EP0409700B1 - Procédé et dispositif de réalisation d'un enduit superficiel sur une surface telle qu'une chaussée - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif de réalisation d'un enduit superficiel sur une surface telle qu'une chaussée Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0409700B1
EP0409700B1 EP90402019A EP90402019A EP0409700B1 EP 0409700 B1 EP0409700 B1 EP 0409700B1 EP 90402019 A EP90402019 A EP 90402019A EP 90402019 A EP90402019 A EP 90402019A EP 0409700 B1 EP0409700 B1 EP 0409700B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
aggregates
hopper
bitumen
layer
chassis
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90402019A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0409700A1 (fr
Inventor
Pierre Bense
Jean-François Patte
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SCREG SA
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SCREG Routes et Travaux Publics
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C19/00—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving
    • E01C19/002—Apparatus for preparing and placing the materials and for consolidating or finishing the paving
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C11/00—Details of pavings
    • E01C11/005—Methods or materials for repairing pavings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C19/00—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving
    • E01C19/46—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving for preparing and placing the materials, e.g. slurry seals
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C19/00—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving
    • E01C19/48—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving for laying-down the materials and consolidating them, or finishing the surface, e.g. slip forms therefor, forming kerbs or gutters in a continuous operation in situ
    • E01C19/4833—Machines, tools or auxiliary devices for preparing or distributing paving materials, for working the placed materials, or for forming, consolidating, or finishing the paving for laying-down the materials and consolidating them, or finishing the surface, e.g. slip forms therefor, forming kerbs or gutters in a continuous operation in situ with tamping or vibrating means for consolidating or finishing, e.g. immersed vibrators, with or without non-vibratory or non-percussive pressing or smoothing means
    • E01C19/4853—Apparatus designed for railless operation, e.g. crawler-mounted, provided with portable trackway arrangements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C2301/00—Machine characteristics, parts or accessories not otherwise provided for
    • E01C2301/10—Heated screeds

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a surface coating consisting of aggregates and bitumen, on a surface such as a roadway, of the type described in the preamble of claim 1.
  • the repair of worn or deteriorated pavements can be carried out by carrying out a surface coating on the surface of this pavement, from aggregates such as gravel and bitumen.
  • the current technique for producing a surface coating consists in spraying a thick layer of bituminous binder on the pavement (for example a layer of 1.3 to 1.8 kg of bitumen per square meter of pavement) and then pouring gravel from rock crushed in an excessive quantity compared to the quantity just necessary to cover the pavement, finally to ensure the best possible adhesion of the gravel on the layer of bituminous binder by using compactors.
  • Aggregates not bonded by bitumen are thrown in any direction by vehicles traveling on the roadway and can cause the windshields of other vehicles to break and paint to flake off, as well as break up shop windows in urban areas. .
  • first winter rejection which is explained by the fact that the aggregates bonded satisfactorily when the binder is still plastic are bound fragile as soon as the first cold weather arrives and the bitumen becomes brittle. Vehicles in circulation are eliminating the few percent of gravel, the connection of which has not withstood the first cold.
  • crushed gravel does not have simple geometric shapes such as a cubic shape or a truncated pyramid shape, it often happens that a point of a gravel is opposite a face.
  • the corresponding arrangement has advantages in that the vehicle tires have good grip in rainy weather. On the other hand, this results in faster wear of the tires and the creation of noise by bringing the tires into contact with the edges or points of the gravel.
  • the plaster technique in its implementation according to known methods, therefore presents risks because it suffices for excessive humidity, rain, a period of cold weather, the use of dirty gravel or a ground surface polluted by the earth, so that the coating produced on the site is of insufficient quality.
  • the roadways which must be repaired most of the time have a defective transverse or longitudinal profile which it is not possible to correct by known techniques for producing surface coatings. Indeed, in applying a layer of binder on a deformed support and coming to fix a single layer of gravel, the initial profile is kept in its general shape. The same is true when two or more layers of gravel are superimposed to form the coating, the flatness defects occurring on each of the successive layers.
