EP0320083B1 - Reinigungsapparat für feine supraleitende Teilchen - Google Patents

Reinigungsapparat für feine supraleitende Teilchen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0320083B1
EP0320083B1 EP19880306287 EP88306287A EP0320083B1 EP 0320083 B1 EP0320083 B1 EP 0320083B1 EP 19880306287 EP19880306287 EP 19880306287 EP 88306287 A EP88306287 A EP 88306287A EP 0320083 B1 EP0320083 B1 EP 0320083B1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
powder
fine particles
magnetic field
particles
flow
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EP19880306287
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0320083A2 (de
EP0320083A3 (en
Inventor
Fumio Kishi
Masatake Akaike
Keisuke Yamamoto
Taiko Motoi
Norio Kaneko
Fujio Iwatate
Kazuaki Ohmi
Takehiko Kawasaki
Atsuko Shinjou
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Canon Inc
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Canon Inc
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Priority to EP93203439A priority Critical patent/EP0588451B1/de
Priority to EP93203440A priority patent/EP0588452B1/de
Publication of EP0320083A2 publication Critical patent/EP0320083A2/de
Publication of EP0320083A3 publication Critical patent/EP0320083A3/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
    • B03C1/02—Magnetic separation acting directly on the substance being separated
    • B03C1/021—Separation using Meissner effect, i.e. deflection of superconductive particles in a magnetic field

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for purifying a superconductor fine particles. It enables desired superconductor particles to be obtained selectively from mixtures of fine particles of different diameters and comprised of superconductors, normal conductors or insulators having different critical temperatures and critical magnetic fields.
  • superconductive sinter generally comprises a mass or aggregate of fine crystals and its superconductivity characteristics vary greatly depending on the state of the crystal grain boundaries.
  • the crystal grain boundaries In order to produce a sinter having stable characteristics, the crystal grain boundaries must be made uniform. It has been proposed to produce a superconducting sinter of uniform crystal grain boundaries by re-sintering superconductor fine particles of uniform particle diameter.
  • re-sintering superconductor fine particles of uniform particle diameter by re-sintering superconductor fine particles of uniform particle diameter.
  • no suitable method for classifying such superconductor fine particles of uniform particle diameter has been discovered, and only ordinary particle classification methods are available as described in from Funtai Kogaku Handobukku (Particle Technology Handbook) (edited by Koichi Iitani, Asakura Publishing Co).
  • Ordinary particle classification methods involve screening by means of sieves having different opening sizes which are stacked up in order from those having the largest openings to enable classification to be carried out.
  • a sedimentation method is known in which the terminal velocity at which particles in a fluid settle is used to carry out the classification.
  • Patent Publication WO88/08619 discloses a method of separating superconductive materials from other materials by allowing the material to fall and applying a magnetic field to the falling material.
  • Forms of the above defined apparatus enable superconductor fine particles to be separated and purified when they are present as a powder containing other particles. Further forms of the invention enable superconductor fine particles to be classified and purified according to the desired characteristics, when there is present in a powder a plurality of such fine particles having different characteristics e.g. particle diameter, critical temperature and critical magnetic field.
  • the present invention is based on the utilization of the Meissner effect which is attributable to magnetic properties inherent in superconductors.
  • the Meissner effect is meant to be the effect that the superconductor fine particles become perfectly diamagnetic when a magnetic field is applied to the fine particles at the temperature at which the superconductor fine particles exhibit superconductivity. More specifically, at the abovementioned temperature, application of a magnetic field by means of a magnet to the powder containing superconductor fine particles produces repulsion to the magnet owing to the Meissner effect with respect to those having a particle diameter of about 0.01 ⁇ m or more. On the other hand, no repulsion is produced since the Meissner effect is not brought about with respect to those having a particle diameter less than that and the fine particles of normal conductors or insulators.
  • a flow of powder to be purified, mixed with normal conductors, insulators, etc. is formed, and a magnetic field with a strength by which the superconductivity can be effectively utilized is applied to the powder to be purified, under the temperature of the degree at which the superconductor fine particles in the powder to be purified exhibit the superconductivity, so that the repulsion produced as a result owing to the Meissner effect causes positional separation of the flow of the superconductor fine particles in the powder to be purified, from the flow of the particles other than the same, thus effecting the purification.
  • the locus of the flow of a superconductor-containing fine particle that shifts according to Meissner effect depends on the proportion of the superconductor contained in the fine particle. This is because the force by which the superconductor fine particle is moved is produced by Meissner effect. Namely, even if the superconductors have the same particle diameters, the repulsion becomes small when the proportion of the superconductors is small. In other words, the low purity thereof results in a small change in the locus of the flow of particles.
  • the particles having a small proportion of superconductors may be given small Meissner effect, resulting in a small height of floating.
  • the particles having a large proportion of superconductors can float higher. The floating height depends on the balance between the weight of particles and the greatness of the Meissner effect.
  • any means for forming the flow of powder in a gaseous carrier medium along a path including, for example, a means for directly blowing a carrier gas to the powder.
  • the carrier gas used in the apparatus of the present invention may include, for example, helium gas. Also preferred is a gas that may not liquified even at a temperature sufficiently lower than the critical temperature of the superconductors.
