Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
  • C11D17/006—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets containing mainly surfactants, but no builders, e.g. syndet bar
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D10/00—Compositions of detergents, not provided for by one single preceding group
  • C11D10/04—Compositions of detergents, not provided for by one single preceding group based on mixtures of surface-active non-soap compounds and soap
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D9/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap
  • C11D9/04—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap containing compounding ingredients other than soaps
  • C11D9/22—Organic compounds, e.g. vitamins
  • C11D9/225—Polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D9/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap
  • C11D9/04—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap containing compounding ingredients other than soaps
  • C11D9/22—Organic compounds, e.g. vitamins
  • C11D9/26—Organic compounds, e.g. vitamins containing oxygen
  • C11D9/267—Organic compounds, e.g. vitamins containing oxygen containing free fatty acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D9/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap
  • C11D9/04—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap containing compounding ingredients other than soaps
  • C11D9/48—Superfatting agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds

Definitions

• the present invention relates to improved soap bars and a process for the manufacture of said bars.
• 'bars' is intended to mean generally solid bodies whether in the form of a bar, tablet, stick, block or other three-dimensional shape.
• 'soap bars' relates to bars comprising fatty acid soaps or blends of fatty acid soaps with one or more synthetic detergents.
• soap bars have been manufactured from fats by conversion of triglyceride components of fats into fatty acid salts and the formation of these 'sbaps' into bars.
• a general review is to be found in Woollatt, 'The Manufacture of Soaps, Other Detergents and Glycerine', John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
• the longer chain fatty acid soaps particularly the less expensive C 16 and C 18 soaps (as obtained from tallow and palm oils) provide structure in the finished soap bars and prevent or retard disintegration of the soap bar on exposure to water.
• a general problem in the formulation of bar soaps has been that of finding a balance between providing structure (generally obtained from the cheaper tallow/palm component) and maintaining lathering properties (generally obtained from the more costly coconut oil component) at .a practical overall cost.
• soap bars contain from 90-50% fatty acid soaps obtained from tallow (i.e. non- lauric fats) and 10-50% of fatty acid soaps obtained from coconut (i.e. lauric fats) .
• tallow i.e. non- lauric fats
• coconut i.e. lauric fats
• soap formulations comprise 80% tallow and 20% coconut oil.
• tallow is unacceptable other non-lauric oils and fats, such as palm oil, replace tallow.
• toilet soap bars can contain free fatty acid.
• free fatty acid is known as ' superfatting' and superfatting at a 5-10% free fatty acid level is known to give a copious, creamy lather.
• Other superfatting agents include citric and other acids which function by promoting the formation of free fatty acids in the fat blend.
• a known disadvantage of superfatted products in bar form is a reduction in the physical stability of the bar, often revealed by an increased 'mushing' on prolonged exposure to water.
• compositions containing fatty acid soap are harshness, a property which is determined by a number of tests as will be elaborated upon hereafter.
• Known solutions to the problem of harshness include reduction of the level of soap present and replacement of the balance of the composition by so-called co-active surfactants.
• Megson et al, US 3576749 suggests that superfatting of toilet soap bars, as described above, improves mildness but the improvement is not considered as significant as that obtained by the use of co-actives.
• a recognised problem engendered by the presence of co-actives is a loss of product structure in the resulting soap bars.
• GB 2001098 discloses that superfatted soap bars can advantageously be prepared from compositions comprising predominantly sodium soap of the higher fatty acids and minor proportions of superfatting higher fatty acids, water and up to 4%, preferably less, high molecular weight polyethylene glycol polymer.
• the advantage of such a composition is said to be that the bars give a rich and creamy lather but are firm and resistant to cracking.
• soap bars comprising at least 5% of a relatively low molecular weight polyalkylene glycol and fatty acid in a ratio of 1:3 to 3:1 exhibit surprisingly improved properties compared with bars having a equivalent coconut based soap content.
• the presence of both polyalkylene glycol and fatty acid significantly increases both lather volume and creaminess, while maintaining acceptable mush and wear rates.
• certain processing difficulties associated with the presence of high molecular weight polyalkylene glycols are avoided.
• a soap bar comprising:
• ratio of polyalkylene glycol to C 6 -C 22 fatty acid is in the range 1:3 to 3:1.
• Fatty acid soaps at a level of 44-86.5%wt on product are an essential component of the present invention.
• the average chain length of the fatty acid soaps falls into the range C 12 -C 22 .
• Sources of such fatty acids include animal fats/fatty acids, e.g. tallow and lard and the fatty acid derived therefrom, and also vegetable derived oils, particularly fats/fatty acids rich in palmitic and stearic acid such as palm oils and fractions thereof.
• fatty acids are derived from oil-sources yielding fatty acids with a high degree of unsaturation, such as soya bean oil, sunflower oil, rice bran oil, linseed oil, rapeseed oils, ground nut oil, marine oils and the like
