EP0093681B1 - Process and apparatus for plating great lengths of metallic strip material - Google Patents

Process and apparatus for plating great lengths of metallic strip material Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0093681B1
EP0093681B1 EP83420076A EP83420076A EP0093681B1 EP 0093681 B1 EP0093681 B1 EP 0093681B1 EP 83420076 A EP83420076 A EP 83420076A EP 83420076 A EP83420076 A EP 83420076A EP 0093681 B1 EP0093681 B1 EP 0093681B1
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Prior art keywords
metal
length
covering
process according
nickel
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German (de)
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EP0093681A1 (en
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Jacques Lefebvre
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Nokia Deutschland GmbH
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Aluminium Pechiney SA
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25DPROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D7/00Electroplating characterised by the article coated
    • C25D7/06Wires; Strips; Foils
    • C25D7/0614Strips or foils

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for coating, continuously and at high speed, a large length of metal such as wire, round, bar, tube, flat, with a metal layer and which is particularly applicable to nickel plating of aluminum wires for electrical use.
  • each of these processes has both advantages and disadvantages, and it is therefore necessary to choose according to the desired goal, that which presents the optimum compromise.
  • the applicant has mainly aimed to resolve the problem of coating electrical conductors of aluminum or aluminum-based alloys. Indeed, if, for several years, it has been shown that aluminum and its alloys and, in particular, the alloy designated by the Aluminum Association under the name 6101, can replace copper, both from the point of view electrical resistivity and mechanical characteristics, it has also been found, however, that its use in the form of wire does not lend itself well to the connection systems currently used in electrical installations, in particular in high-stress applications or in aggressive atmospheres. In fact, in these application conditions, it is possible to observe a growth in the contact resistance, a possible source of overheating which is detrimental to the good behavior of this type of conductor and to the safety of the installations. It was therefore necessary, to fully benefit from the indisputable advantages of aluminum and to impose it definitively in place of copper in the field of conductors, to find an economical process, which gives the wire a contact resistance stable over time and at least equivalent to that of copper.
  • the length of metal which may be a wire, a round, a bar, a tube, a flat made of aluminum, copper or other metal, is optionally initially subjected to a conventional degreasing or chemical pickling treatment to remove the surface stains, then it passes into a coating metal solution which is preferably nickel, but can be any other metal capable of being electrolytically deposited and chosen according to the problem to be solved.
  • a coating metal solution which is preferably nickel, but can be any other metal capable of being electrolytically deposited and chosen according to the problem to be solved.
  • an electrical voltage is then applied, which can be continuous or pulsed. If the positive pole of the current source is conventionally connected to an electrode immersed in said solution, on the other hand, to close the circuit, the negative pole is no longer connected directly over part of the length of metal as in the prior art, but by means of an electrode which plunges into a conductive liquid through which passes said length, and which constitutes the liquid current outlet.
  • these temperatures are respectively around 35 and 50 ° C.
  • the applicant has already managed to achieve nickel plating of several ⁇ m in thickness with a running speed of the order of 30 m / minute and a residence time of less than 12 seconds, which constitutes great progress by compared to the technique with mechanical contact, where, for an equivalent speed and residence time, the thickness was less than 0.5 wm.
  • the applicant having carried out winding tests of ten turns on diameter has found a quite remarkable ductility of the nickel layer and, in particular, its surprising ability to wire drawing.
  • a wire of aluminum alloy 6101 of diameter 1.78 mm, coated according to the invention, with a layer of nickel of 3 ⁇ m could be drawn to a diameter 0.78 mm, without any detachment or tearing of the nickel coating.
  • a 1350 aluminum wire, 5.67 mm in diameter could be drawn up to 0.78 mm in 16 passes with conservation of the adhesion of the nickel deposit while keeping, after each pass low contact resistance.
  • the Applicant has designed an experimental device inspired in part by that taught in US-A-4097342 which is formed in the direction of travel of the length of metal by a liquid current outlet constituted by a tank containing an electrolyte in which plunges a negatively charged electrode and a coating tank of the same length containing the coating solution in which plunges a positively charged electrode.
  • a scalping die placed upstream of the liquid current socket and a rinsing tank placed between the liquid current socket and the coating tank.
  • the receptacle for the liquid outlet and the coating receptacle are characterized by their length which is each 5 meters maximum.
  • This device is represented by the attached figure in which there is a coil (1) unwinding the length of metal (2), a shaving die (3), a tank (4) for taking a liquid current with an electrode. (5) connected to the negative pole of the current source (6) and immersed in the solution (7), a washing compartment (8), a tank (9) of coating containing the solution (10) in which is immersed l 'electrode (11) positively charged. At the outlet of this tank, a rinsing (12) and drying (13) system is provided before winding the length of metal on the coil (14).
  • the invention can be illustrated using table n ° 1 in which appear a series of 18 tests carried out on an aluminum alloy wire 6101, of diameter 1.78 mm having as mechanical characteristics for tests 1 to 11 :
  • the treated wire is brought to 120 ° C. under the effect of the overcurrent which passes through it, then cooled to ambient temperature.
  • the behavior is considered to be good if the contact resistance R and the temperature of the fitting do not change.
  • Table II below gives, for an aluminum alloy wire 6101 with a diameter of 1.75 mm, corresponding to test No. 8 of Table 1, the results of initial contact resistance measurements Ro and after 200 cycles R200 carried out. on pad terminals during 8 tests marked from 1 to 8. It also gives the contact temperature measurements after 1 cycle ⁇ 1 and after 200 cycles ⁇ 200, and compares them to the reference contact temperature s'. These tests were carried out by taking place in 2 different cases of tightening torques: 0.33 and 0.5 mN which practically did not change during the cycles, at an ambient temperature close to 20 ° C and at an intensity 31.5 A.
  • Table IV reproduces the tests in Table II, but using a coated wire at a running speed of 300 m / min.
  • the present invention finds its application in all the problems of coating a long length of metal with an adherent metal layer and having both a ductility such that it easily lends itself to wire drawing operations, and a contact resistance and not scalable.
  • nickel-plating can be carried out on supply diameters, that is to say greater than the use diameter, which is subsequently reduced. , which makes it possible to extend the application of the method to other fields such as the fine wires of telephone wires, flexible cables and winding wires ...

