Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
  • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
  • A23D7/02—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines characterised by the production or working-up
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23D—EDIBLE OILS OR FATS, e.g. MARGARINES, SHORTENINGS, COOKING OILS
  • A23D7/00—Edible oil or fat compositions containing an aqueous phase, e.g. margarines
  • A23D7/015—Reducing calorie content; Reducing fat content, e.g. "halvarines"

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an oil-in-water-in-oil emulsion (o/w/o emulsion) containing less than 80% fat, particularly a low calorie spread with a level of fat ranging from 20 to 60%, and ideally from 30-50%.
• An o/w/o emulsion is an emulsion in which the continuous phase is an oil or fat (these terms are meant to be interchangeable throughout the specification) and the dispersed phase consists of a natural or an artificial cream.
• the main object of the present invention is to produce an o/w/o emulsion which on consumption- gives a creamy sensation and a good flavour impact on the palate.
• the fat spread with a level of fat ranging from 20 to 60% according to the invention comprises :
• whey protein allows the preparation of emulsions having an aqueous phase of a relatively low pH, i.e. a pH ranging from 3.5 to 5.5, which promotes bacteriological stability, without recourse to a protein-complexing agent, such as carboxy methyl cellulose or to a slow culturing procedure to avoid precipitation of the protein.
• whey protein stabilized the cream at relatively low levels, i.e. at levels ranging from 0.1 to 2 wt.%, based on the total fat composition, in contrast to the much higher levels of milk protein emsulsifier advocated in Dutch patent application N° 650,380 for the stabilization of o/w/o emulsions.
• whey protein used in the whey protein. It is therefore useful that the whey protein used is substantially free from other milk proteins such as casein.
• the spreads according to the invention preferably contain a whey protein which has been obtained by membrane filtration of whey to remove low molecular components such as sugars, particularly lactose, which give an undesirable, sweet impression on consumption.
• the whey protein used in the spreads according to the invention is denatured by a heat treatment carried out at a temperature ranging from 80 to 95°C.
• the cream may further contain viscosity increasing agents or a gelling agent such as gelatin, starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, locust bean gum, carrageenan or mixtures thereof, at a level ranging from 0.05 to 5 wt.%.
• viscosity increasing agents such as gelatin, starch, carboxymethyl cellulose, locust bean gum, carrageenan or mixtures thereof, at a level ranging from 0.05 to 5 wt.%.
• gelatin is used because of its melting behaviour under conditions prevailing in the mouth, at a level preferably exceeding 1%.
• the continous fat phase of the emulsion contains an emulsifier or a mixture of emulsifiers.
• an emulsifier or a mixture of emulsifiers.
• a mixture of a phospholipid such as lecithin and a partial glyceride is used.
• the weight ratio of the oil present in the dispersed phase of the emulsion to the oil used in the continuous fatty phase ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 and preferably from 0.2 to 0.4.
• a cream is produced which contains less than 15 wt.% of oil, based on the total composition.
• Various fats and oils can be present in the continuous and dispersed phases. When a relatively high amount of fat is present in the dispersed phase, some leakage may occur. In that case it is preferred that the same oil or fat be used in both cases to prevent any leakage from affecting the properties of the final product.
• oils displaying a steep dilatation line such as palmkernel oil, coconut oil or babassu oil, are preferably present in the cream to impart coolness to the product on consumption.
• these fats are present as partially or wholly hydrogenated fats, they may achieve an enhanced creamy sensation on the palate.
• the fat of the continuous phase consists generally of a plastic fat blend which may contain vegetable or animal fats or fractions thereof, part of which may have been hydrogenated or interesterified to achieve specific melting properties.
• the process according to the invention for producing low calorie spreads having a level of fat ranging from 20-60%, preferably 30-50%, comprises :
• the protein used for producing the cream be present in the native, undenatured state in the initial stage of the process.
• a whey protein is used which has been obtained by membrane filtration.
• the temperature is raised to above 80°C and preferably from 85 to 95°C, e.g. for 20 to 40 minutes, to denature the protein.
• This heat treatment raises the viscosity of the emulsion/cream, increases the stabilization of the o/w interface and by desolubilization decreases the tendency of the protein not at the o/w interface to destabilize the final cream in the fat spread.
• the fine dispersion of oil (0.1-2 microns) in the cream is achieved by subjecting a mixture of the whey protein, water and oil to homogenization under a pressure ranging from 100-400 kg/cm 2 at a temperature higher than the temperature at which the oil starts melting.
• a second homogenization step is carried out subsequent to step (ii) and prior to step (iii) to thoroughly reduce clumps of denatured protein and fat aggregates.
• the fat which constitutes the continuous phase of the emulsion is first fed into a rotating emulsification unit, whereafter the cream is proportioned to obtain a w/o- emulsion, which is subsequently subjected to cooling and texturizing treatments to plasticize the emulsion.
• Cooling and texturizing can be carried out in Votator, Perfector, Kombinator or Complector apparatus.
• Whey protein (1.66%) obtained by membrane filtration was dissolved in water (37 wt.%) at 60°C.
• a fat blend (7.5. wt.%) at 60°C, containing flavour, was added to the protein solution and the mixture was subjected to high pressure homogenization at 250 kg/cm 2 to produce a cream in which the average size of the droplets was about 1 micron.
• Gelatin 1.5 wt.%, dissolved in water (15 wt.%), was added to the cream. Further water was added to reach a level of 55.5 wt.%. The pH was adjusted to 4.7, using a 20% solution of lactic acid, and water-soluble flavours (0.1 wt.%) were added.
• the cream was pasteurized at 90°C for 30 minutes to denature the whey protein. In order to disperse possible clumps, the cream was re- homogenized at a pressure of 70 kg/cm 2 .
• the fat-continuous emulsion emerging from the C-unit was processed through a Votator sequence ACAC to obtain the final fat-continuous spread.
• Example 1 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except that the level of gelatin was increased to the following concentrations : 2.5%, 5%.
• the Instron test values on the gel, the flavour impact scores and the creaminess scores are summarized in Tables A and B.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Food Science & Technology (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Edible Oils And Fats (AREA)
• Grain Derivatives (AREA)
• Dairy Products (AREA)

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Publications (2)

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Cited By (13)

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Citations (2)

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• 1982
  • 1982-09-30 DE DE8282201220T patent/DE3262809D1/de not_active Expired
  • 1982-09-30 US US06/431,986 patent/US4515825A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1982-09-30 AT AT82201220T patent/ATE12338T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1982-09-30 EP EP82201220A patent/EP0076549B1/fr not_active Expired
  • 1982-10-04 AU AU88995/82A patent/AU548795B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1982-10-05 ZA ZA827303A patent/ZA827303B/xx unknown
  • 1982-10-06 CA CA000412976A patent/CA1190431A/fr not_active Expired
  • 1982-10-06 JP JP57176023A patent/JPS5871844A/ja active Granted

Patent Citations (2)

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