EP0992658B1 - Actionneur électromagnétique de soupape - Google Patents
Actionneur électromagnétique de soupape Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0992658B1 EP0992658B1 EP99400877A EP99400877A EP0992658B1 EP 0992658 B1 EP0992658 B1 EP 0992658B1 EP 99400877 A EP99400877 A EP 99400877A EP 99400877 A EP99400877 A EP 99400877A EP 0992658 B1 EP0992658 B1 EP 0992658B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- valve
- armature
- valve according
- ferromagnetic
- coil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F01L9/00—Valve-gear or valve arrangements actuated non-mechanically
- F01L9/20—Valve-gear or valve arrangements actuated non-mechanically by electric means
Definitions
- the invention relates to electromagnetic actuators intended to move in translation a valve to bring it alternately in an open position and a position of closing. It finds a particularly important application in the control of the valves of an internal combustion engine, spark or compression ignition.
- valves of most internal combustion are activated by a driven camshaft by the engine.
- the opening and closing speeds of valves controlled by the camshaft are weak when the engine is at low speed, especially when starting, which is unfavorable for filling the combustion chambers.
- Actuators have also already been proposed (US-A-4,614,170) electromagnetic to reduce the above drawbacks, having a pallet of ferromagnetic material attached to the valve stem, elastic return means provided for keep the valve at rest in a middle position between the fully open and closed position, and means electromagnetic to alternately bring the valves in both positions.
- Electromagnetic means described in document US-A-4 614 170 have a first electromagnet with ferromagnetic core placed on one side of the pallet and whose excitement attracts the pallet in a direction tending to close the valve and a second electromagnet, placed on the other side of the vane, the excitation of which tends to bring the valve into the full opening position.
- the valve-spring assembly constitutes an oscillating system excited by alternating periodic power supplies of the electromagnets.
- the electromagnet acting on the pallet in the direction of the valve opening begins to be fed while the vane approach a location where it sticks to the core of the electromagnet.
- a valve actuator comprising a spring which retains the valve either in the open state or at the closed state.
- a brief electrical pulse applied to a coil allows to project an armature linked to the valve to a location where the spring completes the arrival of the valve in the other state.
- Document US-A-5394131 describes an electromagnetic actuator having a magnet capable of carrying a shutter and a coil which can be powered by a current in a first direction to bring the shutter in an open position and in the opposite direction to bring the shutter to a closed position.
- the invention aims in particular to provide an actuator valve electromagnetic responding better than that previously known to requirements of practice, especially the fact that the actuator has a reduced footprint and connectivity.
- an actuator valve is proposed according to the claim 1.
- the pallet In its initial state, in the middle position, the pallet will generally present a position or magnetic circuit imbalance which that the direction in which it will be attracted at the first power-up of the coil is predetermined. This imbalance can be deliberately provoked.
- the elastic return means are consisting of two springs each placed on one side of the pallet, these two springs can be such that they give the pallet at rest a position in which the force resulting from the supply of the coil is exerted in a determined sense and that they have the same potential energy of compression in the closed and full open positions.
- a advantageous way of unbalancing the magnetic forces exerted towards the up and down is to dissymmetry the flows in the central part by playing on a sheet metal notch profile and / or on a pallet profile.
- the pallet may include a boss axial.
- Another way to create an asymmetry consists in giving to the poles of the ferromagnetic circuit and to the palette a shape such that the surfaces in contact for both stable paths are different.
- the actuator having a single coil, is more compact than the previous actuators. Its electrical circuit and its control are simpler and less expensive.
- the actuator 10 shown in Figures 1 to 3 consists of a assembly intended to be mounted on the cylinder head 12 of an engine. he has a housing made up of several parts 14 and 16 stacked and assembled by means not shown, such as screws. These parts are made of non-ferromagnetic material, for light alloy example.
- the housing can be fixed on the cylinder head 12 by means of a shim 20 also made of non-material ferromagnetic.
- the actuator comprises a pallet 22 made of material ferromagnetic, advantageously laminated to reduce losses, fixed on a rod 24 for driving the valve 25.
- a pallet 22 made of material ferromagnetic, advantageously laminated to reduce losses, fixed on a rod 24 for driving the valve 25.
- the rod 24 can be fixed to the pallet by welding and guided by another ring 26 fixed to a annular extension of the part 16.
- valve stem 25 is separated from the rod 24. It is guided by a fixed ring to the cylinder head and can turn in it.
