EP0081421A1 - Terminal guidance method and guided missile using it - Google Patents

Terminal guidance method and guided missile using it Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0081421A1
EP0081421A1 EP82402180A EP82402180A EP0081421A1 EP 0081421 A1 EP0081421 A1 EP 0081421A1 EP 82402180 A EP82402180 A EP 82402180A EP 82402180 A EP82402180 A EP 82402180A EP 0081421 A1 EP0081421 A1 EP 0081421A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
missile
sensor
target
trajectory
section
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP82402180A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0081421B1 (en
Inventor
Pierre Metz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thomson Brandt Armements SA
Original Assignee
Thomson-Brandt SA
Thomson Brandt Armements SA
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Priority to AT82402180T priority Critical patent/ATE40467T1/en
Publication of EP0081421A1 publication Critical patent/EP0081421A1/en
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Publication of EP0081421B1 publication Critical patent/EP0081421B1/en
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42BEXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B10/00Means for influencing, e.g. improving, the aerodynamic properties of projectiles or missiles; Arrangements on projectiles or missiles for stabilising, steering, range-reducing, range-increasing or fall-retarding
    • F42B10/60Steering arrangements
    • F42B10/66Steering by varying intensity or direction of thrust
    • F42B10/661Steering by varying intensity or direction of thrust using several transversally acting rocket motors, each motor containing an individual propellant charge, e.g. solid charge
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G7/00Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles
    • F41G7/20Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles based on continuous observation of target position
    • F41G7/22Homing guidance systems
    • F41G7/222Homing guidance systems for spin-stabilized missiles
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G7/00Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles
    • F41G7/20Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles based on continuous observation of target position
    • F41G7/22Homing guidance systems
    • F41G7/2233Multimissile systems
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G7/00Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles
    • F41G7/20Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles based on continuous observation of target position
    • F41G7/22Homing guidance systems
    • F41G7/2253Passive homing systems, i.e. comprising a receiver and do not requiring an active illumination of the target
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41WEAPONS
    • F41GWEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G7/00Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles
    • F41G7/20Direction control systems for self-propelled missiles based on continuous observation of target position
    • F41G7/22Homing guidance systems
    • F41G7/2273Homing guidance systems characterised by the type of waves
    • F41G7/2293Homing guidance systems characterised by the type of waves using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42CAMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C13/00Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation
    • F42C13/006Proximity fuzes; Fuzes for remote detonation for non-guided, spinning, braked or gravity-driven weapons, e.g. parachute-braked sub-munitions

