EP0588451B1 - Appareil de purification pour des particules fines supraconductrices - Google Patents

Appareil de purification pour des particules fines supraconductrices Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0588451B1
EP0588451B1 EP93203439A EP93203439A EP0588451B1 EP 0588451 B1 EP0588451 B1 EP 0588451B1 EP 93203439 A EP93203439 A EP 93203439A EP 93203439 A EP93203439 A EP 93203439A EP 0588451 B1 EP0588451 B1 EP 0588451B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fine particles
powder
superconductor fine
magnetic field
superconductor
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP93203439A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0588451A3 (en
EP0588451A2 (fr
Inventor
Fumio C/O Canon K.K. Kishi
Masatake Akaike
Keisuke Yamamoto
Taiko C/O Canon K.K. Motoi
Norio Kaneko
Fuji Iwatate
Kazuaki Ohmi
Takehiko Kawasaki
Atsuko Shinjou
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Canon Inc
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Canon Inc
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Publication of EP0588451A2 publication Critical patent/EP0588451A2/fr
Publication of EP0588451A3 publication Critical patent/EP0588451A3/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
    • B03C1/02—Magnetic separation acting directly on the substance being separated
    • B03C1/021—Separation using Meissner effect, i.e. deflection of superconductive particles in a magnetic field

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for classifying and purifying fine particles to obtain only the desired superconductor particles from among mixtures of fine particles of different particle diameters comprised of superconductors, normal conductors, insulators or the like having different critical temperatures, critical magnetic fields, etc.
  • the sinter having superconductivity usually comprises a mass or aggregate of fine crystals, and its superconductivity characteristics depend greatly on the state of crystal grain boundaries so that its crystal grain boundaries must be made uniform to obtain a sinter having stable characteristics.
  • Known as the conventional generally practiced particle classification methods are a screening method in which shieves having different openings are piled up in the order from those having larger opening diameter to carry out classification, a sedimentation method in which the terminal settling velocity of the particles settling in a fluid is utilized to carry out the classification, and the similar methods.
  • WO88/08619 an earlier patent document published after the priority date of the current application, discloses a method and means for classifying and purifying a material having a superconducting component.
  • the equipment comprises means for cooling the material to the range in which superconductivity occurs, means for applying a magnetic field to the sample and means for effecting relative movement between the sample and the magnetic field generated.
  • the material is subjected to a pulsed magnetic field which causes the superconducting portion to separate from the non-superconducting portion, in accordance with the Meissner effect. It is possible to vary the temperature or the strength of the magnetic field and collected portions can be classified accordingly.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for purifying superconductor fine particles that is capable of separating and purifying only the superconductor fine particles from among powder to be purified containing superconductor fine particles.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for purifying superconductor fine particles that is capable of classifying and purifying only the superconductor fine particles having desired characteristics from among powder to be purified in which a plurality of superconductor fine particles having differences in the characteristics such as the particle diameter, critical temperature and critical magnetic field coexist.
  • the present invention is based on the utilization of the Meissner effect which is attributable to magnetic properties inherent in superconductors.
  • the Meissner effect is meant to be the effect that the superconductor fine particles become perfectly diamagnetic when a magnetic field is applied to the fine particles at the temperature at which the superconductor fine particles exhibit superconductivity. More specifically, at the above-mentioned temperature, application of a magnetic field by means of a magnet to the powder containing superconductor fine particles produces repulsion to the magnet owing to the Meissner effect with respect to those having a particle diameter of about 0.01 ⁇ m or more. On the other hand, no repulsion is produced since the Meissner effect is not brought about with respect to those having a particle diameter less than that and the fine particles of normal conductors or insulators.
