EP1148768A2 - Stabilisierung des Betriebs von Gasentladungslampen - Google Patents
Stabilisierung des Betriebs von Gasentladungslampen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1148768A2 EP1148768A2 EP01105175A EP01105175A EP1148768A2 EP 1148768 A2 EP1148768 A2 EP 1148768A2 EP 01105175 A EP01105175 A EP 01105175A EP 01105175 A EP01105175 A EP 01105175A EP 1148768 A2 EP1148768 A2 EP 1148768A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lamp
- gas discharge
- discharge lamps
- lamps connected
- parallel according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/36—Controlling
- H05B41/38—Controlling the intensity of light
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for operating gas discharge lamps according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the invention also relates a ballast for operating gas discharge lamps according to the preamble of claim 6.
- the type of approach to discharge on the electrode depends on whether the electrode emits (cathode) or captures (anode) electrons.
- the Anode applies the discharge over a large area over the electrode, while a so-called focal spot (hotspot) usually forms at the cathode, whereby the discharge begins rather punctiform.
- This Parameters are subject to changes during operation, so the starting point the focal spot can change its position, which is characterized by a Expressed instability of gas discharge (arc restlessness) or flickering. In particular this flickering occurs when the lamp is operated with alternating current, since an electrode alternately forms cathode and anode and therefore forms reform the focal spot with every change from anode to cathode got to.
- the load circuit of an arrangement for operating a discharge lamp contains, inter alia, energy stores, which can also be parasitic and the lamp which is a non-linear Represents load.
- the network of energy stores forms resonance frequencies that can be excited by the nonlinear load. Especially during operation short-arc high-pressure lamps lead to long-lasting settling processes after commutation of the lamp current in rectangular operation. These vibrations can of course also be observed in the luminous flux. For applications that require a high level of luminous flux (e.g. video projection), care must therefore be taken that the time period in which transients occur is small compared to that Period of the square wave. Significant influence on the duration the transient has the one used in the operating device in question Regulator. In conventional control gear for the applications mentioned a quantity is generated which represents a measure of the lamp power and compared to a reference measure. The result of this comparison is the Control variable for the power section of the control gear.
- a quantity is generated which represents a measure of the lamp power and compared to a reference measure. The result of this comparison is the Control variable for the power section of the control gear.
- the settling time for a light source with rectangular operation can be defined by the time which elapses from commutation to the time the Luminous flux leveled off in a band of +/- 5% around the setpoint Has. For conventional controllers described above, this settling time is 250 ⁇ s-300 ⁇ s. Since the settling time is at most 10% of a half period the square wave should be with conventional ones Regulator frequencies for the square wave of at most 200 Hz can be realized.
- the object of the present invention is divided according to the statements to the state of the art in two parts: On the one hand, the invention is intended Provide method according to the preamble of claim 1, the with clearly defined parameters an almost flicker-free operation of a gas discharge lamp allowed. On the other hand, the invention means according to the Provide the preamble of claim 6 with which the above method is implemented can be.
- the cause lies for the flickering of a lamp is due to the fact that the focal spot that the Approach of gas discharge on the cathode represents its position constantly changes.
- a closer analysis shows that immediately after an electrode commutated to the cathode, no focal spot is formed. Rather finds first of all a flat discharge approach. Only after one results in thermal inhomogeneity on the cathode, the discharge is laced and forms a focal spot. According to the invention, flickering can occur the lamp can be greatly reduced by commutating the Lamp current is carried out before discharging a focal spot trains.
- the method according to the invention is implemented for ultra-high pressure short-arc lamps, a frequency for the rectangular one Lamp current of at least 300 Hz is required while using control gear, which contain a conventional controller structure, a frequency of a maximum of 200 Hz can be realized. Closing this gap is the second part the object of the present invention. It is controlled by an operating device solved with the characterizing features of claim 6. Especially advantageous configurations can be found in the dependent on claim 6 Claims 7 to 10.
- an output voltage UA is usually generated from a constant, so-called intermediate circuit voltage U0 with the aid of a clocked DC / DC converter.
- This is a DC voltage that can be set using a manipulated variable Us .
- the DC / DC converter can be of different types, such as step-up, step-down or inverse converters.
- the manipulated variable Us causes a variation in the duty cycle of the circuit breakers contained in the converters in these converters.
- the rectangular operation of the lamp is usually realized in that the output voltage UA is reversed by means of a full bridge circuit with the desired frequency for the square wave.
- the control variable of the control gear is the power of the lamp (pist).