Definitions

  • the invention relates to guided projectiles and relates, more specifically, to a method of guiding a missile, applicable during the terminal portion of the flight path; it also relates to a guided missile operating according to this guidance method.
  • AIR-SOL missiles capable of stopping, at relatively large distances, the threat posed by land formations constituted, in particular, by motorized vehicles such as armored vehicles advancing in groups on the ground.
  • These armored vehicles by their nature, radiate thermal energy and, therefore, constitute potential targets which can be detected and located by a missile equipped, for example, with an electrooptical EO sensor operating in the IR band of the spectrum. electromagnetic.
  • the missile may be provided with a military charge capable of perforating the protective armor of armored vehicles.
  • a projectile comprising guide means which make it possible, in the terminal phase of the trajectory, to correct the possible error between the direction of a target and the direction of impact of the projectile on the ground, in free fall.
  • the base of this projectile of the prior art is equipped with a set of fins which imparts to the body of the projectile an autorotation movement of substantially constant angular speed, around its longitudinal axis.
  • an electro-optical sensor EO
  • a lateral impeller can provide a predetermined thrust force whose direction is normal to the velocity vector of the projectile.
  • the EO sensor consists of a plurality of photodetector cells arranged in a ring in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the projectile, in order to provide a hollow conical field of vision.
  • the surface of the ground covered by the field of vision of the EO sensor is progressively reduced as a function of the decreasing altitude of the trajectory.
  • the output signal from the EO sensor is used to provide a trigger order to the lateral impeller at the moment when the orientation of the latter is opposite to the direction of the detected target.
  • the proposed guidance method uses a target tracking sensor which measures the rotation of the missile / target line of sight.
  • the method of guidance according to the invention consists in immobilizing the beam of the sensor on the longitudinal axis, in imparting to the missile body an autorotation movement of controlled angular speed, in producing a transverse thrust force, normal to the direction of the vector speed of movement of the missile to force it to describe a spiral trajectory, to detect the presence of a possible target in the beam of the sensor, to release the beam of the sensor and to maintain the axis of this one pointed on the target, to measure the rotation of the line of sight missile-target, to develop a piloting order, function of the rotation of the line of sight and to modify the attitude of roll of the missile to direct the force of transverse thrust in a direction depending on the magnitude of the rotation of the line of sight.
  • a guided missile according to the invention comprises a sensor sensitive to the energy radiated by a potential target and it comprises: first and second main sections mutually coupled to rotate freely relative to each other around the axis longitudinal of the missile; the first main section called “front section” contains the sensor and comprises: a motor member having a first member secured to the mechanical structure of this front section, and a second member physically coupled to the second main section, and, a gas generator which feeds a side nozzle to create a transverse force; and the second main section called “rear section” is provided at its base with a stabilizing stabilizer; the sensor is provided with a locking device to immobilize its beam on the longitudinal axis of the missile and to allow the search for a target and this sensor provides a measurement of the rotation of the line of sight missile / target to control the roll attitude of the missile body in order to pilot the missile at the target.
  • Another object of the invention consists in conferring on the missile an initial speed of displacement determined on its trajectory and in maintaining it substantially constant along the trajectory.
  • Another object of the invention is to vary the angular speed of autorotation of the missile body along its terminal trajectory.
  • the second member of the engine member is coupled to the rear section of the missile by a central shaft.
  • the rear section of the missile comprises a compartment for housing a releasable braking parachute intended to reduce the ballistic speed of the missile over the portion of the trajectory preceding the terminal phase.
  • FIG. 1 represents, in a simplified form, the projectile of the prior art mentioned in the preamble of this application as well as the corresponding terminal guidance method.
  • the projectile 1 is equipped with a set of fins 2, the configuration of which makes it possible to print on the body of this projectile an angular speed of autorotation ⁇ r around its longitudinal axis X carrying the displacement speed vector V of the projectile on its path.
  • the trajectory of the projectile is inclined by an angle ⁇ t and this projectile strikes the ground at a point 4 angularly offset by an angle ⁇ c of a potential target 6.
  • the projectile In order to modify the trajectory of the projectile, it is provided with a lateral impeller 3 and an electro-optical sensor 5 which provides a trigger signal for this impeller, this trigger signal resulting from the measurement of the angle error ⁇ c . It follows that the velocity vector V of the projectile is modified by an amount V to provide a resulting velocity vector V offset by the angle ⁇ c of the velocity vector V to effect the impact of the projectile on the target.
  • FIG. 2 represents the embodiment of the electrooptical sensor 5 carried by the projectile 1 described in FIG. 1.
  • This sensor EO essentially consists of a plurality of photoconductive elements 7 arranged in a ring in a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis X of the projectile body to provide a predetermined hollow conical field of vision with angular opening 9 and angular width ⁇ .
  • the image 8 of the target 6 is detected by one of the photoconductive elements 7 such as the element 7 .
  • the magnitude of the relative angle A between the direction of the impeller 3 and the photoconductive element 7 i is measured by the sensor EO and supplied to a calculation circuit which determines the instant of tripping the impeller 3 corresponding to the passage of the latter in the direction of the detected target.
  • FIG. 3 represents, in a simplified schematic form, a guided missile 10 which includes specific means of the terminal guidance method according to the invention.
  • This missile comprises: a sensor 11, sensitive to the energy radiated by a potential target, located in the head of the missile, a means 12 for providing a transverse thrust P o passing through the center of gravity G of the missile and a means 13 for control the roll attitude of the missile 10 body around its longitudinal axis X.
  • the sensor is provided with a locking means making it possible to immobilize its beam on the longitudinal axis X, means for detecting the possible presence of '' a target intercepted by this beam and angular tracking means to measure the rotation of the target / missile line of sight (LOS).
  • LOS line of sight
  • the means 12 for providing a transverse thrust P 0 comprises a combustion chamber which feeds a lateral nozzle whose thrust direction is inclined, by an angle a, on the longitudinal axis X of the missile; it follows that the transverse FN and longitudinal components F l of the force F applied to the missile are given by the following relationships: to which correspond the normal acceleration ⁇ N given by the following relation and the longitudinal acceleration ⁇ L given by the following relation: where M is the mass of the missile and g the magnitude of the earth's gravity field.
  • FIG. 4 represents a section of the missile 10, of axes, XY and Z; and shows the components Fy and F Z of the normal force FN as a function of the roll angle ( ⁇ of the missile body around its longitudinal axis X.
  • These components F y and F Z are given by the following relationships:
  • the missile body can rotate in both directions, relative to the X axis with an instantaneous angular speed ⁇ .
  • the quantities ⁇ and ⁇ can be measured on board the missile and used respectively to control the roll attitude and the autorotation speed of the missile body.
  • FIG. 5 is a plane diagram of axis x, z linked to the ground on which the main parameters are indicated which determine the extent of the ground swept by the beam 14 of the sensor EO carried by the missile 10 described above.
  • the center of gravity G of the missile is driven by a speed of movement V directed along the longitudinal axis X of the body of the missile and it is subjected to a system of forces comprising: a normal force to which corresponds an acceleration ⁇ N normal to velocity vector V, a longitudinal force to which corresponds an acceleration ⁇ L directed along the longitudinal axis X and the terrestrial gravity force to which corresponds the acceleration vector g directed along the vertical of the place.
  • the missile beam 14 has a relatively narrow half-opening angular field E, a few degrees for example.
  • the straight line GI of the missile's descent trajectory is inclined by an angle O o on the horizontal.
  • the body of a missile being the object of an autorotation speed ⁇ around its longitudinal axis X and the beam 14 of the sensor EO being immobilized on this longitudinal axis X, it follows that the beam 14 described according to the time a hollow cone of axis GI whose external and internal half-openings have the respective values (O + E) and (0 - ⁇ ).
  • the altitude R h of the missile above the ground decreasing in proportion to time, the axis 15 of the beam 14 describes on the ground, as a function of time, a converging spiral of radius R centered on point 1.
  • the extent of the surface of the ground swept by the beam 14 is a circle when the angle of descent is equal to 90 ° and an ellipse of small eccentricity when the value of this angle ⁇ . stays high, 60 to 70 ° for example.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram in a trihedron x, y, z linked to the ground which illustrates the method of search for a target by the missile described previously, in a particular case corresponding to a descent angle ⁇ o equal to 90 °.
  • the trajectory S of the center of gravity G of the missile describes a spiral carried by a cylinder 15 of vertical axis z passing substantially through the point I and the radius of this cylinder has a magnitude r.
  • the extent A s of the surface of the ground swept by the beam 14 of the sensor EO is given by the following formula:
  • the transit time T D of the optical beam on a target C is given by the following relation: where ⁇ is the angular speed of rotation of the beam around the vertical axis z.
  • FIG. 7 represents a detailed view of a portion of the trajectory S of the missile 10 shown in the previous figure.
  • the speed vector V of the missile originates from the point G representing the center of gravity of the missile, this speed vector V is contained in a plane P tangent to a generator of a cylinder 16 carrying the point G.
  • the components of the speed vector V are the vertical component Vh and the orthogonal component V given by the following relationships:
  • the speed component V is tangent to the circle with center O and radius r.
  • General relationships of dynamics with ⁇ .
  • Figure 8 is a simplified diagram showing a variant of the method of finding a target on the ground.
  • the angular speed ⁇ of roll of the missile, around its longitudinal axis X is varied as a function of the altitude R h of the missile above the ground.
  • the previous formulas giving the values of the width ⁇ R s of the successive scanning frames and the inclination angle 9 of the speed vector V of the missile can be rewritten in an approximate form: meters considering that the values of the angles ⁇ and 9 have always small values.
  • the EO sensor provides the following output signals: a first output signal indicating the presence of a target in the beam 14 and a second output signal proportional to the speed of rotation of the missile / target line of sight.
  • the first output signal is used to release the beam from the optical sensor and allow angular tracking of the sensor on the target image; the second output signal, once the angular tracking is ensured, is supplied to a calculation means for controlling the roll attitude of the missile body and, consequently, for piloting the missile in the direction.
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram which represents the speed of rotation vector from the missile / target line of sight, the normal thrust force FN to the speed vector V passing through the longitudinal axis X of the missile and the angle ⁇ of orientation of this thrust force F N.
  • control input signal is proportional to the magnitude and the answer is the quantity ⁇ of the orientation of the thrust force F N with respect to the direction of the rotation vector such as since the terms o and V of the equation of the guide law are constants.
  • FIGS. 9 and 10 shown opposite, illustrate the laws of acceleration ⁇ and of the roll steering angle ⁇ of the missile as a function of the module of the rotation vector.
  • Figure 17 is a diagram showing the components of the rotation vector in an absolute trihedron U, V and in the trihedron missile Y, Z referenced to the direction of the pilot nozzle.
  • FIG. 18 represents, in the form of a block diagram, the servo-control loop in pursuit of the missile which comprises the following elements: the guide sensor 100 which delivers the components y and Z of the rotation vector of the missile-target line of sight, these two components are supplied to a resolving device 110 and an operator 120 which develops the module of the rotation vector
  • is applied to an operator 130 to supply an output signal ⁇ in accordance with the guide law shown in FIG. 10 and by means of a servo motor 140, turns the resolver 110 by an equivalent angle; finally, the output signal V ⁇ is applied to the roll control means 150 of the missile body.
  • the angular velocity ⁇ of roll of the missile body is then given by the following relation: in which VR is the relative speed and R d the remaining missile-target distance. It follows that the acceleration component ⁇ ⁇ ensures biased proportional navigation and the acceleration component ⁇ T generates a spiral trajectory but has no effect on the convergence of the guidance on the target.
  • the guidance method which has just been described can be applied to a guide missile of moderate caliber, for example of the order of 100 mm, and the magnitudes of the main parameters listed above may, for information, be around the following values: displacement speed V of the missile on its trajectory of the order of 50 ms -1 , descent angle ⁇ o between 60 and 90 °, tilt angle ⁇ of the missile speed vector on the axis of descent between 10 and 15 °, angular half-opening ⁇ of the beam the sensor on the order of 4 to 8 °, altitude R h of the missile at the time of ignition of the gas generator, on the order of 500 m.
  • the duration of travel of the terminal portion of the trajectory is between 10 and 15 seconds and, for a value of normal acceleration ⁇ N of the order of 25 ms 2 , the angular speed of roll rotation ⁇ is of the order of 2.5 rad.s, the surface of the ground swept by the beam of the sensor is approximately 5.10 4 m 2 . All the values of these parameters can vary depending on the specific mission of the missile.
  • FIG. 11 is a view in longitudinal section of an embodiment of a guided missile operating in accordance with the guidance method which has just been described.
  • Such a missile can be characterized by its following main dimensional parameters: its caliber equal to its outside diameter D, its overall length L, the span of its fins LE and its total mass M o .
  • the sensor E.O 23 is sensitive, for example, to the energy of thermal origin radiated by the vehicles to be intercepted and the dome 23a is transparent to the corresponding I.R radiation.
  • This EO sensor comprises an optical assembly 23b at the focal point of which a photodetector element 23c is arranged to provide a beam 14 of half-opening equal to an amount, this beam being materialized by its axis 15.
  • the assembly constituted by the optical assembly 23b and the photodetector element 23c is carried by a gyroscope comprising locking means (tuliping) for immobilizing the axis of the optical beam 14 on the longitudinal axis X of the missile and precession means making it possible, in the locked position, to orient this optical beam in space.
  • this E.O. sensor includes electronic means for detecting the presence of a thermal source intercepted by the beam and means for controlling the axis of the optical beam on the right missile / target.
  • the drive member 24 for controlling the roll attitude of the front section of the missile is a torque engine.
  • a torque motor is a rotary multipolar electric machine which can be coupled in direct engagement with the load to be driven. This type of machine transforms electrical control signals into a mechanical torque large enough to obtain a determined degree of precision in a speed or position control system.
  • a torque motor of the "pancake" type, by design, can be easily integrated into the structure of the missile. As shown in FIG. 12, this type of torque motor essentially comprises three elements: a stator 24a which provides a permanent magnetic field, a laminated rotor 24b, wound, secured to a blade collector 24c, and a carrier ring 24d broom fitted with connections for receiving control signals.
  • this torque motor ensures rigid coupling with the load, resulting in a high mechanical resonance frequency; due to its electrical characteristics, the intrinsic response time of a torque motor can be short and its resolution high.
  • the delivered torque increases in proportion to the input current and is independent of the speed or the angular position.
  • the torque being linear as a function of the input current, this type of machine is free from an operating threshold.
  • Torque motors are marketed, in particular, by the firms ARTUS (France) and INLAND (USA).
  • the second member 24b of the engine member due to its connection with the tail fin of the missile, is the object of a resistant torque resulting from the combination of the torque of inertia of this rear section and the aerodynamic torque provided by the tail.
  • the first member 24a of the drive member has a control input which is connected to an amplifier which includes corrective electrical networks.
  • the input of this amplifier receives an electrical signal resulting from the comparison of the angular speed O of roll of the missile body and of a set value.
  • the angular roll speed of the missile body can be provided by a gyrometer whose sensitive axis is aligned with the longitudinal axis of the missile.
  • the set value can be varied as a function of time, that is to say as a function of the altitude of the missile above the ground.
  • the input of the amplifier of the motor organ receives an electrical signal making it possible to control the attitude of roll of the missile body in order to cancel the rotation of the line of missile / target sight.
  • the empennage 31 of the missile is constituted by movable fins between a position folded against the body of the missile and an active deployed position. Taking into account the relatively low speed of movement V of the missile, it is necessary that the tail unit provides a significant aerodynamic stabilizing torque, this is obtained by fins of great elongation which are placed tangentially on the body of the missile.
  • Figure 13 is a perspective view of the entire empennage, the fins located on the front of the figure being deleted for clarity.
  • the body 3la of the empennage is an annular part provided, for example, with an internal thread 31b allowing its fixing on the base of the rear section 30 of the missile. This annular part comprises a set of inclined yokes 31 c and regularly distributed around the periphery of the part.
  • a slot 33 with parallel faces allows to embed the hinge tab 34 of the fin 32 which can pivot, by means of a pin in the holes 33a and 33b.
  • the tail is supplemented, for each of the fins, by a locking device in the deployed position.
  • This device is constituted, for example, by a spring locking mechanism 36 which actuates a stud 37, which can engage in a lateral notch provided for this purpose in the hinge tab of the fin.
  • a detailed embodiment of this type of tail has been described in the French patent PV. No. 53.419, filed March 15, 1966 and published under No. 1.485.580.
  • the tail provides an aerodynamic resistant torque which is transmitted to the second member 24b of the drive member 24.
  • the gas generator 26 is essentially constituted by a combustion chamber inside which are arranged two blocks 26a and 26b of solid propellant. Between these two blocks of propellant, is located an ejection nozzle 27 whose outlet orifice opens onto the side wall of the missile body.
  • the thrust direction of the gases Po is inclined at an angle a on the front of the missile to provide the two components of acceleration force: the longitudinal force F L making it possible to compensate for the force of terrestrial gravity and the normal force F N used in combination with the roll attitude of the missile body to vary the orientation of the speed vector V of the missile.
  • the section of the combustion chamber and, consequently, the section of the propellant blocks can be toroidal in shape to allow free passage around the longitudinal axis X of the missile, in particular for arranging the coupling shaft 21 of the front and rear sections of the missile.
  • the total mass mp of propellant must satisfy the following relationship: where F is the necessary thrust force, Td the maximum travel time of the missile on the terminal portion of its trajectory and I s the specific impulse of the propellant used.
  • the military charge can advantageously be of the so-called "hollow charge” type which produces a jet capable of puncturing the vehicle's protective armor.
  • the coupling shaft 21 of the front and rear sections of the missile comprises a recess 21 a in its axial portion; moreover, a free passage can also be arranged in the central part of the compartment 25 bringing together the electronic circuits associated with the sensor E.O 23 and with the motor member 24.
  • the braking parachute 35 of the missile can be a parachute similar to those used in the technique of braked projectiles such as aviation bombs. With this parachute are associated release and release devices not shown.
  • the duration of action of the parachute is a function of the mass Mo of the missile and of the ratio of cruising speed to predetermined speed V over the terminal portion of the missile's trajectory.
  • the guided missile which has just been described in detail may be a medium caliber missile of the order of 100 mm and an elongation factor of approximately 6 to 7 for a weight of 10 to 15 kgs. However, it can be indicated that all of its values can be modified within wide limits depending in particular on the destructive power of the military charge carried.
  • the guided missile in itself, as just described, can constitute a sub-projectile of a projectile of larger dimensions whose main function is to ensure the carrying of this or a grouping of such sub-projectiles on the cruise portion to the end position of the firing trajectory.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates the transient portion between the cruising portion and the terminal portion of the firing trajectory.
  • the carrying projectile 50 transports sub-projectiles or guided missiles 51, 52 and 53 located in a section 54. From the start of the transition portion of the trajectory, the guided missiles are ejected and dispersed with a significant initial speed substantially equal to that of the carrier projectile and are at a predetermined altitude above the ground. In order to reduce their initial speed of movement to reach the speed V suitable for carrying out the acquisition and interception of targets, the braking parachute 35 of the missile is released for a determined period, after which the mechanical link between the missile and the parachute is broken to ensure the release of it.
  • the stabilizing stabilizer 31 is deployed and the front section of the missile is put into autorotation. Therefore, the gas generator, to produce the transverse thrust force FN is activated and the search phase for a potential target located on the ground can begin. It results from the ejection force imparted by the carrier vehicle 50 at the time of its separation from the sub-projectiles 51 to 52, a certain distance of dispersion RD at the moment when the operation of searching for targets begins with the sensor of the sub-projectile.
  • Figure 15 is a partial exploded view of section 54 of the carrier projectile 50 which shows an example of installation of a group of three guided missiles 31, 52 and 53. These missiles are regularly distributed around the longitudinal axis of the carrier projectile, in addition, an identical group of missiles can be installed in tandem, if necessary.
  • Figure 16 is a cross section of the carrier projectile 50 which shows the relative arrangement of the guided missiles 51, 52 and 53 inside the housing section 54.
  • the guided missiles are supported on elements 55 actuated by a mechanism ejection 56 whose complementary function is to communicate a certain amount of movement to the missiles during their ejection, in order to ensure a predetermined relative dispersion.
  • the ejection mechanism 56 can be of a known mechanical type actuated by hydraulic, pneumatic or possibly electrical means.
  • the missiles can be provided with a tail unit formed by four deployable fins 32, in order to allow a certain material embedding thereof.
  • Table 1 is a summary table of the progress of the main operations carried out by the missile during its firing trajectory.
  • the guided missile according to the invention is not limited in its characteristics and its applications to the embodiment described.
  • the sensor can be of the passive or semi-active type and operate in the optical or radar bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, the relative arrangement of the elements such as the driving member 24 and the military charge 33 can be modified.
  • the invention is not limited to its application to an autonomous missile, but also applies to a missile carried by conventional vehicles or aircraft.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Control Of Position, Course, Altitude, Or Attitude Of Moving Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

A guidance method is provided for the terminal portion of the trajectory of a guided missile having a sensor and comprising two sections coupled together by a central shaft and free to rotate with respect to one another about the longitudinal axis of the missile; one section comprises a drive means for controlling the roll attitude of this section and a gas generator which feeds a nozzle for providing a transverse throat force and the other section has a stabilizing tail unit formed by a set of fins able to be opened out.