  • the means for applying a magnetic field to the flow of the above powder include, for example, a permanent magnet and an electromagnet, which magnets may have any shape so long as there can be applied a magnetic field by which the superconductor fine particles can deflect their flying path. Accordingly, it may include plate-shaped, column-shaped or concave-shaped magnets, or those arranged with a plurality of these magnets.
  • various types of classifying means can also be used in combination according to the range of the desired particle diameter.
  • the Meissner effect for the effective purification can be obtained usually in respect of the superconductor fine particles having a particle diameter of 0.01 ⁇ m or more, the fine particles having a particle diameter of 0.01 ⁇ m or more and the fine particles having a less particle diameter can be readily classified, which have ever been classified not easily by conventional classification methods.
  • the difference in flying distance or floating height of the particles owing to the carrier gas depends on their particle diameter. Therefore, they may be collected selectively by zones, so that it becomes also possible to classify the superconductor fine particles included in a desired particle diameter range from among the superconductor fine particles having a particle diameter of 0.01 ⁇ m or more.
  • a partition means having one or plural slit(s) may preferably be provided additionally in the same apparatus.
  • superconductor fine particles having a desired critical temperature range or critical magnetic field range can also be obtained from among the powder in which a plurality of superconductor fine particles each different in the critical temperature (superconductive transition temperature) or critical magnetic field (superconductive transition magnetic field).
  • the above purification apparatus may be operated while appropriately selecting the temperatures of a powder storing vessel, a carrier gas, a powder flow path, etc. according to the desired critical temperature range.
  • the above purification apparatus may be operated while appropriately selecting the magnetic field applied to the powder to be purified, according to the desired critical magnetic field range.
  • the powder have a uniform particle diameter
  • the difference in flying distance or floating height of the powder owing to the carrier gas and the degree of changes in the flow direction of superconductor fine particles owing to the application of a magnetic field depend on their specific gravity. Therefore, they may be selectively collected by zones, so that it becomes also possible to separate only the superconductor fine particles having a desired specific gravity.
  • a first embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention is characterized by having a means for horizontally ejecting powder containing superconductor fine particles to form a flow of the powder, a partition means horizontally provided, having one or plural slit(s) at the position with a specified distance from an ejecting outlet, and a means provided beneath said respective slit(s), for applying a magnetic field in the vertical direction to the flow of said powder
  • the powder to be purified containing superconductor fine particles maintained to a temperature at which their superconductivity can be sufficiently exhibited are horizontally ejected from a nozzle or the like together with a carrier gas, whereupon the powder particles larger in particle diameter and heavier among the powder to be purified begin to fall at a position near to the above nozzle, and the particles smaller in particle diameter and lighter among them begin to fall at a position far from the above nozzle, so that the groups of the falling powder particles form the particle size distribution in the horizontal direction.
  • Classification can be carried out by selectively separating them by the partition means horizontally provided, having one or plural slit(s) at the position with an appropriate distance from the nozzle.
  • the various conditions such as the kind of the above-mentioned carrier gas, the flow rate, the flow quantity, the slit width may be appropriately selected according to the desired particle diameter range.
  • Only the superconductor fine particles can also be separated by providing a plate-shaped magnet beneath the above slit, having a width and shape sufficient for making purification under the above temperature, in a vertical state or a state slightly inclined than vertical, applying the magnetic field previously mentioned to the powder to be purified that have been classified and passed the slit as described above to let the powder fall in the vicinity of the plate-shaped magnet, under the temperature previously mentioned, to change the falling locus of the superconductor fine particles in the powder to be purified, and collecting them by use of a collecting means each provided at the falling position of the superconductor fine particles and at the falling position of the other fine particles.
  • the apparatus of the present embodiment can carry out the purification and classification simultaneously.
  • the means for applying a magnetic field may be any of a permanent magnet and an electromagnet, without any particular limitation also in its shape.
  • a sheet of the above plate-like magnet is constituted of a plurality of electromagnets to give a means for applying magnetic fields that can repeat on-off in succession in the powder-falling direction and with a specified period
  • the falling locus of the superconductor fine particles can be changed with good efficiency to bring about the advantages such that the purification process can be simplified.
  • a plate of non-magnetic material may be provided on the surface of the magnet and may be vibrated (as exemplified by an ultrasonic vibration plate), thus making it possible to smooth the flow of powder.
  • a second embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention is characterized by a means for floating the powder containing superconductor fine particles, in a carrier-gas flow path, a means for applying a magnetic field that may move the superconductor fine particles in the vertical direction to the carrier gas flow formed by the first-mentioned means, and a partition means vertically provided, having one or plural slit(s) at the position facing said magnetic field applying means.
  • the powder containing superconductor fine particles are floated by the floating means using a carrier gas, so that, if the powder have a uniform particle diameter, the powder having a smaller specific gravity float higher and the powder having a larger specific gravity float only up to a lower position.
  • the purification and separation can be simultaneously carried out by applying a magnetic field to the floating powder, separating selectively to the outside of the carrier gas flow only the superconductor fine particles from among the powder by the repulsion owing to the Meissner effect, through means of a partition panel provided with one or plural slit(s) and according to the height of the slit(s), and collecting the particles using a collecting means provided at the outside of the carrier gas flow.
  • the floating means may be any means so long as it is a means capable of blowing the powder by use of the carrier gas, and may include, for example, a means for directly blowing the carrier gas to the powder, a means for putting the powder in a container and introducing the carrier gas in that container, a means for allowing the powder to fall from a container and blowing the carrier gas to that falling powder, and a means for making suction from the direction of the magnetic field applying means.