  • a flow of powder to be purified, mixed with normal conductors, insulators, etc. is formed, and a magnetic field with a strength by which the superconductivity can be effectively utilized is applied to the powder to be purified, under the temperature of the degree at which the superconductor fine particles in the powder to be purified exhibit the superconductivity, so that the repulsion produced as a result owing to the Meissner effect causes positional separation of the flow of the superconductor fine particles in the powder to be purified, from the flow of the particles other than the same, thus effecting the purification.
  • the locus of the flow of a superconductor-containing fine particle that shifts according to Meissner effect depends on the proportion of the superconductor contained in the fine particle. This is because the force by which the superconductor fine particle is moved is produced by Meissner effect. Namely, even if the superconductors have the same particle diameters, the repulsion becomes small when the proportion of the superconductors is small. In other words, the low purity thereof results in a small change in the locus of the flow of particles.
  • the particles having a small proportion of superconductors may be given small Meissner effect, resulting in a small height of floating.
  • the particles having a large proportion of superconductors can float higher. The floating height depends on the balance between the weight of particles and the greatness of the Meissner effect.
  • any means for forming the flow of powder in the apparatus of the present invention including, for example, a means for directly blowing a carrier gas to the powder, and a means for naturally allowing the powder to fall in a fluid such as helium gas and liquid nitrogen.
  • the carrier gas used in the apparatus of the present invention may include, for example, helium gas. Also preferred is a gas that may not liquified even at a temperature sufficiently lower than the critical temperature of the superconductors.
  • the means for applying a magnetic field to the flow of the above powder include, for example, a permanent magnet and an electromagnet, which magnets may have any shape so long as there can be applied a magnetic field by which the superconductor fine particles can deflect their flying path. Accordingly, it may include plate-shaped, column-shaped or concave-shaped magnets, or those arranged with a plurality of these magnets. In instances where the flow of powder is formed by gravitational fall, the magnets may be shaped or positioned such that a magnetic field that deflects their falling orbital path can be applied.
  • various types of classifying means can also be used in combination according to the range of the desired particle diameter.
  • the Meissner effect for the effective purification can be obtained usually in respect of the superconductor fine particles having a particle diameter of 0.01 ⁇ m or more, the fine particles having a particle diameter of 0.01 ⁇ m or more and the fine particles having a less particle diameter can be readily classified, which have ever been classified not easily by conventional classification methods.
  • the difference in flying distance or floating height of the particles owing to the carrier gas or the difference in terminal settling velocity depends on their particle diameter. Therefore, they may be collected selectively by zones, so that it becomes also possible to classify the superconductor fine particles included in a desired particle diameter range from among the superconductor fine particles having a particle diameter of 0.01 ⁇ m or more.
  • Superconductor fine particles having the same weight and different specific gravity, which have differences in their settling velocity, can also be separated according to the specific gravity by sedimentation in a liquid.
  • a partition means having one or plural slit(s) may preferably be provided additionally in the same apparatus.
  • superconductor fine particles having a desired critical temperature range or critical magnetic field range can also be obtained from among the powder in which a plurality of superconductor fine particles each different in the critical temperature (superconductive transition temperature) or critical magnetic field (superconductive transition magnetic field).
  • the above purification apparatus may be operated while appropriately selecting the temperatures of a powder storing vessel, a carrier gas, a powder flow path, etc. according to the desired critical temperature range.
  • the above purification apparatus may be operated while appropriately selecting the magnetic field applied to the powder to be purified, according to the desired critical magnetic field range.
  • the powder have a uniform particle diameter, the difference in flying distance or floating height of the powder owing to the carrier gas, the difference in terminal settling velocity, and the degree of changes in the flow direction of superconductor fine particles owing to the application of a magnetic field depend on their specific gravity. Therefore, they may be selectively collected by zones; so that it becomes also possible to separate only the superconductor fine particles having a desired specific gravity.