- the input power of the DC / DC converter can also be used as a controlled variable.
- Pist is compared with a target value thereof Psoll and without the aid of further measurable variables directly or after weighting by a control characteristic (P, PI, I, PID) of the manipulated value U determined.
- P, PI, I, PID control characteristic
- the problem is solved by two measures: cascade control and feedforward control.
- the cascade control as it is also used in principle in the so-called current mode in switched-mode power supplies, is implemented in the operating device according to the invention in that the evaluated control difference from Pist and Psoll does not determine the control value Us , but rather defines a setpoint for the lamp current Isoll .
- Isoll is compared with the List value , which is a measure of the lamp current , and it is only this comparison result that determines the manipulated variable Us directly or after weighting using a control characteristic (P, PI, PID).
- the feedforward control is implemented as follows in the operating device according to the invention:
- the output voltage UA which is to be measured at the lamp terminals, is one of the factors determining the lamp power.
- Auxiliary circuits (eg ignition circuits) and supply lines can lead to fluctuations in the output voltage UA . Fluctuations in UA interfere with the control process, especially during the transient process after lamp current commutation. Therefore Isoll according to the invention not only determined by the control difference of Pist and Psoll, but also brought into a function of the output voltage UA. This can also be done by means of a weighting using a control characteristic, a differentiating characteristic preferably being selected in order to emphasize the fluctuations in UA .
- Fig. 2 also shows the discharge of a short-arc high-pressure lamp directly before commutating the lamp current.
- the frequency is now of the rectangular lamp current so high that there is no focal spot trains. This corresponds to the teaching of the present invention, which is why this discharge shows only negligible flickering.
- FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a controller structure according to the invention. Since the lamp power is to be regulated in a higher-level control circuit, the control difference from pist and Psoll is first formed in a first subtraction point S1 and evaluated with a control characteristic RC1.
- the control characteristic RC1 can be a P, PI, I, or PID characteristic.
- the weighted signal is fed to a second subtraction point S2.
- the output voltage UA evaluated with the control characteristic RC2 is subtracted.
- the control characteristic RC2 is implemented in FIG. 3 in a preferred differential characteristic (DT1), but can in principle also have a different characteristic (e.g. P, PI, I, or PID).
- DT1 preferred differential characteristic
- the output of the second subtraction point S2 represents the setpoint Isoll of the inner control loop of the cascade control carried out in the description part.
- Isoll is compared in the third subtraction point S3 with a variable which corresponds to the value of the lamp current .
- the result of this comparison becomes, after weighting with a control characteristic RC3, the manipulated variable Us .
- the control characteristic RC3 can be a P, PI, or PID characteristic.
- FIG. 4 shows a circuit in which the control structure shown in FIG. 3 is implemented.
- components denoted by an R followed by a number are resistors
- components denoted by a C followed by a number are capacitors
- components denoted by a T followed by a number are to transistors.
- the central component is the UCC3800 Current Mode Controller available from Unitrode .
- This IC contains the first (S1) and the third (S3) subtraction point, options for determining the control characteristic RC3, as well as a circuit that generates the manipulated variable Us as a clocked signal for controlling the circuit breaker of the DC / DC converter mentioned in the descriptive part.
- This circuit breaker is typically a MOSFET, the time during which it is switched on is varied by its signal at the gate. This signal is available on the UCC3800 at pin 6 (OUT).
- An internal oscillator is required to generate the signal.
- the frequency of the oscillator can be set by R108 and C103 if it runs freely. In this case, the DC / DC converter works in the so-called continuous mode.
- R108 and C103 are connected in series. The connection point is connected to PIN 8 (REF) and a reference voltage of 5V.
- the other end of R108 is connected to PIN 4 (RC), the other end of C103 is connected to ground.
- the DC / DC converter is switched on by means of a circuit part which contains the components C6, R1, R2, R107, T100, R106, C101, R105, D102, R104 and C102 transferred to discontinuous mode .
- This circuit part is controlled by the voltage at the drain of the above-mentioned MOSFET.
- the series connection of C6, R1, R2 and R107 lies between the drain and the operating voltage of 10.5V.
- the resistor R107 is connected to the supply voltage and the emitter of T100 at the same time.
- the other connector is connected to the base of T100.
- R106 and C101 are located on the collector of T100.
- the other terminal of R106 is grounded, the other terminal of C101 is connected to R105 and to the anode of D102.
- the other connection of R105 is grounded, the cathode of D102 is connected to R104 and C102.
- the other connection of R104 is grounded, the other connection of C102 is connected to pin 4 (RC) of the UCC3800 .
