EP1371155A2 - Optisches netzwerk mit verteilter signalregeneration - Google Patents
Optisches netzwerk mit verteilter signalregenerationInfo
- Publication number
- EP1371155A2 EP1371155A2 EP02721979A EP02721979A EP1371155A2 EP 1371155 A2 EP1371155 A2 EP 1371155A2 EP 02721979 A EP02721979 A EP 02721979A EP 02721979 A EP02721979 A EP 02721979A EP 1371155 A2 EP1371155 A2 EP 1371155A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- signals
- optical signals
- signal regeneration
- regeneration
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/07—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
- H04B10/075—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal
- H04B10/079—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
- H04B10/0795—Performance monitoring; Measurement of transmission parameters
- H04B10/07953—Monitoring or measuring OSNR, BER or Q
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/07—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
- H04B10/075—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal
- H04B10/079—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
- H04B10/0793—Network aspects, e.g. central monitoring of transmission parameters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/07—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
- H04B10/075—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal
- H04B10/079—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
- H04B10/0797—Monitoring line amplifier or line repeater equipment
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for the regeneration of optical signals according to the preamble of claim 1, an optical communication network with at least a first and a second such device, and a method for the regeneration of optical signals according to the preamble of claim 13.
- WDM wavelength division multiplex
- Optical regenerators for example so-called 3R regenerators, are used to compensate for the interference effects.
- a 3R regenerator (reamplyfying, retiming, reshaping)
- a received optical binary signal is amplified, restored in terms of clock and form, and then passed on.
- the received optical signal is first fed to an opto-electrical converter.
- the electrical signal provided by the transducer is amplified and filtered, and then passed on to a scanner. This decides whether a logical "one" or a logical "zero" has been received and delivers a corresponding signal to a signal shaper.
- a 3R regenerator is described in "telcom report", 10th year, March 1987, special, multiplex and line equipment, pages 109 to 114.
- 3R regenerators Due to the opto-electrical and electro-optical conversion required with 3R regenerators, their manufacturing costs are relatively high. This is particularly disadvantageous when network nodes with large numbers of ports (large number of coupled optical fibers and large number of multiplexed wavelengths) are used, since a number of 3R regenerators corresponding to the number of ports is then used. In addition, 3R regenerators take up a relatively large amount of space.
- the object of the invention is to provide a new type of device for the regeneration of optical signals, a new type of optical communication network, and a new type of method for the regeneration of optical signals.
- a device for regenerating optical signals is provided with one or more devices which can regenerate several different optical signals received by the device, the device having a device for determining the quality of the received optical signals , and wherein the signal regeneration devices only regenerate those signals for which a poor signal quality was determined by the quality determination device.
- Each signal regeneration device is preferably designed in such a way that it can regenerate a specific number of the optical signals received by the device at a specific time (e.g. one optical signal each).
- the number of signal regeneration devices is smaller than the number of signals received by the device. This is possible because, on average, only a part of the received signals is of such poor quality that regeneration is necessary.
- the reduced number of signal regeneration devices leads to a reduction in the manufacturing costs and the dimensions of the regeneration device.
- Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a 3R regenerator that works at variable wavelengths
- Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a 3R regenerator operating at a fixed wavelength
- Figure 3 is a schematic representation of an optical communication network according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of an optical communication network according to a further exemplary embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 5a shows a schematic illustration of a device for the regeneration of optical signals which is used in the message network according to FIG. 3;
- FIG. 5b shows a schematic illustration of a further device for the regeneration of optical signals, which is used in the message network according to FIG. 3;
- Figure 6 is a schematic representation of a device for the regeneration of optical signals, which is used in the message network according to Figure 4.
- a first 3R regenerator la used in a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention and operating at variable wavelengths has an optical input 4, an optical filter 2, an electro-optical converter 3, a signal processing device 5, a modulator 6, and a laser diode 7, and an optical output 8.
- a pulsed optical signal DC1 transmitted via an optical waveguide is fed to the input 4 of the 3R regenerator la and is then input into the optical filter 2. This only allows signal components whose wavelengths are within a certain wavelength range to pass.
- the transmission wavelength range of the optical filter 2 can be variably adjusted via a first control signal S1 supplied by a control device 9 shown in FIG. 5a.
- the signal output by the optical filter 2 is fed to the opto-electrical converter 3, and is converted by the latter into an electrical signal, which is input into the signal processing device 5.
