EP0385087A2 - Sound absorbing and insulating barrier - Google Patents

Sound absorbing and insulating barrier Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0385087A2
EP0385087A2 EP90101185A EP90101185A EP0385087A2 EP 0385087 A2 EP0385087 A2 EP 0385087A2 EP 90101185 A EP90101185 A EP 90101185A EP 90101185 A EP90101185 A EP 90101185A EP 0385087 A2 EP0385087 A2 EP 0385087A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sound absorbing
absorbing elements
high absorption
sound insulation
sound
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP90101185A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0385087B1 (en
EP0385087A3 (en
Inventor
Pierre-André Bozzo
Claude Rebetez
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ACOUVER SA
Original Assignee
ACOUVER SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ACOUVER SA filed Critical ACOUVER SA
Priority to AT90101185T priority Critical patent/ATE96191T1/en
Publication of EP0385087A2 publication Critical patent/EP0385087A2/en
Publication of EP0385087A3 publication Critical patent/EP0385087A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0385087B1 publication Critical patent/EP0385087B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F8/00—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic
    • E01F8/0005—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement
    • E01F8/0047—Arrangements for absorbing or reflecting air-transmitted noise from road or railway traffic used in a wall type arrangement with open cavities, e.g. for covering sunken roads
    • E01F8/0064—Perforated plate or mesh, e.g. as wall facing
    • E01F8/007—Perforated plate or mesh, e.g. as wall facing with damping material

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a high absorption and sound insulation wall, made up of several sound absorbing elements arranged obliquely in retaining profiles and of a solid panel forming the rear covering of the high absorption and sound insulation wall.
  • Such walls are particularly intended to be established along traffic routes with heavy traffic or railway tracks or any other location requiring noise protection. They are therefore used, for example, also for soundproofing particularly noisy buildings or workstations in factories and shooting ranges.
  • a waterproof sheet preferably made of polyester, is housed in a detached manner between the active absorption element and the perforated protective sheet.
  • the present invention is based on the noise barriers mentioned. However, they have various drawbacks. Thus it is almost impossible or at least very expensive, to maintain this kind of noise barriers since dust or fallout from rain or sprays caused by cars passing nearby, accumulate between the element sound absorption and perforated protective sheet.
  • the perforated protective sheets being relatively rigid, are easily damaged or cause ricochets if a hard object strikes them and prove to be quite dangerous in the event of collisions. The cost of replacing these damaged noise barriers is considerable.
  • the essence of the invention therefore consists in coating a rubbery waterproof and elastic layer of sound absorbing elements made of bonded fibers and that these elements are self-supporting, thus avoiding any mechanical reinforcement, such as for example. envelopes in a rigid material or the mounting of intermediate supports, even if the sound absorbing elements are arranged horizontally.
  • the sound absorbing elements constitute a surface with ribs and grooves, which considerably increases the absorbent surface, to the point that the absorbent surface becomes larger, than the flat surface of the wall. It also follows that, depending on the angles of impact of the sounds which are not or only partially absorbed, these sounds are returned one or more times while creating interference, which disturbs the propagation of the sound waves.
  • the sound absorbing elements stacked at an angle and provided with a rubbery waterproof and elastic layer these elements become sufficiently resistant that any use of rigid protections on the side of the noise source is superfluous. It follows that by their direct exposure to the weather, a free natural washing of their surfaces exposed to dirt is provided, thus automatically evacuating the dust and chemical fallout, which could be deposited on the sound absorbing elements.
  • the use of sound absorbing elements without protective mesh is also requested for aesthetic reasons.
  • the invention can all the more satisfy these kinds of requirements, as in addition the rubber layer can be tinted according to particular needs.
  • the elasticity of the waterproof rubber layer also helps absorb the impact of any hard object that could strike the sound absorbing elements. It follows that eg stones thrown by cars against these walls, generally do not cause any damage and that the risks in the event of a collision are considerably reduced.
  • the sound absorbing elements are, in the direction of their length, slightly compressible, so that they can be mounted by wedging between two retaining profiles, which makes the assembly of parts unnecessary. support to the retaining profiles, even if the sound absorbing elements are mounted horizontally. It is also advantageous if the same compressibility of these sound absorbing elements is also given in the direction of their width, so that the impact damping of hard objects corresponds to that of the elastic rubbery layer.
  • the waterproof rubber layer advantageously has an elasticity of more than 300% without any tearing being observed, which guarantees the sound absorption efficiency of the sound absorbing element and the watertightness of the material. water.
  • the rubber layer preferably has a thickness of at least 0.5 millimeter.
  • U-shaped or double T-shaped retaining profiles which themselves are individually anchored or which are previously assembled in a frame, on the ground or on a base. or on any other fixing base, by appropriate means (bolts, studs, etc.).
  • the solid panel also attaches to these same retaining sections, forming the rear covering of the wall. Without this being necessary, it may be useful to provide a support between the wings of the retaining profile, for example in the form of a square, fixing the inclination of the first stacked sound absorbing element.
  • FIGS 1 and 2 show the essential parts of an embodiment according to the invention.
  • This wall consists of vertical retaining sections 1, U-shaped or double Tee, between the wings 2 and 3 from which the sound absorbing elements 4 are stacked obliquely.
  • the retaining sections 1 are anchored for example to the ground or to a base by means of appropriate fasteners 6.
  • the sound absorbing elements 4 which, when viewed in cross section, preferably have an approximately rectangular or parallelogram shape, are provided at least on the two faces exposed directly to the weather with a rubber layer 7 impermeable to the water and elastic.
  • the sound absorbing elements 4 are stacked at an angle of about 60 degrees relative to the vertical plane of the wall. This angle can however vary between 30 and 80 degrees.
  • a square 8 preferably mounted in the factory, which can facilitate assembly on site, by imposing the desired inclination when mounting the first sound absorbing element 4.
  • the distance a between two retaining sections 1 is slightly smaller, than the initial length b of the sound absorbing elements 4, which once assembled, hold by wedging between the retaining profiles 1.
  • a wall When such a wall is mounted on a shooting range, it may be indicated to provide a covering 9, for example of wood, on the wings 2 of the retaining profile 1, in order to protect against possible ricochets of bullets.
  • Figure 4 shows an example of a special execution improving the absorption of high frequency sounds.
  • each sound absorbing element 4 of the following.
  • the spacing can be achieved without accessories, since the sound absorbing elements 4 can be positioned by wedging.
  • the local use of spacers 11 can be advised to facilitate rapid positioning and assembly.
  • This special solution provides an angle of inclination of the sound absorbing elements 4 of about 45 degrees relative to the flat surface of the wall. It is also advantageous to place additional sound insulation 12 over the entire interior surface of the covering panel 5 forming the rear of the wall.
  • FIG. 5 shows another exemplary embodiment, which advantageously is suitable as sound insulation between two opposite sources of noise, for example between two noisy machines or between two shooters in a shooting range.
  • the covering panel 5 of one of the walls can be omitted.
  • Figure 6 shows a choice of different shapes of absorbent elements the sounds 4, which for different reasons (aesthetics, additional increase in the absorbent surface, etc.) could replace the elements either of rectangular shape or of shape of a parallelogram.
  • FIG. 7 shows sound absorbing elements 4 based on the shape of a parallelogram, one of the points 16 of which is removed and the face 17 coated with the layer (7) bears against the wing 2 and the face 18 coated with the layer (7) against the wing 3 of the retaining profiles 1, which prevents the tipping of the sound absorbing elements 4 even in the event of a severe storm.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Devices Affording Protection Of Roads Or Walls For Sound Insulation (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a barrier wall as is used along motorways or railway lines. It is formed from several sound-absorbing elements (4) disposed obliquely inside retention sections (1) and provided with a solid panel (5) forming the rear covering of the barrier wall. For the purpose of improving above all the acoustic absorption and insulation effectiveness, the invention is characterised in that the sound-absorbing elements (4) made from fibres bonded together are self-supporting in that at least two faces of these elements are clad with a water-impermeable and elastic rubbery layer, and in that the absorbing surface is greater than the plane surface of the barrier wall. <IMAGE>