  • the magnetic field applying means may also be any of a permanent magnet and an electromagnet also in the present embodiment, without any particular limitation in its shape.
  • the magnet comprises, for example, an electromagnet to give a means for applying a magnetic field that can repeat on-off synchronously with the powder floating means and with a specified period, the classification can be carried out more precisely.
  • the respective sections can be synchronized by electrical control with use of a controlling system as shown in Fig. 28.
  • the numeral 101 denotes a synchronizing computer
  • 102 a shutter to open and close an inlet (Position A exemplified in Fig. 14 and Fig. 15 of the apparatus of an Example described later) for injecting a carrier gas for blowing up the powder
  • 103 a shutter fitted to an inlet (Position B exemplified in Fig. 14 and Fig.
  • the above shutters and magnet are driven by being synchronized as shown in Fig. 29.
  • the abscissas indicate the time
  • the ordinates indicate the driving pulse in respect of the actuation of the shutters 102 and 103, and the electric current to be flowed in respect of the magnet 105.
  • the shutters 102 and 103 turn “open” by the rise of the pulse and turn “close” by the decay of the pulse.
  • the shutter 102 turns “open” to bring the powder particles to float in the carrier-gas flow path together with the carrier gas.
  • the shutter 103 turns “open” when the time t1 lapses and the floating positions have been settled for each particle diameter, and at the same time the magnet turns "on”. Thereafter, during the time t2, the superconductor fine particles are discharged from the carrier-gas flow path through the introducing inlet. Thereafter the shutters 102 and 103 turn “close” and the magnet turns “off”. After the time t3 lapsed and the non-superconductor particles having remained in the carrier-gas flow path have fallen, the shutter 102 again turns "open", thus repeating the above operations.
  • a shutter 106 (at Position C in Fig. 15).
  • a block diagram and a time chart in a controlling system for that instance are shown in Fig. 30 and Fig. 31, respectively. Operations are the same as described above.
  • the shutter 106 turns “close” when the shutter 102 is “open”, and the shutter 106 turns “open” when the shutter 102 is “close”.
  • the various conditions such as the type of the above carrier gas, the flow rate, the flow quantity, the width of the slit may be suitably selected according to the desired particle diameter range.
  • the ultrasonic vibration plate that may be provided on the surface of the magnet in the first embodiment of the present invention employing a piezoelectric material (such as ZnO, AlN and PZT).
  • a piezoelectric material such as ZnO, AlN and PZT.
  • the apparatus of the present invention makes it possible to simultaneously and readily carry out the purification, classification and separation of superconductor fine particles having the desired purity, particle diameter, critical temperature range and critical magnetic field range from among the powder to be purified, and the apparatus used in the process can be of small size and simple, with the course of the process capable of being visually observed. Moreover, the process can be carried out under a low pressure, and yet the above process is proceeded while forming the flow of the powder to be purified. Accordingly, a large quantity of powder can be purified in a high rate and high precision.
  • the apparatus of the present invention is also very useful in enhancing the purity of a superconductive sinter that contains impurities. More specifically, since the present invention can carry out the purification and classification in the order of a ⁇ m unit, the sinter can be very finely grounded and purified to the extent such that a superconductivity part and an impurity part may not coexist in its one fine particle. As a result, there can be obtained superconductive powder with high purity.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates an example of the apparatus of the present invention.
  • the numeral 9 indicates superconductor fine particles having relatively large particle diameter; 10, superconductor fine particles having relatively small particle diameter of about 0.1 ⁇ m or less; and 7 and 8, non-superconductor fine particles having relatively large particle diameter and non-superconductor fine particles having relatively small particle diameter.
  • the superconductive material to be classified and purified is YBa2Cu3O 7- ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.5).
  • Fig. 2 The X-ray diffraction pattern obtained here is shown in Fig. 2.
  • Fig. 2 the peaks in the intended superconductor YBa2Cu3O 7- ⁇ are indicated by "S”. As will be clear from this figure, this sample contains a non-superconductor.
  • the mixture was ground in a mortar, and thereafter the settling velocity was measured in toluene to reveal that the settling velocity differs depending on the particle diameter, but the particles having the same particle diameter as a whole settled substantially in the same velocity. Accordingly, the superconductors and the impurity non-superconductors are considered to have substantially the same specific gravity.
  • powder containing superconductor fine particles and a carrier gas having a temperature not higher than the critical emperature are mixed to make a mixed powder 1.
  • This is ejected from an opening 2.
  • the ejecting rate is selected depending on the specific gravity of powder or the particle diameter range as desired.
  • the position of slits 11a and 11b of a partition panel 3 is made movable, and the width of the slits is selected by the particle diameter range as desired. Fine particles having a larger particle diameter are transported near the opening 2, and smaller fine particles having a smaller particle diameter, up to a distant place by the carrier gas.
  • the powder having uniform particle diameter pass the slits and then fall by gravity, but at this time, because of a plate-shaped permanent magnet, the superconductor fine particles 9 having relatively large particle diameter become apart from the surface of the magnet to pass over a partition panel 4a to fall. However, it may not occur that normal conductors, i.e., the fine particles 7 of non-superconductor (including conductors, semiconductors and insulators) pass over the partition panel 4a.