- the UCC3800 is connected to an operating voltage (10.5V) and ground at pin 7 (VCC) and pin 5 (GND). Psoll is fed in via pin 8 (REF); in this case a reference voltage of 5V.
- the circuit part which contains the components R11, R28, R29, R31, R117, R24, R25, IC11-B, R101 C13, C12, R20, R22 and IC11-A serves to provide Pist.
- IC11-A and IC11-B are operational amplifiers.
- the circuit section supplies a voltage at the output of IC11-A (Pin1) that is proportional to the input power of the DC / DC converter.
- the intermediate circuit voltage U0 via the terminal UA1 is an inverting amplifier, the components R11, R28, R25, R24 and IC11-B contains fed.
- R11 and R28 form a voltage divider between UA1 and ground.
- the signal at the junction of R11 and R28 is fed to the inverting input of IC11-B (Pin6).
- the non-inverting input of IC11-B (Pin5) is connected to a reference voltage of 2.5V.
- the feedback resistor R25 is located between the output of IC11-B (Pin4) and the inverting input of IC11-B.
- the output of IC11-B is connected to the inverting input of IC11-A (Pin2) via the series connection of R24 and R101.
- the resistors are R31, R29 and R117 connected.
- the other connection of R29 is grounded, the other Connection of R117 is connected to the reference voltage of 5V and the other connection of R31 leads to the connection Poti.
- a potentiometer can be connected to ground and thus the lamp power can be adjusted.
- the components R101, R22, C13, R20, C12 and IC11-A form an adder in which the amplified voltage signal UA1 and that via the connection source supplied signal, which is a measure of the input current, is added.
- the signal from the source connection is the non-inverting via R22 Input from IC11-A (Pin3) fed.
- C13 lies between the non-inverting Input from IC11-A and ground.
- Between the inverting input IC11-A and the output of IC11-A are connected in series of C12 and R20.
- the addition represents an approximation of the multiplication at the operating point, whereby a signal is present at pin 1 of IC11-A, the voltage value of which is a measure of the input power of the DC / DC converter.
- the adder With the help of C12, the adder simultaneously generates the control characteristic RC1, in this case a PI characteristic.
- RC1 control characteristic
- a weighted pist signal is thus available at pin 1 of IC11-A.
- the input current, for which the signal supplied via the source connection is a measure is at the same time a measure of the lamp current List.
- the signal of the source connection is fed via R114 to pin 3 (CS) and thus to the third subtraction point S3 integrated in the UCC3800 .
- the outer control loop of the cascade control is closed via R112, which connects the output of IC11-A and pin 2 (FB) of the UCC3800 .
- Pin 2 (FB) of the UCC3800 simultaneously represents the signal Isoll and the second subtraction point S2.
- the output voltage UA of the DC / DC converter is present at connection UA.
- Pin 2 (FB) of the UCC3800 is fed via the series connection of C100 and R111, thus realizing the described disturbance variable connection.
- C100 and R111 form the control characteristic RC2; in this case a DT1 characteristic.
- the control characteristic RC3 can be determined by the components C104 and R109 connected in parallel, which are connected between pin 1 (COMP) and pin 2 (FB) of the UCC3800 ; in this case a PI characteristic.
- the pin designations of the UCC3800 given in brackets refer to the manufacturer's data sheet, the company UNITRODE, Merrimack, USA.
Landscapes
- Circuit Arrangements For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
- Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- Figur 1
- eine flackernde Entladung
- Figur 2
- eine flackerfreie Entladung
- Figur 3
- ein Blockschaltbild der Reglerstruktur
- Figur 4
- einen Schaltplan eines bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiels
Claims (11)
- Verfahren zum Wechselstrombetrieb von einer oder mehreren, parallel geschalteten Gasentladungslampen mit den Lampenstrom führenden Elektroden, die, bedingt durch den Wechselstrombetrieb, abwechselnd Kathode und Anode darstellen, wobei die Gasentladung auf der Kathode sich von einem flächigen Ansatz zu einem sog. Brennfleck einschnüren kann, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Polarität des Lampenstroms umgeschaltet wird, bevor sich die Entladung auf der im Augenblick die Kathode repräsentierenden Elektrode von einem flächigen Ansatz zu einem Brennfleck einschnürt.
- Verfahren zum Wechselstrombetrieb von einer oder mehreren, parallel geschalteten Gasentladungslampen gemäß Anspruch 1 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Lampenstrom rechteckförmig ist.