Description

L'invention concerne une paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique, constituée de plusieurs éléments absorbants les sons disposés obliquement dans des profilés de retenue et d'un panneau plein formant le revêtement arrière de la paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique.The invention relates to a high absorption and sound insulation wall, made up of several sound absorbing elements arranged obliquely in retaining profiles and of a solid panel forming the rear covering of the high absorption and sound insulation wall.

De telles parois sont particulièrement destinées à être établies le long des voies de circulation à trafic intense ou des voies de chemins de fer ou tout autre emplacement nécessitant une protection phonique. Ainsi on les emploie par exemple aussi pour l'isolement phonique de bâtiments ou de postes de travail particulièrement bruyants dans les usines et aux stands de tir.Such walls are particularly intended to be established along traffic routes with heavy traffic or railway tracks or any other location requiring noise protection. They are therefore used, for example, also for soundproofing particularly noisy buildings or workstations in factories and shooting ranges.

Pour établir de telles parois par exemple le long d'autoroutes, elles doivent résister aux effets du vent, des intempéries, des rayons ultra-violets et à d'autres influences agressives, par exemple aux retombées chimiques fréquentes dans les agglomérations industrielles ou au sel provenant du salage des routes ou encore à toutes sortes de projectiles. Il est donc essentiellement nécessaire, qu'en dehors de leur fonction primaire d'absorption et d'isolation phonique, ces parois antibruit présentent une stabilité suffisante et qu'elles soient résistantes aux agressions physiques, chimiques et mécaniques.To establish such walls, for example along motorways, they must resist the effects of wind, weather, ultra-violet rays and other aggressive influences, for example the frequent chemical fallout in industrial agglomerations or salt from road salting or from all kinds of projectiles. It is therefore essentially necessary that, apart from their primary function of absorption and sound insulation, these noise-reduction walls have sufficient stability and that they are resistant to physical, chemical and mechanical attack.

Avec le brevet suisse no 608 537 une paroi antibruit de ce genre est publiée. On y révèle que des éléments absorbant ou amortissant les sons sont proposés sous la forme d'une matière absorbant les sons placée dans une enveloppe en tôle ouverte de préférence vers la source de bruit, l'ouverture étant protégée par une tôle perforée ou par du métal déployé.With Swiss patent no. 608 537 such a noise barrier is published. It is revealed there that sound absorbing or damping elements are proposed in the form of a sound absorbing material placed in a sheet metal envelope open preferably towards the noise source, the opening being protected by a perforated sheet or by expanded metal.

Dans la demande de brevet GB 2 157 337 A concernant une paroi anti­bruit similaire, il est prévu qu'une feuille étanche, de préférence en polyestère soit logée d'une manière détachée entre l'élément actif d'absorption et la tôle perforée de protection.In patent application GB 2 157 337 A concerning a similar noise barrier, it is provided that a waterproof sheet, preferably made of polyester, is housed in a detached manner between the active absorption element and the perforated protective sheet. .