  • An embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention is a purification-classification apparatus for superconductor fine particles, comprising a container filled with a fluid such as helium gas or liquid nitrogen, a means for allowing the powder containing superconductor fine particles to fall in said container, a means for maintaining said fluid and said powder to a temperature not higher than the superconductive transition temperature of the desired superconductors, a partition means horizontally provided in singularity or in plurality in a path for allowing said powder to fall and provided with a slit at a certain part, and a means for alternately applying, with an appropriate period, magnetic fields having inclinations in the two directions facing each other in the plane rectangular to the falling direction of said powder, where said slit is suitablly disposed, and made to be opened or closed or moved so that only the superconductor fine particles having a particular settling velocity may be passed through the slit to be selectively taken out only the superconductor fine particles having the desired particle diameter.
  • a fluid such as helium gas or
  • the powder to be purified, kept at a temperature not higher than the critical temperature Tc are allowed to fall in a fluid such as helium gas or liquid nitrogen, and, in a zone at which the fine particles having the desired particle diameter have reached the terminal settling velocity, the magnetic fields having the inclinations opposite directed each other are made to be alternately applied with an appropriate period to the fine powder that are settling in the above zone, so that only the fine powder existing in the superconducting state are made to generate a settling orbital path in a zigzag fashion by the repulsion caused by the Meissner effect.
  • a fluid such as helium gas or liquid nitrogen
  • an suitable number of partition panels are disposed in a suitable number in the above zone, and slits are provided at certain parts of the partition panels, which slits are suitably arranged or the slits are made open or close with an appropriate period so that only the superconductor fine particles having a particular settling velocity may be passed through them, thus carrying out the purification and classification simultaneously.
  • the magnetic field applying means may be any of a permanent magnet and an electromagnet, without any particular limitation also in its shape.
  • opening and closing of the nozzle and the shutters for slits and the on-off of the electromagnets are electrically controlled and synchronized, for example, in the following manner.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates a block diagram of a controlling system
  • the numeral 107 denotes a controlling computer
  • 108 a shutter to open or close a nozzle
  • 109 an electric source for the electromagnet
  • 110 an electromagnet to apply a first magnetic field
  • 111 an electromagnet to apply a second magnetic field
  • the above shutters and electromagnets are driven, and synchronized as a whole, for example, according to the time chart as shown in Fig. 6.
  • the abscissas indicate the time.
  • the driving pulse is indicated in respect of each shutter, which turns “open” by the rise of the pulse and turns “close” by the decay of the pulse.
  • Electric currents are indicated in respect of the electromagnets.
  • the deviation T d in the timing between the opening and closing of the shutter of the nozzle and the driving of other parts corresponds to the time by which the powder to be purified are released from the nozzle to reach the zone at which the purification is effected, or the time remaining when the time of integer times of T o has been deducted from that time, and can be experientially found so that the quantity of the superconductor fine particles collected after purification may become maximum.
  • the apparatus of the present invention makes it possible to simultaneously and readily carry out the purification, classification and separation of superconductor fine particles having the desired purity, particle diameter, critical temperature range and critical magnetic field range from among the powder to be purified, and the apparatus used in the process can be of small size and simple, with the course of the process capable of being visually observed. Moreover, the process can be carried out under a low pressure, and yet the above process is proceeded while forming the flow of the powder to be purified. Accordingly, a large quantity of powder can be purified in a high rate and high precision.