  • the coating obtained is generally very compact and smooth and the lack of roughness leads to adhesion defects of this type of coating, in particular in rainy weather.
  • spreading and compacting a relatively homogeneous mass of malleable material on a deformed pavement generally makes it possible to compensate for small profile defects of the pavement, when the coating has a sufficient thickness.
  • French patent 2,550,248 discloses a mobile device for cold processing and spreading on the site bituminous coated products for road surfaces. This machine may allow in particular the manufacture and spreading on the site of bituminous concrete consisting of a material with small particle size such as sand mixed with a bitumen emulsion.
  • This device which can travel on the road at high speed and on the site at low speed, thanks to a double transmission, presents numerous possibilities for the reception or storage of solid or liquid materials and for their treatment.
  • this integrated device has never been used until now for the production of pavement repair plasters.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to propose a method for producing a surface coating consisting of aggregates and bitumen, on a surface such as a pavement consisting in spreading a layer of bituminous binder on the surface and at least one layer of aggregates on the binder layer and in compacting the aggregate layer in contact with the binder layer, these spreading and compacting operations being carried out successively by a spreader circulating in a direction of movement corresponding to the direction of progress of the site , this process making it possible to avoid the rejection of gravel, whether it be rejection of implementation or deferred rejection, to reduce rolling noise and the wear of tires of vehicles traveling on the roadway, increase the possibilities of making the plaster according to climatic conditions, significantly improve the quality of the coating produced and allow reshaping of the roadway.
  • the subject of the invention is a method of the aforementioned type, characterized by the characterizing part of claim 1.
  • the invention also relates to a device similar in its general design to the device described in French patent 2,550,248 and comprising means suitable for producing a coating by the method according to the invention.
  • the device described in claims 7 and 8 in two embodiments, can be used either for the cold preparation of coated aggregates, for their spreading on the site, for spreading the binder layer and for surfacing the coating, or also for the reception and spreading of hot processed aggregates , spreading the binder and surfacing the coating.
  • FIG. 1 is a view in longitudinal section of a mobile machine allowing the cold preparation of coated aggregates and the production of a surface coating from these aggregates.
  • Figure 2 is a section on 2-2 of Figure 1.
  • Figure 3 is a longitudinal sectional view of a mobile machine for carrying out a surface coating from hot worked aggregates.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 the mobile machine shown is in its general structure similar to the device which is the subject of French patent 2,550,248.
  • the device is shown in its working position on the site and the bucket of a supply truck of the gravel reception hopper of this device.
  • the device comprises a chassis 1 resting on four sets of wheels 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, the axles of the trains 2c, 2d being powered by bridges kinematically connected to a heat engine 5 associated with a gearbox 6.
  • the motor unit ensures the movement of the machine both on the road and on site. This motorization group is described in detail in patent 2,550,248.
  • the machine moves on the ground 7 of the site constituted by the upper surface of a roadway on which a layer of plaster 8 is produced by the method according to the invention.
  • the chassis 1 carries a driving cabin 10 whose width is less than the half-width of the chassis and which occupies a position offset towards one of the lateral sides of the chassis.
  • a bucket elevator 12 interposed between the two side members of the chassis 1.
  • the bucket elevator 12 is one of the constituent elements of '' a machine self-feeding device which further comprises a receiving hopper 14 placed at the front of the machine and at its lower part just above from the ground 7.
  • the receiving hopper 14 is fixed to the end of the side members of the chassis 1 and communicates with the lower end part of the bucket elevator 12.
  • the bucket elevator 12 comprises a casing 17 and a set of buckets carried by two chains 18 whose direction is ascending towards the rear of the machine and makes an angle of the order of 60 ° with the plane of the chassis 1.
  • the upper part of the chassis 17 communicates through its outlet opening 19 with the upper part of a hopper 20 for storing granular materials such as gravel.
  • bucket elevator could be replaced by another type of elevator.