La présente invention se base sur les parois antibruit citées. Elles présentent cependant divers inconvénients. Ainsi il est presqu'im­possible ou du moins très onéreux, d'entretenir ce genre de parois anti-bruit étant donné que des poussières ou des retombées de pluies ou de giclages provoqués par des voitures passant à proximité, s'accumulent entre l'élément d'absorption de sons et la tôle per­forée de protection.The present invention is based on the noise barriers mentioned. However, they have various drawbacks. Thus it is almost impossible or at least very expensive, to maintain this kind of noise barriers since dust or fallout from rain or sprays caused by cars passing nearby, accumulate between the element sound absorption and perforated protective sheet.

D'autre part, les tôles perforées de protection étant relativement rigides, sont facilement endommagées ou provoquent des ricochets si un objet dur les frappe et s'avèrent assez dangereuses en cas de col­lisions. Le coût de remplacement de ces parois antibruit endommagées est considérables.On the other hand, the perforated protective sheets being relatively rigid, are easily damaged or cause ricochets if a hard object strikes them and prove to be quite dangerous in the event of collisions. The cost of replacing these damaged noise barriers is considerable.

En plus, ce genre de protection en tôle ou en toute autre matière rigide perforée, limite considérablement la surface absorbante, vu que les perforations ne représentent en général qu'environ 50-75% de la surface de ces protections et que de ce fait au moins 25% des sons ricochent sur le restant de la surface.In addition, this kind of protection made of sheet metal or any other rigid perforated material considerably limits the absorbent surface, since the perforations generally only represent around 50-75% of the surface of these protections and therefore minus 25% of the sounds ricochet off the rest of the surface.

La tâche de l'invention consiste à améliorer une telle paroi antibruit essentiellement par rapport à l'absorption et l'isolation phonique ainsi qu'à réduire à un minimum les autres inconvénients cités. Cette tâche est résolue par les caractéristiques citées initialement combinées avec les caractéristiques complémentaires suivantes:

  • a) les éléments absorbant les sons en fibres encollés, sont autoportants;
  • b) les éléments absorbant les sons sont revêtus au moins sur deux faces d'une couche caoutchouteuse imperméable à l'eau et élastique;
  • c) la surface absorbante est plus grande, que la surface plane de la paroi.
The task of the invention is to improve such a noise barrier essentially with respect to sound absorption and insulation as well as to reduce to the minimum the other drawbacks mentioned. This task is solved by the characteristics cited initially combined with the following additional characteristics:
  • a) the sound absorbing elements made of glued fibers are self-supporting;
  • b) the sound absorbing elements are coated on at least two sides with a rubbery waterproof and elastic layer;
  • c) the absorbent surface is larger than the flat surface of the wall.

L'essentiel de l'invention consiste donc dans le revêtement d'une couche caoutchouteuse imperméable à l'eau et élastique des éléments absorbant les sons en fibres encollées et que ces éléments sont auto­portants, évitant ainsi tous renfort mécanique, comme p.ex. des enve­loppes dans une matière rigide ou le montage de supports intermédi­aires, même si les éléments absorbant les sons sont disposés horizon­talement.The essence of the invention therefore consists in coating a rubbery waterproof and elastic layer of sound absorbing elements made of bonded fibers and that these elements are self-supporting, thus avoiding any mechanical reinforcement, such as for example. envelopes in a rigid material or the mounting of intermediate supports, even if the sound absorbing elements are arranged horizontally.

Par l'empilage à un angle de 30 à 80 degrès, les éléments absorbant les sons constituent une surface à nervures et rainures, ce qui aug­mente considérablement la surface absorbante, au point que la surface absorbante devient plus grande, que la surface plane de la paroi. Il en résulte d'autre part, que selon les angles d'impact des sons qui ne sont pas ou seulement partiellement absorbés, ces sons sont ren­voyés une ou plusieurs fois tout en créant des interférences, qui perturbent la propagation des ondes sonores.By stacking at an angle of 30 to 80 degrees, the sound absorbing elements constitute a surface with ribs and grooves, which considerably increases the absorbent surface, to the point that the absorbent surface becomes larger, than the flat surface of the wall. It also follows that, depending on the angles of impact of the sounds which are not or only partially absorbed, these sounds are returned one or more times while creating interference, which disturbs the propagation of the sound waves.

Les éléments absorbant les sons empilés en biais et munis d'une couche caoutchouteuse imperméable à l'eau et élastique, ces éléments deviennent suffisamment résistants que tout emploi de protections rigides du coté de la source de bruit est superflu. Il s'ensuit que par leur exposition directe aux intempéries, un libre lavage naturel de leurs surfaces exposées au salissement est procuré, évacuant ainsi automatiquement les poussières et retombées chimiques, qui pourraient être déposées sur les éléments absorbant les sons.The sound absorbing elements stacked at an angle and provided with a rubbery waterproof and elastic layer, these elements become sufficiently resistant that any use of rigid protections on the side of the noise source is superfluous. It follows that by their direct exposure to the weather, a free natural washing of their surfaces exposed to dirt is provided, thus automatically evacuating the dust and chemical fallout, which could be deposited on the sound absorbing elements.

L'emploi d'éléments absorbant les sons sans grillages de protection est aussi demandé pour des raisons esthétiques. L'invention peut d'au­tant mieux satisfaire ce genre d'exigences, comme en plus la couche caoutchouteuse peut être teintée selon les besoins particuliers. L'élasticité de la couche caoutchouteuse imperméable à l'eau permet aussi d'amortir l'impact de n'importe quel objet dur qui pourrait frapper les éléments absorbant les sons. Il s'ensuit que p.ex. des caillous projetés par les voitures contre ces parois, ne causent généralement aucun dégats et que les risques en cas de collision sont considérablement diminués.The use of sound absorbing elements without protective mesh is also requested for aesthetic reasons. The invention can all the more satisfy these kinds of requirements, as in addition the rubber layer can be tinted according to particular needs. The elasticity of the waterproof rubber layer also helps absorb the impact of any hard object that could strike the sound absorbing elements. It follows that eg stones thrown by cars against these walls, generally do not cause any damage and that the risks in the event of a collision are considerably reduced.