Description

L'invention se rapporte aux projectiles guidés et concerne, plus précisément, une méthode de guidage d'un missile, applicable pendant la portion terminale de la trajectoire de vol ; elle concerne également un missile guidé opérant selon cette méthode de guidage.The invention relates to guided projectiles and relates, more specifically, to a method of guiding a missile, applicable during the terminal portion of the flight path; it also relates to a guided missile operating according to this guidance method.

Il existe une demande pour des missiles AIR-SOL capables d'enrayer, à des distances relativement importantes, la menace que présentent des formations terrestres constituées, notamment, par des véhicules motorisés tels que des véhicules blindés progressant par groupes sur le terrain. Ces véhicules blindés, de par leur nature, rayonnent une énergie thermique et, de ce fait, constituent des cibles potentielles qui peuvent être détectées et localisées par un missile muni, par exemple, d'un senseur électrooptique E.O opérant dans la bande I.R du spectre électromagnétique. De plus, le missile peut être doté d'une charge militaire capable de perforer le blindage de protection de véhicules blindés. Il est possible de diriger le tir d'un tel missile vers un groupement de véhicules blindés ; toutefois, le problème demeure de fournir, pendant la portion terminale de la trajectoire de descente vers le sol, les corrections de trajectoires nécessaires pour réaliser un impact du missile sur l'un des véhicules détecté par le senseur E.O.There is a demand for AIR-SOL missiles capable of stopping, at relatively large distances, the threat posed by land formations constituted, in particular, by motorized vehicles such as armored vehicles advancing in groups on the ground. These armored vehicles, by their nature, radiate thermal energy and, therefore, constitute potential targets which can be detected and located by a missile equipped, for example, with an electrooptical EO sensor operating in the IR band of the spectrum. electromagnetic. In addition, the missile may be provided with a military charge capable of perforating the protective armor of armored vehicles. It is possible to direct the firing of such a missile towards a group of armored vehicles; however, the problem remains of providing, during the terminal portion of the descent to the ground trajectory, the trajectory corrections necessary to achieve an impact of the missile on one of the vehicles detected by the E.O.

On connaît déjà un projectile comportant des moyens de guidage qui permettent, dans la phase terminale de la trajectoire, de corriger l'erreur éventuelle entre la direction d'une cible et la direction d'impact du projectile sur le sol, en chute libre. A cet effet, la base de ce projectile de l'art antérieur est équipé d'un jeu d'ailettes qui imprime au corps du projectile un mouvement d'autorotation de vitesse angulaire sensiblement constante, autour de son axe longitudinal. Dans la tête du projectile est disposé un senseur électro-optique (E.O) et, enfin, dans la partie médiane du corps, un impulseur latéral peut fournir une force de poussée prédéterminée dont la direction est normale au vecteur de vitesse du projectile. Le senseur E.O est constitué par une pluralité de cellules photodétrices arrangées en anneau dans un plan perpendiculaire à l'axe du projectile, afin de fournir un champ de vision conique creux. Ainsi, la surface du sol couverte par le champ de vision du senseur E.O se réduit progressivement en fonction de l'altitude décroissante de la trajectoire. Lorsque la cible rentre dans le champ de vision du senseur, son image tombe sur l'une des cellules photodétectrices, ce qui détermine, en coordonnées polaires, la position de la cible par rapport à l'orientation de l'impulseur. Le signal de sortie du senseur E.O est exploité pour fournir un ordre de déclenchement à l'impulseur latéral à l'instant où l'orientation de celui-ci est opposée à la direction de la cible détectée.A projectile is already known comprising guide means which make it possible, in the terminal phase of the trajectory, to correct the possible error between the direction of a target and the direction of impact of the projectile on the ground, in free fall. To this end, the base of this projectile of the prior art is equipped with a set of fins which imparts to the body of the projectile an autorotation movement of substantially constant angular speed, around its longitudinal axis. In the head of the projectile is placed an electro-optical sensor (EO) and, finally, in the middle part of the body, a lateral impeller can provide a predetermined thrust force whose direction is normal to the velocity vector of the projectile. The EO sensor consists of a plurality of photodetector cells arranged in a ring in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the projectile, in order to provide a hollow conical field of vision. Thus, the surface of the ground covered by the field of vision of the EO sensor is progressively reduced as a function of the decreasing altitude of the trajectory. When the target enters the field of vision of the sensor, its image falls on one of the photodetector cells, which determines, in polar coordinates, the position of the target relative to the orientation of the impeller. The output signal from the EO sensor is used to provide a trigger order to the lateral impeller at the moment when the orientation of the latter is opposite to the direction of the detected target.

Ce projectile de l'art antérieur de construction relativement simple ne permet pas d'atteindre le degré d'efficacité recherché et, notamment, de réaliser un impact probable sur la cible. Pour atteindre ce but, la méthode de guidage proposée met en oeuvre un senseur de poursuite de la cible qui mesure la rotation de la ligne de visée missile/cible.This projectile of the prior art of relatively simple construction does not make it possible to achieve the desired degree of efficiency and, in particular, to achieve a probable impact on the target. To achieve this goal, the proposed guidance method uses a target tracking sensor which measures the rotation of the missile / target line of sight.

La méthode de guidage selon l'invention consiste à immobiliser le faisceau du senseur sur l'axe longitudinal, à imprimer au corps du missile un mouvement d'autorotation de vitesse angulaire contrôlée, à produire une force de poussée transversale, normale à la direction du vecteur vitesse de déplacement du missile pour forcer celui-ci à décrire une trajectoire spirale, à détecter la présence d'une cible éventuelle dans le faisceau du senseur, à libérer le faisceau du senseur et à maintenir l'axe de celui-ci pointé sur la cible, à mesurer la rotation de la ligne de visée missile-cible, à élaborer un ordre de pilotage, fonction de la rotation de la ligne de visée et à modifier l'attitude de roulis du missile pour orienter la force de poussée transversale dans une direction fonction de la grandeur de la rotation de la ligne de visée.The method of guidance according to the invention consists in immobilizing the beam of the sensor on the longitudinal axis, in imparting to the missile body an autorotation movement of controlled angular speed, in producing a transverse thrust force, normal to the direction of the vector speed of movement of the missile to force it to describe a spiral trajectory, to detect the presence of a possible target in the beam of the sensor, to release the beam of the sensor and to maintain the axis of this one pointed on the target, to measure the rotation of the line of sight missile-target, to develop a piloting order, function of the rotation of the line of sight and to modify the attitude of roll of the missile to direct the force of transverse thrust in a direction depending on the magnitude of the rotation of the line of sight.

L'invention concerne également un missile guidé opérant selon la méthode de guidage qui vient d'être énoncée. Un missile guidé selon l'invention comporte un senseur sensible à l'énergie rayonnée par une cible potentielle et il comprend : une première et une seconde sections principales mutuellement accouplées pour tourner librement l'une par rapport à l'autre autour de l'axe longitudinal du missile ; la première section principale dite "section avant" contient le senseur et comporte : un organe moteur ayant un premier membre solidaire de la structure mécanique de cette section avant, et un second membre physiquement couplé à la seconde section principale, et, un générateur de gaz qui alimente une tuyère latérale pour créer une force transversale ; et la seconde section principale dite "section arrière" est munie à sa base d'un empennage stabilisateur ; le senseur est muni d'un dispositif de verrouillage pour immobiliser son faisceau sur l'axe longitudinal du missile et pour permettre la recherche d'une cible et ce senseur fournit une mesure de la rotation de la ligne de visée missile/cible pour contrôler l'attitude de roulis du corps du missile afin de piloter le missile sur la cible.The invention also relates to a guided missile operating according to the guidance method which has just been stated. A guided missile according to the invention comprises a sensor sensitive to the energy radiated by a potential target and it comprises: first and second main sections mutually coupled to rotate freely relative to each other around the axis longitudinal of the missile; the first main section called "front section" contains the sensor and comprises: a motor member having a first member secured to the mechanical structure of this front section, and a second member physically coupled to the second main section, and, a gas generator which feeds a side nozzle to create a transverse force; and the second main section called "rear section" is provided at its base with a stabilizing stabilizer; the sensor is provided with a locking device to immobilize its beam on the longitudinal axis of the missile and to allow the search for a target and this sensor provides a measurement of the rotation of the line of sight missile / target to control the roll attitude of the missile body in order to pilot the missile at the target.

Un autre objet de l'invention consiste à conférer au missile une vitesse initiale de déplacement déterminée sur sa trajectoire et à maintenir celle-ci sensiblement constante le long de la trajectoire.Another object of the invention consists in conferring on the missile an initial speed of displacement determined on its trajectory and in maintaining it substantially constant along the trajectory.

Un autre objet de l'invention est de varier la vitesse angulaire d'autorotation du corps du missile le long de sa trajectoire terminale. En outre, le second membre de l'organe moteur est couplé à la section arrière du missile par un arbre central.Another object of the invention is to vary the angular speed of autorotation of the missile body along its terminal trajectory. In addition, the second member of the engine member is coupled to the rear section of the missile by a central shaft.

Selon un autre objet de l'invention, la section arrière du missile comporte un compartiment du logement d'un parachute de freinage largable destiné à réduire la vitesse balistique du missile sur la portion de la trajectoire précédant la phase terminale.According to another object of the invention, the rear section of the missile comprises a compartment for housing a releasable braking parachute intended to reduce the ballistic speed of the missile over the portion of the trajectory preceding the terminal phase.

Les caractéristiques et les avantages de l'invention ressortiront de la description détaillée qui va suivre, faite en regard des dessins annexés qui illustrent la méthode de guidage et un mode de réalisation du missile guidé ; sur ces dessins :

