EP0635325B1 - Procédé de fabrication par frittage d'une pièce en titane et article décoratif réalisé selon un tel procédé - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication par frittage d'une pièce en titane et article décoratif réalisé selon un tel procédé Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0635325B1 EP0635325B1 EP94111197A EP94111197A EP0635325B1 EP 0635325 B1 EP0635325 B1 EP 0635325B1 EP 94111197 A EP94111197 A EP 94111197A EP 94111197 A EP94111197 A EP 94111197A EP 0635325 B1 EP0635325 B1 EP 0635325B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- process according
- titanium
- sintering
- atmosphere
- temperature
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/22—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces for producing castings from a slip
- B22F3/225—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces for producing castings from a slip by injection molding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/001—Starting from powder comprising reducible metal compounds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/1017—Multiple heating or additional steps
- B22F3/1021—Removal of binder or filler
- B22F3/1025—Removal of binder or filler not by heating only
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B19/00—Indicating the time by visual means
- G04B19/06—Dials
- G04B19/12—Selection of materials for dials or graduations markings
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B37/00—Cases
- G04B37/22—Materials or processes of manufacturing pocket watch or wrist watch cases
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a titanium part using powder technologies and in particular such a method making it possible to manufacture titanium parts by sintering titanium hydride powder (TiH 2 ), parts whose porosity is less than about 2%.
- the invention also relates to a decorative article produced by such a method.
- the process of the invention is more suitable particularly in the manufacture of semi-finished products made of titanium which are intended to produce articles decorative items such as watch cases, links bracelet, watch faces or the like, which once polishes have a surface of intense shine.
- the TiH 2 powder is firstly mixed with a binder formed from a mixture of polymer, plasticizer and wax.
- the mixture thus obtained is then injected into a mold to obtain a part having the desired shape.
- the shaped part is then, firstly, freed of its binder by air heating and, secondly, it is introduced into an oven containing an atmosphere of argon, nitrogen or the vacuum in which it is gradually heated to about 1,100 ° C for sintering.
- the polishing of titanium parts obtained by this process therefore does not provide sufficiently smooth and shiny surfaces allowing their use as decorative pieces, so these parts are limited to technical uses in which the aesthetic aspect has no importance.
- the main aim of the invention is therefore to remedy the disadvantages of the aforementioned prior art in providing a method of manufacturing by sintering a titanium part which has a very low porosity and which once polished has an aesthetic appearance fulfilling the requirements for the realization of decorative pieces.
- the invention relates a sintered titanium decorative article from a titanium hydride powder and having a polished surface obtained by the process described above.
- Such an article thus presents, after polishing, a brighter than sintered titanium parts and polished obtained according to the processes of the prior art and is particularly well suited to the realization decorative items such as watch cases, links of bracelets or the like.
- Titanium hydride powder having a high degree of purity (99.5%) and an average particle size of the order of a few microns, typically 10 microns, is conventionally mixed with a temporary binder in the form of granules until a homogeneous mixture is obtained.
- the binder is formed from a polymer or of a thermal copolymer but can also be formed of wax.
- This mixing is carried out at a temperature comprised between 120 ° and 180 ° C depending on the nature of the binder used.
- the temperature of the mixture is of the order of 170 ° C.
- the paste mixture which is obtained is then conventionally injected into a mold having the shape of the part you want to obtain, for example a watch case, with dimensions that take into account shrinkage of the part during the stages subsequent to the process, narrowing which is typically around 15%.
- the injection is preferably carried out at a temperature of about 140 ° C.
- the removal of the binder is carried out under vacuum or in a hydrogen atmosphere in order to part, to avoid any oxidation of the binder during its elimination, and secondly, to increase the speed of the process of removing the binder from the part without deteriorate the shape of the part.
- the binder is a thermal polymer
- the latter can also be eliminated chemically, by decomposition using an appropriate acid vapor.