  • the superconductor fine particles passed over the partition panel 4a are collected by a collection receptacle 6a.
  • the superconductor fine particles 10 having relatively small particle diameter are also separated from the non-superconductor fine particles 8 by a permanent magnet 5b and a partition panel 4b, and collected in a collection receptacle 6b.
  • the classification and purification are carried out under the following conditions.
  • the mixed powder 1 is ejected from the opening 2 at a flow rate of about 200 ml/min with use of the carrier gas comprising He gas.
  • the He gas is beforehand cooled to a temperature of 70 K or less by use of a cooling unit (not shown).
  • the slit 11a has a space of 3 mm, and the slit 11b, 4 mm.
  • the distance from the opening 2 to the slit 11a is 50 cm, and that from the opening 2 to the slit 11b, 150 cm.
  • the permanent magnets are all comprised of Sm-Co and cooled to a temperature of 77 K using a a cooling unit (not shown).
  • the partition panels 4a and 4b protrude by 4 mm from the surface of the magnets 5a and 5b.
  • superconductors were able to be collected from about 5 g of raw material powder in the collection receptacle 6a in an amount of about 2.5 g, and in the collection receptacle 6b, about 2 g.
  • the powder in this collection receptacle showed the X-ray diffraction pattern as shown in Fig. 3, resulting in disappearance of all the diffraction peaks of the non-superconductor fine particles in Fig. 2.
  • the present apparatus can make purification of superconductors.
  • the opening 2 is made to have the shape of a nozzle, and powder flow is ejected from the nozzle-shaped opening 2 so that the ratio of the pressures of the carrier gas before and after passing the nozzle-like opening 2 may be 10 or more. This operation enables the classification of the superconductor fine particles with a high efficiency like in Example 1 even if the powder contains those having a particle diameter of about 100 ⁇ m or more.
  • the numeral 7a indicates non-superconductor fine particles having relatively large particle diameter
  • 8a non-superconductor fine particles having relatively small particle diameter
  • 9a, 9b, 10a and 10b each, superconductor fine particles, where 9 indicates a higher critical temperature than 10, and a indicates those having relatively large particle diameter, and b, those having relatively small particle diameter.
  • Fig. 5 The temperature dependence on the electric resistance of the superconductors used as samples of the present invention is shown in Fig. 5. As will be seen from Fig. 5, there exists a crystal phase that exhibits superconductivity at 107 K or less.
  • the magnets and the partition panels at the bottom parts thereof as exemplified by the magnets 5a and 5b and the partition panels 4a and 4b in Fig. 1 had the shapes of flat plates.
  • the partition panels 4a and 4b are made to have the shapes having edges fitted on their both ends as shown in Fig. 6, and in some instances the partition panels are made continuously movable according to a belt conveyor system. This makes it possible to make separation of a large quantity of powder.
  • the powder is allowed to fall from a container 12 holding the powder containing superconductor fine particles, and the powder may be brought to slip down the surface of the magnet 5 by appropriately selecting the inclination of the magnet 5 from a vertical position according to the particle diameter of the powder, so that only the superconductors 9 kept apart from the magnet surface pass over the partition panel owing to the Meissner effect and are collected in a collection receptacle 6.
  • powder is allowed to fall from the container 12 holding the superconductors 9 to make the apparent shape of the powder falling on a slip board 13 to be of thin plate, to which a carrier gas is blown through a gas-introducing pipe 14.
  • the classification of the superconductor fine particles can be carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except for transporting the powder in this manner.
  • the means for applying the magnetic field is constituted of a plurality of electromagnets 5I, 5II, 5III, ... and 5n as shown in Fig. 9, so that the on-off of the above electromagnets may be repeated (in the order of 5I ⁇ 5II ⁇ 5III ⁇ ... 5n ⁇ 5I) by a means (not shown) for controlling the application of magnetic fields, in succession in the falling directions of from 5I to 5n and with an appropriate period.
  • a means not shown for controlling the application of magnetic fields, in succession in the falling directions of from 5I to 5n and with an appropriate period.
  • the period of the on-off of the magnetic fields may be selected according to the velocity of the powder flow, and also the magnetic fields may be made stronger in succession from 5I toward 5n.
  • Examples 1 to 5 and 7 provided is a vibration plate that ultrasonically vibrates by use of an ultrasonic oscillator (not shown) as shown in Fig. 10. This makes it possible to prevent the powder to be purified from being deposited on the magnets, attempt to make efficient the purification process, and separate a large quantity of the powder.
  • a collecting means as shown in Fig. 11 may be provided after the same classification and purification as in Example 1, so that the superconductor fine particles can be separated according to the difference in the specific gravity.
  • the numeral 19a denotes superconductor fine particles having relatively high specific gravity; 19, superconductor fine particles having relatively low specific gravity; and 7, non-superconductor fine particles, where all of these fine particles have substantially the same particle diameter.
  • the collecting means in the present embodiment comprises passages 18a and 18b and superconductors collection receptacles 6a and 6b, and is constituted such that the powder to be purified fall on the slant of a magnet 5, and the non-superconductor fine particles 7 in the powder continue to come into contact with the slant until they slip down in an impurities receptacle 17.