  • the apparatus of the present invention is also very useful in enhancing the purity of a superconductive sinter that contains impurities. More specifically, since the present invention can carry out the purification and classification in the order of a ⁇ m unit, the sinter can be very finely grounded and purified to the extent such that a superconductivity part and an impurity part may not coexist in its one fine particle. As a result, there can be obtained superconductive powder with high purity.
  • Fig. 1 is a cross section to explain the principle of an example of the apparatus of the present invention.
  • a helium gas chamber 41 is filled in its inside with helium gas maintained at a temperature not higher than Tc with an appropriate pressure.
  • a powder tank 42 equipped with a nozzle 43 at its lower end is provided, and powder to be purified and kept at a temperature not higher than Tc are held in the powder tank 42.
  • the nozzle 43 opens or closes in agreement with the on-off period of a magnet described later.
  • partition panels 44 are disposed in plural stages that are spaced above and below, and a saucer 47 is provided at a lower part of a lowermost partition panel 44.
  • slits 44a, 44b, 44c, etc. are formed at alternately shifted positions.
  • a first magnet 45 and a second magnet 46 are provided facing each other.
  • the powder to be purified, contained in the powder tank 42 are allowed to fall from the nozzle 43 that opens or closes in agreement with the on-off period of the first and second magnets 45 and 46.
  • the powder fall inside the helium gas tank 41, its velocity reaches the terminal settling velocity which depends on the particle diameter.
  • the powder approaches the partition panels 44 having the slits in an alternate fashion.
  • the first magnet is excited, and the superconductor fine particles are subject to the repulsion owing to the Meissner effect to suffer deflection of the falling orbital path and pass the first slit 44a.
  • the powder that are not in a superconducting state can not pass the slit.
  • the second magnet 46 is excited and the superconductor fine particles are deflected to opposite side to pass the next slit 44b.
  • the powder having a specific settling velocity can pass successively the slits 44a, 44b, 44c, etc. by appropriately selecting the on-off periods of both the magnets 45 and 46 by using a means (not shown) for controlling the application of magnetic fields.
  • the particles in which the superconductor phases and impurity phases coexist even though having the same settling velocity, the repulsion owing to the Meissner effect is so small as compared with its mass that the moving distance to the lateral direction becomes small.
  • the postions of the slits 44a, 44b, 44c, etc. may be suitably selected to enable removal of such powder.
  • the part that must be mechanically driven is only the nozzle 43 for allowing the powder to fall, and thus what are aimed can be achieved by a very simple mechanism.
  • T o was 4.5 seconds and T d was 1.3 seconds when the distance is 5 cm.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates an apparatus constituted by modifying the partition panel 44 in the apparatus of the present invention shown in Fig. 1, wherein a shutter 48 is provided on every two slits 44p and 44q provided on each partition panel 44. Making this shutter 48 appropriately open and close makes it possible to pass both the powder passing through a settling path 49 and the powder passing through another settling path 50.
  • a shutter 48 is provided on every two slits 44p and 44q provided on each partition panel 44.
  • Making this shutter 48 appropriately open and close makes it possible to pass both the powder passing through a settling path 49 and the powder passing through another settling path 50.
  • Fig. 3 illustrates an apparatus same as in Examples 1 and 2 but comprising a disc-like barrier 44 having one opening 44a, and a permanent magnet 51 mounted in place of the electromagnet, both of which are rotated on a common rotating shaft with an appropriate period.
  • the powder can be continuously allowed to fall to carry out the purification and classification.
  • Fig. 4 illustrates another modification of Example 1.
  • the inside of the apparatus is maintained at about 70 K, whose upper half is filled with helium gas, and lower half, with liquid nitrogen.
  • the sample placed in a powder tank 42 falls in the liquid nitrogen when a nozzle 43 is opened, and settles at a terminal settling velocity according to the particle diameter of each particle.
  • Magnetic fields having the inclination opposite each other may be alternately applied to this settling particles with an appropriate period, so that only the superconductor fine particles having the desired particle diameter can be allowed to pass slits 44a, 44b and 44c provided on partition panels 44 and gathered on a saucer 47.
  • the apparatus can be made small in size and there can be used even the powder having relatively large particle diameter.