Description

L'invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif pour revêtir, en continu et à grande vitesse, une grande longueur de métal telle que fil, rond, barre, tube, méplat, d'une couche métallique et qui s'applique notamment au nickelage de fils en aluminium à usage électrique.The invention relates to a method and a device for coating, continuously and at high speed, a large length of metal such as wire, round, bar, tube, flat, with a metal layer and which is particularly applicable to nickel plating of aluminum wires for electrical use.

On connaît de nombreux procédés de revêtement de pièces en métal par un autre métal destiné à améliorer leurs propriétés de surface : aspect, tenue à la corrosion, résistance électrique de contact, par exemple. Ces procédés s'inspirent de plusieurs principes parmi lesquels on peut citer les dépôts par métallisation, par plasma, en phase vapeur, par voie chimique, par enrobage, par colaminage ou cofilage, par voie électrolytique...Numerous processes are known for coating metal parts with another metal intended to improve their surface properties: appearance, resistance to corrosion, electrical contact resistance, for example. These processes are inspired by several principles, among which one can cite deposition by metallization, by plasma, in vapor phase, by chemical route, by coating, by co-laminating or cofiling, by electrolytic route ...

Suivant la nature du métal à revêtir, son état de surface, la nature du revêtement, les types de contrainte imposés par le dispositif de mise en oeuvre du procédé, les caractéristiques demandées au produit fini, chacun de ces procédés présente, à la fois des avantages et des inconvénients, et il faut donc choisir en fonction du but recherché, celui qui présente le compromis optimum.Depending on the nature of the metal to be coated, its surface condition, the nature of the coating, the types of stress imposed by the device for implementing the process, the characteristics required of the finished product, each of these processes has both advantages and disadvantages, and it is therefore necessary to choose according to the desired goal, that which presents the optimum compromise.

Dans le cas présent, la demanderesse a eu principalement pour objectif de résoudre le problème du revêtement de conducteurs électriques en aluminium ou en alliages à base d'aluminium. En effet, si, depuis plusieurs années, on a démontré que l'aluminium et ses alliages et, notamment, l'alliage désigné par l'Aluminium Association sous l'appellation 6101, peut remplacer le cuivre, à la fois du point de vue résistivité électrique et caractéristiques mécaniques, on a aussi toutefois constaté que son utilisation sous forme de fil se prête mal aux systèmes de raccordements utilisés actuellement dans les installations électriques, notamment dans des applications à haute sollicitation ou dans des ambiances agressives. En effet, on peut observer dans ces conditions d'application une croissance de la résistance de contact, source possible d'échauffements préjudiciables à la bonne tenue de ce type de conducteur et à la sécurité des installations. Il fallait donc, pour bénéficier pleinement des avantages incontestables de l'aluminium et l'imposer définitivement à la place du cuivre dans le domaine des conducteurs, trouver un procédé économique, qui confère au fil une résistance de contact stable dans le temps et au moins équivalente à celle du cuivre.In the present case, the applicant has mainly aimed to resolve the problem of coating electrical conductors of aluminum or aluminum-based alloys. Indeed, if, for several years, it has been shown that aluminum and its alloys and, in particular, the alloy designated by the Aluminum Association under the name 6101, can replace copper, both from the point of view electrical resistivity and mechanical characteristics, it has also been found, however, that its use in the form of wire does not lend itself well to the connection systems currently used in electrical installations, in particular in high-stress applications or in aggressive atmospheres. In fact, in these application conditions, it is possible to observe a growth in the contact resistance, a possible source of overheating which is detrimental to the good behavior of this type of conductor and to the safety of the installations. It was therefore necessary, to fully benefit from the indisputable advantages of aluminum and to impose it definitively in place of copper in the field of conductors, to find an economical process, which gives the wire a contact resistance stable over time and at least equivalent to that of copper.