- Two return springs 28a and 28b are provided to maintain the valve at rest in a substantially middle position between the closed position and the full open position.
- a springs 28a is compressed between a plate 30 fixed to the rod 24 and the extension of part 16.
- the other spring 28b is compressed between a plate 31 fixed to the valve stem and the bottom valve well in the cylinder head.
- the distribution game between the lifted rod and the closed valve guarantees tightness.
- the actuator can just as easily be used with a spring unique working in traction / compression and completed with elastic shock absorber ensuring sealing when closing the valve, as indicated in French patent No. 98 11 670.
- the rod can then be in one piece with the valve.
- the housing contains a core of ferromagnetic material 36, advantageously laminated, delimiting a ferromagnetic circuit with the pallet, and a coil 38 placed in the core.
- the core represented can be in two complementary parts, in support one against the other in a plane 40 (figure 2) or one taking.
- the constituent sheets of each half of the core are in E shape ( Figures 2 and 3).
- the upper branches 42 engage in the coil 36 which they support by via a mandrel 44.
- the other two branches of each half delimits a volume of movement of the pallet.
- the support of the pallet against the bottom 46 of the volume defines the valve fully open position.
- the ceiling 48 of volume is in a location relative to the valve seat such the air gap is practically zero when the valve is closed.
- a middle notch 49 corresponding to the position of rest of the pallet 22, can be provided in the chamber, length slightly greater than the thickness of the pallet. Above and below the notch, the volume wall leaves no than the clearance required for travel.
- the core can as well be in one piece and wound on an automatic machine, which avoids the presence of an air gap and guarantees the precision of the notches 49.
- the pallet 22 advantageously laminated or made of a material with a high electrical resistivity, has parallel bevelled edges at the poles of the core 36 ( Figure 4).
- the armature is not magnetically saturated in its range of operation and the flow closes mainly through the armature, thanks to the shape of the pole pieces of the core.
- the asymmetry of the flow circuit higher compared to the lower flow circuit is accentuated by different inclinations of the upper polar surfaces 80 and lower 82 of the core, each surface of the pallet in gaze of a pole being parallel to it.
- the pallet 84 has a central boss in the form of bar which increases the asymmetry of the magnetic circuit.
- this flow closes by passing through the boss 84, as indicated by the arrow f, which reduces the length of the air gaps.
- this boss is short-circuited and does not weaken the bonding forces. This provision reduces notably the reluctance in the rest position and increases the ease of launching the device.
- the current flowing through the coil 38 can be controlled by observing the position of the pallet 22 using a position integrated in the device.
- Current pulses in the coil are supplied at times such as, at the time of the application of force, the speed of the pallet has the same sense that the force applied.
- the initial force being of a sign given, as a result of the asymmetry, it suffices to apply a pulse only once per period.
- Figure 6 schematically shows a phase of the launch of the device.
- the pallet is in a position corresponding to the line L, for which the forces exerted by the springs 28a and 28b are balanced. This position is offset from the position L 'for which the electromagnetic force exerted on the pallet 22 by the field created by the coil 38 is zero.
- the first current pulse in the coil 38 causes an elongation of the pallet, which then returns with its own period to a position which generally will still be above that indicated by the line L '.
- the amplitude of the oscillations increases.
- the monitoring of the position signal makes it possible to know at each instant the last duration T which separates two successive zero crossings.
- the senor 52 is connected to a computer 50 which controls the supply of the coil 38 by an amplifier 54.
- This sensor 52 can be carried by the housing 16 and make protruding downwards, so as to detect the approximation of the plate 30, made for this purpose of magnetic material.
- the computer 50 which can be the engine control computer, determine the position reached by the moving crew.
- the sensor 52 also allows, by varying the signal that it provides, to determine the instant at which the amplitude of the oscillation of the moving part brings it into its position extreme.
- the launch can be carried out in one minimum time thanks to the combination of the position measurement and a pallet setting algorithm which controls the current in the coil so as never to generate forces magnetic braking.
- the invention is susceptible of numerous variants of production.
- the springs 28a and 28b can be placed by example one inside the other to reduce the size of the housing.
- Each coil can consist of a number N of windings greater than 1 (two or three for example) supplied in parallel which divides by N the resistance and increases the total current maximum and what divides the inductance by N. Electric inertia is decreased.
- the dynamics of the engine system are improved.
- the cutting a winding wire does not disable the device.