  • the hopper 20 occupies most of the length of the machine and a substantial part of its width, at least in its upper part.
  • a gravel distribution device called a bar leveler is placed above the hopper 20 and over its entire length making it possible to spread the gravel over the entire length and over the entire width of the storage hopper 20.
  • the bar adjuster 31 is constituted by one or two endless chains wound on pulleys or end sprockets and carrying transverse bars 23.
  • the path of the bars of the adjuster is very slightly inclined upwards back and forth.
  • a screw leveler could be used instead of a bar leveler.
  • the bucket elevator 12 and the bar leveler 31 are driven in their movement allowing transporting the gravel 27 by hydraulic or electric motors associated with reducers which have not been shown.
  • FIG. 1 the bucket 28 of a truck enabling gravel to be supplied to the machine has been shown in its dumping position in the receiving hopper 14.
  • the chassis of the truck is connected by a hooking device 29 to the machine and the rear door of the bucket is connected to a pivoting hook 30.
  • the gravel 27 is poured in a perfectly controlled manner into the receiving hopper 14 and then transported by the bucket chain 18 to the upper part of the hopper 20 where the bar leveler 31 allows the spread of the gravel load over the entire surface of the hopper 20 of large section.
  • the machine although remaining up to road standards, can be self-powered and has a large gravel storage capacity. As indicated in patent 2,550,248, this hopper can have a capacity of 10 m3.
  • the pulverulent material may consist of stone powder or fine sand and poured in metered quantity into the mixer 35 in at the same time as the gravel 27.
  • the device comprises two lateral reservoirs 43 and 44 placed on either side of the storage hopper 20.
  • the reservoirs 43 and 44 contain bituminous emulsions which may be different or identical.
  • the emulsion contained in the second tank is used to feed the mixer 35 which mixes the aggregates from the storage hopper 20, the pulverulent material from the hopper 36 and the bituminous emulsion supplied to the mixer 35 from 'one of the tanks 43 and 44.
  • the quantities of gravel, powdery material and bituminous emulsion are dosed so as to form in the mixer 35, aggregates constituted by gravel coated with bitumen mixed with the powdery material in a proportion such that the coating of the aggregate has a pasty consistency. .
  • the proportion of bitumen in relation to solids is less than 6% and the resulting product is in the form of separate aggregates from each other and not in the form of a pasty mass, as in the case of the manufacture of a bituminous mix.
  • Such aggregates consisting of gravel covered with bitumen mixed with a pulverulent material could be designated subsequently by the name of praline aggregates to distinguish them perfectly from bituminous mixes constituting an indistinct mass in which bitumen, aggregates, a or several sands and a pulverulent material, the aggregates being completely linked together by the bitumen, the pulverulent material and the sand which fill all the interstices between the aggregates.
  • the praline aggregates are poured onto the surface 7 of the roadway, at the outlet of the mixer 35, upstream of a spreading and distribution device 41.
  • a heated and vibrating surfacing table 42 is articulated on the rear end 1a of the chassis 1, immediately following the distribution device 41 for the praline aggregates 45 produced cold in the mixer 35.
  • the table 42 of a type well known to specialists in roadworks compacts and surfaces the aggregates to form the coating layer 8 at the rear of the machine which moves in the direction and direction of the arrow 46 ( Figure 1), this direction corresponding to the direction of progress of the site.
  • the production of the coating layer 8 is carried out in the manner which will be described below.
  • the ramp 40 supplied with bituminous emulsion from one of the side tanks of the mobile machine pours over the entire width of the roadway or the roadway strip, a layer of bituminous emulsion of constant thickness, thanks to a set of spray nozzles regularly spaced along the direction of the ramp 40 corresponding to the transverse direction of the machine.
  • bituminous emulsion is poured at the rear of the last set of wheels 2d, so that the plastering machine never moves by rolling over the layer of emulsion which has just been widespread on the surface 7 of the roadway.
  • the praline aggregates leaving the mixer 35 are poured onto the surface 7 of the roadway where they are first spread by a worm screw device 41.