Il est particulièrement avantageux, d'employer des plaques en fibres minérales comprimés et encollés à la résine synthétique ou à la méla­mine comme éléments absorbant les sons, qui présentent par cette con­stitution et en plus de leur excellente qualification d'absorption de sons, une résistance mécanique optimale.It is particularly advantageous to use plates of mineral fibers compressed and glued with synthetic resin or melamine as sound absorbing elements, which by this constitution and in addition to their excellent sound absorption qualification, resistance optimal mechanics.

Leur consistance est de préférence telle, que les éléments absorbant les sons soient, dans le sens de leur longueur, légèrement compress­ibles, afin qu'ils puissent être montés par coincage entre deux profilés de retenue, ce qui rend superflu le montage de pièces d'appui aux profilés de retenue et ceci même si les éléments absorbant les sons sont montés horizontalement. Il est d'autre part avantageux si la même compressibilité de ces éléments absorbant les sons est aussi donnée dans le sens de leur largeur, afin que l'amortissement d'im­pacts d'objets durs corresponde à celui de la couche caoutchouteuse élastique.Their consistency is preferably such that the sound absorbing elements are, in the direction of their length, slightly compressible, so that they can be mounted by wedging between two retaining profiles, which makes the assembly of parts unnecessary. support to the retaining profiles, even if the sound absorbing elements are mounted horizontally. It is also advantageous if the same compressibility of these sound absorbing elements is also given in the direction of their width, so that the impact damping of hard objects corresponds to that of the elastic rubbery layer.

La couche caoutchouteuse imperméable à l'eau présente avantageusement une élasticité de plus de 300% sans qu'aucune déchirure puisse être constatée, ce qui garantit l'efficacité d'absorption phonique de l'élé­ment absorbant les sons et l'étanchéité à l'eau. Pour atteindre ces qualités et pour résister aussi à des surcharges momentanées en cas de choque, la couche caoutchouteuse présente préférentiellement une épaisseur d'au moins 0,5 millimètre.The waterproof rubber layer advantageously has an elasticity of more than 300% without any tearing being observed, which guarantees the sound absorption efficiency of the sound absorbing element and the watertightness of the material. water. To achieve these qualities and also to resist momentary overloads in the event of shock, the rubber layer preferably has a thickness of at least 0.5 millimeter.

Pour l'empilage des éléments absorbant les sons, il est prévu d'em­ployer des profilés de retenue en forme de U ou de double Té, qui eux-mêmes sont ancrés individuellement ou étant préalablement assem­blés en un cadre, au sol ou sur un socle ou sur toute autre base de fixation, par des moyens appropriés (boulons, goujons, etc.). Sur ces mêmes profilés de retenue se fixe aussi le panneau plein, formant le revêtement arrière de la paroi. Sans que cela soit nécessaire, il peut être utile de prévoir entre les ailes du profilé de retenue un appui, par exemple sous forme d'une équerre, fixant l'inclinaison du premier élément absorbant les sons empilé.For the stacking of sound absorbing elements, provision is made to use U-shaped or double T-shaped retaining profiles, which themselves are individually anchored or which are previously assembled in a frame, on the ground or on a base. or on any other fixing base, by appropriate means (bolts, studs, etc.). The solid panel also attaches to these same retaining sections, forming the rear covering of the wall. Without this being necessary, it may be useful to provide a support between the wings of the retaining profile, for example in the form of a square, fixing the inclination of the first stacked sound absorbing element.

D'autres caractéristiques de l'invention font partie de revendica­tions complémentaires et seront précisées avec d'autres avantages de l'invention dans la description des exemples de réalisation.Other characteristics of the invention form part of additional claims and will be specified with other advantages of the invention in the description of the exemplary embodiments.

Les dessins représentent quelques exemples d'exécution de l'inven­tion. Ils montrent:

  • Fig. 1 une paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique verticale, en coupe verticale;
  • Fig. 2 la zone inférieure de l'exemple d'exécution selon <Fig. 1, en coupe verticale agrandie;
  • Fig. 3 le profilé de retenue de l'exemple d'exécution selon Fig. 1, en coupe horizontale;
  • Fig. 4 la coupe verticale du détail selon Fig. 2 d'une exé­cution modifiée;
  • Fig. 5 la coupe verticale du détail selon Fig. 2 d'une autre exécution modifiée;
  • Fig. 6 des éléments absorbant les sons 4, vue en coupe, avec des formes alternatives;
  • Fig. 7 des éléments absorbant les sons 4, vue en coupe, basés sur la forme d'un parallélogramme.
The drawings represent some examples of execution of the invention. They show:
  • Fig. 1 a wall with high absorption and vertical sound insulation, in vertical section;
  • Fig. 2 the lower zone of the example of execution according to <Fig. 1, in enlarged vertical section;
  • Fig. 3 the retaining profile of the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1, in horizontal section;
  • Fig. 4 the vertical section of the detail according to FIG. 2 of a modified execution;
  • Fig. 5 the vertical section of the detail according to FIG. 2 of another modified execution;
  • Fig. 6 sound absorbing elements 4, sectional view, with alternative shapes;
  • Fig. 7 of the sound absorbing elements 4, sectional view, based on the shape of a parallelogram.