- the dynamics are improved: we can vary from the magnetic field faster, because the ratio inductance / resistance is unchanged while the resistance of each winding is a fraction of the resistance of a coil unique: the maximum current value is higher and, the inductance being weaker, the dynamics are faster.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Magnetically Actuated Valves (AREA)
- Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)
- Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)
- Electromagnets (AREA)
Description
- la figure 1 montre un actionneur de soupape selon un mode de réalisation, en coupe suivant un plan passant par l'axe de la soupape ;
- les figures 2 et 3 sont des coupes partielles de la partie électromagnétique suivant les lignes II-II et III-III ;
- les figures 4 et 5 montrent des variantes des figures 1 à 3 ;
- la figure 6 montre schématiquement l'évolution des oscillations de la palette lors du lancement du dispositif.
- par une forme dissymétrique des encoches 49,
- par une dissymétrie de la palette, et/ou
- par la présence d'un bossage (figure 5),
Claims (12)
- Soupape à actionneur électromagnétique, le dit actionneur ayant une palette d'entraínement de soupape et une bobine unique (38) montée sur un circuit ferromagnétique de constitution telle qu'il présente, en combinaison avec la palette, deux cheminements stables du flux magnétique généré par ladite bobine unique et correspondant l'un à l'ouverture et l'autre à la fermeture de la soupape, caractérisée en ce que la soupape est munie de moyens élastiques de rappel (28a, 28b) qui maintiennent au repos la soupape dans une position médiane entre des positions d'ouverture complète et de fermeture et qui maintiennent la palette, constitué en matériau ferromagnétique, dans une position de repos entre les positions de cheminements stables du flux magnétique.
- Soupape à actionneur selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que le circuit ferromagnétique est tel que les valeurs faibles d'entrefer sont sensiblement nulles.
- Soupape à actionneur selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que le circuit ferromagnétique est constitué par un noyau (36) feuilleté en deux moitiés en appui l'une contre l'autre, constitué de tôles présentant des encoches à mi-course entre les positions extrêmes de la palette.
- Soupape à actionneur selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que les tôles constitutives de chaque moitié de noyau sont en forme de E ayant une branche supérieure qui s'engage dans la bobine (36) et dont les branches inférieures délimitent un volume de débattement de la palette.
- Soupape à actionneur selon la revendication 4, caractérisée en ce que le volume présente un chambrage médian (49) correspondant à la position de repos donnée à la palette par les moyens de rappel lorsqu'ils agissent seuls et plus large que le reste du volume.
- Soupape à actionneur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comportant un capteur (52) de position de l'équipage constitué par la palette et la soupape.
- Soupape à actionneur selon l'une quelconque des revendications différentes, caractérisée en ce que les moyens de rappel élastiques sont prévus pour donner à la palette une position dissymétrique dans le circuit ferromagnétique.
- Soupape à actionneur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que la palette (22) porte un bossage axial (84) de création d'une dissymétrie du circuit ferromagnétique.
- Soupape à actionneur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que le circuit ferromagnétique et la palette ont une constitution telle que les surfaces en contact soient différentes pour les deux cheminements stables de flux magnétique.
- Soupape à actionneur selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisée en ce que les circuits ferro-magnétiques présentent des encoches (49) médianes décalées dans le sens de l'ouverture ou de la fermeture pour rendre les circuits ferro-magnétiques asymétriques et définir un sens de déplacement initial de la palette.
- Soupape à actionneur selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que le circuit ferromagnétique est constitué par un noyau monobloc, présentant des encoches (49) à mi-course.