  • the vibrating and heating table 42 or paver table performs compaction and surfacing of the praline aggregates which have just been poured onto the layer of bituminous binder.
  • the binder spray ramp 40, the praline aggregate discharge area 45 and the finisher table 42 are arranged one after the other at short distances, at the rear part of the machine for producing the coating which moves in the direction of arrow 46.
  • the distance between the ramp 40 and the rear part of the finisher table 42 is such, taking into account the speed of the machine corresponding to the speed of progress of the site, that it does not elapse more than five seconds between spreading the bituminous binder on the surface 7 of the roadway and the end of the compaction and surfacing of the coating on the corresponding part of the roadway.
  • the speed of advancement of the site corresponding to the speed of the machine in the direction of arrow 46 is always greater than a value approximately equal to ten meters per minute, this speed of advancement may be of the order of twenty to twenty-five meters per minute.
  • This speed which is much higher than the speed of advance of a paver, in the case of the production of a coating layer constituted by bituminous mixes makes it possible to obtain a particularly good surfacing quality and a very effective reprofiling of the pavement being repaired.
  • the reprofiling of the roadway is obtained thanks to the constitution of a coating comprising a different number of superimposed layers of gravel, depending on the areas of this roadway which may have profile defects resulting in hollow parts of a depth more or less important.
  • the surfacing carried out by the finisher table makes it possible to obtain a layer of plaster whose upper surface is perfectly flat, the hollow parts of the floor being filled with a number of layers of praline aggregates superposed sufficient to catch up with the level of the upper surface of the coating layer.
  • the aggregates of the successive layers are in direct contact with one another, which makes it possible to obtain an incompressible filling material for the cavities.
  • the praline aggregates are coated with a pasty layer which is both sticky and lubricating and are easily placed on the surface of the roadway or on a lower layer of aggregates, by sliding favored by the praline layer.
  • the speed of movement of more than ten meters per minute of the paver table makes it possible to promote the movement and placement of the layers of aggregates.
  • the compaction of the aggregates ensures efficient bonding and bonding of these aggregates on the binder layer spread on the surface of the pavement.
  • the praline aggregates coated with a pasty and sticky layer based on bitumen are immediately fixed to one another at the time of compaction, so that any rejection of processing is avoided.
  • compaction is greatly facilitated by the fact that the gravel is coated with a lubricating bituminous layer. It is therefore possible to use the floor very quickly for car traffic, after the plaster has been produced.
  • the coating obtained reduces vehicle rolling noise, since the surface roughness of the gravel no longer exists and where the cavities between the gravel absorb sound waves.
  • the coating obtained by the process according to the invention makes it possible to obtain good adhesion for vehicles, even in rainy weather, insofar as it has roughness and surface cavities.
  • FIG. 3 shows an alternative embodiment of the device described above and shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the praline aggregates can for example be prepared in a conventional hot-coating drum and then transported to the site by dump trucks which are fixed at the front of the plastering machine, at the level of the hopper 14, to carry out the pouring of the hot praline aggregates into this hopper, from the 28 ′ grab of the truck. This operation is carried out in the same way as the dumping of gravel 27 in the case of the device shown in FIG. 1.
  • the praline aggregates 50 poured into the hopper 14 are taken up here by a bar conveyor 12 ′, then poured into the central hopper 20 at the outlet of the conveyor 12 ′.
  • a chain with bars 34 ′ transports the hot praline aggregates to the rear of the machine where the aggregates 50 are poured onto the surface 7 of the floor.
  • the central hopper 20 may include a bar or screw leveler similar to the leveler 31 in order to increase the storage capacity of the hopper 20.
  • the machine shown in FIG. 3 does not include a mixer, the praline aggregates being produced hot in a separate installation.
  • the pulverulent material storage hopper 36 is replaced by a tank 51 intended to contain bituminous binder which can be constituted by an emulsion.