• the oil stocks are preferably hardened or fractionated to yield partially or fully hardened fatty acid mixtures and or stearines.
• the bulk of the fats and fatty acids are derived from tallow except where nut-oil or other vegetable substitutes are employed for cultural reasons.
• compositions of the present invention comprise 10-50% of lauric soaps, i.e. those having an average chain length of less than C 16 .
• the most preferable fat blends comprise around 80% tallow and or palm oil and around 20% coconut oil.
• the iodine value of the non-lauric soaps ranges from 10 to 55, and is more preferably 45 to 55.
• Preferred soap levels on product fall in the range 50-80%wt on product, more preferably 55-70%.
• Polyalkylene glycol, a polymer, at a level of 5-30%wt on product is an essential component of the compositions according to the present invention.
• the polyalkylene glycol is polyethylene glycol (PEG) .
• the preferred level of polymer is about 7.5-25%, most preferably 9-20% on product.
• the PEG has a molecular weight below 100000 Dalton.
• the polyethylene glycol has a molecular weight in the range of 100-10000 Dalton, and is preferably 400-5000
• PEG'S are miscible with water. PEG'S with molecular weights above 10000 are markedly less water soluble and form increasingly viscous liquids above their melting points. This leads to processing difficulties. While it is envisaged that products can be prepared by dry mixing of high molecular weight PEG and a dry soap base, this would not give the molecular-level mixing believed necessary to achieve the required properties.
• An advantage of the low molecular weight PEG'S is that they can be added as melted liquids or as low viscosity aqueous solutions. Addition of the PEG can occur at any stage in the soap making process, including addition to the dried soap or to the wet soap prior to drying. Sunerfattin ⁇ A ⁇ ent
• Fatty acid at a level 2.5-20%wt on product, is an essential component of the compositions according to the present invention.
• This level of free fatty acids can be obtained by the addition of free fatty acids per se or by the addition of a non-fatty acid superfatting agent which protonates a portion of the fatty acid soaps present to form the free fatty acid.
• Suitable fatty acid superfatting agents include tallow, coconut, palm and palm-kernel fatty acids. Other fatty acids can be employed although the low melting point fatty acids, particularly the laurics, are preferred for ease of processing. Preferred levels of fatty acid are 5-15%, most preferably around 10% on product.
• the free fatty acids can be added as such or generated in si tu by the addition of non-fatty acid superfatting agents, such as inorganic or organic acids, preferably citric acid.
• non-fatty acid superfatting agents such as inorganic or organic acids, preferably citric acid.
• formulations according to the present invention can comprise one or more plasticisers, preferably selected from the group comprising fatty alcohols, paraffin waxes, glycerol, onoglycerides and mixtures thereof.
• composition further comprises at least one synthetic anionic active at a level of not more than 20%wt, preferably at a level of not more than 10%wt, on product.
• the synthetic anionic is selected from the group comprising:- alkyl sulphates, alkyl ether .sulphates, alpha-olefin sulphonates, fatty isethionates, alkyl glyceryl ether sulphonates, mono-alkyl glyceryl sulphates, alkyl sarcosinates, alkyl taurides, alkyl sulphosuccinates, alkyl phosphates, and mixtures thereof.
• the anionic actives are sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) , alpha-olefin sulphonates and sodium fatty isethionates.
• SLES sodium lauryl ether sulphate
• sodium fatty isethionates are particularly preferred.
• compositions will further comprise a synergistic mildness active.
• the synergistic mildness active is selected from the group consisting of nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants and mixtures thereof.
• the synergistic mildness active should be present at a level of at least 5%wt of the total active level.
• Particularly useful compositions comprise 5-25%wt, preferably 8-20%wt, more preferably 9-18%wt of synergistic mildness active on total actives.
• Suitable nonionic surfactants include:- polyethoxylated alcohols, polyethoxylated alkyl phenols, alkyl polyglycosides, sorbitan esters, polysorbates, alkanolamides, poloxamers, and mixtures thereof.
• Preferred amongst the nonionic surfactants are polyethoxylated alcohols, particularly alkyl ethoxylates.
• the preferred alkyl ethoxylates have an average alkyl chain length of 10-25 carbons and an average ethoxylate content of 3-250 units.
• Suitable amphoteric surfactants include:- amine oxides, aminimides, betaines, amido betaines and sulphobetaines, and mixtures thereof. Coco-amido-propyl betaines and tegobetaines are particularly preferred due to their low potential nitrosamine-precursor content.
• the total water content of the soap bar ranges from 6 to 20%wt of the soap bar.
• the water content falls into the range 8-17%wt, and is most preferably 9-15%wt.
• the most preferred level of water in the final bar is a normal water content for soap bars (around 12% of the bar) hence conventional driers can be used to achieve this level.
• the electrolyte content of the bars can vary. In practice the electrolyte level will lie between 0 and 1.5% on product, Some or all of this electrolyte can be residue from the saponification processes typically employed in soap making, as is known in the art. It is also known that the level of electrolyte can have some slight influence on the eventual hardness of the product. This variation modifies the hardness of the soap bars and can be used to control the final hardness within production limits. It is preferred that' the electrolyte content lies between 0.2-1.5wt% on product. The preferred electrolyte is sodium chloride at a level of 0.2-0.8%. Other electrolytes can be employed either alone or in admixture. Amongst the alternative preferred electrolytes are sodium sulphate and sodium carbonate.
