EP0993233B1 - Inductor for induction-cooktop - Google Patents

Inductor for induction-cooktop Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0993233B1
EP0993233B1 EP99119127A EP99119127A EP0993233B1 EP 0993233 B1 EP0993233 B1 EP 0993233B1 EP 99119127 A EP99119127 A EP 99119127A EP 99119127 A EP99119127 A EP 99119127A EP 0993233 B1 EP0993233 B1 EP 0993233B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
inductor
substrate
coils
coil
inductor according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99119127A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0993233A2 (en
EP0993233A3 (en
Inventor
Markus Theine
Jose-Ramon Garcia
Pablo Hernandez
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BSH Hausgeraete GmbH
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BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeraete GmbH
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Publication of EP0993233A2 publication Critical patent/EP0993233A2/en
Publication of EP0993233A3 publication Critical patent/EP0993233A3/en
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Publication of EP0993233B1 publication Critical patent/EP0993233B1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/02—Induction heating
    • H05B6/10—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications
    • H05B6/12—Cooking devices
    • H05B6/1209—Cooking devices induction cooking plates or the like and devices to be used in combination with them
    • H05B6/1245—Cooking devices induction cooking plates or the like and devices to be used in combination with them with special coil arrangements
    • H05B6/1281—Cooking devices induction cooking plates or the like and devices to be used in combination with them with special coil arrangements with flat coils

Definitions

  • Such an inductor is known from the document WO 89/04109 wherein the design and arrangement of the inductor coils is such that in each field point outside the cooking area to be heated, which is covered by the parked pot, the field components of the individual inductor coils cancel each other substantially.
  • the inductor coils arranged one below the other are traversed by the feeding current in opposite directions.
  • a suitable ferrite element is arranged to shield the interfering field of the lower inductor coil between the two inductor coils.
  • Object of the present invention is to provide an inductor with the lowest possible minimum height.
  • a hob has a glass ceramic plate 1, below which an inductor 3 is mounted in the region of a marked hotplate. This has a coated on both sides, circular surface-shaped substrate plate 5 made of aluminum oxide with a thickness of about 0.8 mm. While a first spiral-shaped copper inductor coil 7 is applied to the upper side of the substrate plate 5 in the thick-film technique, the underside of the ceramic substrate plate 5 is coated with a copper coil material 9, which is also spirally formed. For the electrically conductive connection of the two inductor coils 7, 9 in their middle, the substrate plate 5 has a bore approximately in its center, which is formed as an electrically conductive plated-through hole 11.

Abstract

The inductor comprises at least two inductor coils (7,9) which are arranged on top of each other at a distance, whereby the coils are formed as flat conductor paths (13) layered on opposite sides of a plate-like substrate (5). A ceramic oxide, especially aluminum oxide, is used as the material of the substrate, having a thickness of approximately 0.7 to 1 mm. An Independent claim is provided for a corresponding cooking field utilizing the inductor.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Induktor zur Anordnung unterhalb einer Kochfeldplatte eines Induktions-Kochfeldes mit zumindest zwei Induktorspulen, die übereinander voneinander beabstandet angeordnet sind.The present invention relates to an inductor for disposition below a cooktop panel of an induction cooktop with at least two inductor coils, which are arranged one above the other at a distance from one another.

Ein derartiger Induktor ist bekannt aus der Druckschrift WO 89/04109 , wobei die Gestaltung und Anordnung der Induktorspulen derart ist, daß sich in jedem Feldpunkt außerhalb des zu erwärmenden Kochbereiches, der durch den abgestellten Topf bedeckt ist, die Feldanteile der einzelnen Induktorspulen im wesentlichen gegenseitig aufheben. Dazu sind die untereinander angeordneten Induktorspulen gegensinnig vom speisenden Strom durchflossen. Weiterhin ist zur Abschirmung des störenden Feldes der unteren Induktorspule zwischen den beiden Induktorspulen ein geeignetes Ferritelement angeordnet.Such an inductor is known from the document WO 89/04109 wherein the design and arrangement of the inductor coils is such that in each field point outside the cooking area to be heated, which is covered by the parked pot, the field components of the individual inductor coils cancel each other substantially. For this purpose, the inductor coils arranged one below the other are traversed by the feeding current in opposite directions. Furthermore, a suitable ferrite element is arranged to shield the interfering field of the lower inductor coil between the two inductor coils.