  • the bituminous binder storage capacity of the machine is therefore greatly increased and moreover only one quality of emulsion is necessary to achieve the bonding layer of praline aggregates.
  • the embodiment of the machine according to the invention makes it possible to have a reserve of aggregates of 15 tonnes in the central hopper and a reserve of binder of 12 tonnes in the side tanks and in the rear tank 51.
  • This provides great autonomy to the machine allowing it to operate normally, even in the case of an irregular supply by trucks.
  • the rear part 1a of the chassis 1 carries a vibrating and heating finisher table 42.
  • the table 42 is mounted articulated on the chassis, by means of three points of articulation.
  • the binder spreading ramp 52 and the finisher table 42 are placed on the rear part of the chassis 1, so that no more than 5 seconds elapses between the spreading of the binder on the surface 7 of the floor by the ramp 52 and the end of the compaction and surfacing carried out by the finisher table 42, taking into account the speed of advance of the machine.
  • the hot praline aggregates 50 are poured at a point located between the spreading ramp 52 and the finisher 42 slightly in front of a worm distribution device 41.
  • the praline aggregates are at a temperature generally above 120 ° C. and which can be close to 150 ° C. at the time of their spreading on the layer of bituminous binder poured by the ramp 52 on the surface 7 of the roadway.
  • the forward speed of the machine shown in Figure 3 in the direction and direction of the arrow 46 must be greater than ten meters per minute in order to obtain a coating layer 8 perfectly surfaced and effecting an efficient reprofiling of the roadway.
  • the quantity of bitumen contained in the binder layer spread on the pavement before the spreading of praline aggregates is much lower than the quantity of bitumen poured onto the pavement to bond dry gravel in the prior art. This amount can be two to four times lower, in the case of the technique according to the invention.
  • the praline aggregates are covered by a relatively thick and pasty layer made up of bitumen and pulverulent material. 2 to 6% of bitumen and, as a pulverulent material, either 4 to 5% by weight of stone powder, or 10 to 20% of fine sand, are incorporated into the gravel.
  • composition of a surface coating according to the prior art comprising two superimposed layers (two-layer coating) and the composition of a coating according to the invention will be given below.
  • the surface coating according to the prior art comprises a first layer of bitumen emulsion spread at the rate of 1.1 kg / m2, that is to say 0.8 kg of pure bitumen per square meter.
  • a first layer of gravel with high grain size is spread over the emulsion layer. This first layer contains 17 kg of large gravel per square meter.
  • a second layer of fine-gravel gravel is spread over this second layer of emulsion, at a rate of 8 kg of fine gravel per square meter.
  • the coating according to the prior art undergoes compaction at the end of which a relatively high proportion of gravel is not sufficiently bonded to the surface of the roadway by the bituminous binder, so that these gravel are liable to be ejected in the passage of vehicles.
  • the coating according to the invention given by way of example is formed by spreading on the surface of the floor a layer of bitumen emulsion at the rate of 0.95 kg of emulsion per square meter, or 0.60 kg of pure bitumen per square meter.
  • a layer of praline gravel is spread over this layer of emulsion at the rate of 22 kg of praline gravel per square meter.
  • the praline gravel is poured onto the layer of bituminous binder immediately after its application and the compaction and smoothing of the praline gravel layer is itself carried out immediately after the spread of the praline gravel.
  • the quantity of bitumen covering the praline gravel per square meter of plaster is 1.4 kg.
  • the bitumen covering the praline aggregates is thickened by mixing with 5 to 6 kg of fine sand or 1 to 2 kg of stone powder per square meter of plaster.
  • the total amount of bitumen relative to the solid materials is therefore close to 5%, which represents approximately the upper limit of the proportion of bitumen spread over gravel to form praline aggregates according to the invention.
  • bituminous binder used for the preparation of praline aggregates from gravel can be quite considerably less than the quantity indicated above, which corresponds substantially to the upper limit for the implementation of the invention.
  • quantity of bitumen used for the pralining of the aggregates must be sufficient to avoid any rejection and any ejection of gravel after the plaster is produced.