- the electrical signal is first amplified and then sampled, so that it can be decided whether a logical "one" or one logical "zero" was received.
- the signal processing device 5 then outputs a control signal to the modulator 6 at times determined by a clock regenerator (not shown).
- this allows a laser beam generated by the laser diode 7 to pass, so that a pulsed optical output signal DC1 r ⁇ g, which is amplified in relation to the optical input signal DC1 and is restored in terms of clock and shape, is emitted at the output 8.
- the laser beam generated by the laser diode 7 has a wavelength which can be variably adjusted via a second control signal S2 supplied by the control device 9.
- a first signal regeneration device 10a used in the first exemplary embodiment of the invention has, in addition to the first 3R regenerator la shown in FIG. 1, a second 3R regenerator 1b and a third 3R regenerator 1c.
- the second and third 3R regenerators 1b, 1c are constructed identically to the ⁇ first 3R regenerator la described above.
- the first signal regeneration device 10a comprises a signal supply device 11, the control device 9 already mentioned above, and a signal quality determination device 12.
- the first signal regeneration device 10a is part of an optical message network 13 shown in FIG. 3. This has - in addition to the first
- Signal regeneration device 10a - a second signal regeneration device 10b, a third signal regeneration device 10c, a fourth signal regeneration device 10d, further signal regeneration devices, not shown here, and a multiplicity of network nodes 14a, 14b.
- the single ones Network nodes 14a, 14b are connected to one another with the interposition of signal regeneration devices 10a, 10b, 10c, 10d via optical fiber bundles 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d.
- a first optical fiber bundle 15a runs from a first network node 14a to the first signal regeneration device 10a, from where a second optical fiber bundle 15b runs to the second signal regeneration device 10b. This is connected to a second network node 14b via a third optical fiber bundle 15c.
- each optical fiber bundle 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d has several (here: three) optical fibers 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d, 16e, 16f.
- each optical waveguide 16a, 16b, 16c, 16d, 16e, 16f several (here: four) different, pulsed optical signals are transmitted by means of wavelength division multiplexing.
- a first one transmits
- the four signals DA1, DA2, DA3, DA4 of the first optical waveguide 16a, and the first and the second signal DBl, DB2 of the second optical waveguide 16b are forwarded directly to a fourth and fifth optical waveguide 16d, 16e, and from there in the direction of the second signal regeneration device 10b and the second network node 14b, without regeneration taking place by the signal regeneration device 10a ,
- the second and the third signals DB3, DB4 of the second optical fiber 16b, and the four signals DC1, DC2, DC3, DC4 of the third optical fiber 16c ie a second subset of the above signals DA1, DA2, DA3, DA4, DB1, DB2 , DB3, DB4, DC1, DC2, DC3, DC4)
- the signal quality determination device 12 selects up to three signals (here: the two signals DB4, DC1) which are to be regenerated by the signal regeneration device 10a. For example, the three signals with the worst quality are selected, or e.g. all signals whose quality falls below a predetermined target value.
- the Signalqualittarseinric device 12 then sends a signal selection signal Q to the control device 9 to tell it which signals DB4, DCl are to be regenerated.
- All of the signals DB3, DB4, DC1, DC2, DC3, DC4 received by the signal quality determination device 12 are forwarded to the signal supply device 11. This is communicated via a signal R by the control device 9, which signal (here: the signal DC1) from the first 3R regenerator la, which signal (here: the signal DB4) from the second 3R regenerator 1b, and which signal (here : no signal) to be regenerated by the third 3R regenerator lc.
- the signal supply device 11 forwards the signals DC1, DB4 to be regenerated to the corresponding 3R regenerators la, lb.
- the signal DB3 directly to the optical fiber 16e
- Optical fibers 16f switched through, from where they in Direction of the second signal regeneration device 10b and the second network node 14b are forwarded.
- the control device 9 transmits to the first 3R regenerator la the wavelength of the signal DC1 to be regenerated by it.
- the second control signal S2 is used to determine which wavelength the regenerated signal DCl reg output by the first 3R regenerator la should have. This wavelength can correspond to the wavelength of the signal DC1 to be regenerated, but can alternatively also differ from this.
- Control device 9 also sent to the second and third 3R regenerators 1b, 1c. In this way it is determined which wavelength the signal DB4 to be regenerated by the respective 3R regenerator 1b, lc and the signal DB4 reg regenerated by the respective 3R regenerator 1b, lc should have.