• compositions according to the present invention may comprise one or more of the following optional ingredients: preservatives, perfumes, colours, opacifiers and optical brighteners, moisturisers, emollients, germicides and other medicinal ingredients.
• Typical preservatives include substances which negate or reduce the adverse catalytic effects of heavy metals, particularly iron and copper. These preferably comprise organic sequestrants, such as EDTA or NTA. However it is known that high levels of EDTA can form coloured complexes with iron and it is therefore commonplace to use EHDP
• EDTA ethane-1-hydroxy-l, 1-diphosphonic acid
• Preferred levels of preservative are generally in the range 0.01-0.1%wt on product.
• Typical opacifiers include titanium dioxide, preferably at levels of around 0.2-0.4%wt on product.
• Typical emollient/moisturising ingredients are selected from the group comprising stearyl alcohol, glyceryl monolaurate, glyceryl monoricinoleate, glyceryl monostearate, propane-1.2-diol, butane-1.3 diol, docosan-1.2-diol, mink oil, cetyl alcohol, isopropyl isostearate, stearic acid, isobutyl palmitate, isocetyl stearate, oleyl alcohol, isopropyl laurate, hexyl laurate, decyl oleate, octadecan-2-ol, isocetyl alcohol, eicosanyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, cetyl palmitate, silicone oils such as dimethylpolysiloxane, di-n-butyl sebacate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stea
• a preferred electrolyte which may be added to compositions according to the present invention is a simple sodium isethionate, preferably unsubstituted. This may be present as 0.1 to 50% of the composition, preferably 0.5% to 25%, more preferably 2% to about 15% by weight.
• TS Tallow fatty acid soaps having an iodine value of 46. (made in house), quantities quoted as tallow:coconut ratio, CS: Unhardened coconut fatty acid soap: quantities quoted as tallow:coconut ratio,
• CA Coconut fatty acid
• superfatting agent addition quoted on total fatty matter
• PA Polyethylene glycol, mol. wt . 600: addition quoted on total fatty matter,
• PB Polyethylene glycol
• mol. w . 4000 addition quoted on total fatty matter.
• compositions as given in Table 1 were prepared as follows:
• a neat soap was prepared comprising tallow soaps (TS) and coconut soaps (CS) , at a temperature of 85°C,
• step (a) the product of step (a) was combined with the PEG (PA or PB) and the superfatting agents (CA or ST) ,
• step (b) the product of step (b) was dried, and perfume and opacifiers added using a conventional ribbon mixer,
• step (c) the product of step (c) was milled, plodded and stamped into bars using conventional equipment.
• products may be prepared by adding a mixture of PEG (PA or PB) and superfatting agents (CA or ST) to dried soap chips in a suitable mixer eg. a mill or Z-blade mixer. Products were assessed as regards lather volume (both measured and estimated) , creaminess (estimated) , mush and wear.
• a suitable mixer eg. a mill or Z-blade mixer. Products were assessed as regards lather volume (both measured and estimated) , creaminess (estimated) , mush and wear.
• Lather volume was measured by a handwash method which closely approximates normal consumer habit. The test involves the use of 20 untrained volunteers. Each volunteer wears a pair of surgical gloves and lathers the bar in a still body of water at a temperature of 30°C. The volume of the lather produced is measured by submersion of the panellists hands under an inverted, calibrated collecting funnel.
• LVE Lather volume
• creaminess were also estimated in terms of relative magnitude.
• the figures quoted represent an ordering of increasing magnitude with higher scores.
• Mush was determined by immersing portions of a weighed bar in distilled water at 20°C for two hours and the increase in weight noted.
• the 'mush value' is the increase in weight per 50 cm 2 of surface mushed.
• Wear was determined as the percentage loss of weight of the bar as a result of a controlled wash-down procedure.
• Panellists wash down pre-weighed bars using a prescribed action, each bar being washed by every panellist each day for four days. After this time the bars are allowed to dry out for 24 hours and are then weighed again. The difference in weight is expressed as a percentage wear-rate.
• Example 1 is a comparative example using a conventional 80/20 soap.
• Examples 2 and 4 show the addition of PEG to conventional 80/20 soap. Wear rates are increased, and there is no significant change in the lather volume or creaminess.
• Examples 3, 5 and 6 show the benefits of adding both PEG and fatty acid as a superfatting agent. In each case, the lather volume and creaminess have been significantly increased, while maintaining acceptable mush and wear rates.
• Soap A 80/20 tallow/unhardened coconut fatty acid soap.
• CA Coconut fatty acid; superfatting agent.
• PEG Polyethylene with molecular weight given in Tables.
• compositions in Tables 2 to 4 were prepared as follows:
• a neat soap was prepared comprising tallow and coconut soaps at a temperature of 85°C; b) the PEG and CA was added to the product of step (a) and the mixture dried either by air drying (Air) or via a Mazzoni vacuum drier (M) .
• step (c) the product of step (b) was then mixed with minors and the resulting product milled, plodded and stamped.
• the products in Table 2 were assessed for their processability. Processability was assessed by the ability of the processing equipment to satisfactorily transport the product from the milling through to the stamping equipment.
• Example no. 12 13 14 Component wt%
• Example 15 which contained no fatty acid suffered from severe processing problems, especially at the plodding and stamping stages with the resulting bars showing severe cracking and surface damage even when lubricant was used on the die surfaces of the stamper.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Emergency Medicine (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Detergent Compositions (AREA)
• Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
• Cosmetics (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (2)