Weiterhin ist aus der Druckschrift DE 196 04 436 A1 ein Induktor zum Einbau unter einer Muldenplatte mit einer Induktorspule bekannt, die auf einem Kunststoff-Trägerteil gehaltert ist. Die Induktorspule ist mit einer thermischen und/oder elektrischen Isolation und einem von der Muldenplatte elektrisch isolierten Temperaturfühler zum Messen einer Muldenplatten-Temperatur ausgestattet. Dabei ist die selbsttragende Induktorspule aus feindrahtiger Litze als Spirale im wesentlichen auf einer Auflagefläche des Trägerteils gewickelt.Furthermore, from the document DE 196 04 436 A1 an inductor for installation under a well plate with an inductor coil is known, which is supported on a plastic support member. The inductor coil is provided with a thermal and / or electrical insulation and a temperature sensor electrically isolated from the well plate for measuring a well plate temperature. The self-supporting inductor coil of fine wire strand is wound as a spiral substantially on a support surface of the support member.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, einen Induktor mit möglichst geringer Mindestbauhöhe bereitzustellen.Object of the present invention is to provide an inductor with the lowest possible minimum height.

Erfindungsgemäß ist dies bei einem Induktor nach dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches 1 dadurch erreicht, daß die Induktorspulen als flache Leiterbahnen auf gegenüberliegenden Seiten eines flachen, plattenförmigen Substrates aufgebracht sind. Durch die Abkehr von der Verwendung der bisher üblichen gewickelten Litzen, Drähte oder Kupferbänder als Induktorspule kann annähernd eine Halbierung der Aufbauhöhe des Induktors bei annähernd unveränderter lateraler Ausdehnung des Induktors erreicht werden. Um einen ausreichenden Leiterquerschnitt der Induktorspule bereitstellen zu können, sind zumindest zwei Induktorspulen übereinander angeordnet. Das durch die stromdurchflossenen Induktorspulen hervorgerufene elektromagnetische Feld zum Erwärmen eines auf der Kochfeldplatte abgestellten Topfes ist dabei ausreichend groß, wenn die beiden Induktorspulen möglichst gering beabstandet vom Topfboden angeordnet sind.According to the invention this is achieved in an inductor according to the preamble of claim 1, characterized in that the inductor coils are applied as flat conductor tracks on opposite sides of a flat, plate-shaped substrate. By turning away from the use of the hitherto customary wound strands, wires or copper strips as inductor coil can be achieved approximately halving the height of the inductor with approximately unchanged lateral extent of the inductor. In order to be able to provide a sufficient conductor cross-section of the inductor coil, at least two inductor coils are arranged one above the other. The caused by the current-carrying inductor electromagnetic field for heating a parked on the cooktop plate pot is sufficiently large, when the two inductor coils are arranged as small as possible spaced from the bottom of the pot.

Vorteilhafter Weise ist das Material des Substrates eine Oxydkeramik, insbesondere Aluminiumoxyd. Dadurch ist ein hervorragender Isolator mit guten Wärmeleitungseigenschaften für den Induktor bereitgestellt. Aufgrund dieser Eigenschaft wird die durch die Eigenerwärmung der Spule und durch die zugeführte Fremdwärme, beispielsweise des Topfes oder der Glaskeramik, verursachte lokale Aufheizung des Induktors schneller verteilt. Zudem wird die Wärme über eine größere Fläche an die Umgebung abgegeben. Dies ist insbesondere durch die Anordnung der Leiterbahnen der Induktorspule bedingt, die sich dadurch auszeichnet, daß die flache Leiterbahn mit ihrer großflächigen Oberseite vom Substrat bzw. den Nachbarwindungen weg gerichtet angeordnet ist. Lediglich die kleinflächigen Seitenflächen benachbarter Windungen sind einander benachbart angeordnet.Advantageously, the material of the substrate is an oxide ceramic, in particular aluminum oxide. This provides an excellent insulator with good thermal conduction properties for the inductor. Because of this property, the local heating of the inductor caused by the self-heating of the coil and by the supplied extraneous heat, for example, the pot or the glass ceramic, is distributed faster. In addition, the heat is released over a larger area to the environment. This is due in particular to the arrangement of the conductor tracks of the inductor coil, which is characterized in that the flat conductor track is arranged with its large-area upper side directed away from the substrate or the adjacent turns. Only the small-area side surfaces of adjacent turns are arranged adjacent to each other.