Claims (10)

  1. Appareil de purification pour des particules fines supraconductrices, comportant :
    des moyens (42, 43) destinés à former un écoulement de poudre contenant des particules fines supraconductrices le long d'un trajet d'écoulement ;
    des moyens destinés à refroidir ladite poudre à une température égale ou inférieure à la température de transition supraconductrice desdites particules fines supraconductrices ;
    des moyens (45, 46) destinés à appliquer un champ magnétique à l'écoulement de ladite poudre pour séparer des particules fines supraconductrices, ayant des caractéristiques souhaitables, de la partie restante de la poudre sur la base de l'effet Meissner ; et
    des moyens de cloisonnement (44) destinés à diviser les particules fines supraconductrices séparées par lesdits moyens pour l'application d'un champ magnétique (45, 46) de la partie restante de la poudre ;
       caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de cloisonnement (44) sont placés à travers le trajet d'écoulement de ladite poudre contenant des particules fines supraconductrices et présentent au moins une fente située à une certaine partie de ces moyens ; et
       lesdits moyens (45, 46) destinés à appliquer un champ magnétique audit écoulement de ladite poudre sont conçus pour appliquer un champ magnétique alternatif afin de provoquer la déviation de particules fines supraconductrices spécifiques, ayant une propriété souhaitée, dudit trajet d'écoulement vers une direction perpendiculaire audit écoulement et leur passage à travers ladite fente générant un trajet en zigzag.
  2. Appareil selon la revendication 1, dans lequel lesdits moyens (45, 46) destinés à appliquer un champ magnétique comprennent un électro-aimant.
  3. Appareil selon la revendication 1 ou 2, comportant en outre des moyens collecteurs (47) destinés à collecter les particules fines supraconductrices dans un trajet d'écoulement dévié par lesdits moyens (45, 46) destinés à appliquer le champ magnétique.
  4. Appareil selon la revendication 1, 2 ou 3, comportant en outre des moyens (41) destinés à retenir un fluide de refroidissement afin que ledit trajet d'écoulement passe à travers ledit fluide de refroidissement.
  5. Appareil selon la revendication 1, 2, 3 ou 4, dans lequel lesdits moyens de cloisonnement (44) comprennent plusieurs cloisons disposées dans la direction de la chute de la poudre.
  6. Appareil selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel lesdites caractéristiques souhaitées comprennent l'une quelconque du diamètre, de la température critique, du champ magnétique critique et de la densité des particules.
  7. Procédé de purification d'une poudre contenant des particules fines supraconductrices, comprenant les étapes dans lesquelles :
    on forme un écoulement de poudre contenant des particules fines supraconductrices le long d'un trajet d'écoulement ;
    on refroidit ladite poudre à une température égale ou inférieure à la température de transition supraconductrice desdites particules fines supraconductrices ;
    on applique un champ magnétique à l'écoulement de ladite poudre pour séparer les particules fines supraconductrices, ayant des caractéristiques souhaitées, de la partie restante de la poudre sur la base de l'effet Meissner ; et
    on divise les particules fines supraconductrices séparées par ledit champ magnétique de la partie restante de la poudre ;
       caractérisé par la présence de moyens de cloisonnement à travers le trajet d'écoulement de ladite poudre contenant des particules fines supraconductrices, avec au moins une fente en une certaine partie de ces moyens de cloisonnement ; et
       on commande l'application dudit champ magnétique afin de provoquer la déviation de particules fines supraconductrices spécifiques, ayant une propriété souhaitée, depuis ledit trajet d'écoulement vers une direction perpendiculaire audit écoulement et leur passage à travers ladite fente, générant un trajet en zigzag.
  8. Poudre comprenant des particules fines supraconductrices ayant des caractéristiques souhaitées, obtenues par le procédé de la revendication 7.
  9. Procédé de réalisation d'une fritte supraconductrice ayant des caractéristiques souhaitées, comprenant les étapes dans lesquelles :
    on purifie une poudre contenant des particules fines supraconductrices en utilisant le procédé de la revendication 7 ;
    on collecte lesdites particules fines supraconductrices ayant des caractéristiques souhaitées, séparées de la partie restante de la poudre ; et
    on fritte ladite poudre.
  10. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 7 ou 9, dans lequel lesdites caractéristiques souhaitées comprennent l'une quelconque du diamètre, de la température critique, du champ magnétique critique et de la densité des particules.
EP93203439A 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Appareil de purification pour des particules fines supraconductrices Expired - Lifetime EP0588451B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP309473/87 1987-12-09
JP30947387 1987-12-09
JP73363/88 1988-03-29
JP7336388 1988-03-29
JP8302688 1988-04-06
JP83025/88 1988-04-06
JP83026/88 1988-04-06
JP8302588 1988-04-06
EP19880306287 EP0320083B1 (fr) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Appareil de purification pour des particules fines supraconductrices