- the signal DC1 or DB4 input into the respective 3R regenerator la, lc, lc is regenerated 3R, and the regenerated output signal DCl generated by the respective 3R regenerator la, lb, lc reg , DB4 reg entered into the signal feeder 11.
- All signals DA1, DA2, DA3, DA4, DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4 reg , DClreg-, DC2, DC3, DC4 are then forwarded to the second signal regeneration device 10b via the corresponding optical fibers 16d, 16e, 16f.
- this is constructed similarly to the first signal regeneration device 10b, and has one fourth 3R regenerator la a fifth 3R regenerator lb 1 *, a sixth 3R regenerator lc one
- Signal supply device 11, a control device 9 and a signal quality determination device 12 ⁇ are identical to the fourth, fifth and sixth 3R regenerators la, lb lc ⁇ are identical to the first 3R regenerator la described above in connection with FIG.
- the four signals DCl r ec r DC2, DC3, DC4 of the sixth optical waveguide 16f and the third and fourth signal DB3, DB4 reg of the fifth optical fiber 16e - without the need for regeneration by the signal regeneration device 10b takes place - directly to a seventh and eighth optical fibers 16g, 16h of the third optical fiber bundle, and forwarded from there in the direction of the second network node 14b.
- the first and second signals DB1, DB2 of the fifth optical waveguide 16e, and the four signals DA1, DA2, DA3, DA4 of the fourth optical waveguide 16d are fed to the signal quality determination device 12 ⁇ .
- This is constructed in the same way as the signal quality determination device 12 described in connection with FIG. 5a. It has a conventional Q monitor (not shown) which determines the quality of the signals DA1, DA2, DA3, DA4, DB1, DB2. Depending on the determined signal quality, the signal quality determination device 12 'selects up to three signals (here: the three signals DA4, DB1, DB2) which are to be regenerated by the signal regeneration device 10b. The signal quality determination device 12 ⁇ then sends a signal selection signal Q ⁇ to the control device 9 in order to inform the control device 9 which signals DA4, DB1, DB2 are to be regenerated.
- All of the signals DA1, DA2, DA3, DA4, DB1, DB2 received by the signal quality determination device 12 are forwarded to the signal supply device 11. This is communicated by the control device 9 via a signal R, which signal (here: the signal DA4) from the fourth 3R regenerator la which signal (here: the signal DB1) from the fifth 3R regenerator 1b, and which signal (here: the signal DB2) is to be regenerated by the sixth 3R regenerator lc ⁇ .
- the signal supply device 11 ⁇ forwards the signals DA4, DB1, DB2 to be regenerated to the corresponding 3R regenerators la lb ⁇ , lO.
- the signals DA1, DA2, DA3 are directly switched through to the optical waveguide 16g, and from there are forwarded in the direction of the second network node 14b.
- the control device 9 X is constructed in the same way as the control device 9 described above in connection with FIGS. 1 and 5a. It delivers a control signal pair Sl ⁇ , S2 ⁇ or S3 S4 x or S5 ⁇ , S6 to the fourth, fifth or sixth 3R regenerator la ', lb', lc ⁇ in order to determine which wavelength the 3R- Regenerator la lb lc to be regenerated signal DA4, DBl, DB2, as well as the signal DA4 reg , DBl reg / DB2 reg regenerated by the respective 3R regenerator la lb ', lc ⁇ .
- the signal DA4, DB1, DB2 3R regenerated into the respective 3R regenerator la ⁇ , lb 10 is regenerated, and the regenerated output signal DA4 reg generated by the respective 3R regenerator la lb lc ⁇ is regenerated.
- 3R regenerators are used which, in contrast to the 3R regenerators la, lb, lc, la lb, lO shown in FIG. 1 or FIGS. 5a, 5b, have no optical filter.
- the function of an optical filter installed in a 3R regenerator is then taken over by optical filters which are provided in a signal feed device which otherwise corresponds to the signal feed devices 11, 11 explained in connection with FIGS. 5a and 5b.
- FIGS. 2, 4 and 6 A further exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to FIGS. 2, 4 and 6.
- a 3R regenerator la used here operating at a first, fixed wavelength ⁇ l, has an optical input 40, an optical filter 2 V, an electro-optical converter 3 , ⁇ , a
- Signal processing device 5 ⁇ a modulator 6 ⁇ , a laser diode 7 , y , and an optical output 8 X on.