  • the quantity of bitumen used for the pralining of gravel must represent at least 11% of the total quantity of bituminous binder used per square meter of finished coating.
  • bitumen contained in the bituminous binder spread on the surface of the roadway before spreading the praline aggregates can represent up to 89% of the total amount of bitumen.
  • the amount of bitumen contained in the binder must not be less than 11% of the total amount of bitumen used per square meter of plaster.
  • the aggregates can therefore contain up to 89% of the total amount of bitumen used.
  • the amount of bitumen contained in the binder is greater than 20% of the total amount of bitumen used.
  • this amount of bitumen in the binder is close to 30% of the total amount of bitumen used.
  • the proportion of bitumen is generally between 2 and 6%.
  • bituminous binder different from an emulsion and for example by using bitumen incorporated in a solvent or even hot liquid bitumen.
  • the method according to the invention can be implemented whatever the particle size of the gravel used to form the coating, within the limits of the particle size usually used for the production of coatings according to the prior art.
  • crushed products originating from the demolition of old layers of bituminous pavements these recycled products generally being called mills.
  • material savings are made both in terms of gravel and bitumen used in the following process. 'invention. Indeed, the layer of solid bitumen remaining fixed on the millstones participates in the constitution of the pasty coating of the aggregates.
  • the process according to the invention can be implemented using machines slightly different from those which have been described.
  • the fully integrated design of these plastering and laying machines however makes it possible to implement the invention in the best conditions, avoiding any error in adjusting the parameters necessary to produce a plaster of satisfactory quality.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Repair (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Road Paving Machines (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
  • Walking Sticks, Umbrellas, And Fans (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Underground Or Underwater Handling Of Building Materials (AREA)
EP90402019A 1989-07-21 1990-07-12 Procédé et dispositif de réalisation d'un enduit superficiel sur une surface telle qu'une chaussée Expired - Lifetime EP0409700B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8909893A FR2650005B1 (fr) 1989-07-21 1989-07-21 Procede et dispositif de realisation d'un enduit superficiel sur une surface telle qu'une chaussee
FR8909893 1989-07-21

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0409700A1 EP0409700A1 (fr) 1991-01-23
EP0409700B1 true EP0409700B1 (fr) 1994-11-30

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EP90402019A Expired - Lifetime EP0409700B1 (fr) 1989-07-21 1990-07-12 Procédé et dispositif de réalisation d'un enduit superficiel sur une surface telle qu'une chaussée

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US5069578A (fi)
EP (1) EP0409700B1 (fi)
AT (1) ATE114757T1 (fi)
CA (1) CA2021648C (fi)
DE (2) DE409700T1 (fi)
DK (1) DK0409700T3 (fi)
ES (1) ES2067707T3 (fi)
FI (1) FI97308C (fi)
FR (1) FR2650005B1 (fi)
GR (1) GR3015184T3 (fi)
NO (1) NO179110C (fi)
PT (1) PT94769B (fi)

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GR3015184T3 (en) 1995-05-31
EP0409700A1 (fr) 1991-01-23
ES2067707T3 (es) 1995-04-01
CA2021648C (fr) 1998-08-11
NO179110B (no) 1996-04-29
NO903227D0 (no) 1990-07-19
NO903227L (no) 1991-01-22
FI97308C (fi) 1996-11-25
US5069578A (en) 1991-12-03
DE409700T1 (de) 1993-11-25
FI903649A0 (fi) 1990-07-19
DE69014459D1 (de) 1995-01-12
CA2021648A1 (fr) 1991-01-22
DK0409700T3 (da) 1995-01-16
ATE114757T1 (de) 1994-12-15
PT94769A (pt) 1991-03-20
FI97308B (fi) 1996-08-15
NO179110C (no) 1996-08-07
DE69014459T2 (de) 1995-07-13
FR2650005A1 (fr) 1991-01-25
FR2650005B1 (fr) 1994-04-15
PT94769B (pt) 1997-10-31

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