  • - la figure 1 représente un projectile guidé de l'art antérieur,
  • - la figure 2 représente le mode de réalisation du senseur électrooptique du projectile de l'art antérieur,
  • - la figure 3, sous une forme schématique simplifiée, représente un missile guidé comprenant les moyens nécessairess à la méthode de guidage selon l'invention,
  • - la figure 4 représente une vue en coupe transverse du missile guidé de la figure 3,
  • - la figure 5 est un diagramme plan d'axes x,z liés au sol indiquant les principaux paramètres qui déterminent l'étendue du sol balayé par le faisceau du senseur,
  • - la figure 6 est un diagramme selon un trièdre x, y, z lié au sol illustrant la méthode de recherche d'une cible potentielle,
  • - la figure 7 représente une vue détaillée d'une portion de la trajectoire du missile,
  • - la figure 8 est un diagramme simplifié représentant une variante de la trajectoire de recherche,
  • - la figure 9 illustre la loi d'accélération conférée au missile en fonction de la grandeur de la rotation de la ligne de visée missile/cible,
  • - la figure 10 illustre la loi de contrôle de l'attitude de roulis du corps du missile en fonction de la grandeur de la rotation de la ligne de visée missile/cible,
  • - la figure 11 est une coupe longitudinale d'un missile guidé selon l'invention,
  • - la figure 12 représente, en vue éclatée, les éléments d'un moteur-couple électrique,
  • - la figure 13 représente un mode de réalisation de l'empennage stabilisateur,
  • - la figure 14 illustre une application du missile guidé à la destruction d'un groupement de véhicules terrestres,
  • - la figure 15 est une vue éclatée du compartiment d'emport d'un projectile porteur contenant une pluralité de missile,
  • - la figure 16 est une vue en coupe du projectile porteur montrant la disposition relative des missiles guidés dans le compartiment d'emport.
  • - La figure 17 est un diagramme des composantes du vecteur rotation de la ligne de visée missile-cible dans un trièdre absolu et dans le trièdre missile.
  • - La figure 18 représente, sous la forme d'un bloc diagramme, les éléments de la boucle d'asservissement en poursuite du missile.
The characteristics and advantages of the invention will emerge from the detailed description which follows, made with reference to the appended drawings which illustrate the method of guidance and an embodiment of the guided missile; on these drawings:
  • FIG. 1 represents a guided projectile of the prior art,
  • - Figure 2 shows the embodiment of the sensor electrooptics of the prior art projectile,
  • FIG. 3, in a simplified schematic form, represents a guided missile comprising the means necessary for the guidance method according to the invention,
  • FIG. 4 represents a cross-sectional view of the guided missile of FIG. 3,
  • FIG. 5 is a plane diagram of axes x, z linked to the ground indicating the main parameters which determine the extent of the ground swept by the beam of the sensor,
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram according to a trihedron x, y, z linked to the ground illustrating the method of searching for a potential target,
  • FIG. 7 represents a detailed view of a portion of the trajectory of the missile,
  • FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram representing a variant of the search trajectory,
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the acceleration law imparted to the missile as a function of the magnitude of the rotation of the missile / target line of sight,
  • FIG. 10 illustrates the law for controlling the roll attitude of the missile body as a function of the magnitude of the rotation of the missile / target line of sight,
  • FIG. 11 is a longitudinal section of a guided missile according to the invention,
  • FIG. 12 represents, in an exploded view, the elements of an electric torque motor,
  • FIG. 13 represents an embodiment of the stabilizing stabilizer,
  • FIG. 14 illustrates an application of the guided missile to the destruction of a group of land vehicles,
  • FIG. 15 is an exploded view of the carrying compartment of a carrier projectile containing a plurality of missiles,
  • - Figure 16 is a sectional view of the carrier projectile showing the relative arrangement of guided missiles in the carrying compartment.
  • FIG. 17 is a diagram of the components of the rotation vector of the missile-target line of sight in an absolute trihedron and in the missile trihedron.
  • - Figure 18 shows, in the form of a block diagram, the elements of the servo loop in pursuit of the missile.

La figure 1 représente, sous une forme simplifiée, le projectile de l'art antérieur mentionné dans le préambule de cette demande ainsi que la méthode de guidage terminal correspondante. Le projectile 1 est équipé d'un jeu d'ailettes 2 dont la configuration permet d'imprimer au corps de ce projectile une vitesse angulaire d'autorotation ωr autour de son axe longitudinal X portant le vecteur vitesse de déplacement V du projectile sur sa trajectoire. En chute libre, la trajectoire du projectile est inclinée d'un angle θt et ce projectile percute le sol en un point 4 décalé angulairement d'un angle θc d'une cible potentielle 6.FIG. 1 represents, in a simplified form, the projectile of the prior art mentioned in the preamble of this application as well as the corresponding terminal guidance method. The projectile 1 is equipped with a set of fins 2, the configuration of which makes it possible to print on the body of this projectile an angular speed of autorotation ω r around its longitudinal axis X carrying the displacement speed vector V of the projectile on its path. In free fall, the trajectory of the projectile is inclined by an angle θ t and this projectile strikes the ground at a point 4 angularly offset by an angle θ c of a potential target 6.

Dans le but de modifier la trajectoire du projectile, celui-ci est muni d'un impulseur latéral 3 et d'un senseur électrooptique 5 qui fournit un signal de déclenchement de cet impulseur, ce signal de déclenchement résultant de la mesure de l'angle d'erreur θc. Il en résulte que le vecteur vitesse V du projectile est modifié d'une quantité V pour fournir un vecteur vitesse résultant V décalé de l'angle θc du vecteur vitesse V pour réaliser l'impact du projectile sur la cible.In order to modify the trajectory of the projectile, it is provided with a lateral impeller 3 and an electro-optical sensor 5 which provides a trigger signal for this impeller, this trigger signal resulting from the measurement of the angle error θ c . It follows that the velocity vector V of the projectile is modified by an amount V to provide a resulting velocity vector V offset by the angle θ c of the velocity vector V to effect the impact of the projectile on the target.

La figure 2 représente le mode de réalisation du senseur électrooptique 5 porté par le projectile 1 décrit à la figure 1. Ce senseur EO est constitué essentiellement par une pluralité d'éléments photoconducteurs 7 arrangés en couronne dans un plan orthogonal à l'axe longitudinal X du corps du projectile pour fournir un champ de vision conique creux prédéterminé d'ouverture angulaire 9 et de largeur angulaire β . Lorsque l'image 8 de la cible 6 est détectée par l'un des éléments photoconducteurs 7 tel que l'élément 7., la grandeur de l'angle relatif A entre la direction de l'impulseur 3 et l'élément photoconducteur 7i est mesuré par le senseur EO et fournie à un circuit de calcul qui détermine l'instant de déclenchement de l'impulseur 3 correspondant au passage de celui-ci dans la direction de la cible détectée.FIG. 2 represents the embodiment of the electrooptical sensor 5 carried by the projectile 1 described in FIG. 1. This sensor EO essentially consists of a plurality of photoconductive elements 7 arranged in a ring in a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis X of the projectile body to provide a predetermined hollow conical field of vision with angular opening 9 and angular width β. When the image 8 of the target 6 is detected by one of the photoconductive elements 7 such as the element 7 . , the magnitude of the relative angle A between the direction of the impeller 3 and the photoconductive element 7 i is measured by the sensor EO and supplied to a calculation circuit which determines the instant of tripping the impeller 3 corresponding to the passage of the latter in the direction of the detected target.

La figure 3 représente, sous une forme schématique simplifiée, un missile guidé 10 qui comprend des moyens spécifiques de la méthode de guidage terminale selon l'invention. Ce missile comprend : un senseur 11, sensible à l'énergie rayonnée par une cible potentielle, située dans la tête du missile, un moyen 12 pour fournir une poussée transversale Po passant par le centre de gravité G du missile et un moyen 13 pour contrôler l'attitude de roulis du corps du missile 10 autour de son axe longitudinal X. Le senseur est muni d'un moyen de verrouillage permettant d'immobiliser son faisceau sur l'axe longitudinal X, des moyens de détection de la présence éventuelle d'une cible interceptée par ce faisceau et des moyens de poursuite angulaire pour mesurer la rotation

Figure imgb0001
de la ligne visée (L.O.S.) cible/missile. Le moyen 12 pour fournir une poussée transversale P0 comprend une chambre de combustion qui alimente une tuyère latérale dont la direction de poussée est inclinée, d'un angle a, sur l'axe longitudinal X du missile ; il en résulte que les composantes transverses FN et longitudinales Fl de la force F appliquée au missile sont données par les relations suivantes :
Figure imgb0002
Figure imgb0003
auxquelles correspondent l'accélération normale αN donnée par la relation suivante
Figure imgb0004
et l'accélération longitudinale αL donnée par la relation suivante :
Figure imgb0005
où M est la masse du missile et g la grandeur du champ de pesanteur terrestre.FIG. 3 represents, in a simplified schematic form, a guided missile 10 which includes specific means of the terminal guidance method according to the invention. This missile comprises: a sensor 11, sensitive to the energy radiated by a potential target, located in the head of the missile, a means 12 for providing a transverse thrust P o passing through the center of gravity G of the missile and a means 13 for control the roll attitude of the missile 10 body around its longitudinal axis X. The sensor is provided with a locking means making it possible to immobilize its beam on the longitudinal axis X, means for detecting the possible presence of '' a target intercepted by this beam and angular tracking means to measure the rotation
Figure imgb0001
of the target / missile line of sight (LOS). The means 12 for providing a transverse thrust P 0 comprises a combustion chamber which feeds a lateral nozzle whose thrust direction is inclined, by an angle a, on the longitudinal axis X of the missile; it follows that the transverse FN and longitudinal components F l of the force F applied to the missile are given by the following relationships:
Figure imgb0002
Figure imgb0003
to which correspond the normal acceleration α N given by the following relation
Figure imgb0004
and the longitudinal acceleration α L given by the following relation:
Figure imgb0005
where M is the mass of the missile and g the magnitude of the earth's gravity field.

La figure 4 représente une section du missile 10, d'axes, X Y et Z ; et montre les composantes Fy et FZ de la force normale FN en fonction de l'angle de roulis (φ du corps du missile autour de son axe longitudinal X. Ces composantes F y et FZ sont données par les relations suivantes :

Figure imgb0006
Figure imgb0007
FIG. 4 represents a section of the missile 10, of axes, XY and Z; and shows the components Fy and F Z of the normal force FN as a function of the roll angle (φ of the missile body around its longitudinal axis X. These components F y and F Z are given by the following relationships:
Figure imgb0006
Figure imgb0007

Le corps du missile peut tourner dans les deux sens, par rapport à l'axe X avec une vitesse angulaire instantanée φ . Les grandeurs φ et φ peuvent être mesurées à bord du missile et utilisées respectivement pour contrôler l'attitude de roulis et la vitesse d'autorotation du corps de missile.The missile body can rotate in both directions, relative to the X axis with an instantaneous angular speed φ. The quantities φ and φ can be measured on board the missile and used respectively to control the roll attitude and the autorotation speed of the missile body.

La figure 5 est un diagramme plan d'axe x, z lié au sol sur lequel sont indiqués les principaux paramètres qui déterminent l'étendue du sol balayé par le faisceau 14 du senseur E.O porté par le missile 10 décrit précédemment. Le centre de gravité G du missile est animé d'une vitesse de déplacement V dirigée suivant l'axe longitudinal X du corps du missile et il est soumis à un système de forces comprenant : une force normale à laquelle correspond une accélération αN normale au vecteur vitesse V, une force longitudinale à laquelle correspond une accélération αL dirigée selon l'axe longitudinal X et la force de pesanteur terrestre à laquelle correspond le vecteur accélération g dirigé suivant la verticale du lieu. Le faisceau 14 du missile a un champ angulaire de demi-ouverture E relativement étroite, quelques degrés par exemple. La droite G.I de la trajectoire de descente du missile est inclinée d'un angle Oo sur l'horizontale. Le corps d'un missile étant l'objet d'une vitesse d'autorotation φ autour de son axe longitudinal X et le faisceau 14 du senseur EO étant immobilisé sur cet axe longitudinal X, il en résulte que le faisceau 14 décrit en fonction du temps un cône creux d'axe GI dont les demi-ouvertures externe et interne ont pour valeurs respectives (O + E ) et (0 - ε). L'altitude Rh du missile au-dessus du sol diminuant proportionnellement au temps, l'axe 15 du faisceau 14 décrit sur le sol, en fonction du temps, une spirale convergente de rayon R centrée sur le point 1. L'étendue de la surface du sol balayée par le faisceau 14 est un cercle lorsque l'angle de descente est égal à 90° et une ellipse de faible exentricité lorsque la valeur de cet angle θ. reste élevée, 60 à 70° par exemple.FIG. 5 is a plane diagram of axis x, z linked to the ground on which the main parameters are indicated which determine the extent of the ground swept by the beam 14 of the sensor EO carried by the missile 10 described above. The center of gravity G of the missile is driven by a speed of movement V directed along the longitudinal axis X of the body of the missile and it is subjected to a system of forces comprising: a normal force to which corresponds an acceleration α N normal to velocity vector V, a longitudinal force to which corresponds an acceleration α L directed along the longitudinal axis X and the terrestrial gravity force to which corresponds the acceleration vector g directed along the vertical of the place. The missile beam 14 has a relatively narrow half-opening angular field E, a few degrees for example. The straight line GI of the missile's descent trajectory is inclined by an angle O o on the horizontal. The body of a missile being the object of an autorotation speed φ around its longitudinal axis X and the beam 14 of the sensor EO being immobilized on this longitudinal axis X, it follows that the beam 14 described according to the time a hollow cone of axis GI whose external and internal half-openings have the respective values (O + E) and (0 - ε). The altitude R h of the missile above the ground decreasing in proportion to time, the axis 15 of the beam 14 describes on the ground, as a function of time, a converging spiral of radius R centered on point 1. The extent of the surface of the ground swept by the beam 14 is a circle when the angle of descent is equal to 90 ° and an ellipse of small eccentricity when the value of this angle θ. stays high, 60 to 70 ° for example.