- the atmosphere in the oven is replaced by an atmosphere hydrogen (if the removal of the binder has not already been performed in a hydrogen atmosphere) and preferably, this hydrogen atmosphere is produced under the shape of a flow circulating continuously in the oven.
- the room temperature is gradually increased until reaching temperature desired sintering.
- the sintering temperature is between 1'000 and 1'400 ° C and preferably approximately equal to 1'200 ° C to avoid getting close too much of a temperature where the room would start to deform.
- This heating lasts approximately 5 to 7 hours.
- titanium hydride gradually releases its hydrogen.
- the heating is not too fast so as not to cause rapid release of hydrogen which could cause pore formation within the room and thereby alter the shine of the surface once polished.
- the speed of heating is between 150 ° C and 250 ° C per hour.
- the process according to the invention advantageously eliminates the risk of reaction of titanium with compounds other than hydrogen which could affect the purity of the part obtained.
- the part is then cooled down to the temperature ambient in said non-reactive atmosphere at a rate cooling of about 300 ° C per hour. During from this cooling, the part slowly releases the rest of its hydrogen which is eliminated progressively.
- the sintered titanium part obtained by the process which just described has remarkably porosity low, less than 2%.
- this part can be subjected to a polishing specular of its surface in order to obtain an article decorative such as a watch case, a link bracelet, dial or the like, having a surface of an intense polish and shine.
- a binder formed from a copolymer comprising 32% by volume of polyethylene oxide (246 g) and 4% by volume of polypropylene (26 g) is prepared in a container. This binder is heated to a temperature of about 170 ° C to obtain a homogeneous mass. 64% by volume of TiH 2 (1920 g) having a degree of purity of 99.5% is then added in addition, which is mixed with the binder until a homogeneous paste is obtained.
- the mixture is then granulated cooled.
- the granules obtained are then introduced into an injection molding machine and injected into a mold, having by example the shape of a watch case, at a temperature about 140 ° C.
- the shaped part is then introduced into an oven in which a vacuum of about 10 -2 millibar is made.
- the part is then brought to a temperature of approximately 300 ° C. by linear heating in 8 hours.
- the part is then sintered.
- the vacuum of the oven is replaced by an atmosphere of hydrogen as a stream with a flow rate of 150 ml / min and the part is brought from 300 ° C to 1'200 ° C linearly in 4 hours.
- the hydrogen atmosphere is replaced with an argon atmosphere in the form of a flow having a flow of 150 ml / min, and the temperature is maintained at 1,200 ° C. for about 20 minutes.
- the part is then cooled linearly under the same argon atmosphere up to room temperature.
- the cooling rate is 300 ° C per hour and we thus obtains a sintered titanium part whose porosity is 1.5%.
- the sintered element is finally subjected to a electropolishing to obtain a watch case having a intense shiny appearance.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Adornments (AREA)
Description
- (a) mélanger une poudre d'hydrure de titane à un liant temporaire,
- (b) injecter le mélange obtenu dans un moule pour obtenir une pièce de forme souhaitée,
- (c) éliminer le liant ,
- (d) chauffer la pièce sous une atmosphère d'hydrogène avec un gradient de température compris entre 150°C et 250°C par heure jusqu'à une température de frittage comprise entre 1'000 at 1'400°C,
- (e) remplacer l'atmosphère d'hydrogène par du vide ou une atmosphère non réactive une fois que la température de frittage a été atteinte, et
- (f) refroidir la pièce dans l'atmosphère du gaz non réactif.