Weiterhin eignet sich eine Oxydkeramik besonders zum Aufbringen von flachen Leiterbahnen. Um einerseits eine ausreichende Stabilität des Induktors bzw. des Substrates gewährleisten zu können, und um andererseits das Feld der auf der Unterseite des Substrates aufgebrachten Induktorspule durch deren Beabstandung vom zu beheizenden Topf nicht zu stark zu schwächen, beträgt die Stärke des Substrates etwa lediglich 0,7 bis 1 mm.Furthermore, an oxide ceramic is particularly suitable for applying flat conductor tracks. On the one hand to ensure sufficient stability of the inductor and the substrate, and on the other hand not too weak to weaken the field of the applied on the underside of the substrate inductor coil by their spacing from the pot to be heated, the thickness of the substrate is only about 0, 7 to 1 mm.

Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die Induktorspule als Induktorspirale insbesondere mit einer Beschichtungstechnik, insbesondere der Dickschichttechnik, auf das Substrat aufgebracht. Mit der Dickschichttechnik, insbesondere mit einer Mehrlagendickschichttechnik ist auf fertigungstechnisch einfache Weise die Induktorspule mit ausreichendem Leiterquerschnitt realisierbar. Alternativ könnten auch beispielsweise Leiterplatten-Ätztechniken oder mechanisch gefertigte Flachbandspulen oder andere bekannte Herstellungstechniken verwendet werden. Aufgrund der bei der Verwendung von Druck- oder Ätztechniken örtlich besonders festen Anbindung der Leiterbahn auf dem keramischen Substrat mit dessen geringen Temperaturlängenausdehnungskoeffizienten sind die Leistungsunterschiede der Spule, die durch die unterschiedliche geometrische Gestalt in kaltem oder heißem Zustand des Induktors hervorgerufen werden, außerordentlich gering.According to a preferred embodiment, the inductor coil is applied to the substrate as an inductor coil, in particular with a coating technique, in particular the thick-film technique. With the thick-film technology, in particular with a multi-layer thick-film technique, the inductor coil with sufficient conductor cross-section can be realized in a simple manufacturing manner. Alternatively, for example, printed circuit board etching techniques or mechanically manufactured flat ribbon coils or other known production techniques could be used become. Due to the locally particularly strong in the use of printing or etching techniques connection of the conductor on the ceramic substrate with its low temperature coefficient of expansion, the power differences of the coil, which are caused by the different geometric shape in the cold or hot state of the inductor, extremely low.

Wünschenswert sind insbesondere Schichtdicken im Bereich von etwa 0,5 mm. Diese sind fertigungstechnisch noch gut darstellbar und zum anderen ausreichend groß, um eine geeeignete Güte der Induktorspule gewährleisten zu können. Als Material ist wegen der guten elektrischen Leitungseigenschaften insbesondere Kupfer gut geeignet.In particular, layer thicknesses in the range of about 0.5 mm are desirable. These are still easy to produce and on the other hand sufficiently large to ensure a suitable quality of the inductor coil. As a material, copper is particularly suitable because of the good electrical conductivity properties.