La figure 6 est un diagramme dans un trièdre x, y, z lié au sol qui illustre la méthode de recherche d'une cible par le missile décrit précédemment, dans un cas particulier correspondant à un angle de descente θo égal à 90°. On considère, ici, le cas où la vitesse de rotation φ du missile autour de son axe longitudinal X est maintenue constante ainsi que la vitesse V du missile en négligeant la force de résistance de l'air et en considérant que la force d'accélération αL longitudinale produite par la tuyère du missile et la force de pesanteur g sont de valeurs égales et opposées. La trajectoire S du centre de gravité G du missile décrit une spirale portée par un cylindre 15 d'axe z vertical passant sensiblement par le point I et le rayon de ce cylindre a une grandeur r. L'étendue As de la surface du sol balayée par le faisceau 14 du senseur E.O est donnée par la formule suivante :FIG. 6 is a diagram in a trihedron x, y, z linked to the ground which illustrates the method of search for a target by the missile described previously, in a particular case corresponding to a descent angle θ o equal to 90 °. We consider here the case where the speed of rotation φ of the missile around its longitudinal axis X is kept constant as well as the speed V of the missile by neglecting the air resistance force and considering that the acceleration force α L longitudinal produced by the missile nozzle and the force of gravity g are of equal and opposite values. The trajectory S of the center of gravity G of the missile describes a spiral carried by a cylinder 15 of vertical axis z passing substantially through the point I and the radius of this cylinder has a magnitude r. The extent A s of the surface of the ground swept by the beam 14 of the sensor EO is given by the following formula:

Figure imgb0008
Figure imgb0008

La surface du sol ΔA interceptée par le faisceau optique est une ellipse dont les grandeurs des axes ΔR et ΔR's sont données respectivement par les relations suivantes :

Figure imgb0009
et ΔR's = 2 Rh sin εThe surface of the ground ΔA intercepted by the optical beam is an ellipse whose magnitudes of the axes ΔR and ΔR ' s are given respectively by the following relationships:
Figure imgb0009
and ΔR ' s = 2 R h sin ε

La distance oblique Rd, entre le missile et la surface ΔAs du sol interceptée par le faisceau du senseur EO, est donnée par la relation suivante :

Figure imgb0010
The oblique distance R d , between the missile and the surface ΔA s of the ground intercepted by the beam of the sensor EO, is given by the following relation:
Figure imgb0010

La distance horizontale R entre le point I et la surface ΔAs est donnée par la relation suivante :

Figure imgb0011
The horizontal distance R between point I and the surface ΔA s is given by the following relation:
Figure imgb0011

Sur cette figure 6, on a aussi indiqué une cible c animée d'une vitesse V et distante d'une valeur Rc du point 1. Pour assurer une probabilité de détection élevée d'une cible telle que c, la vitesse angulaire Ω du faisceau 14 du senseur EO doit être déterminée pour obtenir un certain degré de recouvrement des trames de balayage successives.In this figure 6, we have also indicated a target c animated by a speed V and distant by a value R c from point 1. To ensure a high probability of detection of a target such as c, the angular speed Ω of the beam 14 of the sensor EO must be determined in order to obtain a certain degree of overlap of the successive scanning frames.

Le temps de passage TD du faisceau optique sur une cible C est donné par la relation suivante :

Figure imgb0012
où Ω est la vitesse de rotation angulaire du faisceau autour de l'axe vertical z.The transit time T D of the optical beam on a target C is given by the following relation:
Figure imgb0012
where Ω is the angular speed of rotation of the beam around the vertical axis z.

La figure 7 représente une vue détaillée d'une portion de la trajectoire S du missile 10 représentée sur la figure précédente. Le vecteur vitesse V du missile a pour origine le point G représentant le centre de gravité du missile, ce vecteur vitesse V est contenu dans un plan P tangent à une génératrice d'un cylindre 16 portant le point G. Les composantes du vecteur vitesse V sont la composante verticale Vh et la composante orthogonale V données par les relations suivantes :

Figure imgb0013
Figure imgb0014
FIG. 7 represents a detailed view of a portion of the trajectory S of the missile 10 shown in the previous figure. The speed vector V of the missile originates from the point G representing the center of gravity of the missile, this speed vector V is contained in a plane P tangent to a generator of a cylinder 16 carrying the point G. The components of the speed vector V are the vertical component Vh and the orthogonal component V given by the following relationships:
Figure imgb0013
Figure imgb0014

La composante de vitesse V est tangente au cercle de centre O et de rayon r. Des relations générales de la dynamique

Figure imgb0015
Figure imgb0016
avec Ω =
Figure imgb0017
. En combinant les relations précédentes, on obtient la valeur de l'angle d'inclinaison 9 du vecteur vitesse V du missile, par rapport à la génératrice G.I du cylindre
Figure imgb0018
The speed component V is tangent to the circle with center O and radius r. General relationships of dynamics
Figure imgb0015
Figure imgb0016
with Ω =
Figure imgb0017
. By combining the preceding relations, the value of the angle of inclination 9 of the speed vector V of the missile is obtained, relative to the generator GI of the cylinder.
Figure imgb0018

La figure 8 est un diagramme simplifié représentant une variante de la méthode de recherche d'une cible sur le sol. Selon cette variante, la vitesse angulaire φde roulis du missile, autour de son axe longitudinal X, est variée en fonction de l'altitude Rh du missile au-dessus du sol. Les formules précédentes donnant les valeurs de la largeur ΔRs des trames successives de balayage et l'angle d'inclinaison 9 du vecteur vitesse V du missile peuvent être récrites sous une forme approximée :

Figure imgb0019
mètres
Figure imgb0020
en considérant que les valeurs des angles ε et 9 ont des valeurs toujours faibles.Figure 8 is a simplified diagram showing a variant of the method of finding a target on the ground. According to this variant, the angular speed φ of roll of the missile, around its longitudinal axis X, is varied as a function of the altitude R h of the missile above the ground. The previous formulas giving the values of the width ΔR s of the successive scanning frames and the inclination angle 9 of the speed vector V of the missile can be rewritten in an approximate form:
Figure imgb0019
meters
Figure imgb0020
considering that the values of the angles ε and 9 have always small values.

Il s'ensuit que, si les trames de balayage adjacentes du faisceau du senseur E.O se recouvrent avec un facteur de recouvrement de 50 %, on a la relation suivante :

Figure imgb0021
It follows that, if the adjacent scanning frames of the beam of the EO sensor overlap with an overlap factor of 50%, we have the following relationship:
Figure imgb0021

Il en résulte que la trajectoire S du centre de gravité G du missile se trouve inscrite sur la surface d'un cone de rayon r tel que :

Figure imgb0022
It follows that the trajectory S of the center of gravity G of the missile is written on the surface of a cone of radius r such that:
Figure imgb0022

On vient d'analyser en détail la portion initiale de la trajectoire terminale du missile corrrespondant à la phase de recherche d'une cible éventuelle située dans une zone A du sol centrée sur l'axe de descente du missile. Dans ce qui suit, on décrira la portion finale de la trajectoire du missile correspondant à l'acquisition de l'image de la cible par le senseur et, consécutivement, au pilotage du missile pour réaliser un impact sur la cible détectée. En se référant à nouveau aux figures 6 et 7, on voit que, lorsque le plan P, dans son mouvement de rotation par rapport à l'axe vertical z passe, à un instant donné, au voisinage du point C correspondant à la position d'une cible et que la relation suivante :

Figure imgb0023
est sensiblement satisfaite, le senseur EO détecte l'image de la cible. A partir de cet instant, le senseur EO fournit les signaux de sortie suivants : un premier signal de sortie indiquant la présence d'une cible dans le faisceau 14 et un second signal de sortie proportionnel à la vitesse de rotation de la ligne de visée missile/cible. Le premier signal de sortie est utilisé pour libérer le faisceau du senseur optique et autoriser la poursuite angulaire du senseur sur l'image de la cible ; le second signal de sortie, une fois la poursuite angulaire assurée, est fourni à un moyen de calcul pour contrôler l'attitude de roulis du corps du missile et, par voie de conséquence, de piloter le missile en direction.We have just analyzed in detail the initial portion of the terminal trajectory of the missile corresponding to the search phase for a possible target located in an area A of the ground centered on the descent axis of the missile. In what follows, the final portion of the missile trajectory will be described corresponding to the acquisition of the image of the target by the sensor and, subsequently, to the piloting of the missile to achieve an impact on the detected target. Referring again to FIGS. 6 and 7, it can be seen that, when the plane P, in its rotational movement with respect to the vertical axis z, passes, at a given instant, in the vicinity of the point C corresponding to the position d 'a target and that the following relationship:
Figure imgb0023
is substantially satisfied, the EO sensor detects the image of the target. From this moment, the EO sensor provides the following output signals: a first output signal indicating the presence of a target in the beam 14 and a second output signal proportional to the speed of rotation of the missile / target line of sight. The first output signal is used to release the beam from the optical sensor and allow angular tracking of the sensor on the target image; the second output signal, once the angular tracking is ensured, is supplied to a calculation means for controlling the roll attitude of the missile body and, consequently, for piloting the missile in the direction.

La figure 9 est un diagramme qui représente le vecteur vitesse de rotation

Figure imgb0024
de la ligne de visée missile/cible, la force de poussée normale FN au vecteur vitesse V passant par l'axe longitudinal X du missile et l'angle Δφ d'orientation de cette force de poussée FN.FIG. 9 is a diagram which represents the speed of rotation vector
Figure imgb0024
from the missile / target line of sight, the normal thrust force FN to the speed vector V passing through the longitudinal axis X of the missile and the angle Δφ of orientation of this thrust force F N.

L'équation de la loi de pilotage du missile est de la forme :
αη = αN cos Δφ= 2

Figure imgb0025
.V + A (
Figure imgb0026
-
Figure imgb0027
o ) .V
qui correspond à une loi de navigàtion proportionnelle de gain A comportant un biais
Figure imgb0028
Si, à titre d'exemple, on fait correspondre à ce biais l'accélération ce qui a l'avantage de donner une marge de manoeuvrabilité égale de part et d'autre de la grandeur o donnée par la relation suivante :
Figure imgb0029
The equation for the missile piloting law is of the form:
α η = α N cos Δφ = 2
Figure imgb0025
.V + A (
Figure imgb0026
-
Figure imgb0027
o ) .V
which corresponds to a proportional gain law A with bias
Figure imgb0028
If, by way of example, this acceleration is made to correspond, which has the advantage of giving an equal margin of maneuverability on either side of the quantity o given by the following relation:
Figure imgb0029

En conséquence, le signal d'entrée de pilotage est proportionnel à la grandeur

Figure imgb0030
et la réponse est la grandeur Δφ de l'orientation de la force de poussée FN par rapport à la direction du vecteur rotation
Figure imgb0031
tel que
Figure imgb0032
puisque les termes
Figure imgb0033
o et V de l'équation de la loi de guidage sont des constantes.Consequently, the control input signal is proportional to the magnitude
Figure imgb0030
and the answer is the quantity Δφ of the orientation of the thrust force F N with respect to the direction of the rotation vector
Figure imgb0031
such as
Figure imgb0032
since the terms
Figure imgb0033
o and V of the equation of the guide law are constants.