Family

ID=10738311

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (16)

Cited By (3)

Families Citing this family (11)

Family Cites Families (5)

• 1993
  • 1993-07-05 GB GB939313859A patent/GB9313859D0/en active Pending
• 1994
  • 1994-07-01 IN IN309BO1994D patent/IN181732B/en unknown
  • 1994-07-04 ZA ZA944811A patent/ZA944811B/xx unknown
  • 1994-07-04 MY MYPI94001736A patent/MY116211A/en unknown
  • 1994-07-05 WO PCT/EP1994/002191 patent/WO1995002035A1/en active IP Right Grant
  • 1994-07-05 SK SK9-96A patent/SK996A3/sk unknown
  • 1994-07-05 DE DE69401956T patent/DE69401956T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1994-07-05 HU HUP9503760A patent/HU216060B/hu unknown
  • 1994-07-05 EP EP94920970A patent/EP0707631B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1994-07-05 CZ CZ199630A patent/CZ286673B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1994-07-05 JP JP7503820A patent/JP2703826B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1994-07-05 PL PL94312430A patent/PL174919B1/pl unknown
  • 1994-07-05 AU AU71874/94A patent/AU699797B2/en not_active Expired
  • 1994-07-05 ES ES94920970T patent/ES2098970T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1994-07-05 BR BR9406919A patent/BR9406919A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1994-07-05 CA CA002163977A patent/CA2163977C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events