Insbesondere durch die Verwendung von Beschichtungs- oder Ätztechniken ist es fertigungstechnisch einfach möglich, daß der Abstand der Windungen der Leiterbahn der spiralförmigen Induktorspule von deren Mittelpunkt zum Randbereich variiert. Durch diese flexible Gestaltung der Abstände ist eine gezielte Feldverteilung bzw. Wärmeverteilung des Induktors möglich. Weiterhin lassen sich bei der Verwendung von Beschichtungs- oder Ätztechniken auf kostengünstige Weise an sich bekannte Mehrzoneninduktoren oder segmentierte Induktorspulen mit einer optimierten Wärmeverteilung realisieren. Hinzu kommt, daß die geringen Fertigungstoleranzen derartiger Herstellungsverfahren geringe Unterschiede bzgl. der Spuleneigenschaften, beispielsweise der Induktivität, der in Massenfertigung hergestellten Induktoren garantieren.In particular, by the use of coating or etching techniques, it is easily possible in terms of production engineering that the spacing of the turns of the conductor track of the spiral-shaped inductor coil varies from its center to the edge region. Due to this flexible configuration of the distances, a targeted field distribution or heat distribution of the inductor is possible. Furthermore, in the case of the use of coating or etching techniques, multi-zone inductors or segmented inductor coils with an optimized heat distribution known per se can be realized in a cost-effective manner. In addition, the low manufacturing tolerances of such manufacturing methods have small differences with respect to the coil properties, for example the inductance, of the inductors produced in mass production.

Zur elektrisch leitenden Verbindung der beiden Induktorspulen weist das Substrat durchkontaktierte Öffnungen auf. Dies ist fertigungstechnisch einfach und ermöglicht es auch, gegebenenfalls zahlreich vorhandene Spulensegmente auf der Ober- und der Unterseite des Substrates in Serien und/oder in Parallelschaltung in gewünschter Weise miteinander zu elektrisch verschalten.For the electrically conductive connection of the two inductor coils, the substrate has through-plated openings. This is simple in terms of production and also makes it possible, if appropriate, to electrically interconnect a large number of coil segments on the upper side and the lower side of the substrate in series and / or in parallel in the desired manner.

Um die Selbstaufheizung des Induktors zu reduzieren, ist die spiralförmige Leiterbahn einer Induktorspule im wesentlichen räumlich in dem spiralförmigen Bereich zwischen den einzelnen Windungen der Leiterbahn der anderen Induktorspule angeordnet. Der definierte Versatz zwischen der oberen und unteren mit Metall bedeckten Fläche der Induktorspule ist insbesondere mit an sich bekannten Beschichtungs- oder Ätztechniken problemlos möglich. Vorteilhafterweise sind die beiden Induktorspulen im wesentlichen geometrisch gleich ausgebildet und im wesentlichen übereinander angeordnet. Weiterhin sind sie gleichsinnig vom elektrischen Strom durchflossen, um ein möglichst starkes Feld der Induktorspule für den Erwärmungsprozess des Bodens eines auf dem Kochfeld abgestellten Topfes bereitstellen zu können.In order to reduce self-heating of the inductor, the helical trace of an inductor coil is disposed substantially spatially in the helical region between the individual turns of the trace of the other inductor coil. The defined offset between the upper and lower metal-covered surface of the inductor coil is easily possible, in particular, with coating or etching techniques known per se. Advantageously, the two inductor coils are formed substantially geometrically the same and arranged substantially one above the other. Furthermore, they are traversed in the same direction by the electric current to the strongest possible field of the inductor coil for the heating process To provide the bottom of a parked on the hob pot.

Der Aufbau des Induktors ist besonders kompakt und in der Fertigung des Kochfeldes einfach handhabbar, wenn die beiden Induktorspulen zusammen mit beidseitig angeordneten Isolationsscheiben und Ferritelementen zu einer flachen Baueinheit als Modul vorgefertigt sind.The construction of the inductor is particularly compact and easy to handle in the production of the hob, if the two inductor coils are prefabricated together with insulating plates arranged on both sides and ferrite elements to form a flat module as a module.

Nachfolgend ist anhand schematischer Darstellungen ein Ausführungsbeispiel des erfindungsgemäßen Induktors beschrieben.An exemplary embodiment of the inductor according to the invention is described below with reference to schematic illustrations.

Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
in einer Seitenansicht, zum Teil in einer Schnittdarstellung den unter einer Kochfeldplatte angeordneten Induktor und
Fig. 2
das Detail X aus Figur 1 in vergrößertem Maßstab.
Show it:
Fig. 1
in a side view, partly in a sectional view arranged under a cooktop plate inductor and
Fig. 2
the detail X of Figure 1 on an enlarged scale.

Ein Kochfeld weist eine Glaskeramikplatte 1 auf, unterhalb der im Bereich einer markierten Kochstelle ein Induktor 3 gehaltert ist. Dieser weist eine beidseitig beschichtete, kreisflächenförmige Substratplatte 5 aus Aluminiumoxyd mit einer Stärke von etwa 0,8 mm auf. Während auf die Oberseite der Substratplatte 5 in Dickschichttechnik eine erste spiralförmige Kupfer-Induktorspule 7 aufgebracht ist, ist die Unterseite der keramischen Substratplatte 5 mit einer ebenfalls spiralförmig ausgebildeten zweiten Induktorspule 9 aus Kupfermaterial beschichtet. Zur elektrisch leitenden Verbindung der beiden Induktorspulen 7, 9 in ihrer Mitte weist die Substratplatte 5 etwa in ihrem Mittelpunkt eine Bohrung auf, die als elektrisch leitende Durchkontaktierung 11 ausgebildet ist. Der Abstand der Windungen von flachen Kupferleiterbahnen 13 der beiden spiralförmigen Induktorspulen 7, 9 sind nicht einheitlich über die gesamte Fläche der Induktorspulen 7, 9 gewählt. Dadurch ist es zum einen möglich, die Wärmeverteilung im Induktor 3 bzw. der Substratplatte 5 gezielt zu beeinflussen, und andererseits kann die durch die Induktorspulen 7, 9 erzeugte Feldverteilung gezielt eingestellt werden. Zur weiteren Verringerung der Eigenerwärmung der Spulen 7, 9 bzw. der Substratplatte 5 sind die Leiterbahnen 13 der beiden Induktorspulen 7, 9 zum Teil versetzt angeordnet. Durch die annähernd identische Spiralform der beiden Spulen 7, 9, durch die annähernd exakte Übereinanderanordnung der beiden Induktorspulen 7, 9 und insbesondere durch das gleichsinnige Fließen des Speisestroms durch die Induktorspulen 7, 9 ist bei flachem Induktoraufbau und üblicher lateraler Ausdehnung des Induktors 3 ein ausreichend starkes Feld des Induktors 3 gewährleistet. Auf die Ober- und Unterseite des Induktors 3 ist jeweils eine etwa 0,5 mm dicke Mikanitscheibe 15 als elektrische Isolation aufgeklebt. Weiterhin sind auf die Unterseite des Induktors 3 auf die Mikanitscheibe 15 mittels temperaturbeständigem Silikonkleber 19 zur zusätzlichen Leitung des Induktionsfeldes an sich bekannte Ferritstäbe 17 elastisch aufgeklebt. Der sich dadurch ergebende Induktoraufbau besitzt bei ausreichenden elektrischen Eigenschaften insgesamt lediglich eine Höhe von etwa 5 bis 6 mm.A hob has a glass ceramic plate 1, below which an inductor 3 is mounted in the region of a marked hotplate. This has a coated on both sides, circular surface-shaped substrate plate 5 made of aluminum oxide with a thickness of about 0.8 mm. While a first spiral-shaped copper inductor coil 7 is applied to the upper side of the substrate plate 5 in the thick-film technique, the underside of the ceramic substrate plate 5 is coated with a copper coil material 9, which is also spirally formed. For the electrically conductive connection of the two inductor coils 7, 9 in their middle, the substrate plate 5 has a bore approximately in its center, which is formed as an electrically conductive plated-through hole 11. The pitch of the turns of flat copper traces 13 of the two spiral inductor coils 7, 9 are not uniformly selected over the entire area of the inductor coils 7, 9. This makes it possible on the one hand, to influence the heat distribution in the inductor 3 and the substrate plate 5 targeted, and on the other hand, the field distribution generated by the inductor coils 7, 9 can be adjusted specifically. To further reduce the self-heating of the coils 7, 9 and the substrate plate 5, the conductor tracks 13 of the two inductor coils 7, 9 are arranged partially offset. Due to the approximately identical spiral shape of the two coils 7, 9, by the approximately exact superposition of the two inductor coils 7, 9 and in particular by the same direction flow of the supply current through the inductor coils 7, 9 is flat inductor and conventional lateral expansion of the inductor 3 ensures a sufficiently strong field of the inductor 3. On the top and bottom of the inductor 3, an approximately 0.5 mm thick Mikanitscheibe 15 is glued as electrical insulation in each case. Furthermore, on the underside of the inductor 3 on the Mikanitscheibe 15 by means of temperature-resistant silicone adhesive 19 for additional conduction of the induction field known ferrite rods 17 are elastically adhered. The resulting Induktoraufbau has sufficient electrical properties overall only a height of about 5 to 6 mm.