Les figures 9 et 10 représentées en regard, illustrent les lois de l'accélération γ et de l'angle de pilotage en roulis Δφ du missile en fonction du module du vecteur de rotation

Figure imgb0034
FIGS. 9 and 10 shown opposite, illustrate the laws of acceleration γ and of the roll steering angle Δφ of the missile as a function of the module of the rotation vector.
Figure imgb0034

La figure 17 est un diagramme montrant les composantes du vecteur rotation

Figure imgb0035
dans un trièdre absolu U, V et dans le trièdre missile Y, Z référencé à la direction de la tuyère de pilotage.Figure 17 is a diagram showing the components of the rotation vector
Figure imgb0035
in an absolute trihedron U, V and in the trihedron missile Y, Z referenced to the direction of the pilot nozzle.

La figure 18 représente, sous la forme d'un bloc diagramme, la boucle d'asservissement en poursuite du missile qui comprend les éléments suivants : le senseur de guidage 100 qui délivre les composantes y et

Figure imgb0036
Z du vecteur rotation de la ligne de visée missile-cible, ces deux composantes sont fournies à un dispositif résolveur 110 et un opérateur 120 qui élabore le module du vecteur rotation |
Figure imgb0037
|, ce vecteur rotation |
Figure imgb0038
| est appliqué à un opérateur 130 pour fournir un signal de sortie Δφ conformément à la loi de guidage représentée sur la figure 10 et par l'intermédiaire d'un moteur d'asservissement 140, tourne le résolveur 110 d'un angle équivalent ; enfin, le signal de sortie Vε est appliqué au moyen de contrôle en roulis 150 du corps de missile.FIG. 18 represents, in the form of a block diagram, the servo-control loop in pursuit of the missile which comprises the following elements: the guide sensor 100 which delivers the components y and
Figure imgb0036
Z of the rotation vector of the missile-target line of sight, these two components are supplied to a resolving device 110 and an operator 120 which develops the module of the rotation vector |
Figure imgb0037
|, this rotation vector |
Figure imgb0038
| is applied to an operator 130 to supply an output signal Δφ in accordance with the guide law shown in FIG. 10 and by means of a servo motor 140, turns the resolver 110 by an equivalent angle; finally, the output signal Vε is applied to the roll control means 150 of the missile body.

La composante croisée de l'accélération YT = γN sin Δφ engendre un mouvement spirale de la trajectoire d'interception du missile. La vitesse angulaire φde roulis du corps du missile est alors donnée par la relation suivante :

Figure imgb0039
dans laquelle VR est la vitesse relative et Rd la distance restante missile-cible. Il en résulte que la composante d'accélération γη assure une navigation proportionnelle biaisée et la composante d'accélération γT engendre une trajectoire spirale mais n'a pas d'effet sur la convergence du guidage sur la cible.The crossed component of the acceleration Y T = γ N sin Δφ generates a spiral movement of the missile's intercept trajectory. The angular velocity φ of roll of the missile body is then given by the following relation:
Figure imgb0039
in which VR is the relative speed and R d the remaining missile-target distance. It follows that the acceleration component γ η ensures biased proportional navigation and the acceleration component γ T generates a spiral trajectory but has no effect on the convergence of the guidance on the target.

La méthode de guidage qui vient d'être décrite peut s'appliquer à un missile guide de calibre modéré, par exemple de l'ordre de 100 mm, et les grandeurs des principaux paramètres énumérés ci-dessus peuvent, à titre indicatif, se situer autour des valeurs suivantes : vitesse de déplacement V du missile sur sa trajectoire de l'ordre de 50 ms-1, angle de descente θo compris entre 60 et 90°, angle d'inclinaison θ du vecteur vitesse missile sur l'axe de descente compris entre 10 et 15°, demi-ouverture angulaire ε du faisceau du senseur de l'ordre de 4 à 8°, altitude Rh du missile à l'instant d'allumage du générateur de gaz, de l'ordre de 500 m. Pour ces valeurs des principaux paramètres, la durée de parcours de la portion terminale de la trajectoire se situe entre 10 et 15 secondes et, pour une valeur de l'accélération normale γN de l'ordre de 25 ms 2, la vitesse angulaire de rotation en roulis φ est de l'ordre de 2,5 rad.s , la surface du sol balayée par le faisceau du senseur est d'environ 5,104m2. Toutes les valeurs de ces paramètres peuvent varier en fonction de la mission spécifique du missile.The guidance method which has just been described can be applied to a guide missile of moderate caliber, for example of the order of 100 mm, and the magnitudes of the main parameters listed above may, for information, be around the following values: displacement speed V of the missile on its trajectory of the order of 50 ms -1 , descent angle θ o between 60 and 90 °, tilt angle θ of the missile speed vector on the axis of descent between 10 and 15 °, angular half-opening ε of the beam the sensor on the order of 4 to 8 °, altitude R h of the missile at the time of ignition of the gas generator, on the order of 500 m. For these values of the main parameters, the duration of travel of the terminal portion of the trajectory is between 10 and 15 seconds and, for a value of normal acceleration γ N of the order of 25 ms 2 , the angular speed of roll rotation φ is of the order of 2.5 rad.s, the surface of the ground swept by the beam of the sensor is approximately 5.10 4 m 2 . All the values of these parameters can vary depending on the specific mission of the missile.

La figure 11 est une vue selon une coupe longitudinale d'un mode de réalisation d'un missile guidé opérant conformément à la méthode de guidage qui vient d'être décrite.FIG. 11 is a view in longitudinal section of an embodiment of a guided missile operating in accordance with the guidance method which has just been described.

Le missile guidé 10 comprend deux sections principales : une première section principale 20, dite "section avant" et une seconde section principale 30 dite "section arrière" qui sont libres de tourner l'une par rapport à l'autre autour de l'axe longitudinal X du missile. Les sections avant et arrière sont mutuellement accouplées par l'intermédiaire d'un arbre central 21 porté par deux paliers 22a et 22b. A l'intérieur de la section avant 20 sont disposés les éléments suivants :

  • - un senseur E.O 23 situé derrière un dôme transparent 23a,
  • - un organe moteur 24 permettant de contrôler l'altitude de roulis de cette section avant ; cet organe moteur comprenant : un premier membre 24a solidaire de la structure mécanique de cette section avant et un second membre 24b physiquement couplé à l'arbre central 21 d'accouplement des sections avant et arrière du missile,
  • - un compartiment 25 rassemblant les circuits électroniques associés au senseur E.O, d'une part, et à l'organe moteur 24, d'autre part, et
  • - un générateur de gaz 26 couplé à une tuyère latérale 27 dont l'orifice de sortie est situé sur la paroi latérale externe de cette section avant.
The guided missile 10 comprises two main sections: a first main section 20, called "front section" and a second main section 30 called "rear section" which are free to rotate relative to each other about the axis longitudinal X of the missile. The front and rear sections are mutually coupled via a central shaft 21 carried by two bearings 22a and 22b. Inside the front section 20 are arranged the following elements:
  • - an EO 23 sensor located behind a transparent dome 23a,
  • - a drive member 24 for controlling the roll altitude of this front section; this drive member comprising: a first member 24a secured to the mechanical structure of this front section and a second member 24b physically coupled to the central shaft 21 for coupling the front and rear sections of the missile,
  • a compartment 25 bringing together the electronic circuits associated with the EO sensor, on the one hand, and with the motor member 24, on the other hand, and
  • - A gas generator 26 coupled to a side nozzle 27 whose outlet orifice is located on the external side wall of this front section.

La section arrière 30 du missile, physiquement solidaire de l'arbre central d'accouplement 21, est munie, à sa base, d'un empennage stabilisateur 31 formé par un jeu d'ailettes 32 déployables ; sur cette figure, seules, deux ailettes ont été représentées ; l'une des ailettes 32a est montrée en position déployée ou active tandis que l'autre ailette 32b est montrée en position repliée ou inactive. A l'intérieur de cette section arrière sont disposés les éléments suivants :

  • - la charge militaire 33 du missile, et
  • - un compartiment de rangement 34 d'un parachute 35 libéré sur la trajectoire du missile, puis largué en vol.
The rear section 30 of the missile, physically integral with the central coupling shaft 21 is provided, at its base, with a stabilizing stabilizer 31 formed by a set of deployable fins 32; in this figure, only two fins have been shown; one of the fins 32a is shown in the deployed or active position while the other fin 32b is shown in the folded or inactive position. Inside this rear section are the following elements:
  • - the military charge 33 of the missile, and
  • - A storage compartment 34 of a parachute 35 released on the trajectory of the missile, then dropped in flight.

Un tel missile peut être caractérisé par ses principaux paramètres dimensionnels suivants : son calibre égal à son diamètre extérieur D , sa longueur hors-tout L , l'envergure de ses ailettes LE et sa masse totale Mo.Such a missile can be characterized by its following main dimensional parameters: its caliber equal to its outside diameter D, its overall length L, the span of its fins LE and its total mass M o .

On décrira maintenant les principaux éléments énumérés ci-dessous. Le senseur E.O 23 est sensible, par exemple, à l'énergie d'origine thermique rayonnée par les véhicules à intercepter et le dôme 23a est transparent au rayonnement I.R correspondant. Ce senseur E.O comprend un montage optique 23b au foyer duquel est disposé un élément photodétecteur 23c pour fournir un faisceau 14 de demi-ouverture égale à une quantité , ce faisceau étant matérialisé par son axe 15. L'ensemble constitué par le montage optique 23b et l'élément photodétecteur 23c est porté par un gyroscope comprenant des moyens de verrouillage (tulipage) pour immobiliser l'axe du faisceau optique 14 sur l'axe longitudinal X du missile et des moyens de précession permettant, en position verrouillée, d'orienter ce faisceau optique dans l'espace. En outre, ce senseur E.O comprend des moyens électroniques pour détecter la présence d'une source thermique interceptée par le faisceau et des moyens d'asservissement de l'axe du faisceau optique sur la droite missile/cible.The main elements listed below will now be described. The sensor E.O 23 is sensitive, for example, to the energy of thermal origin radiated by the vehicles to be intercepted and the dome 23a is transparent to the corresponding I.R radiation. This EO sensor comprises an optical assembly 23b at the focal point of which a photodetector element 23c is arranged to provide a beam 14 of half-opening equal to an amount, this beam being materialized by its axis 15. The assembly constituted by the optical assembly 23b and the photodetector element 23c is carried by a gyroscope comprising locking means (tuliping) for immobilizing the axis of the optical beam 14 on the longitudinal axis X of the missile and precession means making it possible, in the locked position, to orient this optical beam in space. In addition, this E.O. sensor includes electronic means for detecting the presence of a thermal source intercepted by the beam and means for controlling the axis of the optical beam on the right missile / target.

