EP1206398A1 - Procede de realisation de paquets (de cigarettes) - Google Patents

Procede de realisation de paquets (de cigarettes)

Info

Publication number
EP1206398A1
EP1206398A1 EP00962329A EP00962329A EP1206398A1 EP 1206398 A1 EP1206398 A1 EP 1206398A1 EP 00962329 A EP00962329 A EP 00962329A EP 00962329 A EP00962329 A EP 00962329A EP 1206398 A1 EP1206398 A1 EP 1206398A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
glue
material web
glue areas
areas
folding
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP00962329A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1206398B1 (fr
Inventor
Heinz Focke
Henry Buse
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Focke and Co GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Focke and Co GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Focke and Co GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Focke and Co GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP1206398A1 publication Critical patent/EP1206398A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1206398B1 publication Critical patent/EP1206398B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D85/00—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials
    • B65D85/07—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for compressible or flexible articles
    • B65D85/08—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for compressible or flexible articles rod-shaped or tubular
    • B65D85/10—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for compressible or flexible articles rod-shaped or tubular for cigarettes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D85/00—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials
    • B65D85/07—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for compressible or flexible articles
    • B65D85/08—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for compressible or flexible articles rod-shaped or tubular
    • B65D85/10—Containers, packaging elements or packages, specially adapted for particular articles or materials for compressible or flexible articles rod-shaped or tubular for cigarettes
    • B65D85/1018—Container formed by a flexible material, i.e. soft-packages
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
    • Y10T156/1002—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with permanent bending or reshaping or surface deformation of self sustaining lamina
    • Y10T156/1007—Running or continuous length work
    • Y10T156/1015—Folding
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
    • Y10T156/1002—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with permanent bending or reshaping or surface deformation of self sustaining lamina
    • Y10T156/1043—Subsequent to assembly
    • Y10T156/1049—Folding only