- Verfahren zum Wechselstrombetrieb von einer oder mehreren, parallel geschalteten Gasentladungslampen gemäß Anspruch 1 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es sich bei der Lampe um eine Hoch- oder Höchstdruck-Entladungslampe handelt.
- Verfahren zum Wechselstrombetrieb von einer oder mehreren, parallel geschalteten Gasentladungslampen gemäß Anspruch 3 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es sich bei der Lampe um eine Kurzbogenlampe handelt.
- Verfahren zum Wechselstrombetrieb von einer oder mehreren, parallel geschalteten Gasentladungslampen gemäß Anspruch 4 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Wert der Frequenz des Lampenstroms größer als 300Hz ist und der Lampenstrom rechteckförmig ist.
- Vorschaltgerät zum Betreiben von einer oder mehreren, parallel geschalteten Gasentladungslampen, das folgende Merkmale aufweist:Einrichtung zum Bereitstellen einer Gleichspannung (Ausgangsspannung UA),Einrichtung zum Bereitstellen einer elektrischen Größe, die ein Maß für die Lampenleistung (Pist) ist,Einrichtung zum Bereitstellen einer elektrischen Größe, die ein Maß für den Sollwert der Lampenleistung (Psoll) ist,Einrichtung zum Bereitstellen einer elektrischen Größe, die ein Maß für den Lampenstrom ist (Iist),Einrichtung zur Regelung elektrischer Größen
- Vorschaltgerät zum Betreiben von einer oder mehreren, parallel geschalteten Gasentladungslampen gemäß Anspruch 6 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Größen Pist und Psoll mit einer proportionalen und/oder integralen und/oder differetialen Regelcharakteristik bewertet werden.
- Vorschaltgerät zum Betreiben von einer oder mehreren, parallel geschalteten Gasentladungslampen gemäß Anspruch 6 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Größe UA mit einer proportionalen und/oder integralen und/oder differetialen Regelcharakteristik bewertet wird.
- Vorschaltgerät zum Betreiben von einer oder mehreren, parallel geschalteten Gasentladungslampen gemäß Anspruch 6 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Größen Iist und Isoll mit einer proportionalen und/oder integralen und/oder differetialen Regelcharakteristik bewertet werden.
- Vorschaltgerät zum Betreiben von einer oder mehreren, parallel geschalteten Gasentladungslampen nach Anspruch 6 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß damit ein Lampenbetrieb gemäß der Lehre eines der Ansprüche 1 bis 5 realisiert wird.
- Verfahren zum Betrieb von einer oder mehreren, parallel geschalteten Gasentladungslampen nach Anspruch 1 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Verfahren durch ein Vorschaltgerät gemäß der Lehre eines der Ansprüche 6 bis 9 realisiert wird.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10018860A DE10018860A1 (de) | 2000-04-14 | 2000-04-14 | Stabilisierung des Betriebs von Gasentladungslampen |
DE10018860 | 2000-04-14 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1148768A2 true EP1148768A2 (de) | 2001-10-24 |
EP1148768A3 EP1148768A3 (de) | 2004-01-28 |
EP1148768B1 EP1148768B1 (de) | 2005-09-07 |
Family
ID=7638962
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01105175A Expired - Lifetime EP1148768B1 (de) | 2000-04-14 | 2001-03-02 | Stabilisierung des Betriebs von Gasentladungslampen |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6525491B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1148768B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4593821B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR100710935B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1242652C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE304280T1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2344052A1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE10018860A1 (de) |
TW (1) | TW492266B (de) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1326483A1 (de) * | 2002-01-02 | 2003-07-09 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH | Betriebsgerät und Betriebsverfahren für Hochdruck-Entladungslampen |
WO2009053226A1 (de) * | 2007-10-23 | 2009-04-30 | Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum betreiben einer gasentladungslampe |
WO2010125053A1 (de) * | 2009-04-28 | 2010-11-04 | Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg | Leistungsgeregelte betriebsschaltung für ein leuchtmittel sowie verfahren zum betreiben derselben |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP4496514B2 (ja) * | 2001-07-06 | 2010-07-07 | 株式会社デンソー | 放電灯装置 |
EP1406929A2 (de) * | 2001-07-18 | 2004-04-14 | MERCK PATENT GmbH | Glycoprotein vi fusionproteine |
TW200401586A (en) * | 2002-05-17 | 2004-01-16 | Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv | Projection system |