Certes, ce souhait de voir se développer davantage l'utilisation de conducteurs en aluminium et de réussir à détruire enfin les préjugés des installateurs électriciens qui sont réticents à l'emploi de l'aluminium, n'est pas l'apanage de la demanderesse, car d'autres fabricants ou d'autres utilisateurs d'aluminium ont cherché à mettre au point des techniques convenables pour résoudre ce problème de résistance de contact. C'est ainsi qu'il a été proposé :

  • des traitements de cofilage ou de colaminage, mais leur développement a été limité en raison du coût élevé de la mise en oeuvre,
  • des traitements de dépôt électrolytique d'étain, mais ceux-ci n'ont pas connu d'extension importante à cause, d'une part, des gammes de préparation longues du métal nécessitant des sous-couches de bronze et/ou de cuivre obtenues en bain de cyanure, d'autre part, du prix de plus en plus élevé de l'étain devenu métal stratégique.
Admittedly, this desire to see the use of aluminum conductors developed further and to succeed in finally destroying the prejudices of electrician installers who are reluctant to use aluminum, is not the prerogative of the applicant, because other manufacturers or other users of aluminum have sought to develop suitable techniques to solve this problem of contact resistance. This is how it was proposed:
  • cofiling or colaminating treatments, but their development has been limited due to the high cost of implementation,
  • treatments of electrolytic deposition of tin, but these did not know a significant extension because, on the one hand, of the long ranges of preparation of the metal requiring underlays of bronze and / or copper obtained in cyanide bath, on the other hand, the increasingly high price of tin which has become a strategic metal.

Alors, plus récemment, s'est manifestée une orientation à la fois vers l'utilisation de revêtement en nickel, métal beaucoup moins cher que l'étain, et ayant intrinsèquement une bonne tenue aux ambiances agressives, et vers le maintien du principe de revêtement par électrolyse bien adapté à l'aluminium.More recently, there has been an orientation both towards the use of nickel coating, a metal much cheaper than tin, and having intrinsically good resistance to aggressive atmospheres, and towards the maintenance of the coating principle. by electrolysis well suited to aluminum.

On a vu ainsi apparaître dans ce domaine une série de procédés dans lesquels on recourait soit à des cellules dans lesquelles l'électrolyte circule à grande vitesse, soit à une préparation de surface plus ou moins complexe, soit aux techniques de couches intermédiaires utilisées pour l'étamage. Autant de méthodes qui permettent de réaliser un revêtement relativement adhérent, mais qui souffrent toutes d'un inconvénient majeur, celui de n'atteindre qu'une vitesse de traitement relativement faible, limitée le plus souvent à quelques mètres par minute et qui nécessitent malgré tout, pour avoir un temps de séjour suffisant dans l'électrolyte, des dispositifs de grande longueur dont la réalisation entraîne des frais d'investissements importants.We have thus seen appear in this field a series of processes in which recourse is had either to cells in which the electrolyte circulates at high speed, or to a more or less complex surface preparation, or to the techniques of intermediate layers used for the 'tinning. So many methods which make it possible to produce a relatively adherent coating, but which all suffer from a major drawback, that of achieving only a relatively low processing speed, generally limited to a few meters per minute and which nevertheless require , to have a sufficient residence time in the electrolyte, very long devices, the production of which involves significant investment costs.

C'est pourquoi la demanderesse, consciente non seulement de l'intérêt que présentait le revêtement de nickel par électrolyse, mais aussi de la nécessité d'en améliorer les performances de façon à rendre ce traitement le moins cher possible et à pouvoir ainsi rendre le fil d'aluminium obtenu encore plus compétitif vis-à-vis du cuivre, a cherché et mis au point un procédé dans lequel on forme, pour une grande vitesse de défilement et avec un temps de séjour dans l'électrolyte relativement court, un revêtement d'épaisseur et de résistance de contact tel, qu'il satisfasse aux différentes normes en usage dans l'industrie électrique.This is why the Applicant, aware not only of the advantage of nickel coating by electrolysis, but also of the need to improve its performance so as to make this treatment as inexpensive as possible and thus be able to render the aluminum wire obtained even more competitive with respect to copper, sought and developed a process in which a coating is formed, for a high speed of travel and with a residence time in the relatively short electrolyte thickness and contact resistance such that it meets the various standards in use in the electrical industry.