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing (cigarette) packs from blanks which are separated and folded from a continuous material web made of thin packaging material, such as paper, with folding flaps being connected to one another by adhesive bonding.
  • the gluing of folding flaps or other parts of the blanks is a particular problem, especially with high-performance packaging machines. If the required glue is applied to the blanks in the area of the packaging machine, there is a risk of machine aggregates becoming dirty. It has already been proposed to coat packaging material outside the packaging machine with hotmelt type glue and to activate the corresponding glue areas by supplying heat after the packaging has been completed. However, hotmelt has other disadvantages.
  • the invention is based on the object of proposing measures for the gluing of blanks for (cigarette) packs, in particular of paper, by means of which the disadvantages described are avoided and gluing can take place outside the packaging machine.
  • the method according to the invention for producing the packs is characterized by the following features:
  • the material web for the blanks is provided on both sides with glue areas, namely glue areas or glue points, in accordance with the folding tabs to be connected to one another,
  • the glue areas consist of a (cold) glue which (only) in connection with a counter-glue surface Connection of the folding flaps or the like generates the required adhesion
  • the glue areas are positioned in such a way that glue areas on one side of the material web, when wound, do not overlap with glue areas on the other side.
  • the method according to the invention and the design of the blanks for the production of cigarette soft packs in particular is based on the use of a novel (Kai t) glue which is known in principle in glue technology and which, on account of its technological properties, produces the full adhesive effect when two corresponding glue areas, namely glue areas or glue points, lie against each other. Without a counter-glue area, a glue surface applied to a blank cannot develop the adhesive effect leading to the connection of folding flaps or the like. It is therefore possible to wrap material webs provided with glue areas from this glue without the wound layers sticking to one another, whereby according to the invention the positioning of the glue areas avoids that glue areas come into contact or overlap in the wound web.
  • a novel (Kai t) glue which is known in principle in glue technology and which, on account of its technological properties, produces the full adhesive effect when two corresponding glue areas, namely glue areas or glue points, lie against each other. Without a counter-glue area, a glue surface applied to a blank cannot develop the adhesive effect leading to the connection
  • the material web pulled off the bobbin is folded in such a way that the glue areas or glue areas assigned to one another either overlap directly or are positioned such that when a blank made by the material web is folded, the corresponding glue areas overlap one another.
  • the corresponding folding can also be carried out, if necessary, after the blank has been cut off from the material web.
  • the method according to the invention is particularly advantageously applicable to (zi garette) white packs corresponding to US Pat. No. 5,762,186.
  • material strips are to be connected to one another in the longitudinal direction of the material web and, in addition, double-layered folding tabs.
  • the technology according to the invention can also be used if separate blanks are to be connected to one another or to a pack, in particular when connecting banderoles to (soft) packs.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show a spread blank for the manufacture of a pack according to FIGS. 1 and 2,
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 consists of a blank made of paper or similar packaging material (FIGS. 3, 5).
  • the cuboid-shaped package forms a front wall 10, an opposing rear wall 11 and narrow, upright side walls 12 and 13.
  • the side wall 13 is positioned between the front wall 10 and the rear wall 11 within the blank (FIG. 3).
  • the side wall 12 consists of two overlapping and bonded together, strei fen-shaped wall tabs 14, 15th
  • An end wall 16 and a bottom wall 17 each consist of several partially overlapping folding tabs, here according to the principle of envelope folding.
  • the end wall 16 consists of two trapezoidal longitudinal tabs 18, 19, each adjoining the front wall 10 and rear wall 11. These cover partial tabs 20, 21 connected to the side walls 12, 13 in partial areas. These in turn are via three corner-shaped gussets 22 with the associated longitudinal tabs 18 , 19 connected (Fig. 5).
  • the bottom wall 17 is designed analogously to the end wall 16, so that the folding tabs of the bottom wall 17 are correspondingly provided with the same reference numbers.
  • the pack or blank Adjacent to the end wall 16, namely immediately below the same, the pack or blank is provided with a double fold running all around, namely with a Z-fold 23.
  • This consists of two overlapping folding strips 24, 25 of the original blank (FIG 3). These are delimited from one another by parallel fold lines 26, 27, 28.
  • the Z fold 23 is carried out in the region of the cut so that the originally lower fold line 28 forms an upper, outer fold edge of the Z fold 23, while the middle fold line 27 covers the lower boundary of the Z fold 23.
  • the fold line 26 is the transition from the upright packaging walls into the front wall 16.
  • the area of the bottom wall 17 is designed in a special way.
  • the blank here forms a double-layer floor strip 29.
  • the blank is also provided in the floor area with three parallel fold lines 30, 31, 32 which belong to the floor strip 29.
  • the blank or the material web is folded over along the middle folding line 31, so that the double-layer floor strip 29 is created. This is wider than the corresponding dimensions of the bottom-side folding tabs, so that a double-layer reinforcement strip 33 extends in the area of the upright packing walls.
  • the folding tabs 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 forming the bottom wall 17 are formed over the entire area from two layers of the blank.
  • glue connections are required. These are achieved by rectangular, square or approximately trapezoidal glue surfaces.
  • a special glue is used for this purpose, which produces the required adhesive effect when the glue surfaces of the cut parts to be joined are positioned appropriately. It is a special cold glue, in which the glue surfaces assigned to each other by juxtaposition! the adhesive connection.
  • the corresponding glue surfaces can have different, matching components.
  • the glue surfaces can be provided with an outer coating, which specifically exclude an adhesive connection to the material web.
  • an unfolded material web for the formation of blanks according to FIG. 3 is provided with the glue surfaces shown in the correct position.