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88306287.9 Division 1988-07-08

Publications (3)

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EP0588451A2 EP0588451A2 (fr) 1994-03-23
EP0588451A3 EP0588451A3 (en) 1994-05-18
EP0588451B1 true EP0588451B1 (fr) 1997-10-22

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EP19880306287 Expired - Lifetime EP0320083B1 (fr) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Appareil de purification pour des particules fines supraconductrices
EP93203439A Expired - Lifetime EP0588451B1 (fr) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Appareil de purification pour des particules fines supraconductrices
EP19930203438 Withdrawn EP0588450A3 (en) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Purification apparatus for superconductor fine particles
EP93203440A Expired - Lifetime EP0588452B1 (fr) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Appareil et procédé de purification pour des particules fines supraconductrices

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EP19880306287 Expired - Lifetime EP0320083B1 (fr) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Appareil de purification pour des particules fines supraconductrices

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19930203438 Withdrawn EP0588450A3 (en) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Purification apparatus for superconductor fine particles
EP93203440A Expired - Lifetime EP0588452B1 (fr) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Appareil et procédé de purification pour des particules fines supraconductrices

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EP (4) EP0320083B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2656550B2 (fr)
DE (3) DE3854520T2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1988009768A1 (fr) * 1987-06-09 1988-12-15 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Procede de production d'un supraconducteur a base d'oxyde
US5049540A (en) * 1987-11-05 1991-09-17 Idaho Research Foundation Method and means for separating and classifying superconductive particles
US5182253A (en) * 1987-12-09 1993-01-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Purification apparatus for superconductor fine particles
JP5573546B2 (ja) * 2009-10-22 2014-08-20 Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 強磁性体の分離装置
JP5704618B2 (ja) * 2011-12-12 2015-04-22 宇部興産株式会社 混合物の分離方法及び分離装置
KR101621652B1 (ko) 2015-02-27 2016-05-16 한양대학교 산학협력단 미세입자 제거장치
JP2018130770A (ja) * 2017-02-13 2018-08-23 株式会社古賀 分級・回収装置及び加工液浄化システム
CN114632619B (zh) * 2022-03-25 2022-11-29 东北大学 一种采用风力送料的无动力电磁平板式干式磁选机

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US4795253A (en) * 1987-04-24 1989-01-03 Mobay Corporation Remote sensing gas analyzer
HUT47761A (en) * 1987-04-27 1989-03-28 Mta Koezponti Fiz Kutato Intez Method and apparatus for improving the quality of superconducting substances with the method of variable temperature magnetic separation
JPS63302966A (ja) * 1987-06-02 1988-12-09 Ube Ind Ltd 超電導セラミックスの分別法
JPS6451306A (en) * 1987-08-18 1989-02-27 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Production of oxide superconductor
JPS6415158A (en) * 1987-07-07 1989-01-19 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Separator for high-temperature superconductor
JPS6422359A (en) * 1987-07-16 1989-01-25 Fujikura Ltd Production of superconductive material
JPS6430659A (en) * 1987-07-24 1989-02-01 Sumitomo Heavy Industries Screening method for superconductive material
JPH01130745A (ja) * 1987-11-17 1989-05-23 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 超電導物質の分離方法および分離装置

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Publication number Publication date
EP0320083A2 (fr) 1989-06-14
EP0588450A2 (fr) 1994-03-23
EP0588451A3 (en) 1994-05-18
DE3856037T2 (de) 1998-01-29
EP0588452A3 (en) 1994-05-18
EP0588452B1 (fr) 1997-10-01
EP0320083B1 (fr) 1995-09-27
JP2656550B2 (ja) 1997-09-24
EP0588451A2 (fr) 1994-03-23
DE3856053D1 (de) 1997-11-27
DE3854520D1 (de) 1995-11-02
DE3856053T2 (de) 1998-03-12
EP0320083A3 (en) 1990-05-16
EP0588452A2 (fr) 1994-03-23
JPH02265661A (ja) 1990-10-30
EP0588450A3 (en) 1994-05-18
DE3854520T2 (de) 1996-03-14
DE3856037D1 (de) 1997-11-06

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