Par le brevet français 2.012.592, elle savait qu'il était possible de revêtir un fil d'aluminium d'une couche de cuivre de 3 µm en le faisant défiler à une vitesse de 30 mètres par minute, d'abord à travers une filière de rabotage périphérique, puis dans un bac d'électrolyte de 3 m de long auquel on appliquait une force électromotrice par l'intermédiaire d'une anode contenue dans cet électrolyte et du fil faisant fonction de cathode vierge. Certes, le temps de séjour dans l'électrolyte n'était que de 6 secondes pour une épaisseur de 3 lim, mais le revêtement était constitué de cuivre et cela ne pouvait rien laisser présager des résultats qu'elle pourrait obtenir avec le nickel, notamment au niveau de l'adhérence et de la résistance de contact.By French patent 2,012,592, it knew that it was possible to coat an aluminum wire with a layer of copper of 3 μm by making it scroll at a speed of 30 meters per minute, first through a peripheral planing die, then in a 3 m long electrolyte tank to which an electromotive force was applied by means of an anode contained in this electrolyte and of the wire acting as a virgin cathode. Admittedly, the residence time in the electrolyte was only 6 seconds for a thickness of 3 li m, but the coating was made of copper and that could not let predict the results that it could obtain with nickel, especially in terms of adhesion and contact resistance.

Ayant essayé de transposer cet enseignement au nickelage de l'aluminium sans se préoccuper du mode de rabotage, dans un bac de 5 m de long, elle a éprouvé des difficultés, notamment au niveau de l'alimentation en courant électrique du fil, car tous les dispositifs utilisés : roulettes, galets, contacts frottants, conduisaient à la formation d'arcs électriques de plus en plus importants et de plus en plus néfastes pour l'adhérence du revêtement à mesure que la vitesse de défilement augmentait, d'où l'obligation de réduire la densité de courant et, par suite, de diminuer cette vitesse pour avoir une couche de revêtement d'épaisseur suffisante. En fait, elle obtenait au maximum des vitesses voisines de 25 m/min, soit un temps de séjour de 12 secondes pour une épaisseur de 0,5 J.Lm conduisant à un fil nickelé qui ne répondait pas entièrement aux normes en usage.Having tried to transpose this teaching to nickel plating of aluminum without worrying about planing mode, in a 5 m long tank, she experienced difficulties, in particular at the level of the electric current supply of the wire, because all the devices used: rollers, rollers, rubbing contacts, led to the formation of electric arcs more and more important and more and more detrimental for the adhesion of the coating as the running speed increased, hence the obligation to reduce the current density and, consequently, to decrease this speed to have a coating layer of sufficient thickness. In fact, it obtained maximum speeds close to 25 m / min, a residence time of 12 seconds for a thickness of 0.5 J.Lm leading to a nickel-plated wire which did not entirely meet the standards in use.

La demanderesse a alors pensé, entre autres solutions, à substituer aux systèmes mécaniques une prise de courant liquide, et a constaté au cours de nombreux essais, qu'un tel moyen permettait d'obtenir un fil de qualité satisfaisante à des vitesses supérieures à celles obtenues jusqu'alors et avec des temps de séjour relativement courts. Elle a également trouvé que ce moyen pouvait même s'appliquer à d'autres métaux et d'autres revêtements. C'est pourquoi elle propose, suivant l'invention, un procédé pour revêtir, par électrolyse en continu avec une grande vitesse de défilement et un temps de séjour très court dans l'électrolyte, une grande longueur de métal d'une couche métallique adhérente, dans lequel on soumet éventuellement ladite longueur à un traitement de préparation de surface, puis la fait passer dans une solution du métal de revêtement à laquelle on s'applique une tension électrique pour former le revêtement, par l'intermédiaire d'une prise de courant liquide.The Applicant then thought, among other solutions, of replacing mechanical systems with a liquid current outlet, and found during numerous tests, that such a means made it possible to obtain a wire of satisfactory quality at speeds higher than those obtained until now and with relatively short residence times. It also found that this means could even be applied to other metals and other coatings. This is why it proposes, according to the invention, a process for coating, by continuous electrolysis with a high running speed and a very short residence time in the electrolyte, a long length of metal with an adherent metallic layer. , in which the said length is optionally subjected to a surface preparation treatment, then passed through a solution of the coating metal to which an electrical voltage is applied to form the coating, by means of a plug liquid stream.

Ainsi, la longueur de métal qui peut être un fil, un rond, une barre, un tube, un méplat constitué d'aluminium, de cuivre ou autre métal, est éventuellement soumis initialement à un traitement classique de dégraissage ou de décapage chimique pour éliminer les souillures superficielles, puis elle passe dans une solution de métal de revêtement qui est, de préférence, le nickel, mais peut être tout autre métal susceptible d'être déposé électrolytiquement et choisi en fonction du problème à résoudre.Thus, the length of metal which may be a wire, a round, a bar, a tube, a flat made of aluminum, copper or other metal, is optionally initially subjected to a conventional degreasing or chemical pickling treatment to remove the surface stains, then it passes into a coating metal solution which is preferably nickel, but can be any other metal capable of being electrolytically deposited and chosen according to the problem to be solved.

