through the desiccant rotor 185a, however, only the outdoor air different from the ventilation air may be caused to pass therethrough.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)
  • Central Air Conditioning (AREA)
  • Air Humidification (AREA)
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  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
EP05736755.9A 2004-04-28 2005-04-28 Systeme de climatisation Not-in-force EP1746355B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2004134352A JP2005315516A (ja) 2004-04-28 2004-04-28 空気調和システム
PCT/JP2005/008190 WO2005106341A1 (fr) 2004-04-28 2005-04-28 Systeme de climatisation

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EP1746355A1 true EP1746355A1 (fr) 2007-01-24
EP1746355A4 EP1746355A4 (fr) 2009-12-02
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EP (1) EP1746355B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2005315516A (fr)
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JP2009281640A (ja) * 2008-05-21 2009-12-03 Daikin Ind Ltd 空調システム
JP2011127874A (ja) * 2009-12-21 2011-06-30 Kansai Electric Power Co Inc:The 床暖房システム
CN104096459B (zh) * 2010-09-07 2018-05-11 戴斯分析公司 使用选择性传递膜的流体处理***和方法
CN101968243B (zh) * 2010-09-21 2012-11-28 东南大学 同时制取双温度水的空气源热泵装置及驱动方法
CN102537470B (zh) * 2010-12-20 2014-03-19 杨伯钢 自控式双路直流低压电动温控阀
DE102012011519A1 (de) * 2012-06-08 2013-12-12 Yack SAS Klimaanlage
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CN105509202A (zh) * 2016-01-22 2016-04-20 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 机房空调***
US10655888B2 (en) * 2016-03-08 2020-05-19 Heatcraft Refrigeration Products Llc Modular rack for climate control system
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WO2005106341A1 (fr) 2005-11-10
CN101498486A (zh) 2009-08-05
US20080000243A1 (en) 2008-01-03
CN100507382C (zh) 2009-07-01
NO20065448L (no) 2007-01-29
EP1746355B1 (fr) 2013-09-18
EP1746355A4 (fr) 2009-12-02
CN101498485A (zh) 2009-08-05
JP2005315516A (ja) 2005-11-10
KR100735990B1 (ko) 2007-07-06
CN1942719A (zh) 2007-04-04
KR20070003985A (ko) 2007-01-05

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