- a pulsed optical signal DD4 transmitted via an optical waveguide is fed to the input 4 ⁇ of the 3R regenerator la ⁇ and then input into the optical filter 2 , x . This only allows signal components whose wavelengths lie within a certain, fixed wavelength range to pass.
- the signal output from the optical filter 2 ⁇ X is fed to the opto-electrical converter 3 y , and is converted by the latter into an electrical signal, which is input into the signal processing device 5 ⁇ .
- the electrical signal is first amplified and then sampled, so that it can be decided whether a logical "one" or a logical "zero" has been received. Thereupon a control signal is output by the signal processing device 5 ⁇ ⁇ at times determined by a clock regenerator (not shown) to the modulator 6.
- this allows a laser beam of fixed wavelength generated by the laser diode 7 ⁇ to pass, so that a pulsed optical output signal DD4 reg , which is amplified in relation to the optical input signal DD4 and is restored in terms of clock and form, is emitted at the output 8 ⁇ ⁇ .
- the laser beam generated by the laser diode 7 ⁇ ⁇ has a wavelength that corresponds to the wavelength ⁇ l of the input signal DD4.
- the laser beam generated by the laser diode 7 ⁇ > can also have a different wavelength from the wavelength of the input signal DD4.
- Signal regeneration device 10a ⁇ in addition to the 3R regenerator la , v shown in FIG. 2 , a further 3R regenerator lb ' ⁇ , which operates at a second, fixed wavelength ⁇ 2.
- This is identical to the 3R regenerator la X ⁇ described in connection with FIG. 2, except that its optical filter corresponding to the optical filter 2 > only allows signal components with the above-mentioned second, fixed wavelength ⁇ 2 to pass, and that corresponding to the laser diode 7 ⁇ ⁇ Laser diode generates a laser beam with a wavelength that corresponds to the second, fixed wavelength ⁇ 2.
- the first signal regeneration device 10a ⁇ comprises one
- Signal supply device HO a control device 9 ⁇ X , and a signal quality determination device 12 '.
- the first signal regeneration device 10a , ⁇ is part of an optical message network 130 shown in FIG.
- this has a second signal regeneration device 10b ⁇ , a third signal regeneration device 10c ⁇ , further signal regeneration devices not shown here, and a multiplicity of network nodes 14a ⁇ , 14b ⁇ 14c ⁇ .
- the individual network nodes 14a ⁇ 14b ⁇ are connected to one another via fiber optic bundles each consisting of a plurality of optical fibers.
- the signal regeneration devices 10a, 10b ⁇ , 10c ⁇ are arranged directly at the network nodes 14a ⁇ or are each part of a network node 14a O
- each network node 14a ⁇ receives several (here: eight) different, wavelength-multiplexed, pulsed optical signals DD1, DD2, DD3, DD4, DE1, DE2, DE3, DE4 via the optical fiber bundles connected to it.
- the signals DD4 and DE4 are at the above-mentioned first, fixed wavelength ⁇ 1, the signals DD3 and DE3 at the above-mentioned second, fixed wavelength ⁇ 2, the signals DD2 and DE2 at a third, fixed wavelength ⁇ 3, and the signals DD1 and DE1 a fourth, fixed wavelength ⁇ 4.
- the four signals DD1, DD2, DE1, DE2 (ie a first subset of the above signals DD1, DD2, DD3, DD4, DE1, DE2, DE3, DE4) - without regeneration by the signal regeneration device 10a ⁇ - go directly in the direction Corresponding further network nodes 14a 14 , 14b * x , 14c ⁇ forwarded.
- the four signals DD3, DD4, DE3, DE4 (ie a second subset of the above signals DD1, DD2, DD3, DD4, DEl, DE2, DE3, DE4) of the signal quality determination device 12 ⁇ ⁇ supplied.
- Signal regeneration device 10a ⁇ to be regenerated (here: the signal DD4 as a signal with the wavelength ⁇ l, and the signal DE3 as a signal with the wavelength ⁇ 2).
- the signal quality determination device 12 ⁇ * then sends a signal selection signal Q ⁇ to the control device 9 X in order to inform it of the signals DD4, DE3 selected for regeneration.
- All of the signals DD3, DD4, DE3, DE4 received by the signal quality determination device 12 are forwarded to the signal supply device 11 , ⁇ .