A cette solution, on applique alors une tension électrique, qui peut être continue ou pulsée. Si le pôle positif de la source de courant est relié de façon classique à une électrode plongeant dans ladite solution, par contre, pour fermer le circuit, on ne connecte plus le pôle négatif directement sur une partie de la longueur de métal comme dans l'art antérieur, mais par l'intermédiaire d'une électrode qui plonge dans un liquide conducteur à travers lequel passe ladite longueur, et qui constitue la prise de courant liquide.To this solution, an electrical voltage is then applied, which can be continuous or pulsed. If the positive pole of the current source is conventionally connected to an electrode immersed in said solution, on the other hand, to close the circuit, the negative pole is no longer connected directly over part of the length of metal as in the prior art, but by means of an electrode which plunges into a conductive liquid through which passes said length, and which constitutes the liquid current outlet.

Si un tel procédé permet d'éviter les inconvénients dus aux mauvais contacts mécaniques, et, donc d'améliorer sensiblement les densités de courant et, par suite, d'augmenter la vitesse de défilement tout en diminuant le temps de séjour puisque la longueur de contact avec l'électrolyte était maintenue à 5 m, il a été constaté que les performances pouvaient être améliorées davantage par le choix judicieux de la composition du liquide destiné à former la prise de courant liquide. Il est nécessaire en effet, que cette composition permette d'obtenir des densités de courant élevées en conservant des tensions équilibrées entre le liquide constituant la prise de courant, et le bain de revêtement.If such a method makes it possible to avoid the drawbacks due to poor mechanical contacts, and therefore to significantly improve the current densities and, consequently, to increase the speed of travel while reducing the residence time since the length of contact with the electrolyte was maintained at 5 m, it was found that performance could be further improved by the judicious choice of the composition of the liquid intended to form the liquid outlet. It is indeed necessary, that this composition makes it possible to obtain high current densities while maintaining balanced voltages between the liquid constituting the outlet, and the coating bath.

C'est ainsi que, dans le cas du nickelage, la demanderesse a trouvé que les meilleurs résultats étaient obtenus avec les solutions électrolytiques suivantes :

  • pour la prise de courant liquide, un mélange de chlorures métalliques, de fluorures et d'acide borique tel que, par exemple, le mélange suivant :
    Figure imgb0001
  • pour le revêtement, les bains de nickelage classiques, et de préférence, celui ayant la composition :
    Figure imgb0002
Thus, in the case of nickel plating, the applicant has found that the best results are obtained with the following electrolytic solutions:
  • for the liquid current intake, a mixture of metal chlorides, fluorides and boric acid such as, for example, the following mixture:
    Figure imgb0001
  • for the coating, the conventional nickel-plating baths, and preferably that having the composition:
    Figure imgb0002

Ces solutions sont employées à des températures permettant de réaliser des résistivités équivalentes.These solutions are used at temperatures enabling equivalent resistivities to be achieved.

Par exemple, pour les compositions citées ci-dessus, ces températures sont respectivement voisines de 35 et 50 °C.For example, for the compositions cited above, these temperatures are respectively around 35 and 50 ° C.

Dans ces conditions, la demanderesse est déjà parvenue à réaliser un nickelage de plusieurs µm d'épaisseur avec une vitesse de défilement de l'ordre de 30 m/minute et un temps de séjour inférieur à 12 secondes, ce qui constitue un grand progrès par rapport à la technique avec contact mécanique, où, pour une vitesse et un temps de séjour équivalents, l'épaisseur était inférieure à 0,5 wm.Under these conditions, the applicant has already managed to achieve nickel plating of several μm in thickness with a running speed of the order of 30 m / minute and a residence time of less than 12 seconds, which constitutes great progress by compared to the technique with mechanical contact, where, for an equivalent speed and residence time, the thickness was less than 0.5 wm.

Mais, elle a alors constaté l'intérêt d'un traitement particulier de préparation de surface de la longueur de métal mise en oeuvre. En effet, en opérant sur du fil brut de tréfilage, elle obtenait un dépôt de nickel de bel aspect, adhérent et de résistance de contact faible, mais avec l'inconvénient de polluer la prise de courant liquide par les souillures superficielles. Avec une préparation de surface par tout traitement de dégraissage classiqùe, le temps nécessaire pour avoir une action convenable était trop long et son intégration dans le procédé en continu obligeait à limiter la vitesse de défilement.However, it then noted the advantage of a particular treatment for surface preparation of the length of metal used. Indeed, by operating on raw wire drawing, it obtained a nickel deposit of beautiful appearance, adherent and low contact resistance, but with the disadvantage of polluting the outlet of liquid current by surface stains. With a surface preparation by any conventional degreasing treatment, the time necessary to have a suitable action was too long and its integration into the continuous process required limiting the running speed.

C'est alors qu'associant le scalpage au traitement de revêtement électrolytique avec prise de courant liquide, elle s'est aperçue que cette combinaison nouvelle permettait d'atteindre le but qu'elle s'était proposé, c'est-à-dire grande vitesse de défilement - temps de séjour court - dépôt adhérent - résistance de contact faible et non évolutive.It is then that associating scalping with electrolytic coating treatment with outlet liquid, it realized that this new combination made it possible to achieve the goal which it had proposed, that is to say high speed of movement - short residence time - adherent deposit - weak contact resistance and not scalable.