Claims (10)
- Procédé de fabrication par frittage d'une pièce en titane ayant une porosité inférieure à 2%, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste à:(a) mélanger une poudre d'hydrure de titane à un liant temporaire,(b) injecter le mélange obtenu dans un moule pour obtenir une pièce de forme souhaitée,(c) éliminer le liant,(d) chauffer la pièce sous une atmosphère d'hydrogène avec un gradient de température compris entre 150°C et 250°C par heure jusqu'à une température de frittage comprise entre 1'000 et 1'400°C,(e) remplacer l'atmosphère d'hydrogène par le vide ou une atmosphère non réactive une fois que la température de frittage a été atteinte, et(f) refroidir la pièce dans l'atmosphère du gaz non réactif,
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'étape (d) est réalisée pendant un temps compris entre 4 et 8 heures.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'au cours de l'étape (d), l'hydrogène est fourni sous la forme d'un flux continu.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'au cours de l'étape (e), la pièce est maintenue à ladite température de frittage pendant un temps compris entre 5 et 60 minutes.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'aux étapes (e) et (f) l'atmosphère non réactive comprend l'argon, ou l'hélium.
- Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'étape (c) est réalisée chimiquement et/ou thermiquement.
- Procédé selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que l'étape (c) est réalisée sous vide à une température inférieure à 300°C.
- Procédé selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que l'étape (c) est réalisée pendant une temps compris entre 6 et 9 heures.
- Procédé selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que le liant est un polymère thermique et en ce que l'étape (c) comprend la décomposition chimique du polymère par une vapeur d'acide.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend une étape supplémentaire (g) au cours de laquelle la pièce est soumise à un polissage spéculaire.
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH224693 | 1993-07-23 | ||
CH2246/93A CH684978B5 (fr) | 1993-07-23 | 1993-07-23 | Procédé de fabrication par frittage d'une pièce en titane et article décoratif réalisé selon un tel procédé. |
CH2246/93 | 1993-07-23 | ||
FR9309530 | 1993-07-30 | ||
FR9309530A FR2708496B1 (fr) | 1993-07-30 | 1993-07-30 | Procédé de fabrication par frittage d'une pièce en titane et article décoratif réalisé selon un tel procédé. |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0635325A1 EP0635325A1 (fr) | 1995-01-25 |
EP0635325B1 true EP0635325B1 (fr) | 2001-12-05 |
Family
ID=25689892
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP94111197A Expired - Lifetime EP0635325B1 (fr) | 1993-07-23 | 1994-07-19 | Procédé de fabrication par frittage d'une pièce en titane et article décoratif réalisé selon un tel procédé |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5441695A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0635325B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3443175B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1074959C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69429308T2 (fr) |
HK (1) | HK1012600A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103357873A (zh) * | 2012-03-29 | 2013-10-23 | 精工爱普生株式会社 | 脱脂体的制造方法及烧结体的制造方法 |
Families Citing this family (40)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP3542646B2 (ja) * | 1994-01-27 | 2004-07-14 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 歯科医療用材料及びその製造方法 |