Claims (10)

  1. Inductor for arrangement below a cooker hob plate of an induction cooker hob with at least two inductor coils arranged one above the other at a spacing from one another, characterised in that the inductor coils (7, 9) are mounted as flat conductor tracks (13) on opposite sides of a plate-shaped substrate (5).
  2. Inductor according to claim 1, characterised in that the material of the substrate (1) is an oxide-ceramic, particularly aluminium oxide.
  3. Inductor according to claim 2, characterised in that the thickness of the substrate (5) is approximately 0.7 to 1 millimetre.
  4. Inductor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the inductor coil (7, 9) is mounted on the substrate (5) as an inductor spiral by a coating technique, particularly the thick-film technique.
  5. Inductor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the spacing of the windings of the conductor track (13) of the spiral inductor coil (7, 9) varies from the centre point thereof to the edge region.
  6. Inductor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the substrate (5) has an opening (11) through which contact can be made and which conductively interconnects the two inductor coils (7, 9).
  7. Inductor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the spiral conductor track (13) of one inductor coil (7) is arranged substantially spatially in the spiral region between the individual windings of the conductor track of the other inductor coil (9).
  8. Inductor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the two inductor coils (7, 9) are constructed to be substantially geometrically identical, are arranged substantially exactly one above the other and are flowed through by electric current in the same sense.
  9. Inductor according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the two inductor coils (7, 9) together with insulating discs (15) and ferrite elements (17) arranged at both sides form a flat constructional unit (3).
  10. Cooker hob with a cooker hob plate, below which an inductor according to one of claims 1 to 9 is arranged.
EP99119127A 1998-10-05 1999-10-05 Inductor for induction-cooktop Expired - Lifetime EP0993233B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19845844A DE19845844A1 (en) 1998-10-05 1998-10-05 Inductor for an induction hob
DE19845844 1998-10-05

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0993233A2 EP0993233A2 (en) 2000-04-12
EP0993233A3 EP0993233A3 (en) 2005-08-17
EP0993233B1 true EP0993233B1 (en) 2008-01-02

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US (1) US6144019A (en)
EP (1) EP0993233B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE383058T1 (en)
DE (2) DE19845844A1 (en)

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JPH0541274A (en) * 1991-08-06 1993-02-19 Sharp Corp Electromagnetic induction heating cooker
KR0143226B1 (en) * 1991-08-08 1998-07-01 구자홍 Heating device for electronic cooker using printed circuit board
US5528020A (en) * 1991-10-23 1996-06-18 Gas Research Institute Dual surface heaters
FR2726963B1 (en) * 1994-11-15 1996-12-06 Europ Equip Menager INDUCTION COOKING FIREPLACE
DE19604436A1 (en) * 1996-02-07 1997-08-14 Bosch Siemens Hausgeraete Inductor for installation in trough-like plate for heater in domestic equipment

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE383058T1 (en) 2008-01-15
EP0993233A2 (en) 2000-04-12
DE59914595D1 (en) 2008-02-14
EP0993233A3 (en) 2005-08-17
US6144019A (en) 2000-11-07
DE19845844A1 (en) 2000-04-06

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