Pour cela, elle a fait passer la longueur de fil à travers une ou plusieurs filières montées flottantes, ce qui permet d'enlever en continu la partie périphérique de la longueur de métal sur une épaisseur de 1 à 2/100 mm et d'éliminer ainsi la couche d'oxyde et les résidus de lubrifiants.For this, it passed the length of wire through one or more floating mounted dies, which allows to continuously remove the peripheral part of the length of metal to a thickness of 1 to 2/100 mm and to eliminate thus the oxide layer and the lubricant residues.

Dans ces conditions, les résultats atteints ont dépassé toutes ses espérances, puisqu'il a été déjà possible d'atteindre la vitesse maximale permise par l'installation expérimentale qui est de 300 m/minute avec des épaisseurs comprises entre 1 et 3 µm, cette valeur étant limitée, à son avis, par la puissance électrique installée. La qualité du fil ainsi obtenu a été contrôlée suivant les normes électriques en usage et a été reconnue très satisfaisante.Under these conditions, the results achieved exceeded all his expectations, since it was already possible to reach the maximum speed allowed by the experimental installation which is 300 m / minute with thicknesses between 1 and 3 µm, this value being limited, in his opinion, by the installed electrical power. The quality of the wire thus obtained was checked according to the electrical standards in use and was recognized as very satisfactory.

En particulier, la demanderesse ayant effectué des essais d'enroulement de dix spires sur diamètre, a constaté une ductilité tout à fait remarquable de la couche de nickel et, notamment, son aptitude surprenante au tréfilage. C'est ainsi que, dans un premier essai, un fil en alliage d'aluminium 6101 de diamètre 1,78 mm, revêtu suivant l'invention, d'une couche de nickel de 3 µm a pu être tréfilé jusqu'à un diamètre de 0,78 mm, sans qu'on constate ni décollement, ni arrachement du revêtement de nickel. Dans un deuxième essai, un fil d'aluminium 1350, de diamètre 5,67 mm a pu être tréfilé jusqu'à 0,78 mm en 16 passes avec conservation de l'adhérence du dépôt de nickel tout en gardant, après chaque passe, une faible résistance de contact.In particular, the applicant having carried out winding tests of ten turns on diameter, has found a quite remarkable ductility of the nickel layer and, in particular, its surprising ability to wire drawing. Thus, in a first test, a wire of aluminum alloy 6101 of diameter 1.78 mm, coated according to the invention, with a layer of nickel of 3 μm could be drawn to a diameter 0.78 mm, without any detachment or tearing of the nickel coating. In a second test, a 1350 aluminum wire, 5.67 mm in diameter, could be drawn up to 0.78 mm in 16 passes with conservation of the adhesion of the nickel deposit while keeping, after each pass low contact resistance.

Pour mettre en oeuvre ce procédé, la demanderesse a conçu un dispositif expérimental s'inspirant en partie de celui enseigné dans l'US-A-4097342 lequel est constitué dans le sens de défilement de la longueur de métal par une prise de courant liquide constituée par un bac contenant un électrolyte dans lequel plonge une électrode chargée négativement et un bac de revêtement de même longueur contenant la solution de revêtement dans lequel plonge une électrode chargée positivement. Mais, elle y a ajouté une filière de scalpage placée en amont de la prise de courant liquide et un bac de rinçage placé entre la prise de courant liquide et le bac de revêtement. Dans ce dispositif le bac de la prise de courant liquide et le bac de revêtement sont caractérisés par leur longueur qui est chacune de 5 mètres maximum.To implement this method, the Applicant has designed an experimental device inspired in part by that taught in US-A-4097342 which is formed in the direction of travel of the length of metal by a liquid current outlet constituted by a tank containing an electrolyte in which plunges a negatively charged electrode and a coating tank of the same length containing the coating solution in which plunges a positively charged electrode. However, it added a scalping die placed upstream of the liquid current socket and a rinsing tank placed between the liquid current socket and the coating tank. In this device, the receptacle for the liquid outlet and the coating receptacle are characterized by their length which is each 5 meters maximum.

Ce dispositif est représenté par la figure ci-jointe sur laquelle on distingue une bobine (1) dérouleuse de la longueur de métal (2), une filière de rasage (3), un bac (4) de prise de courant liquide avec une électrode (5) reliée au pôle négatif de la source de courant (6) et plongeant dans la solution (7), un compartiment de lavage (8), un bac (9) de revêtement contenant la solution (10) dans laquelle est immergée l'électrode (11) chargée positivement. A la sortie de ce bac, on a prévu un système de rinçage (12) et de séchage (13) avant d'enrouler la longueur de métal sur la bobine (14).This device is represented by the attached figure in which there is a coil (1) unwinding the length of metal (2), a shaving die (3), a tank (4) for taking a liquid current with an electrode. (5) connected to the negative pole of the current source (6) and immersed in the solution (7), a washing compartment (8), a tank (9) of coating containing the solution (10) in which is immersed l 'electrode (11) positively charged. At the outlet of this tank, a rinsing (12) and drying (13) system is provided before winding the length of metal on the coil (14).