  • the superconductor fine particles 19b having relatively light specific gravity become greatly apart from the magnet 5 owing to the magnetic field applied, and the superconductor fine particles 19a having relatively heavy specific gravity are not so much apart from it so that the distribution of the flows according to the specific gravity can be formed.
  • each of the superconductor fine particles 19a and 19b in that distribution can be collected by superconductors collection receptacles 6a and 6b through the passages 18a and 18b.
  • the distance of the passages 18a and 18b from the magnet 5 in this apparatus and the inclination of the magnet 5 may be appropriately selected to find an optimum value according to the desired particle diameter and specific gravity.
  • the passages 18a and 18b may be made to have a narrower width and the number of the passages may be increased.
  • a flow-deflecting device 1 (as exemplified by a baffle) may be provided, so that the precision of the classification and purification can be improved.
  • the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 13 comprises a container 20, a diaphragm 21, a partition panel 3, a nozzle 1, and a funnel 23.
  • the inside of the container is kept at about 70 K, and its lower part is filled with liquid nitrogen.
  • the upper part thereof is filled with helium gas blown in from the nozzle together with sample powder.
  • the sample powder blown out from the nozzle falls from slits 11a, 11b and 11c corresponding to the respective superconductor to enter into the liquid nitrogen.
  • Magnets 5a, 5b and 5c are provided in the vicinity of the powder-falling orbital path, and the superconductor fine particles are deflected in their orbital path by the repulsion owing to the Meissner effect and gathered in saucers 6a, 6b and 6c.
  • the non-superconductor particles fall straight near the magnets and selected and separated from the superconductors.
  • the heat capacity of the liquid is larger by far than that of the gas so that the samples which fell into the liquid immediately come to have the same temperature as the liquid.
  • this is characterized by having good precision for the temperature at the time of purification.
  • used magnets are all permanent magnets, but the magnetic fields may be applied to the powder by use of electromagnets to obtain quite the same effect.
  • the slits are provided on the partition panels 3 at three points, but the slits may be made small in width and large in the number to effect precise classification of particle diameter. There are no particular limitations in the width and number of the slits.
  • a vessel that can be moved by a belt conveyor or the like may be used in place of the slits, and this may, for example, be moved in the direction perpendicular to the paper surface of Fig. 13, and thereafter may be allowed to fall on the magnet areas.
  • the particle size distribution of the superconductor fine particles collected in the collection receptacle 6 may not be affected at all even if there is a great difference in the specific gravity between the superconductors and non-superconductors.
  • Fig. 14 is a schematic view illustrating another example of the apparatus of the present invention.
  • the numeral 38a denotes superconductor fine particles having relatively large particle diameter
  • 39a superconductor fine particles having a particle diameter of about 0.1 ⁇ m or more but a relatively small particle diameter
  • 37a and 37b non-superconductor fine particles.
  • the floating means in this Example comprises a powder container 31, a opening 32 and a carrier gas ejector (not shown).
  • the magnetic field applying means comprises a magnet 36.
  • This apparatus is so constituted that the powder to be purified contained in the powder container 31 can be floated by the carrier gas from the powder container 31 to a vertical passage 33 through the opening 32.
  • the fine particles 37a and 38a having relatively large particle diameter among the powder floated in the vertical passage 33 float only up to a lower position, but the superconductor fine particles 37a and 38b having relatively small particle diameter float up to a higher position.
  • all the superconductor fine particles and non-superconductor fine particles are assumed to have substantially constant specific gravities.
  • the ejection rate at this time may be selected according to the specific gravity of the powder or the desired particle diameter range.
  • the position, width and number of the vertical passage 33 and horizontal passages 34a and 34b may also be selected according to the desired specific gravity and particle diameter.
  • the apparatus is further so constituted that once a magnetic field is applied by a magnet 36 to the powder inside the vertical passage 33 which have floated to different heights depending on the particle diameter, the respective superconductor fine particles 38a and 38b move to the respective horizontal passages 34a and 34b by the action of the repulsion caused by the Meissner effect, and are collected in the collection receptacles 35a and 35b for the respective superconductor fine particles.
  • the non-superconductor fine particles 37a and 37b staying inside the vertical passage 33 fall into the powder container 31 by stopping ejecting the carrier gas or by turning down the gas.
  • the flow rate of the carrier gas and the driving timing t1, t2 and t3 previously mentioned is 300 ml/min; t1, 20 seconds; t2, 5 seconds; and t3, 1 minute in instances where, for example, the superconductor fine particles to be classified contains even the fine particles of about 1 to 3 ⁇ m in particle diameter.
  • the flow rate is 1 lit/min; t1, 20 seconds; t2, 5 seconds; and t3, 20 seconds, in approximation, which are typical values.
  • Fig. 15 is a schematic view illustrating an apparatus constituted by providing in the apparatus shown in Fig. 14 an impurities collection receptacle 39 and a closing flap 40, and arranging the opening 32 in the horizontal direction.
  • This apparatus is so constituted that when the non-superconductor fine particles 37 and 38 staying inside the vertical passage 33 are allowed to fall by stopping ejecting the carrier gas or by turning down the gas, they fall into the impurities collection receptacle 39 if the closing flap 40 is opened. Accordingly, the non-superconductor fine particles 37 and 38 may not return to the inside of the powder container 31 to enable the purification with good efficiency. Since moreover the direction of flow of the carrier gas containing the powder greatly changes, the powder tend to be uniformly distributed inside the vertical passage 33.