Les figures 1 et 2 représentent les parties essentielles d'une exécu­tion suivant l'invention. Cette paroi est constituée de profilés de retenue 1 verticaux, en forme de U ou de double Té, entre les ailes 2 et 3 desquels, les éléments absorbant les sons 4 sont empilés oblique­ment. Sur les ailes 3, opposées à la source de bruit, des profilés de retenue 1, vient fixé le panneau de revêtement 5, formant l'arrière de la paroi, qui est avantageusement prévu en une matière lourde se mettant difficilement en vibrations. Les profilés de retenue 1 sont ancrés par exemple au sol ou sur un socle moyennant des fixations 6 appropriées.Figures 1 and 2 show the essential parts of an embodiment according to the invention. This wall consists of vertical retaining sections 1, U-shaped or double Tee, between the wings 2 and 3 from which the sound absorbing elements 4 are stacked obliquely. On the wings 3, opposite the noise source, retaining profiles 1, the covering panel 5 is fixed, forming the rear of the wall, which is advantageously provided in a heavy material which is difficult to vibrate. The retaining sections 1 are anchored for example to the ground or to a base by means of appropriate fasteners 6.

Une exécution avec les éléments absorbant les sons 4 disposés verti­ calement entre les profilés de retenue 1 placés horizontalement, n'est pas dessinée, mais se compose des mêmes parties essentielles. Les éléments absorbant les sons 4, qui présentent, vue en coupe trans­versale, de préférence une forme approximativement soit rectangulaire ou d'un parallélogramme, sont munis au moins sur les deux faces expo­sées directement aux intempéries d'une couche 7 caoutchouteuse imper­méable à l'eau et élastique. Dans l'exemple d'exécution montrée dans la Fig. 2, les éléments absorbant les sons 4 sont empilés à un angles d'environ 60 degrès par rapport au plan verticale de la paroi. Cette angle peut cependant varier entre 30 et 80 degrès. Dans la même figure on montre une équerre 8, montée de préférence en usine, qui peut faci­liter l'assemblage au chantier, en imposant l'inclinaison désirée lors du montage du premier élément absorbant les sons 4.An execution with 4 sound absorbing elements arranged vertically between the retaining profiles 1 placed horizontally, is not drawn, but consists of the same essential parts. The sound absorbing elements 4, which, when viewed in cross section, preferably have an approximately rectangular or parallelogram shape, are provided at least on the two faces exposed directly to the weather with a rubber layer 7 impermeable to the water and elastic. In the execution example shown in FIG. 2, the sound absorbing elements 4 are stacked at an angle of about 60 degrees relative to the vertical plane of the wall. This angle can however vary between 30 and 80 degrees. In the same figure there is shown a square 8, preferably mounted in the factory, which can facilitate assembly on site, by imposing the desired inclination when mounting the first sound absorbing element 4.

Si une paroi antibruit ne comporte qu'une surface absorbante, l'emploi de profilés de retenue 1 en forme de U est recommandé. Parcontre si une telle paroi comporte plusieurs surfaces absorbantes, on peut don­ner préférence à l'emploi de profilés de retenue 1 en forme de double Té à l'endroit ou deux surfaces absorbantes se joignent. La figure 3 montre un exemple de cette exécution.If a noise barrier only has an absorbent surface, the use of U-shaped retaining profiles 1 is recommended. If, however, such a wall has several absorbent surfaces, preference may be given to the use of retaining profiles 1 in the form of a double Tee at the point where two absorbent surfaces join. Figure 3 shows an example of this execution.

En tenant compte de la compressibilité en longueur des éléments absor­bant les sons 4, la distance a entre deux profilés de retenue 1 est légèrement plus petite, que la longueur initiale b des éléments absor­bant les sons 4, qui une fois montés, tiennent par coincage entre les profilés de retenue 1.Taking into account the compressibility in length of the sound absorbing elements 4, the distance a between two retaining sections 1 is slightly smaller, than the initial length b of the sound absorbing elements 4, which once assembled, hold by wedging between the retaining profiles 1.

Lorsque une telle paroi est montée à un stand de tir, il peut être indiqué, de prévoir un revêtement 9, par exemple en bois, sur les ailes 2 du profilé de retenue 1, afin de protéger contre d'éventuels ricochets de balles.When such a wall is mounted on a shooting range, it may be indicated to provide a covering 9, for example of wood, on the wings 2 of the retaining profile 1, in order to protect against possible ricochets of bullets.

Si de telles parois sont exposées à de violentes turbulences de vent, comme cela peut être le cas par exemple aux emplacements de stationnement d'avions, ou si on désire espacer extrêmement deux profilés de retenue 1, il peut être utile de placer parallèlement une ou plusieurs tiges 10, traversant verticalement les éléments absorbant les sons 4, entre les profilés de retenues 1.If such walls are exposed to strong wind turbulence, as may be the case for example in aircraft parking spaces, or if it is desired to space two retaining profiles 1 extremely apart, it may be useful to place one or more several rods 10, passing vertically through the sound absorbing elements 4, between the retaining sections 1.

La figure 4 montre un exemple d'une exécution spéciale améliorant l'ab­sorption des sons à hautes fréquences. A cet effet il est avantageux d'espacer parallèlement chaque élément absorbant les sons 4 du suivant. L'espacement peut se réaliser sans accessoires, puisque les éléments absorbant les sons 4 peuvent être positionnés par coincage. Toutefois l'emploi local d'entretoises 11 peut être conseillé pour faciliter un positionnement et assemblage rapide. Cette solution spéciale prévoit un angle d'inclinaison des éléments absorbant les sons 4 d'environ 45 degrès par rapport à la surface plane de la paroi. Il est d'autre part avantageux de placer complémentairement une isolation phonique 12 sur toute la surface intérieure du panneau de revêtement 5 formant l'arri­ère de la paroi.Figure 4 shows an example of a special execution improving the absorption of high frequency sounds. For this purpose it is advantageous to space in parallel each sound absorbing element 4 of the following. The spacing can be achieved without accessories, since the sound absorbing elements 4 can be positioned by wedging. However, the local use of spacers 11 can be advised to facilitate rapid positioning and assembly. This special solution provides an angle of inclination of the sound absorbing elements 4 of about 45 degrees relative to the flat surface of the wall. It is also advantageous to place additional sound insulation 12 over the entire interior surface of the covering panel 5 forming the rear of the wall.