L'organe moteur 24 permettant de contrôler l'attitude de roulis de la section avant du missile est un moteur-couple. Un moteur-couple est une machine électrique multipolaire rotative qui peut être accouplée en prise directe avec la charge à entraîner. Ce type de machine transforme des signaux électriques de commande en un couple mécanique suffisamment important pour obtenir un degré de précision déterminé dans un système d'asservissement de vitesse ou de position. Un moteur-couple du type "pancake", de par sa conception, peut être aisément intégré à la structure du missile. Comme représenté sur la figure 12, ce type de moteur-couple , comprend essentiellement trois éléments : un stator 24a qui fournit un champ magnétique permanent, un rotor feuilleté 24b, bobiné, solidaire d'un collecteur à lames 24c, et un anneau porte-balai 24d équipé de connexions destinées à recevoir des signaux de commande. De par ses caractéristiques mécaniques, ce moteur-couple assure un couplage rigide avec la charge, d'où une fréquence de résonance mécanique élevée ; de par ses caractéristiques électriques, le temps de réponse intrinsèque d'un moteur-couple peut être court et sa résolution élevée. De plus, le couple délivré croît proportionnellement au courant d'entrée et est indépendant de la vitesse ou de la position angulaire. Le couple étant linéaire en fonction du courant d'entrée, ce type de machine est exempt de seuil de fonctionnement. Des moteurs-couples sont commercialisés, notamment, par les firmes ARTUS (France) et INLAND (U.S.A.). Le second membre 24b de l'organe moteur, du fait de sa liaison avec la partie arrière empennée du missile, est l'objet d'un couple résistant résultant de la combinaison du couple d'inertie de cette section arrière et du couple aérodynamique fourni par l'empennage. Le premier membre 24a de l'organe moteur comporte une entrée de commande qui est connectée à un amplificateur qui inclut des réseaux électriques correcteurs. L'entrée de cet amplificateur, pendant la phase de recherche d'une cible par le senseur, reçoit un signal électrique résultant de la comparaison de la vitesse angulaire O de roulis du corps du missile et d'une valeur de consigne. La vitesse angulaire de roulis du corps du missile peut être fournie par un gyromètre dont l'axe sensible est aligné sur l'axe longitudinal du missile. La valeur de consigne peut être variée en fonction du temps, c'est-à-dire en fonction de l'altitude du missile au-dessus du sol. Pendant la phase de pilotage du missile sur la cible détectée, l'entrée de l'amplificateur de l'organe-moteur reçoit un signal électrique permettant de contrôler l'attitude de roulis du corps du missile dans le but d'annuler la rotation de la ligne de visée missile/cible.The drive member 24 for controlling the roll attitude of the front section of the missile is a torque engine. A torque motor is a rotary multipolar electric machine which can be coupled in direct engagement with the load to be driven. This type of machine transforms electrical control signals into a mechanical torque large enough to obtain a determined degree of precision in a speed or position control system. A torque motor of the "pancake" type, by design, can be easily integrated into the structure of the missile. As shown in FIG. 12, this type of torque motor essentially comprises three elements: a stator 24a which provides a permanent magnetic field, a laminated rotor 24b, wound, secured to a blade collector 24c, and a carrier ring 24d broom fitted with connections for receiving control signals. By virtue of its mechanical characteristics, this torque motor ensures rigid coupling with the load, resulting in a high mechanical resonance frequency; due to its electrical characteristics, the intrinsic response time of a torque motor can be short and its resolution high. In addition, the delivered torque increases in proportion to the input current and is independent of the speed or the angular position. The torque being linear as a function of the input current, this type of machine is free from an operating threshold. Torque motors are marketed, in particular, by the firms ARTUS (France) and INLAND (USA). The second member 24b of the engine member, due to its connection with the tail fin of the missile, is the object of a resistant torque resulting from the combination of the torque of inertia of this rear section and the aerodynamic torque provided by the tail. The first member 24a of the drive member has a control input which is connected to an amplifier which includes corrective electrical networks. The input of this amplifier, during the search phase of a target by the sensor, receives an electrical signal resulting from the comparison of the angular speed O of roll of the missile body and of a set value. The angular roll speed of the missile body can be provided by a gyrometer whose sensitive axis is aligned with the longitudinal axis of the missile. The set value can be varied as a function of time, that is to say as a function of the altitude of the missile above the ground. During the phase piloting the missile on the detected target, the input of the amplifier of the motor organ receives an electrical signal making it possible to control the attitude of roll of the missile body in order to cancel the rotation of the line of missile / target sight.

L'empennage 31 du missile est constitué par des ailettes mobiles entre une position rabattue contre le corps du missile et une position déployée active. Compte tenu de la vitesse de déplacement V relativement faible du missile, il est nécessaire que l'empennage fournisse un couple stabilisateur aérodynamique important, ceci est obtenu par des ailettes de grand allongement qui sont plaquées tangentiellement sur le corps du missile. La figure 13 est une vue en perspective de l'ensemble de l'empennage, les ailettes situées sur le devant de la figure étant supprimées dans un but de clarté. Le corps 3la de l'empennage est une pièce annulaire munie, par exemple, d'un filetage intérieur 31b permettant sa fixation sur la base de la section arrière 30 du missile. Cette pièce annulaire comporte un jeu de chapes 31 c inclinées et régulièrement réparties sur le pourtour de la pièce. Dans ces chapes, une fente 33 à faces parallèles permet d'encastrer la patte d'articulation 34 de l'ailette 32 qui peut pivoter, par l'intermédiaire d'un tourillon dans les trous 33a et 33b. Du point de vue mécanique, l'empennage est complété, pour chacune des ailettes, par un dispositif de verrouillage en position déployée. Ce dispositif est constitué, par exemple, par un mécanisme de verrouillage à ressort 36 qui actionne un goujon 37, lequel peut s'engager dans une encoche latérale ménagée à cet effet dans la patte d'articulation de l'ailette. Un mode de réalisation détaillé de ce type d'empennage a été décrit dans le brevet français PV. n° 53.419, déposé le 15 Mars 1966 et publié sous le n° 1.485.580. En plus de sa fonction stabilisatrice, l'empennage fournit un couple résistant aérodynamique qui est transmis au second membre 24b de l'organe moteur 24.The empennage 31 of the missile is constituted by movable fins between a position folded against the body of the missile and an active deployed position. Taking into account the relatively low speed of movement V of the missile, it is necessary that the tail unit provides a significant aerodynamic stabilizing torque, this is obtained by fins of great elongation which are placed tangentially on the body of the missile. Figure 13 is a perspective view of the entire empennage, the fins located on the front of the figure being deleted for clarity. The body 3la of the empennage is an annular part provided, for example, with an internal thread 31b allowing its fixing on the base of the rear section 30 of the missile. This annular part comprises a set of inclined yokes 31 c and regularly distributed around the periphery of the part. In these yokes, a slot 33 with parallel faces allows to embed the hinge tab 34 of the fin 32 which can pivot, by means of a pin in the holes 33a and 33b. From the mechanical point of view, the tail is supplemented, for each of the fins, by a locking device in the deployed position. This device is constituted, for example, by a spring locking mechanism 36 which actuates a stud 37, which can engage in a lateral notch provided for this purpose in the hinge tab of the fin. A detailed embodiment of this type of tail has been described in the French patent PV. No. 53.419, filed March 15, 1966 and published under No. 1.485.580. In addition to its stabilizing function, the tail provides an aerodynamic resistant torque which is transmitted to the second member 24b of the drive member 24.

Le générateur de gaz 26 est essentiellement constitué par une chambre de combustion à l'intérieur de laquelle sont disposés deux blocs 26a et 26b de propergol solide. Entre ces deux blocs de propergol, est située une tuyère d'éjection 27 dont l'orifice de sortie débouche sur la paroi latérale du corps du missile. La direction de poussée des gaz Po est inclinée d'un angle a sur l'avant du missile pour fournir les deux composantes de force d'accélération : la force longitudinale FL permettant de compenser la force de pesanteur terrestre et la force normale F N utilisée en combinaison avec l'attitude de roulis du corps du missile pour varier l'orientation du vecteur vitesse V du missile. La section de la chambre de combustion et, par voie de conséquence, la section des blocs de propergol, peuvent être de forme torique pour laisser un libre passage autour de l'axe longitudinal X du missile, notamment pour disposer l'arbre d'accouplement 21 des sections avant et arrière du missile.The gas generator 26 is essentially constituted by a combustion chamber inside which are arranged two blocks 26a and 26b of solid propellant. Between these two blocks of propellant, is located an ejection nozzle 27 whose outlet orifice opens onto the side wall of the missile body. The thrust direction of the gases Po is inclined at an angle a on the front of the missile to provide the two components of acceleration force: the longitudinal force F L making it possible to compensate for the force of terrestrial gravity and the normal force F N used in combination with the roll attitude of the missile body to vary the orientation of the speed vector V of the missile. The section of the combustion chamber and, consequently, the section of the propellant blocks, can be toroidal in shape to allow free passage around the longitudinal axis X of the missile, in particular for arranging the coupling shaft 21 of the front and rear sections of the missile.

La masse totale m p de propergol doit satisfaire à la relation suivante :

Figure imgb0040
où F est la force de poussée nécessaire, Td la durée de trajet maximale du missile sur la portion terminale de sa trajectoire et Is l'impulsion spécifique du propergol utilisé.The total mass mp of propellant must satisfy the following relationship:
Figure imgb0040
where F is the necessary thrust force, Td the maximum travel time of the missile on the terminal portion of its trajectory and I s the specific impulse of the propellant used.

La charge militaire peut êtré avantageusement du type dit "à charge creuse" qui produit un jet capable de perforer le blindage de protection des véhicules. Pour assurer un libre passage du jet le long de l'axe longitudinal du missile, l'arbre d'accouplement 21 des sections avant et arrière du missile comprend un évidement 21 a dans sa portion axiale ; de plus, un libre passage peut être aménagé également dans la partie centrale du compartiment 25 rassemblant les circuits électroniques associés au senseur E.O 23 et à l'organe moteur 24.The military charge can advantageously be of the so-called "hollow charge" type which produces a jet capable of puncturing the vehicle's protective armor. To ensure free passage of the jet along the longitudinal axis of the missile, the coupling shaft 21 of the front and rear sections of the missile comprises a recess 21 a in its axial portion; moreover, a free passage can also be arranged in the central part of the compartment 25 bringing together the electronic circuits associated with the sensor E.O 23 and with the motor member 24.

Le parachute de freinage 35 du missile peut être un parachute similaire à ceux mis en oeuvre dans la technique des projectiles freinés tels que les bombes d'aviation. A ce parachute sont associés des dispositifs de libération et de largage non représentés. La durée d'action du parachute est fonction de la masse Mo du missile et du rapport de la vitesse de croisière à la vitesse V prédéterminée sur la portion terminale de la trajectoire du missile.The braking parachute 35 of the missile can be a parachute similar to those used in the technique of braked projectiles such as aviation bombs. With this parachute are associated release and release devices not shown. The duration of action of the parachute is a function of the mass Mo of the missile and of the ratio of cruising speed to predetermined speed V over the terminal portion of the missile's trajectory.

Le missile guidé qui vient d'être décrit en détail peut être un missile de moyen calibre de l'ordre de 100 mm et un facteur d'allongement d'environ 6 à 7 pour un poids de 10 à 15 kgs. Toutefois, on peut indiquer que toutes ses valeurs peuvent être modifiées dans de larges limites fonction notamment de la puissance de destruction de la charge militaire emportée.The guided missile which has just been described in detail may be a medium caliber missile of the order of 100 mm and an elongation factor of approximately 6 to 7 for a weight of 10 to 15 kgs. However, it can be indicated that all of its values can be modified within wide limits depending in particular on the destructive power of the military charge carried.

Le missile guidé, en lui-même, tel qu'il vient d'être décrit, peut constituer un sous-projectile d'un projectile de dimensions plus importantes dont la fonction principale est d'assurer l'emport de ce ou d'un groupement de tels sous-projectiles sur la portion de croisière jusqu'à la position terminale de la trajectoire de tir.The guided missile, in itself, as just described, can constitute a sub-projectile of a projectile of larger dimensions whose main function is to ensure the carrying of this or a grouping of such sub-projectiles on the cruise portion to the end position of the firing trajectory.