  • the opening 2 of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 14 or Fig. 15 is made to have the shape of a nozzle, and powder flow is ejected from the nozzle-shaped opening 2 so that the ratio of the pressure of the carrier gas before and after passing the nozzle-like opening 2 may be 10 or more.
  • This operation enables the classification of the superconductor fine particles with a good efficiency like in Example 1 even if the powder contain those having a particle diameter of about 100 ⁇ m or more.
  • Fig. 16 illustrates an apparatus constituted by providing ultrasonic vibration plates 41a and 41b respectively at the bottom surfaces of the horizontal passages 34a and 34b of the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 14. or Fig. 15.
  • this apparatus there is no friction resistance between the superconductor fine particles having moved from the vertical passage 33 to the horizontal passages 34a and 34b, and the bottom surfaces of the horizontal passages 34a and 34b, so that the superconductor fine particles can be efficiently transported to the collection receptacles 35a and 35b without stagnating on the way of the horizontal passages 34a and 34b.
  • the magnet 36 was made to comprise an electromagnet, and the electromagnet was so provided that it can repeat on-off with a certain period while being synchronized with the powder-floating means by using a means (not shown) for controlling the application of magnetic fields. More specifically, the magnet was so provided that the magnetic field may be applied after lapse of an appropriate time by which the particle size distribution of the powder formed in the vertical direction inside the vertical passage comes to a steady state after ejection of the carrier gas, and further that this operation may be repeated with a specified period.
  • Used for the magnet 36 was a permanent magnet (Sm-Co), and the inside of the apparatus was cooled to 77 K by a cooling means (not shown) to carry out the process.
  • the process of the present invention was carried out. As a result, it was able to collect about 2.5 g of superconductor fine particles in the collection receptacle 5a, and about 1.3 g of superconductor fine particles in the collection receptacle 5b.

Claims (22)

  1. Reinigungsapparat für feine supraleitende Teilchen mit einer Einrichtung zum Abkühlen eines zu reinigenden, feine Teilchen enthaltenden Pulvers unter seiner kritischen Temperatur, einer Einrichtung (2; 32) zur Bildung eines Pulverteilchenflußes entlang einer Strecke, einer Trenneinrichtung, die eine Vielzahl von Öffnungen (11a, 11b; 34a, 34b) an unterschiedlich entfernten Stellen entlang der Strecke zum Empfangen von Teilchen mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften aufweist, und mit einer Einrichtung zum Anlegen eines magnetischen Feldes an den Pulverfluß, um die feinen Teilchen durch ihre Supraleitfähigkeit zu trennen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß
    a) die Einrichtung zur Bildung des Pulverteilchenflußes so angeordnet ist, um einen Fluß des Pulvers in einem Gasträgermedium entlang der Strecke zu gewährleisten, so daß die Teilchen bei ihrer Bewegung entlang der Strecke entsprechend ihrer Größe und Masse getrennt werden; und
    b) die Stellen, an denen die Öffnungen (11a, 11b; 34a, 34b) vorgesehen sind, solche Stellen sind, an denen die durch die Schwerkraft hervorgerufene Trennung von Teilchen unterschiedlicher Größe einsetzt.
  2. Reinigungsapparat nach Anspruch 1, in dem die Einrichtung zur Bildung des Pulverteilchenflußes zum Ausblasen des Pulvers in horizontaler Richtung angeordnet ist, die Trenneinrichtung horizontal ausgerichtet ist und eine Vielzahl von Öffnungen in unterschiedlichen Abständen von der Einrichtung zum Ausblasen aufweist, und unter den entsprechenden Öffnungen eine Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen des Pulvers mit einem magnetischen Feld während seiner Bewegung entlang der Strecke vorgesehen ist.
  3. Reinigungsapparat nach Anspruch 2, in dem die Einrichtung zum Ausblasen eine Düse aufweist.
  4. Reinigungsapparat nach Anspruch 2, in dem die Einrichtung zum Erzeugen eines magnetischen Feldes erste Magnete, die relativ dicht unter den entsprechenden Öffnungen angeordnet und auf einer ersten, relativ niedrigen Temperatur gekühlt sind, sowie zweite Magnete, die in einem relativ großen Abstand unter den entsprechenden Öffnungen angeordnet, auf einer relativ hohen Temperatur gekühlt und zum Empfangen des durch die ersten Magnete strömenden Materials vorgesehen sind, aufweist, wobei die Anordnung eine solche ist, daß nur dieses Material die zweiten Magnete durchläuft, dessen kritische Temperatur für die Supraleitfähigkeit größer ist als die zweite Temperatur.
  5. Reinigungsapparat nach Anspruch 2, 3 oder 4, in dem unter einer entsprechenden Öffnung eine Prallfläche gegenüber der Ausblasrichtung des Pulvers vorgesehen ist, um das Pulver gegen die Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem magnetischen Feld zu richten.
  6. Reinigungsapparat nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüchen, in dem die Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem magnetischen Feld einen Permanentmagnet aufweist.
  7. Reinigungsapparat nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, in dem die Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem magnetischen Feld einen Elektromagnet aufweist.