La figure 5 montre un autre exemple d'exécution, qui convient avanta­geusement comme isolation phonique entre deux sources opposées de bruit, par exemple entre deux machines bruyantes ou entre deux tireurs dans un stand de tir.FIG. 5 shows another exemplary embodiment, which advantageously is suitable as sound insulation between two opposite sources of noise, for example between two noisy machines or between two shooters in a shooting range.

L'exécution prévoit d'assembler dos-à-dos 2 parois comme montrées dans la figure 2. Dans ce cas, le panneau de revêtement 5 d'une des parois peut être supprimé.The execution plans to assemble back-to-back 2 walls as shown in Figure 2. In this case, the covering panel 5 of one of the walls can be omitted.

La figure 6 montre un choix de différentes formes d'éléments absorbant les sons 4, qui pour des raisons différentes (esthétiques, augmen­tation complémentaire de la surface absorbante, etc.) pourraient remplacer les éléments soit de forme rectangulaire ou de forme d'un parallélogramme.Figure 6 shows a choice of different shapes of absorbent elements the sounds 4, which for different reasons (aesthetics, additional increase in the absorbent surface, etc.) could replace the elements either of rectangular shape or of shape of a parallelogram.

La figure 7 montre des éléments absorbant les sons 4 basés sur la forme d'un parallélogramme, dont l'une des pointes 16 est supprimée et dont la face 17 revêtue de la couche (7) appuie contre l'aile 2 et la face 18 revêtue de la couche (7) contre l'aile 3 des profilés de retenue 1, ce qui évite le basculement des éléments absorbant les sons 4 même en cas de tempête violente.FIG. 7 shows sound absorbing elements 4 based on the shape of a parallelogram, one of the points 16 of which is removed and the face 17 coated with the layer (7) bears against the wing 2 and the face 18 coated with the layer (7) against the wing 3 of the retaining profiles 1, which prevents the tipping of the sound absorbing elements 4 even in the event of a severe storm.

Claims (15)

1. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique constituée d'élé­ments absorbant les sons (4) empilés obliquement entre des profi­lés de retenue (1) en forme de U ou de double Té et d'un panneau (5) plein, formant le revêtement arrière de la paroi, caractér­isée par a) des éléments absorbant les sons (4) en fibres encollées, autoportants; b) des éléments absorbant les sons (4) revêtus sur au moins deux faces d'une couche (7) caoutchouteuse imperméable à l'eau et élastique; c) une surface absorbante, qui est plus grande, que la sur­face plane de la paroi. 1. High absorption and sound insulation wall consisting of sound absorbing elements (4) stacked obliquely between retaining profiles (1) in the shape of a U or double T and a panel (5) full, forming the covering back of the wall, characterized by a) sound absorbing elements (4) made of self-supporting glued fibers; b) sound absorbing elements (4) coated on at least two faces with a rubbery layer (7) waterproof and elastic; c) an absorbent surface, which is larger, than the flat surface of the wall. 2. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant la reven­dication 1, caractérisée en ce que les éléments absorbant les sons (4) sont empilés avec une espace parallèle entre chaque élément absorbant les sons (4);2. High absorption and sound insulation wall according to claim 1, characterized in that the sound absorbing elements (4) are stacked with a parallel space between each sound absorbing element (4); 3. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant la reven­dication 1, caractérisée en ce que plusieurs éléments absorbant les sons (4) sont exécutés d'une pièce formant une plaque profi­lée;3. High absorption and sound insulation wall according to claim 1, characterized in that several sound absorbing elements (4) are made in one piece forming a profiled plate; 4. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant les reven­dications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que les éléments absorbant les sons (4) sont en fibres minérales encollées à la résine syn­thétique ou à la mélamine;4. high absorption and sound insulation wall according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the sound absorbing elements (4) are made of mineral fibers bonded with synthetic resin or melamine; 5. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant les reven­dications 1 à 4, caractérisée en ce que la couche caoutchouteuse imperméable à l'eau et élastique est à base de hauts polymères dispersés à l'eau et présente une élasticité d'au moins 300% et une épaisseur d'au moins un demi millimètre;5. Wall with high absorption and sound insulation according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the rubbery waterproof and elastic layer is based on high polymers dispersed in water and has an elasticity of at least 300 % and a thickness of at least half a millimeter; 6. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant les reven­dications 1 à 5, caractérisée en ce que les éléments absorbant les sons (4) présentent une compressibilité à main dans le sens de leur longueur d'environ deux pourcent et dans le sens de leur largeur, localement d'environ dix pourcent et que les éléments absorbant les sons (4) sont fixés entre les profilés de retenue (1) par coincage;6. High absorption and sound insulation wall according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the sound absorbing elements (4) have hand compressibility in the direction of their length of about two percent and in the direction of their width, approximately ten percent locally and the sound absorbing elements (4) are fixed between the retaining profiles (1) by wedging; 7. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant les reven­dications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que les éléments absorbant les sons (4) sont disposés avec une inclinaison de trente a quatrevingt degrès par rapport au plan vertical de la paroi;7. high absorption and sound insulation wall according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the sound absorbing elements (4) are arranged with an inclination of thirty to eighty degrees relative to the vertical plane of the wall; 8. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant les reven­dications 1 à 7, caractérisée en ce que les éléments absorbant les sons (4) ont, vue en coupe transversale, une forme approxima­tivement rectangulaire;8. high absorption and sound insulation wall according to claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the sound absorbing elements (4) have, in cross section, an approximately rectangular shape; 9. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant les reven­dications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que les éléments absorbant les sons (4) ont, vue en coupe transversale, la forme d'un paral­lélogramme, dont une ou deux des pointes (16) sont sup primées et dont la face (17) revêtue de la couche (7) appuie contre l'aile (2) et la face (18) revêtue de la couche (7) contre l'aile (3) des profilés de retenue (1);9. high absorption and sound insulation wall according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the sound absorbing elements (4) have, in cross section, the shape of a parallelogram, one or two of the points (16 ) are suppressed and the face (17) coated with the layer (7) bears against the wing (2) and the face (18) coated with the layer (7) against the wing (3) of the retaining profiles (1); 10. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant les reven­dications 8 et 9, caractérisée en ce qu'une face longitudinale des éléments absorbant les sons (4) présente, vue en coupe trans­versale, des rainures (13), ou est convexe (14) ou concave (15), ou est autrement profilée;10. High absorption and sound insulation wall according to claims 8 and 9, characterized in that a longitudinal face of the sound absorbing elements (4) has, in cross section, grooves (13), or is convex (14 ) or concave (15), or is otherwise profiled; 11. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant les reven­dications 1 à 10, caractérisée en ce que les profilés de retenue (1) sont ancrés assemblés en cadre ou individuellement moyennant des fixations (6) au sol, sur un socle ou sur toute autre base de fixation;11. High absorption and sound insulation wall according to claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the retaining profiles (1) are anchored assembled in a frame or individually by means of fixings (6) on the ground, on a base or on any other fixing base; 12. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant les reven­dications 1 à 11, caractérisée en ce que les ailes (2) des profi­lés de retenue (1) sont pourvues d'un revêtement (9) de protec­tion antiricochets;12. Wall with high absorption and sound insulation according to claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the wings (2) of the retaining sections (1) are provided with a coating (9) of anti-rattle protection; 13. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant les reven­dications 1 à 12, caractérisée en ce qu'une isolation phonique (12) complémentaire couvrant toute la surface intérieure du pan­neau (5) est placée entre celui-ci et les éléments absorbant les sons (4);13. high absorption and sound insulation wall according to claims 1 to 12, characterized in that a complementary sound insulation (12) covering the entire inner surface of the panel (5) is placed between the latter and the sound absorbing elements (4); 14. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant les reven­dications 1 à 13, caractérisée en ce que deux parois à haute ab­sorption et isolation phonique sont assemblées dos-à-dos et que le panneau (5) d'une des deux parois est supprimé;14. high absorption and sound insulation wall according to claims 1 to 13, characterized in that two high absorption and sound insulation walls are assembled back-to-back and that the panel (5) of one of the two walls is removed ; 15. Paroi à haute absorption et isolation phonique suivant les reven­dications 1 à 14, caractérisée en ce qu'une ou plusieurs tiges (10) traversant les éléments absorbant les sons (4) sont paral­lèlement placées entre deux profilés de retenue (1).15. high absorption and sound insulation wall according to claims 1 to 14, characterized in that one or more rods (10) passing through the sound absorbing elements (4) are placed in parallel between two retaining sections (1).
EP90101185A 1989-03-03 1990-01-22 Sound absorbing and insulating barrier Expired - Lifetime EP0385087B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT90101185T ATE96191T1 (en) 1989-03-03 1990-01-22 ACOUSTIC AND INSULATION WALL.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH792/89 1989-03-03
CH792/89A CH679601A5 (en) 1989-03-03 1989-03-03

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0385087A2 true EP0385087A2 (en) 1990-09-05
EP0385087A3 EP0385087A3 (en) 1991-06-12
EP0385087B1 EP0385087B1 (en) 1993-10-20

Family

ID=4195296

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90101185A Expired - Lifetime EP0385087B1 (en) 1989-03-03 1990-01-22 Sound absorbing and insulating barrier

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0385087B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE96191T1 (en)
CH (1) CH679601A5 (en)
DE (1) DE69003971T2 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0949381A2 (en) * 1998-03-28 1999-10-13 Georg Grötz Noise reduction wall for road traffic
EP1770216A1 (en) 2005-09-29 2007-04-04 Rockwool International A/S A noise absorbing element and a noise screen with such elements

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU3167197A (en) * 1996-06-28 1998-01-21 Rockdelta A/S A sound absorbing and/or reducing wall or baffle
CN107178045A (en) * 2017-07-14 2017-09-19 山西尚风科技股份有限公司 High ferro non-metallic baffle is seated device and connected structure

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2625168B1 (en) * 1976-06-04 1977-10-27 Irbit Holding Ag SOUND INSULATION LINING MADE OF FOAM
CH608537A5 (en) * 1975-08-30 1979-01-15 Vki Rheinhold & Mahla Ag Noise-protection wall
DE2751854A1 (en) * 1977-11-21 1979-05-23 Reifen Weiss Kg Multilayered sound insulation panel - has soft porous rubber layer covering large particle size vulcanised rubber core
DE2800529A1 (en) * 1978-01-07 1979-07-12 Karl Fischer Roadside or railway noise screen wall unit - has solid and perforated concrete slabs, and sound absorbent layer
GB2157337A (en) * 1984-04-05 1985-10-23 Ici Plc Sound absorption panels
US4751979A (en) * 1985-05-16 1988-06-21 Airborne Express, Inc. Engine noise suppression kit for the nacelles of a jet aircraft
DE8811787U1 (en) * 1988-09-16 1988-12-22 HANSA Ventilatoren und Maschinenbau NEUMANN GmbH & Co KG, 2915 Saterland silencer
EP0315276A1 (en) * 1987-11-02 1989-05-10 Kleemans, Hubertus Petrus Franciscus Sound-absorbing element