- Soupape à actionneur selon la revendication 10 ou 11, caractérisée en ce que la bobine est constituée d'un nombre N supérieur à 1 d'enroulements en parallèle.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9812489A FR2784222B1 (fr) | 1998-10-06 | 1998-10-06 | Actionneur electromagnetique de soupape |
FR9812489 | 1998-10-06 | ||
FR9812940A FR2784712B1 (fr) | 1998-10-15 | 1998-10-15 | Procede et dispositif d'actionnement electromagnetique de soupape |
FR9812940 | 1998-10-15 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0992658A1 EP0992658A1 (fr) | 2000-04-12 |
EP0992658B1 true EP0992658B1 (fr) | 2003-05-21 |
Family
ID=26234581
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99400877A Expired - Lifetime EP0992658B1 (fr) | 1998-10-06 | 1999-04-09 | Actionneur électromagnétique de soupape |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6651954B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0992658B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2004506826A (fr) |
KR (1) | KR20010080034A (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69908057T2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2000020731A1 (fr) |
Cited By (15)
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US8839815B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2014-09-23 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with electronic cycle counter |
US8899264B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2014-12-02 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with electronic proof of closure system |
US8905063B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2014-12-09 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with fuel rate monitor |
US8947242B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2015-02-03 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with valve leakage test |
US9074770B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2015-07-07 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with electronic valve proving system |
US9234661B2 (en) | 2012-09-15 | 2016-01-12 | Honeywell International Inc. | Burner control system |
US9557059B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2017-01-31 | Honeywell International Inc | Gas valve with communication link |
US9995486B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2018-06-12 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with high/low gas pressure detection |
US10024439B2 (en) | 2013-12-16 | 2018-07-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | Valve over-travel mechanism |
US10203049B2 (en) | 2014-09-17 | 2019-02-12 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with electronic health monitoring |
US10215291B2 (en) | 2013-10-29 | 2019-02-26 | Honeywell International Inc. | Regulating device |
US10564062B2 (en) | 2016-10-19 | 2020-02-18 | Honeywell International Inc. | Human-machine interface for gas valve |
US10697815B2 (en) | 2018-06-09 | 2020-06-30 | Honeywell International Inc. | System and methods for mitigating condensation in a sensor module |
US10851993B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2020-12-01 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with overpressure diagnostics |
US11073281B2 (en) | 2017-12-29 | 2021-07-27 | Honeywell International Inc. | Closed-loop programming and control of a combustion appliance |
Families Citing this family (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2808375B1 (fr) * | 2000-04-27 | 2002-09-06 | Sagem | Actionneur electromagnetique de soupape, de type monobobine |
FR2809487B1 (fr) * | 2000-05-23 | 2002-08-16 | Sagem | Capteur de position axiale pour une tige mobile axialement et actionneur electromagnetique de soupape qui en est equipe |
JP3707354B2 (ja) * | 2000-06-02 | 2005-10-19 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 電磁駆動弁の制御装置 |
JP3617414B2 (ja) * | 2000-06-06 | 2005-02-02 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 電磁駆動弁の制御装置 |
FR2812121B1 (fr) * | 2000-07-21 | 2002-11-08 | Renault | Actionneur lineaire electromagnetique de soupape comportant une seule bobine |
FR2818432B1 (fr) * | 2000-12-20 | 2003-02-14 | Sagem | Actionneur electromagnetique de soupape de moteur a combustion interne |
US6724606B2 (en) | 2002-03-08 | 2004-04-20 | Joseph B. Seale | Single-winding dual-latching valve actuation solenoid |
FR2849466B1 (fr) | 2002-12-27 | 2005-02-18 | Renault Sa | Ationneur lineaire de soupape comportant un aimant mobile dans un entrefer magnetique |
US8083206B2 (en) * | 2008-07-08 | 2011-12-27 | Caterpillar Inc. | Precision ground armature assembly for solenoid actuator and fuel injector using same |
US9835265B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2017-12-05 | Honeywell International Inc. | Valve with actuator diagnostics |
US9846440B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2017-12-19 | Honeywell International Inc. | Valve controller configured to estimate fuel comsumption |
US10422531B2 (en) | 2012-09-15 | 2019-09-24 | Honeywell International Inc. | System and approach for controlling a combustion chamber |
US9841122B2 (en) | 2014-09-09 | 2017-12-12 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with electronic valve proving system |
US9502167B1 (en) | 2015-11-18 | 2016-11-22 | Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation | High temperature electromagnetic actuator |
US10503181B2 (en) | 2016-01-13 | 2019-12-10 | Honeywell International Inc. | Pressure regulator |