US6929364B1 (en) * | 1995-04-04 | 2005-08-16 | Oakley, Inc. | Contoured metal eyeglass frames |
US5708489A (en) * | 1995-04-04 | 1998-01-13 | Oakley, Inc. | Articulated eyeglass frame |
US5805261A (en) * | 1995-04-04 | 1998-09-08 | Oakley, Inc. | Biased eyeglass frames |
KR100197152B1 (ko) * | 1996-04-30 | 1999-06-15 | 배문한 | 텅스텐-니켈-망간계 중합금의 소결방법 |
US6056399A (en) | 1997-01-29 | 2000-05-02 | Oakley, Inc. | Interchangeable nosepiece system |
US6093761A (en) | 1999-04-14 | 2000-07-25 | Stanton Advanced Materials, Inc. | Binder system and method for particulate material |
US6024444A (en) * | 1998-12-18 | 2000-02-15 | Luxottica Leasing S.P.A. | Eyewear lens retention apparatus and method |
US6207306B1 (en) | 1998-12-21 | 2001-03-27 | International Fuel Cells, Llc | Apparatus for humidifying the air stream of a fuel cell power plant |
JP2001049304A (ja) * | 1999-08-04 | 2001-02-20 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | チタン系射出成形焼結体およびその製造方法 |
TW533105B (en) * | 1999-10-20 | 2003-05-21 | Injex Corp | Method of producing watchband parts |
US6376585B1 (en) * | 2000-06-26 | 2002-04-23 | Apex Advanced Technologies, Llc | Binder system and method for particulate material with debind rate control additive |
US6533996B2 (en) | 2001-02-02 | 2003-03-18 | The Boc Group, Inc. | Method and apparatus for metal processing |
US6544315B2 (en) * | 2001-03-12 | 2003-04-08 | Gadi Har-Shai | Sintered jewelry and decorative articles |
US20030211001A1 (en) * | 2002-05-13 | 2003-11-13 | Advanced Materials Products, Inc. | Manufacture of near-net shape titanium alloy articles from metal powders by sintering at variable pressure |
US7691174B2 (en) * | 2004-03-08 | 2010-04-06 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Feedstock composition and method of using same for powder metallurgy forming a reactive metals |
DE102004053874A1 (de) * | 2004-11-04 | 2006-05-11 | Gkss-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht Gmbh | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Erzeugnissen aus einem metallischen Verbundwerkstoff |
KR100749396B1 (ko) * | 2006-01-04 | 2007-08-14 | 박영석 | 분말야금을 이용한 티타늄 성형제품 및 이의 제조방법 |
KR100749395B1 (ko) * | 2006-01-04 | 2007-08-14 | 박영석 | 티타늄을 소재로 한 분말사출 성형제품, 티타늄 코팅제품,티타늄 코팅용 분무기 및 티타늄 코팅용 페이스트 |
CN100382917C (zh) * | 2006-03-21 | 2008-04-23 | 北京科技大学 | 一种复杂形状多孔钛的凝胶注模成型方法 |
CN100408232C (zh) * | 2006-05-26 | 2008-08-06 | 北京科技大学 | 一种Ti6Al4V合金凝胶注模成形方法 |
US7448750B2 (en) * | 2006-09-22 | 2008-11-11 | Oakley, Inc. | Quadrilateral lens |
US8920712B2 (en) | 2007-06-11 | 2014-12-30 | Advanced Materials Products, Inc. | Manufacture of near-net shape titanium alloy articles from metal powders by sintering with presence of atomic hydrogen |
US7993577B2 (en) * | 2007-06-11 | 2011-08-09 | Advance Materials Products, Inc. | Cost-effective titanium alloy powder compositions and method for manufacturing flat or shaped articles from these powders |
US7883662B2 (en) * | 2007-11-15 | 2011-02-08 | Viper Technologies | Metal injection molding methods and feedstocks |
KR101076785B1 (ko) * | 2008-07-24 | 2011-10-25 | 박영석 | 분말사출 성형체 제조방법 |
US9330406B2 (en) | 2009-05-19 | 2016-05-03 | Cobra Golf Incorporated | Method and system for sales of golf equipment |
US8007373B2 (en) * | 2009-05-19 | 2011-08-30 | Cobra Golf, Inc. | Method of making golf clubs |
US8124187B2 (en) | 2009-09-08 | 2012-02-28 | Viper Technologies | Methods of forming porous coatings on substrates |
US9816157B2 (en) | 2011-04-26 | 2017-11-14 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | Powder metallurgy methods for the production of fine and ultrafine grain Ti and Ti alloys |