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH608537A5 (en) * 1975-08-30 1979-01-15 Vki Rheinhold & Mahla Ag Noise-protection wall
DE2625168B1 (en) * 1976-06-04 1977-10-27 Irbit Holding Ag SOUND INSULATION LINING MADE OF FOAM
DE2751854A1 (en) * 1977-11-21 1979-05-23 Reifen Weiss Kg Multilayered sound insulation panel - has soft porous rubber layer covering large particle size vulcanised rubber core
DE2800529A1 (en) * 1978-01-07 1979-07-12 Karl Fischer Roadside or railway noise screen wall unit - has solid and perforated concrete slabs, and sound absorbent layer
GB2157337A (en) * 1984-04-05 1985-10-23 Ici Plc Sound absorption panels
US4751979A (en) * 1985-05-16 1988-06-21 Airborne Express, Inc. Engine noise suppression kit for the nacelles of a jet aircraft
EP0315276A1 (en) * 1987-11-02 1989-05-10 Kleemans, Hubertus Petrus Franciscus Sound-absorbing element
DE8811787U1 (en) * 1988-09-16 1988-12-22 HANSA Ventilatoren und Maschinenbau NEUMANN GmbH & Co KG, 2915 Saterland silencer

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0949381A2 (en) * 1998-03-28 1999-10-13 Georg Grötz Noise reduction wall for road traffic
EP0949381A3 (en) * 1998-03-28 2000-12-20 Georg Grötz Noise reduction wall for road traffic
EP1770216A1 (en) 2005-09-29 2007-04-04 Rockwool International A/S A noise absorbing element and a noise screen with such elements

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH679601A5 (en) 1992-03-13
EP0385087B1 (en) 1993-10-20
EP0385087A3 (en) 1991-06-12
DE69003971T2 (en) 1994-05-05
DE69003971D1 (en) 1993-11-25
ATE96191T1 (en) 1993-11-15

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP0921242B1 (en) Acoustical building structure
FR2937658A1 (en) MODULAR CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
JP4585917B2 (en) Sound absorbing plate and installation method thereof
EP2231943B1 (en) Curtain wall
EP0385087B1 (en) Sound absorbing and insulating barrier
FR2462522A1 (en) Demountable noise barrier panel - uses lead membrane sandwiched between elastic sound absorbing material and is clad with aluminium sheet with reception face perforated
FR2873728A1 (en) ELEMENT CONSTRUCTION PLAN AND ARRANGEMENT FORMED FROM ONE OR MORE ELEMENTS
EP2998443B1 (en) Noise protection wall
EP0648897A1 (en) Noise reduction wall
EP0540624B1 (en) Sound and vibration damping device based on tyres
EP1367190B1 (en) Acoustical system with elastic and damping connection for the building of partitions, claddings and suspended ceilings
JP2007321382A (en) Soundproof partition wall
FR2816240A1 (en) Composite noise-resistant panel e.g. for roofing verandahs has core made from combination of heavy viscoelastic and aerated materials
FR2707094A1 (en) Noise reduction screen for traffic lanes (tracks)
EP0744497B1 (en) Support of a sound absorbing wall along a traffic route
KR100951012B1 (en) Transparent wood sound absorping wall
FR2724401A1 (en) Traffic sound absorption panel for protection of dwelling areas
FR2712012A1 (en) Wall cladding.
JP2007040066A (en) Acoustical panel
KR102649966B1 (en) Structure of building exterior materials using for clip of Earthquake-resistant and thermal insulation function
FR2933430A1 (en) SELF-SUPPORTING ACOUSTIC INSULATION WALL
EP2339085A1 (en) Prefabricated element for the construction of building extensions and building extensions thus built
FR2633716A1 (en) ABSORBENT OR ACOUSTIC REFLECTIVE SCREEN
KR100741557B1 (en) Soundproof wall
EP3162554B1 (en) Wall and panel for safety cabinet

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AT BE DE FR GB IT NL

PUAL Search report despatched

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): AT BE DE FR GB IT NL

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19910808

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19911213

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): AT BE DE FR GB IT NL

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: NL

Effective date: 19931020

Ref country code: GB

Effective date: 19931020

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 96191

Country of ref document: AT

Date of ref document: 19931115

Kind code of ref document: T

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 69003971

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19931125

BECA Be: change of holder's address

Free format text: 931020 S.A. *ACOUVER:RUE DES RUISSEAUX 8, CH-2802 DEVELIER

ITF It: translation for a ep patent filed

Owner name: MODIANO & ASSOCIATI S.R.L.

NLV1 Nl: lapsed or annulled due to failure to fulfill the requirements of art. 29p and 29m of the patents act
GBV Gb: ep patent (uk) treated as always having been void in accordance with gb section 77(7)/1977 [no translation filed]

Effective date: 19931020

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 19960127

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 19960129

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Payment date: 19960130

Year of fee payment: 7

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: BE

Payment date: 19960207

Year of fee payment: 7

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: AT

Effective date: 19970122

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: BE

Effective date: 19970131

BERE Be: lapsed

Owner name: S.A. ACOUVER

Effective date: 19970131

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Effective date: 19970930

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Effective date: 19971001

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: IT

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES;WARNING: LAPSES OF ITALIAN PATENTS WITH EFFECTIVE DATE BEFORE 2007 MAY HAVE OCCURRED AT ANY TIME BEFORE 2007. THE CORRECT EFFECTIVE DATE MAY BE DIFFERENT FROM THE ONE RECORDED.

Effective date: 20050122