  8. Reinigungsapparat nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüchen, mit einer elektronischen Steuereinrichtung zur Steuerung der Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem magnetischen Feld und einer Einrichtung zum Blasen des Pulvers, wobei die elektronische Steuereinrichtung so organisiert ist, um die Beaufschlagung mit dem magnetischen Feld mit dem Pulverfluß zu synchronisieren.
  9. Reinigungsapparat nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüchen, mit einer Sammeleinrichtung zum Sammeln der feinen supraleitenden Teilchen nachdem diese durch die Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem magnetischen Feld abgelenkt worden sind.
  10. Reinigungsapparat nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, mit einer ersten Sammeleinrichtung zum Sammeln feiner supraleitenden Teilchen mit einer durch die Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem magnetischen Feld abgelenkten Flußbahn und einer zweiten Sammeleinrichtung zum Sammeln feiner supraleitenden Teilchen mit einer unterschiedlichen, durch die Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem magnetischen Feld nicht abgelenkten Flußbahn.
  11. Reinigungsapparat nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, in dem das gasförmige Trägermedium als Kühlmittel für das Pulver dient.
  12. Reinigungsapparat nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüchen, in dem ein Flüssigkeitskörper unter den Öffnungen, in denen die durch die Öffnungen passierenden Teilchen fallen, vorgesehen ist, wobei der Flüssigkeitskörper als Kühlmittel für die Teilchen dient.
  13. Reinigungsapparat nach Anspruch 1, in dem die Einrichtung zur Bildung des Pulverflußes so angeordnet ist, um einen im Trägergas schwimmenden Teilchenfluß zu erzeugen, die Trenneinrichtung vertikal ausgerichtet und mit einer Vielzahl von Öffnungen in unterschiedlichen Höhen über der Einrichtung zur Bildung des Pulverflußes ausgebildet ist, wobei eine Einrichtung an Stellen gegenüber den entsprechenden Öffnungen zum Beaufschlagen des Pulverflußes mit einem magnetischen Feld sowie eine elektrische Steuereinrichtung zur Steuerung der Einrichtung zur Bildung des Pulverflußes und der Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem magnetischen Feld vorgesehen sind.
  14. Reinigungsapparat nach Anspruch 13, in dem die Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem magnetischen Feld einen Elektromagnet aufweist.
  15. Reinigungsapparat nach Anspruch 13 oder 14, mit einer Sammeleinrichtung zum Sammeln feiner supraleitenden Teilchen, die sich entlang der Flußbahn bewegt haben und durch die Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem Magnetfeld abgelenkt worden sind.
  16. Reinigungsapparat nach Anspruch 13 oder 14, mit einer ersten Sammeleinrichtung zum Sammeln feiner supraleitenden Teilchen, die entlang der Flußbahn fortbewegt und durch die Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem magnetischen Feld abgelenkt worden sind, und einer zweiten Sammeleinrichtung zum Sammeln von feinen Teilchen, die entlang der Flußbahn fortbewegt, jedoch durch die Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem magnetischen Feld nicht abgelenkt worden sind.
  17. Reinigungsapparat nach Anspruch 16, bei dem die erste Sammeleinrichtung und die zweite Sammeleinrichtung durch die elektrische Steuereinrichtung gesteuert werden.
  18. Reinigungsapparat nach einem der Ansprüche 13 bis 17, bei dem das Trägergas als Kühlmittel für das Pulver dient.
  19. Verfahren zum Reinigen feiner supraleitenden Teilchen mit den Schritten:
    a) Abkühlen des Pulvers, das die feinen, zu reinigenden Teilchen enthält, unterhalb ihrer kritischen Temperatur;
    b) Ausbildung eines Pulverteilchenflußes entlang einer Flußbahn;
    c) Erzwingen einer Bewegung des Pulvers entlang der Flußbahn, wobei das Pulver im Ergebnis der unterschiedlichen Teilcheneigenschaften in Öffnungen, die sich entlang der Bahn an unterschiedlich entfernten Stellen befinden, eintritt, und
    d) Beaufschlagen des Pulvers mit einem magnetischen Feld, um die feinen Teilchen infolge ihrer Supraleitfähigkeit zu trennen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß:
    e) die Einrichtung zur Ausbildung eines Pulverflußes einen Fluß des Pulvers in einem Trägermedium entlang der Bahn hervorruft, so daß eine Trennung von Teilchen unterschiedlicher Größe entsprechend ihren Abmessungen und Masse während ihrer Bewegung zu voneinander getrennten Stellen entlang der Bahn stattfindet; und
    f) der Teilchenfluß in Öffnungen an unterschiedlichen Stellen eintritt, an denen eine durch die Schwerkraft bedingte Trennung der Teilchen unterschiedlicher Größe stattgefunden hat, wodurch mittels der unterschiedlichen Öffnungen gereinigte supraleitende Teilchen unterschiedlicher Größe erhalten werden können.
  20. Verfahren nach Anspruch 19, in dem die Teilchen in horizontaler Richtung entlang eines mit in unterschiedlichen Abständen von der Ausblaseinrichtung beabstandeten Spalten versehenen Trennelements geblasen werden und die Teilchen, die durch die Spalte hindurch fallen, mit magnetischen Feldern beaufschlagt werden, um eine Trennung der Teilchen entsprechend ihrer Supraleitfähigkeit zu gewährleisten.