L'invention peut être illustrée à l'aide du tableau n° 1 dans lequel figurent une série de 18 essais effectués sur un fil en alliage d'aluminium 6101, de diamètre 1,78 mm ayant comme caractéristiques mécaniques pour les essais 1 à 11 :

Figure imgb0003
The invention can be illustrated using table n ° 1 in which appear a series of 18 tests carried out on an aluminum alloy wire 6101, of diameter 1.78 mm having as mechanical characteristics for tests 1 to 11 :
Figure imgb0003

Pour les essais 12 à 18, ces caractéristiques sont respectivement les suivantes : 215 MPa-226 MPa-3,4%.For tests 12 to 18, these characteristics are respectively the following: 215 MPa-226 MPa-3.4%.

Sont regroupées dans une série de colonnes, d'abord, les conditions de traitement du fil :

  • - préparation de surface :
    • Essais 1 à 5 - pas de traitement de surface préalable ;
    • Essais 6 à 18 - traitement préalable de rasage ;
  • - la température du bac 1 (prise de courant liquide) et du bac Il (solution de revêtement) ;
  • - les conditions électriques : tension de courant en volts appliquée aux deux électrodes, densité de courant ayant traversé le système en A/dmz ;
  • la vitesse de défilement du fil en m/min, puis, les résultats d'essais obtenus avec le fil traité ;
  • - résistance de contact en mΩ déterminée par la méthode des fils en croix sur lesquels repose une masse de 1 kg ;
  • - l'épaisseur du revêtement de nickel en µm obtenue par détermination du poids de nickel recueilli par dissolution du revêtement dans l'acide nitrique ;
  • - des observations sur la tenue du fil au vieillissement électrique, contrôlée en soumettant ce dernier jusqu'à 200 cycles thermiques sous 30 A environ.
Are grouped in a series of columns, first, the processing conditions of the wire:
  • - surface preparation:
    • Tests 1 to 5 - no prior surface treatment;
    • Tests 6 to 18 - pre-shaving treatment;
  • - the temperature of tank 1 (liquid outlet) and tank II (coating solution);
  • - the electrical conditions: current voltage in volts applied to the two electrodes, current density having passed through the system in A / dm z ;
  • the wire running speed in m / min, then the test results obtained with the treated wire;
  • - contact resistance in mΩ determined by the cross-wire method on which a mass of 1 kg rests;
  • - the thickness of the nickel coating in µm obtained by determining the weight of nickel collected by dissolving the coating in nitric acid;
  • - observations on the resistance of the wire to electrical aging, controlled by subjecting the latter to 200 thermal cycles under approximately 30 A.

Au cours de chacun de ces cycles, dans divers ensembles de raccordements, le fil traité est porté à 120°C sous l'effet de la surintensité qui le traverse, puis refroidi à la température ambiante. On estime que la tenue est bonne si la résistance de contact R et la température du raccord n'évoluent pas.During each of these cycles, in various sets of connections, the treated wire is brought to 120 ° C. under the effect of the overcurrent which passes through it, then cooled to ambient temperature. The behavior is considered to be good if the contact resistance R and the temperature of the fitting do not change.

On peut constater à partir de ces résultats l'efficacité du procédé revendiqué, et les résultats surprenants de l'augmentation du rendement d'électrolyse en fonction des vitesses (cf. essais 17 et 18 ou pour des vitesses de défilement de 200 et 300 m/mn, on obtient des épaisseurs de revêtement pratiquement semblables).

Figure imgb0004
We can see from these results the efficiency of the claimed process, and the surprising results of the increase in the electrolysis yield as a function of the speeds (cf. tests 17 and 18 or for running speeds of 200 and 300 m / min, practically similar coating thicknesses are obtained).
Figure imgb0004

Le tableau Il ci-après donne pour un fil d'alliage aluminium 6101 de diamètre 1,75 mm, correspondant à l'essai n° 8 du tableau l, les résultats de mesures de résistance de contact initiale Ro et après 200 cycles R200 effectuées sur des bornes à plaquettes au cours de 8 essais repérés de 1 à 8. Il donne également les mesures de températures de contact après 1 cycle θ1 et après 200 cycles θ200, et les compare à la température de contact de référence s'. Ces essais ont été réalisés en se plaçant dans 2 cas différents de couples de serrage : 0,33 et 0,5 mN qui n'ont pratiquement pas évolué au cours des cycles, à une température ambiante voisine de 20 °C et sous une intensité de 31,5 A.