On se réfère maintenant à la figure 14 qui illustre la portion transitoire entre la portion de croisière et la portion terminale de la trajectoire de tir. Le projectile porteur 50 transporte des sous-projectiles ou missiles guidés 51, 52 et 53 situés dans une section 54. Dès l'abord de la portion de transition de la trajectoire, les missiles guidés sont éjectés et dispersés avec une vitesse initiale importante sensiblement égale à celle du projectile porteur et se trouvent à une altitude, au-dessus du sol, prédéterminée. Afin de réduire leur vitesse initiale de déplacement pour atteindre la vitesse V adéquate pour réaliser l'acquisition et l'interception des cibles, le parachute de freinage 35 du missile est libéré pendant une durée déterminée, après laquelle la liaison mécanique entre le missile et le parachute est rompue pour assurer le largage de celui-ci. L'empennage stabilisateur 31 est déployé et la section avant du missile est mise en autorotation. Dès lors, le générateur de gaz, pour produire la force de poussée transversale FN est activée et la phase de recherche d'une cible potentielle située au sol peut débuter. Il résulte de la force d'éjection imprimée par le véhicule porteur 50 à l'instant de sa séparation des sous-projectiles 51 à 52, une certaine distance de dispersion RD au moment où débute l'opération de recherche des cibles par le senseur du sous-projectile.Reference is now made to FIG. 14 which illustrates the transient portion between the cruising portion and the terminal portion of the firing trajectory. The carrying projectile 50 transports sub-projectiles or guided missiles 51, 52 and 53 located in a section 54. From the start of the transition portion of the trajectory, the guided missiles are ejected and dispersed with a significant initial speed substantially equal to that of the carrier projectile and are at a predetermined altitude above the ground. In order to reduce their initial speed of movement to reach the speed V suitable for carrying out the acquisition and interception of targets, the braking parachute 35 of the missile is released for a determined period, after which the mechanical link between the missile and the parachute is broken to ensure the release of it. The stabilizing stabilizer 31 is deployed and the front section of the missile is put into autorotation. Therefore, the gas generator, to produce the transverse thrust force FN is activated and the search phase for a potential target located on the ground can begin. It results from the ejection force imparted by the carrier vehicle 50 at the time of its separation from the sub-projectiles 51 to 52, a certain distance of dispersion RD at the moment when the operation of searching for targets begins with the sensor of the sub-projectile.

La figure 15 est une vue partielle éclatée de la section 54 du projectile porteur 50 qui montre un exemple d'installation d'un groupement de trois missiles guidés 31, 52 et 53. Ces missiles sont régulièrement répartis autour de l'axe longitudinal du projectile porteur, en outre, un groupement identique de missiles peut être installé en tandem, si nécessaire.Figure 15 is a partial exploded view of section 54 of the carrier projectile 50 which shows an example of installation of a group of three guided missiles 31, 52 and 53. These missiles are regularly distributed around the longitudinal axis of the carrier projectile, in addition, an identical group of missiles can be installed in tandem, if necessary.

La figure 16 est une coupe transversale du projectile porteur 50 qui montre la disposition relative des missiles guidés 51, 52 et 53 à l'intérieur de la section de logement 54. Les missiles guidés sont en appui sur des éléments 55 actionnés par un mécanisme d'éjection 56 dont la fonction complémentaire est de communiquer une certaine quantité de mouvements aux missiles lors de leur éjection, dans le but d'assurer une dispersion relative prédéterminée. Le mécanisme d'éjection 56 peut être d'un type mécanique connu actionné par des moyens hydrauliques, pneumatiques ou éventuellement électriques. Dans le but de minimiser la section transversale du projectile porteur, les missiles peuvent être munis d'un empennage formé de quatre ailettes déployables 32, afin de permettre un certain encastrement matériel de celles-ci.Figure 16 is a cross section of the carrier projectile 50 which shows the relative arrangement of the guided missiles 51, 52 and 53 inside the housing section 54. The guided missiles are supported on elements 55 actuated by a mechanism ejection 56 whose complementary function is to communicate a certain amount of movement to the missiles during their ejection, in order to ensure a predetermined relative dispersion. The ejection mechanism 56 can be of a known mechanical type actuated by hydraulic, pneumatic or possibly electrical means. In order to minimize the cross section of the carrier projectile, the missiles can be provided with a tail unit formed by four deployable fins 32, in order to allow a certain material embedding thereof.

Le Tableau 1 est un tableau récapitulatif du déroulement des principales opérations effectuées par le missile au cours de sa trajectoire de tir.Table 1 is a summary table of the progress of the main operations carried out by the missile during its firing trajectory.

Le missile guidé selon l'invention n'est pas limité dans ses caractéristiques et ses applications au mode de réalisation décrit. Notamment, le senseur peut être du type passif ou semi-actif et opérer dans les bandes optiques ou radar du spectre électromagnétique, la disposition relative des éléments tels que l'organe moteur 24 et la chargé militaire 33 peut être modifiée.The guided missile according to the invention is not limited in its characteristics and its applications to the embodiment described. In particular, the sensor can be of the passive or semi-active type and operate in the optical or radar bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, the relative arrangement of the elements such as the driving member 24 and the military charge 33 can be modified.

L'invention n'est pas limitée à son application à un missile autonome, mais s'applique également à un missile porté par des véhicules ou aéronefs classiques.

Figure imgb0041
The invention is not limited to its application to an autonomous missile, but also applies to a missile carried by conventional vehicles or aircraft.
Figure imgb0041

Claims (11)

1. Méthode de guidage, pendant la portion terminale de sa trajectoire, d'un missile muni d'un senseur sensible à l'énergie rayonnée par une cible potentielle, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend les étapes suivantes consistant à : a) immobiliser le faisceau (14) du senseur (23) sur l'axe longitudinal (X) du missile (10). b) imprimer au corps du missile une rotation de vitesse angulaire (0) de roulis déterminée autour de l'axe longitudinal du missile. c) créer une force de poussée transversale (F) normale à la direction de la vitesse de déplacement (V) du missile, d) détecter l'image d'une cible éventuelle captée par le faisceau du senseur, e) libérer le faisceau 14 du senseur et à maintenir l'axe (15) de ce faisceau pointé sur l'image de la cible détectée pour mesurer la rotation (
Figure imgb0042
) de.la ligne de visée missile/cible,
f) élaborer un ordre de pilotage, proportionnel à la grandeur mesurée de la rotation de la ligne de visée et, g) à appliquer cet ordre de pilotage pour modifier l'attitude de roulis du missile.
1. Method for guiding, during the terminal portion of its trajectory, of a missile provided with a sensor sensitive to the energy radiated by a potential target, characterized in that it comprises the following stages consisting in: a) immobilize the beam (14) of the sensor (23) on the longitudinal axis (X) of the missile (10). b) imparting to the body of the missile a rotation of angular speed (0) of roll determined around the longitudinal axis of the missile. c) create a transverse thrust force (F) normal to the direction of the speed of movement (V) of the missile, d) detecting the image of a possible target captured by the sensor beam, e) release the beam 14 from the sensor and maintain the axis (15) of this beam pointed at the image of the target detected to measure the rotation (
Figure imgb0042
) from the missile / target line of sight,
f) draw up a piloting order, proportional to the measured magnitude of the rotation of the line of sight and, g) to apply this piloting order to modify the roll attitude of the missile.
2. Méthode de guidage selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que la vitesse de déplacement du missile est établie à une valeur déterminée (V), au moment où celui-ci aborde la portion . terminale de sa trajectoire.2. Guidance method according to claim 1, characterized in that the speed of movement of the missile is established at a determined value (V), when it approaches the portion. end of its trajectory. 3. Méthode de guidage selon la revendication 2, caractérisée en ce que la vitesse de déplacement (V) du missile sur la portion terminale de sa trajectoire est maintenue sensiblement constante en créant une force de poussée longitudinale (FL) de grandeur sensiblement égale à la force résultant du champ de pesanteur terrestre (g) et de direction alignée avec l'axe longitudinal (X) du missile.3. Guidance method according to claim 2, characterized in that the speed of movement (V) of the missile over the terminal portion of its trajectory is maintained substantially constant by creating a longitudinal thrust force (F L ) of size substantially equal to the force resulting from the earth's gravity field (g) and from the direction aligned with the longitudinal axis (X) of the missile. 4. Méthode de guidage selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que la vitresse angulaire de roulis (φ ) du corps du missile est accrue le long de la portion terminale de la trajectoire du missile.4. Guidance method according to claim 3, characterized in that the angular roll speed (φ) of the missile body is increased along the terminal portion of the missile's trajectory. 5. Missile guidé muni d'un senseur sensible à l'énergie rayonnée par une cible potentielle, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend une première (20) et une seconde (30) section principales mutuellement accouplées et libres de tourner l'une par rapport à l'autre autour de l'axe longitudinal (X) du corps de ce missile ; la première section, dite "section avant" contenant un senseur (23) et comprenant un organe moteur (24) ayant un premier membre (24a) solidaire de la structure de la section avant et un second membre (24b) physiquement couplé à la seconde section principale, et un générateur de gaz (26) qui alimente une tuyère latérale (27) pour fournir une force de poussée transversale (F) et la seconde section principale, dite "section arrière" comportant à sa base un empennage stabilisateur (31) formé d'ailettes déployables (32) et en ce que le senseur est muni d'un dispositif de verrouillage permettant d'immobiliser son faisceau suivant l'axe longitudinal du missile et en ce que l'organe moteur comporte une entrée de commande connectée par l'intermédiaire d'un amplificateur à un générateur d'ordres de pilotage pour varier l'attitude de roulis du corps du missile.5. Guided missile provided with a sensor sensitive to the energy radiated by a potential target, characterized in that it comprises a first (20) and a second (30) main section mutually coupled and free to rotate one by relation to each other around the longitudinal axis (X) of the body of this missile; the first section, called "front section" containing a sensor (23) and comprising a motor member (24) having a first member (24a) integral with the structure of the front section and a second member (24b) physically coupled to the second main section, and a gas generator (26) which feeds a side nozzle (27) to provide a transverse thrust force (F) and the second main section, called "rear section" comprising at its base a stabilizing stabilizer (31) formed of deployable fins (32) and in that the sensor is provided with a locking device making it possible to immobilize its beam along the longitudinal axis of the missile and in that the driving member comprises a control input connected by through an amplifier to a pilot command generator to vary the roll attitude of the missile body. 6. Missile selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que le second membre (24b) de l'organe moteur est mécaniquement couplé à la section arrière (30) du missile par un arbre central (21) d'accouplement.6. Missile according to claim 5, characterized in that the second member (24b) of the drive member is mechanically coupled to the rear section (30) of the missile by a central shaft (21) of coupling. 7. Missile selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que l'organe moteur (24) est un moteur-couple électrique.7. Missile according to claim 6, characterized in that the motor member (24) is an electric torque motor. 8. Missile selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que la section arrière (30) du missile comporte une charge militaire du type "charge creuse" et en ce que l'arbre central d'accouplement (21) comporte un évidement axial (21 a).8. Missile according to claim 7, characterized in that the rear section (30) of the missile comprises a military charge of the "hollow charge" type and in that the central coupling shaft (21) comprises an axial recess (21 at). 9. Missile selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que la section arrière (30) du missile comprend un compartiment de rangement (34) d'un parachute (35).9. Missile according to claim 8, characterized in that the rear section (30) of the missile comprises a storage compartment (34) of a parachute (35). 10. Missile selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que l'empennage stabilisateur (31) est formé d'un jeu d'ailettes (32) repliables contre le corps du missile.10. Missile according to claim 9, characterized in that the stabilizing stabilizer (31) is formed by a set of fins (32) foldable against the missile body. 11. Missile selon l'une des revendications 5 à 10, caractérisé en ce qu'il constitue un sous-projectile d'un projectile porteur.11. Missile according to one of claims 5 to 10, characterized in that it constitutes a sub-projectile of a carrier projectile.
EP82402180A 1981-12-09 1982-11-30 Terminal guidance method and guided missile using it Expired EP0081421B1 (en)

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DE3323685A1 (en) * 1983-07-01 1985-01-10 Dornier Gmbh, 7990 Friedrichshafen DEVICE FOR COMBATING GROUND TARGETS FROM THE AIR
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE40467T1 (en) 1989-02-15
FR2517818A1 (en) 1983-06-10
JPS58127100A (en) 1983-07-28
JPH0449040B2 (en) 1992-08-10
IL67424A (en) 1989-03-31
CA1209232A (en) 1986-08-05
FR2517818B1 (en) 1985-02-22
EP0081421B1 (en) 1989-01-25
US4568040A (en) 1986-02-04
DE3279397D1 (en) 1989-03-02

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