  21. Verfahren nach Anspruch 19, in dem die Einrichtung zur Ausbildung eines Pulverflußes eine Aufschwemmung der feinen Teilchen stromaufwärts des Trägergases gewährleistet, das Trägergas entlang einer senkrecht ausgerichteten Trenneinrichtung mit einer Vielzahl von in unterschiedlicher Höhe über der Aufschwemmeinrichtung befindlichen Spalten fließt, und Teilchen unterschiedlicher Größe, die in unterschiedlichen Höhen getrennt werden, in entsprechende Spalte mittels der Einrichtung zum Beaufschlagen mit einem magnetischen Feld abgelenkt werden, wobei die Einrichtung zur Beaufschlagung mit einem magnetischen Feld so angeordnet ist, um das Pulver während seines Fließens entlang der Trenneinrichtung mit einem magnetischen Feld zu beaufschlagen.
  22. Verfahren zur Reinigung feiner supraleitenden Teilchen, das eine Behandlung der Teilchen in einem Apparat gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 18 sowie eine Rückgewinnung des gereinigten supraleitenden Pulvers umfaßt.
EP19880306287 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Reinigungsapparat für feine supraleitende Teilchen Expired - Lifetime EP0320083B1 (de)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP93203439A EP0588451B1 (de) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Reinigungsapparat für feine supraleitende Teilchen
EP93203440A EP0588452B1 (de) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Reinigungsapparat und Reinigungsverfahren für feine supraleitende Teilchen

Applications Claiming Priority (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP30947387 1987-12-09
JP309473/87 1987-12-09
JP73363/87 1988-03-29
JP7336388 1988-03-29
JP8302588 1988-04-06
JP83025/87 1988-04-06
JP83026/87 1988-04-06
JP8302688 1988-04-06

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EP93203440.8 Division-Into 1988-07-08
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EP0320083A2 EP0320083A2 (de) 1989-06-14
EP0320083A3 EP0320083A3 (en) 1990-05-16
EP0320083B1 true EP0320083B1 (de) 1995-09-27

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EP19930203438 Withdrawn EP0588450A3 (en) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Purification apparatus for superconductor fine particles
EP19880306287 Expired - Lifetime EP0320083B1 (de) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Reinigungsapparat für feine supraleitende Teilchen
EP93203440A Expired - Lifetime EP0588452B1 (de) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Reinigungsapparat und Reinigungsverfahren für feine supraleitende Teilchen
EP93203439A Expired - Lifetime EP0588451B1 (de) 1987-12-09 1988-07-08 Reinigungsapparat für feine supraleitende Teilchen

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WO1988009768A1 (en) * 1987-06-09 1988-12-15 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Method of producing oxide superconductor
US5049540A (en) * 1987-11-05 1991-09-17 Idaho Research Foundation Method and means for separating and classifying superconductive particles
US5182253A (en) * 1987-12-09 1993-01-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Purification apparatus for superconductor fine particles
JP5573546B2 (ja) * 2009-10-22 2014-08-20 Ｊｆｅスチール株式会社 強磁性体の分離装置
US9370782B2 (en) 2011-12-12 2016-06-21 Osaka University Method and apparatus for separation of mixture
KR101621652B1 (ko) 2015-02-27 2016-05-16 한양대학교 산학협력단 미세입자 제거장치
JP2018130770A (ja) * 2017-02-13 2018-08-23 株式会社古賀 分級・回収装置及び加工液浄化システム
CN114632619B (zh) * 2022-03-25 2022-11-29 东北大学 一种采用风力送料的无动力电磁平板式干式磁选机

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US4795253A (en) * 1987-04-24 1989-01-03 Mobay Corporation Remote sensing gas analyzer
HUT47761A (en) * 1987-04-27 1989-03-28 Mta Koezponti Fiz Kutato Intez Method and apparatus for improving the quality of superconducting substances with the method of variable temperature magnetic separation
JPS63302966A (ja) * 1987-06-02 1988-12-09 Ube Ind Ltd 超電導セラミックスの分別法
JPS6451306A (en) * 1987-08-18 1989-02-27 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Production of oxide superconductor
JPS6415158A (en) * 1987-07-07 1989-01-19 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Separator for high-temperature superconductor
JPS6422359A (en) * 1987-07-16 1989-01-25 Fujikura Ltd Production of superconductive material
JPS6430659A (en) * 1987-07-24 1989-02-01 Sumitomo Heavy Industries Screening method for superconductive material
JPH01130745A (ja) * 1987-11-17 1989-05-23 Mitsubishi Electric Corp 超電導物質の分離方法および分離装置

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JPH02265661A (ja) 1990-10-30
EP0588452A2 (de) 1994-03-23
EP0588450A2 (de) 1994-03-23
DE3856053T2 (de) 1998-03-12
EP0588452B1 (de) 1997-10-01
EP0320083A2 (de) 1989-06-14
DE3856037D1 (de) 1997-11-06
EP0588451A2 (de) 1994-03-23
EP0588451B1 (de) 1997-10-22
EP0588451A3 (en) 1994-05-18
DE3856037T2 (de) 1998-01-29
EP0588452A3 (en) 1994-05-18
DE3854520D1 (de) 1995-11-02
EP0320083A3 (en) 1990-05-16
DE3856053D1 (de) 1997-11-27
EP0588450A3 (en) 1994-05-18
DE3854520T2 (de) 1996-03-14
JP2656550B2 (ja) 1997-09-24

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