AU2005241544B2 (en) * | 2004-05-05 | 2010-04-29 | Imax Corporation | Multiple source high performance stereographic projection system |
EP1776848B1 (de) * | 2004-08-06 | 2008-09-03 | Philips Intellectual Property & Standards GmbH | Verfahren und schaltungsanordnung für den betrieb einer entladungslampe |
JP2008518418A (ja) * | 2004-10-29 | 2008-05-29 | コーニンクレッカ フィリップス エレクトロニクス エヌ ヴィ | 高輝度放電ランプ用の強いドライバ |
ATE457120T1 (de) | 2005-03-22 | 2010-02-15 | Lightech Electronics Ind Ltd | Zündschaltung für eine hid-lampe |
EP1905280A1 (de) * | 2005-06-30 | 2008-04-02 | Philips Intellectual Property & Standards GmbH | Verfahren zum antreiben einer entladungslampe in einem projektionssystem und antriebseinheit |
JP5106788B2 (ja) * | 2006-05-29 | 2012-12-26 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | 放電灯点灯回路 |
EP2103193B1 (de) | 2006-12-18 | 2010-10-20 | Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Schaltungsanordnung und verfahren zum betreiben einer hochdruckentladungslampe |
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US5739644A (en) * | 1994-03-11 | 1998-04-14 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft F. Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh | Discharge lamp typically a sodium high-pressure discharge lamp, from an a-c power network |
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JP3802281B2 (ja) * | 1999-06-21 | 2006-07-26 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | 放電灯点灯回路 |
-
2000
- 2000-04-14 DE DE10018860A patent/DE10018860A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-03-02 AT AT01105175T patent/ATE304280T1/de active
- 2001-03-02 DE DE50107326T patent/DE50107326D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-03-02 EP EP01105175A patent/EP1148768B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-03-08 TW TW090105389A patent/TW492266B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2001-04-10 US US09/829,052 patent/US6525491B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-04-12 JP JP2001114284A patent/JP4593821B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-04-12 CA CA002344052A patent/CA2344052A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-04-14 KR KR1020010020044A patent/KR100710935B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2001-04-16 CN CNB011166274A patent/CN1242652C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0422255A1 (de) * | 1989-10-09 | 1991-04-17 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Elektronisches Vorschaltgerät |
EP0482705A2 (de) * | 1990-10-25 | 1992-04-29 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Schaltungsanordnung |
EP0644709A1 (de) * | 1993-09-21 | 1995-03-22 | Hella KG Hueck & Co. | Einrichtung zum Starten und Betreiben einer Gasentladungslampe in Kraftfahrzeugen |
US5608294A (en) * | 1994-06-22 | 1997-03-04 | U.S. Philips Corporation | High pressure lamp operating circuit with suppression of lamp flicker |
WO1998039949A1 (de) * | 1997-03-04 | 1998-09-11 | Tridonic Bauelemente Gmbh | Steuerschaltung und elektronisches vorschaltgerät mit einer derartigen steuerschaltung |
DE19829600A1 (de) * | 1998-07-02 | 1999-09-23 | Seufert Gmbh Dr | Betriebsverfahren und elektronisches Vorschaltgerät für Hochdruck-Wechselspannungs-Entladungslampen |
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1326483A1 (de) * | 2002-01-02 | 2003-07-09 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH | Betriebsgerät und Betriebsverfahren für Hochdruck-Entladungslampen |
US6788010B2 (en) | 2002-01-02 | 2004-09-07 | Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft Fur Elektrische Gluhlampen Mbh | Operating appliance and an operating method for high-pressure lamps |
WO2009053226A1 (de) * | 2007-10-23 | 2009-04-30 | Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum betreiben einer gasentladungslampe |
WO2010125053A1 (de) * | 2009-04-28 | 2010-11-04 | Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg | Leistungsgeregelte betriebsschaltung für ein leuchtmittel sowie verfahren zum betreiben derselben |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1148768A3 (de) | 2004-01-28 |
US20010030515A1 (en) | 2001-10-18 |
DE50107326D1 (de) | 2005-10-13 |
TW492266B (en) | 2002-06-21 |
CA2344052A1 (en) | 2001-10-14 |
US6525491B2 (en) | 2003-02-25 |
KR20010098617A (ko) | 2001-11-08 |
CN1242652C (zh) | 2006-02-15 |
EP1148768B1 (de) | 2005-09-07 |
JP4593821B2 (ja) | 2010-12-08 |
ATE304280T1 (de) | 2005-09-15 |
KR100710935B1 (ko) | 2007-04-24 |
CN1325260A (zh) | 2001-12-05 |
JP2001351793A (ja) | 2001-12-21 |
DE10018860A1 (de) | 2001-10-18 |
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