  • the blanks are connected to one another within the material web (not shown) via the wall tabs 14, 15.
  • the material web thus formed is wound into a bobbin. From this the material web is pulled off and then with the formation of the Z-fold 23 and / or the double 1 agi gene floor strip 29th folded.
  • the blanks according to FIG. 5 are then separated from the material web.
  • the material web is provided in the original state, that is to say in the flat state according to FIG. 3, with glue areas which have the technological properties described.
  • glue surfaces 34 and 35 are attached to connect the two legs of the Z-fold 23, namely the two folding strips 24, 25, (small) glue surfaces 34 and 35 are attached. These two glue areas are located on the same side of the material web or the cut, namely on the (printed) front side.
  • the different marking expresses that the two glue surfaces 34, 35 are connected to one another, that is to say they overlap one another after the folding strips 24, 25 have been folded (FIG. 5).
  • the glue surface 34 is positioned adjacent to the fold line 26 and the glue surface 35 adjacent to the fold line 28.
  • glue surfaces 36, 37 are provided in the upper region adjacent to the end wall 16 and glue surfaces 38, 39 below adjacent to the bottom wall 17, at least in the blank prepared according to FIG. 5 for the formation of the pack (Rectangular) glue surfaces 36, 37 are positioned on different sides of the blank, namely in the area of the wall tab 14 on the (unprinted) inside and on the wall tab 15 on the outside. Due to the Z-fold 23, the glue surfaces 36, 37 in the original position (FIG. 3) are positioned offset to one another in the longitudinal direction of the blank or the material web.
  • the glue surface 36 is located in the area of the folding strip 24.
  • the glue surface 37 is arranged below the Z-fold 23 or below the fold line 28.
  • the Z-fold 23 brings the two glue surfaces 36, 37 to the same height or to the same (imaginary) transverse plane (FIG. 5).
  • the dashed U start line and hatching in the glue surface 36 express that this is on the invisible inside of the blank is positioned.
  • the glue surfaces 36, 37 lie congruently on one another.
  • the glue surfaces 38, 39 are positioned in the original state, namely in the area of the unfolded blank according to FIG. 3 or a corresponding material web in offset webs or planes of the material web.
  • the glue surface 38 assigned to the (outer) wall tab 14 is arranged on the outermost edge of the blank in the region of the reinforcement strip 33.
  • the other glue surface 39 is located in the area of the wall tab 15 above the fold line 30.
  • Both glue surfaces 38, 39 are originally (FIG. 3) positioned on the same side of the blank or the material web. As a result of the folding described to form the base strip 29, the glue surfaces 38, 39 come into an aligned position (FIG. 5), specifically on the sides applicable for the gluing.
  • Glue strips 40, 41 with an approximately trapezoidal contour are attached as glue areas in the area of the reinforcement strip 33 to connect the (double 1-layer) longitudinal tabs 18, 19 of the bottom wall 17.
  • the two glue strips 40, 41 are located on different sides of the (middle) fold line 31 of the reinforcement strip 33, and directly adjacent to this fold line 31.
  • the glue strips 40, 41 are originally on the same side of the blank or the material web (FIG. 3 ) arranged, namely on the front.
  • the two glue strips 40, 41 are brought into the same (imaginary) transverse plane of the blank (FIG. 5).
  • the reinforcement strip 33 is folded in such a way that the inner sides of the two layers lie against one another.
  • the glue strip 40 is located on the other side of the cut compared to the glue strip 41.
  • the two glue strips 40, 41 are now in a position in which Folding the longitudinal tabs 18, 19 to form the bottom wall 17 overlap the glue strips 40, 41 (FIG. 2).
  • a special feature is therefore that in the area of the wound, original material web, the glue areas corresponding to one another lie in different planes or webs (viewed in the longitudinal direction of the material web).
  • the glue surfaces come into the correct position for the production of the pack, taking into account the outside and inside of the blank.
  • the individual blanks are separated from the material web folded in this way.
  • the design and arrangement of the glue areas described can also be used when fixing separate blanks.
  • the attachment of a conventional band 42 is an example. It is a rectangular, strei feniform gene blank, usually made of paper, which is placed across the front wall 16 of the pack, legs 43 on the front wall 10 and rear wall 11th are attached.
  • the band on the back - the side facing the pack - is provided with glue areas that correspond to correspondingly arranged glue areas of the pack or of the blank, so that the band 42 is attached to the pack with the aid of overlapping glue areas becomes.
  • the band is provided with four glue areas or glue areas 44, 45, 46, 47. These include correspondingly designed and arranged glue surfaces 48, 49, 50, 51 on the blank or on the package. In the area of the pack or the cut, a glue surface 48, 49 is attached in the area of the front wall 10 on the one hand and the rear wall 11 on the other, below the fold line 28, which forms an upper edge of the same in the finished pack.
  • the further glue surfaces 50, 51 are located in the region of the longitudinal tabs 18, 19 of the end wall 16. This enables the band 42 to be fastened in such a way that it has two glue regions in the region of the end wall 16, namely lent with the glue surfaces 45, 46 of the band 42 and the glue surfaces 50, 51 of the longitudinal tabs 18, 19 are attached. In the area of the front wall 10 and rear wall 11, the glue surfaces 44 and 47 of the sleeve are connected to the glue surfaces 48 and 49.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Cartons (AREA)
  • Packaging Of Annular Or Rod-Shaped Articles, Wearing Apparel, Cassettes, Or The Like (AREA)
  • Wrapping Of Specific Fragile Articles (AREA)
  • Details Of Rigid Or Semi-Rigid Containers (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé de réalisation de paquets (de cigarettes) à partir de découpes provenant d'une bande de matière continue enroulée sous forme de bobine. La bande de matière comporte sur ses deux côtés des zones de collage (34-39, 48-51) servant à l'assemblage de pattes de collage. Les zones de collage parcourent la bande de matière de manière différente de sorte qu'à l'état enroulé les zones de collage de l'un des côtés de la bande de matière ne viennent pas en contact avec les zones de collage de l'autre côté.
EP00962329A 1999-08-24 2000-08-17 Procede de realisation de paquets (de cigarettes) Expired - Lifetime EP1206398B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19940138 1999-08-24
DE19940138A DE19940138A1 (de) 1999-08-24 1999-08-24 Verfahren zum Herstellen von (Zigaretten-)Packungen
PCT/EP2000/008020 WO2001014221A1 (fr) 1999-08-24 2000-08-17 Procede de realisation de paquets (de cigarettes)