WO2013022531A1 (fr) * | 2011-08-08 | 2013-02-14 | Advance Material Products, Inc. | Fabrication d'articles en alliage de titane de forme extrêmement précise à partir de poudres métalliques par frittage en présence d'hydrogène atomique |
CN102407337A (zh) * | 2011-11-24 | 2012-04-11 | 李宝干 | 钛及钛合金粉末冶金异型件制备方法 |
US9067264B2 (en) * | 2012-05-24 | 2015-06-30 | Vladimir S. Moxson | Method of manufacturing pure titanium hydride powder and alloyed titanium hydride powders by combined hydrogen-magnesium reduction of metal halides |
CN104087772B (zh) * | 2014-07-03 | 2016-08-24 | 昆明冶金研究院 | 一种制备高致密度钛及钛合金的粉末冶金方法 |
CN104550963A (zh) * | 2014-12-16 | 2015-04-29 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京航空材料研究院 | 一种利用氢化钛合金粉末实现钛合金粉末成型的方法 |
CN105081314B (zh) * | 2015-09-25 | 2017-05-24 | 上海交通大学 | 一种利用氢化钛粉末制备钛制品的方法 |
DK3231536T3 (en) * | 2016-04-14 | 2018-05-14 | Element 22 GmbH | PROCEDURE FOR POWDER METAL SURGICAL MANUFACTURING COMPONENTS OF TITANIUM OR TITANIUM ALLOYS |
CN107321992A (zh) * | 2017-05-23 | 2017-11-07 | 东莞市华航新马金属有限公司 | 金属拉链链牙的粉末冶金模压生产工艺 |
US10343031B1 (en) | 2017-10-18 | 2019-07-09 | Cobra Golf Incorporated | Golf club head with openwork rib |
US11511166B1 (en) | 2017-11-15 | 2022-11-29 | Cobra Golf Incorporated | Structured face for golf club head |
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US4964907A (en) * | 1988-08-20 | 1990-10-23 | Kawasaki Steel Corp. | Sintered bodies and production process thereof |
JPH0254733A (ja) * | 1988-08-20 | 1990-02-23 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | Ti焼結材料の製造方法 |
JPH0647684B2 (ja) * | 1989-01-20 | 1994-06-22 | 川崎製鉄株式会社 | 射出成形体の脱脂方法 |
JPH03122205A (ja) * | 1989-10-05 | 1991-05-24 | Nippon Steel Corp | Ti粉末の製造方法 |
JPH04210401A (ja) * | 1990-12-13 | 1992-07-31 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | TiAl系金属間化合物製構造部材の製造方法 |
US5098469A (en) * | 1991-09-12 | 1992-03-24 | General Motors Corporation | Powder metal process for producing multiphase NI-AL-TI intermetallic alloys |
US5366679A (en) * | 1992-05-27 | 1994-11-22 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Process for thermal debinding and sintering of a workpiece |
TW362999B (en) * | 1992-06-02 | 1999-07-01 | Advanced Materials Technplogies Pte Ltd | Injection-mouldable metal powder-binder feedstock and method of forming metal injection-moulded article |
US5366688A (en) * | 1992-12-09 | 1994-11-22 | Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Heat sink and method of fabricating |
-
1994
- 1994-07-14 JP JP18412794A patent/JP3443175B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-07-19 EP EP94111197A patent/EP0635325B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-19 DE DE69429308T patent/DE69429308T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-07-22 CN CN94109194A patent/CN1074959C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-07-22 US US08/277,306 patent/US5441695A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1998
- 1998-12-17 HK HK98113864A patent/HK1012600A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103357873A (zh) * | 2012-03-29 | 2013-10-23 | 精工爱普生株式会社 | 脱脂体的制造方法及烧结体的制造方法 |
CN103357873B (zh) * | 2012-03-29 | 2016-08-10 | 精工爱普生株式会社 | 脱脂体的制造方法及烧结体的制造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP3443175B2 (ja) | 2003-09-02 |
US5441695A (en) | 1995-08-15 |
CN1074959C (zh) | 2001-11-21 |
DE69429308T2 (de) | 2002-08-14 |
EP0635325A1 (fr) | 1995-01-25 |
DE69429308D1 (de) | 2002-01-17 |
JPH0776741A (ja) | 1995-03-20 |
HK1012600A1 (en) | 1999-08-06 |
CN1101596A (zh) | 1995-04-19 |
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