- This is communicated by the control device 9 ⁇ via a signal R ⁇ , which signal (here: the signal DD4) is regenerated by the 3R regenerator la > ⁇ , and which signal (here: the signal DE3) is regenerated by the further 3R regenerator lb ⁇ shall be.
- the signal supply device 11 outputs those to be regenerated
- the signals DD3, DE4 are forwarded directly in the direction of the corresponding further network nodes 14aO 14b 14c '.
- the signal DD4 or DE3 3R-regenerated which is input into the respective 3R regenerator la ⁇ , lb ⁇ , and the regenerated output signal generated by the respective 3R regenerator la ⁇ , lb ⁇ is regenerated DD4 reg , DE3 reg entered into the signal feed device 11 ⁇ .
- This directs the regenerated signals DD4 reg, DE3 re g ⁇ together with the remaining signals DDI, DD2, DD3, DEl, DE2, DE4 14c ⁇ ⁇ in the direction of the network nodes 14a 14b on.
- first signal regeneration device 10a corresponding signal regeneration devices 10b ⁇ , 10c ⁇ , whose 3R regenerators, however, operate at different, fixed wavelengths, as the 3R regenerators la ⁇ , ⁇ X lb of the first signal regeneration device 10a ⁇ (eg in the above-mentioned third and fourth fixed wavelength ⁇ 3, ⁇ 4). Therefore, for example, the signal DD2 or the signal DE2, and the signal DD1 or the signal DE1 can be regenerated in accordance with the 3R regeneration as described above in the signal regeneration devices 10b ⁇ .
- each signal regeneration device 10a ⁇ , 10b ⁇ , 10c ⁇ has only a few 3R regenerators la > ⁇ , lb ⁇ ⁇ , the manufacturing costs of the signal regeneration devices 10a ⁇ , 10b ⁇ 10c ⁇ are relatively low.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Optical Communication System (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10113563A DE10113563B4 (de) | 2001-03-20 | 2001-03-20 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Regeneration optischer Signale sowie optisches Nachrichtenübertragungsnetzwerk |
DE10113563 | 2001-03-20 | ||
PCT/DE2002/000682 WO2002075970A2 (de) | 2001-03-20 | 2002-02-25 | Optisches netzwerk mit verteilter signalregeneration |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1371155A2 true EP1371155A2 (de) | 2003-12-17 |
Family
ID=7678258
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02721979A Withdrawn EP1371155A2 (de) | 2001-03-20 | 2002-02-25 | Optisches netzwerk mit verteilter signalregeneration |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20040086224A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1371155A2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1636337A (de) |
DE (1) | DE10113563B4 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2294598C2 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2002075970A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5213911B2 (ja) | 2010-06-08 | 2013-06-19 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 光中継システム |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH0964819A (ja) * | 1995-08-23 | 1997-03-07 | Fujitsu Ltd | 光システム |
JPH10150413A (ja) * | 1996-11-18 | 1998-06-02 | Fujitsu Ltd | 光伝送システム |
JPH1198077A (ja) * | 1997-09-16 | 1999-04-09 | Nec Corp | 光波ネットワークシステム |
FR2784826A1 (fr) * | 1998-10-15 | 2000-04-21 | Cit Alcatel | Repeteur pour systeme de transmission a fibre optique de longue portee a multiplexage en longueur d'onde |
FR2790160B1 (fr) * | 1999-02-19 | 2001-05-04 | Cit Alcatel | Systeme de transmission regenere wdm |
-
2001
- 2001-03-20 DE DE10113563A patent/DE10113563B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-02-25 CN CNA028068122A patent/CN1636337A/zh active Pending
- 2002-02-25 RU RU2003130743/28A patent/RU2294598C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-25 WO PCT/DE2002/000682 patent/WO2002075970A2/de active Application Filing
- 2002-02-25 EP EP02721979A patent/EP1371155A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-02-25 US US10/472,746 patent/US20040086224A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO02075970A2 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
RU2003130743A (ru) | 2005-02-27 |
WO2002075970A2 (de) | 2002-09-26 |
US20040086224A1 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
DE10113563A1 (de) | 2002-10-02 |
RU2294598C2 (ru) | 2007-02-27 |
WO2002075970A3 (de) | 2003-05-08 |
DE10113563B4 (de) | 2007-03-01 |
CN1636337A (zh) | 2005-07-06 |
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