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1206398A1 true EP1206398A1 (fr) 2002-05-22
EP1206398B1 EP1206398B1 (fr) 2003-10-22

Family

ID=7919449

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP00962329A Expired - Lifetime EP1206398B1 (fr) 1999-08-24 2000-08-17 Procede de realisation de paquets (de cigarettes)

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US6878224B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1206398B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4422377B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR100808511B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1131826C (fr)
AU (1) AU7409800A (fr)
BR (1) BR0013486B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE19940138A1 (fr)
PL (1) PL201574B1 (fr)
TR (1) TR200200478T2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2001014221A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITBO20040021A1 (it) * 2004-01-20 2004-04-20 Gd Spa Metodo e foglio di incarto per la realizzazione di un pacchetto e pacchetto cosi' ottenuto
EP2006214A1 (fr) * 2007-06-18 2008-12-24 Philip Morris Products S.A. Amas enveloppé d'articles pour fumeurs
DE102008027259A1 (de) * 2008-06-06 2009-12-17 Focke & Co.(Gmbh & Co. Kg) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Zigarettenpackungen
WO2010072755A1 (fr) 2008-12-23 2010-07-01 Philip Morris Products S.A. Récipient refermable
GB2511311A (en) * 2013-02-27 2014-09-03 British American Tobacco Co A blank of wrapping material
DE102013012715A1 (de) 2013-08-01 2015-02-05 Focke & Co. (Gmbh & Co. Kg) Zigarettenpackung
PL70983Y1 (pl) * 2017-08-03 2019-09-30 Etison Labels Spolka Z Ograniczona Odpowiedzialnoscia Wstęga z nadrukiem
KR102139996B1 (ko) * 2018-08-29 2020-07-31 박승우 종이 파우치