Figure imgb0005
Table II below gives, for an aluminum alloy wire 6101 with a diameter of 1.75 mm, corresponding to test No. 8 of Table 1, the results of initial contact resistance measurements Ro and after 200 cycles R200 carried out. on pad terminals during 8 tests marked from 1 to 8. It also gives the contact temperature measurements after 1 cycle θ1 and after 200 cycles θ200, and compares them to the reference contact temperature s'. These tests were carried out by taking place in 2 different cases of tightening torques: 0.33 and 0.5 mN which practically did not change during the cycles, at an ambient temperature close to 20 ° C and at an intensity 31.5 A.
Figure imgb0005

Le tableau lll page suivante, répète les mêmes essais sur un fil de cuivre de 1,5 mm2 de section.
(Voir Tableau lll page 7)
The table III on the following page repeats the same tests on a copper wire of 1.5 mm 2 in section.
(See Table lll page 7)

Figure imgb0006
Figure imgb0006

On constate que le fil d'alliage d'aluminium nickelé à 60 m/mn se comporte mieux que le fil de cuivre de résistance linéique équivalente.It can be seen that the aluminum alloy wire nickel-plated at 60 m / min behaves better than the copper wire of equivalent linear resistance.

Le tableau IV reproduit les essais du tableau Il, mais à partir d'un fil revêtu à une vitesse de défilement de 300 m/mn.Table IV reproduces the tests in Table II, but using a coated wire at a running speed of 300 m / min.

On constate des résultats comparables.

Figure imgb0007
There are comparable results.
Figure imgb0007

La présente invention trouve son application dans tous les problèmes de revêtement d'une grande longueur de métal par une couche métallique adhérente et présentant à la fois une ductilité telle qu'elle se prête facilement à des opérations de tréfilage, et une résistance de contact et non évolutive.The present invention finds its application in all the problems of coating a long length of metal with an adherent metal layer and having both a ductility such that it easily lends itself to wire drawing operations, and a contact resistance and not scalable.

Elle est plus particulièrement adaptée au nickelage des conducteurs électriques en aluminium ou en ses alliages au diamètre d'utilisation.It is more particularly suitable for nickel plating electrical conductors of aluminum or its alloys with the diameter of use.

C'est le cas du fil à usage domestique ou industriel dont les diamètres sont compris le plus souvent entre 1,5 et 3 mm.This is the case of wire for domestic or industrial use, the diameters of which are most often between 1.5 and 3 mm.

Mais, compte tenu de l'aptitude au tréfilage du fil nickelé par le procédé, le nickelage peut se faire sur des diamètres de provision, c'est-à-dire supérieurs au diamètre d'utilisation, que l'on réduit par la suite, ce qui permet d'étendre l'application du procédé à d'autres domaines tels que les fils fins des fils téléphoniques, des câbles souples et des fils de bobinage...However, taking into account the wire drawing ability of the nickel-plated wire by the process, nickel-plating can be carried out on supply diameters, that is to say greater than the use diameter, which is subsequently reduced. , which makes it possible to extend the application of the method to other fields such as the fine wires of telephone wires, flexible cables and winding wires ...

Claims (8)

1. A process for the continuous covering by electrolysis of a large length of metal with an adhesive metallic layer, in which the said length is subjected to a surface preparation treatment, then is passed into a metal covering solution to which an electric potential is applied by a liquid power outlet, characterised in that the surface preparation treatment consists of passing the length of metal through at least one scalping system and the liquid power outlet is made up of a solution of nickel chloride, boric acid and hydrofluoric acid.
2. A process according to claim 1, characterised in that the scalping system is at least one shearing die.
3. A process according to claim 1, characterised in that the metal covering solution contains nickel sulphamate, nickel chloride and boric acid.
4. A process according to claim 1, characterised in that the metallic layer is made up of nickel.
5. A process according to claim 1, characterised in that the length of metal consists of a continuous thread.
6. Application of the process according to claim 1, for the production of electrical conductors.
7. A device for putting the process according to claim 1 into operation, consisting, in the direction of circulation of the length of metal, of a liquid power outlet consisting of a through containing an electrolyte into which a negatively-charged electrode is immersed and a covering through containing the metal covering solution into which a positively-charged electrode is immersed, characterised in that it comprises a scalping die positioned upstream of the liquid power outlet and a rinsing trough positioned between the liquid power outlet and the covering trough.
8. A device according to claim 7, characterised in that the liquid power outlet and covering troughs each have a length of at most 5 metres.
EP83420076A 1982-04-29 1983-04-29 Process and apparatus for plating great lengths of metallic strip material Expired EP0093681B1 (en)

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FR8207922 1982-04-29
FR8207922A FR2526052B1 (en) 1982-04-29 1982-04-29 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR COATING A LONG LENGTH OF METAL WITH A METAL LAYER

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DE19951325A1 (en) * 1999-10-20 2001-05-10 Atotech Deutschland Gmbh Method and device for the electrolytic treatment of electrically mutually insulated, electrically conductive structures on surfaces of electrically insulating film material and applications of the method
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FR2526052B1 (en) 1985-10-11
EP0093681A1 (en) 1983-11-09
CA1197212A (en) 1985-11-26
FR2526052A1 (en) 1983-11-04
JPS58193392A (en) 1983-11-11
DE3361277D1 (en) 1986-01-02
US4492615A (en) 1985-01-08
JPH0255516B2 (en) 1990-11-27

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