CN112178213B (zh) * | 2020-09-30 | 2022-05-06 | 扬州苏油油成商贸实业有限公司 | 高温高压环境电磁阀 |
Family Cites Families (16)
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GB779364A (en) * | 1954-09-30 | 1957-07-17 | Welding Engineers | Treatment of plastic materials |
IL54107A (en) * | 1978-02-22 | 1981-06-29 | Yeda Res & Dev | Electromagnetic linear motion devices |
CA2092998C (fr) * | 1991-07-30 | 1995-12-05 | J. David Schwitalla | Commande de gain variable pour systeme asservisseur |
US5548263A (en) * | 1992-10-05 | 1996-08-20 | Aura Systems, Inc. | Electromagnetically actuated valve |
US5515818A (en) * | 1993-12-15 | 1996-05-14 | Machine Research Corporation Of Chicago | Electromechanical variable valve actuator |
US5636601A (en) * | 1994-06-15 | 1997-06-10 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Energization control method, and electromagnetic control system in electromagnetic driving device |
JP3186462B2 (ja) * | 1994-09-22 | 2001-07-11 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の電磁式弁駆動装置 |
DE19518056B4 (de) * | 1995-05-17 | 2005-04-07 | Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh | Einrichtung zur Steuerung der Ankerbewegung einer elektromagnetischen Schaltanordnung und Verfahren zur Ansteuerung |
US5730091A (en) * | 1996-11-12 | 1998-03-24 | Ford Global Technologies, Inc. | Soft landing electromechanically actuated engine valve |
US5961097A (en) * | 1996-12-17 | 1999-10-05 | Caterpillar Inc. | Electromagnetically actuated valve with thermal compensation |
JPH10196328A (ja) * | 1997-01-10 | 1998-07-28 | Satoshi Yamada | 磁力で開閉するエンジンのバルブ |
DE19712064A1 (de) * | 1997-03-24 | 1998-10-01 | Braunewell Markus | Elektromagnetischer Antrieb |
DE19718038C1 (de) * | 1997-04-29 | 1998-05-07 | Daimler Benz Ag | Elektromagnetischer Aktuator für Gaswechselventile einer Brennkraftmaschine |
DE29712502U1 (de) * | 1997-07-15 | 1997-09-18 | FEV Motorentechnik GmbH & Co. KG, 52078 Aachen | Elektromagnetischer Aktuator mit Gehäuse |
FR2784712B1 (fr) * | 1998-10-15 | 2001-09-14 | Sagem | Procede et dispositif d'actionnement electromagnetique de soupape |
FR2808375B1 (fr) * | 2000-04-27 | 2002-09-06 | Sagem | Actionneur electromagnetique de soupape, de type monobobine |
-
1999
- 1999-04-09 EP EP99400877A patent/EP0992658B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-04-09 DE DE69908057T patent/DE69908057T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-10-04 WO PCT/FR1999/002356 patent/WO2000020731A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-10-04 KR KR1020017004397A patent/KR20010080034A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-10-04 US US09/806,711 patent/US6651954B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-10-04 JP JP2000574813A patent/JP2004506826A/ja not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (16)
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US10697632B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2020-06-30 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with communication link |
US9995486B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2018-06-12 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with high/low gas pressure detection |
US8905063B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2014-12-09 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with fuel rate monitor |
US8947242B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2015-02-03 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with valve leakage test |
US10851993B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2020-12-01 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with overpressure diagnostics |
US8899264B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2014-12-02 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with electronic proof of closure system |
US9557059B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2017-01-31 | Honeywell International Inc | Gas valve with communication link |
US9074770B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2015-07-07 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with electronic valve proving system |
US8839815B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2014-09-23 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with electronic cycle counter |
US9234661B2 (en) | 2012-09-15 | 2016-01-12 | Honeywell International Inc. | Burner control system |
US10215291B2 (en) | 2013-10-29 | 2019-02-26 | Honeywell International Inc. | Regulating device |
US10024439B2 (en) | 2013-12-16 | 2018-07-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | Valve over-travel mechanism |
US10203049B2 (en) | 2014-09-17 | 2019-02-12 | Honeywell International Inc. | Gas valve with electronic health monitoring |
US10564062B2 (en) | 2016-10-19 | 2020-02-18 | Honeywell International Inc. | Human-machine interface for gas valve |
US11073281B2 (en) | 2017-12-29 | 2021-07-27 | Honeywell International Inc. | Closed-loop programming and control of a combustion appliance |
US10697815B2 (en) | 2018-06-09 | 2020-06-30 | Honeywell International Inc. | System and methods for mitigating condensation in a sensor module |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2004506826A (ja) | 2004-03-04 |
EP0992658A1 (fr) | 2000-04-12 |
WO2000020731A1 (fr) | 2000-04-13 |
DE69908057T2 (de) | 2004-03-18 |
DE69908057D1 (de) | 2003-06-26 |
US6651954B1 (en) | 2003-11-25 |
KR20010080034A (ko) | 2001-08-22 |
WO2000020731A9 (fr) | 2003-03-06 |
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