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1973391A (en) 1932-07-11 1934-09-11 Reynolds Metals Co Package
US4003467A (en) 1974-02-19 1977-01-18 Focke & Pfuhl Pack consisting of a foldable blank, more particularly a cigarette pack and a device for closing the same
EP0745540A1 (fr) 1995-06-02 1996-12-04 Fabriques De Tabac Reunies S.A. Feuille d'emballage, paquet de cigarettes fabriqué à partir de celle-ci
EP0947445A1 (fr) 1998-04-03 1999-10-06 Focke & Co. (GmbH & Co.) Paquet de cigarettes ainsi que procédé et dispositif pour sa fabrication
EP0947442A1 (fr) 1998-04-03 1999-10-06 Focke & Co. (GmbH & Co.) Paquet, en particulier paquet de cigarettes, ainsi que que procédé et dispositif pour sa fabrication

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3804235A (en) * 1969-07-29 1974-04-16 A Anderson Wrapper sheet with openings and method of production
US3862713A (en) * 1971-08-15 1975-01-28 Modern Album And Finishing Co Package construction
US4770320A (en) * 1987-06-03 1988-09-13 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Sheet and dispenser package therefor
CA2039970C (fr) * 1990-04-23 1998-12-08 Carl C. Hein, Iii Emballage haute barriere pour des substances qui se fument, des cigarettes, par exemple
DE4336378A1 (de) * 1993-10-25 1995-04-27 Focke & Co Weichpackung für Zigaretten
IT1274892B (it) * 1994-09-01 1997-07-25 Gd Spa Metodo e dispositivo per l'alimentazione di materiale d'incarto, in particolare in macchine confezionatrici automatiche.
IT1280364B1 (it) * 1995-02-14 1998-01-20 Gd Spa Metodo per la gommatura di sbozzati in macchina impacchettatrice di sigarette
IT1281217B1 (it) * 1995-06-07 1998-02-17 Sasib Spa Metodo e dispositivo per la fabbricazione di contenitori d'imballaggio da fogli d'imballaggio, in particolare per sigarette,
US6627033B1 (en) * 1996-05-27 2003-09-30 U-Seal, Inc. Contact adhesive patterns for sheet stock precluding adhesion of facing sheets in storage
DE19751484A1 (de) * 1997-11-20 1999-05-27 Focke & Co Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Klappschachteln für Zigaretten
DE19814141C2 (de) 1998-03-30 2003-08-14 Ltg Holding Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum positionsgenauen Zuführen von flächenförmigen Gütern zu einem Bearbeitungsprozeß

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1973391A (en) 1932-07-11 1934-09-11 Reynolds Metals Co Package
US4003467A (en) 1974-02-19 1977-01-18 Focke & Pfuhl Pack consisting of a foldable blank, more particularly a cigarette pack and a device for closing the same
EP0745540A1 (fr) 1995-06-02 1996-12-04 Fabriques De Tabac Reunies S.A. Feuille d'emballage, paquet de cigarettes fabriqué à partir de celle-ci
EP0947445A1 (fr) 1998-04-03 1999-10-06 Focke & Co. (GmbH & Co.) Paquet de cigarettes ainsi que procédé et dispositif pour sa fabrication
EP0947442A1 (fr) 1998-04-03 1999-10-06 Focke & Co. (GmbH & Co.) Paquet, en particulier paquet de cigarettes, ainsi que que procédé et dispositif pour sa fabrication

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of WO0114221A1

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR100808511B1 (ko) 2008-02-29
AU7409800A (en) 2001-03-19
BR0013486A (pt) 2002-05-14
DE19940138A1 (de) 2001-03-01
BR0013486B1 (pt) 2011-01-25
CN1131826C (zh) 2003-12-24
TR200200478T2 (tr) 2002-06-21
US6878224B1 (en) 2005-04-12
CN1370125A (zh) 2002-09-18
DE50004185D1 (de) 2003-11-27
PL201574B1 (pl) 2009-04-30
PL354458A1 (en) 2004-01-12
KR20020025228A (ko) 2002-04-03
EP1206398B1 (fr) 2003-10-22
WO2001014221A1 (fr) 2001-03-01
JP2003507276A (ja) 2003-02-25
JP4422377B2 (ja) 2010-02-24

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