DK138496A - Cylinderelement, såsom en cylinderforing, et stempel, et stempelskørt eller en stempelring, i en forbrændingsmotor af diese - Google Patents
Cylinderelement, såsom en cylinderforing, et stempel, et stempelskørt eller en stempelring, i en forbrændingsmotor af dieseInfo
- Publication number
- DK138496A DK138496A DK199601384A DK138496A DK138496A DK 138496 A DK138496 A DK 138496A DK 199601384 A DK199601384 A DK 199601384A DK 138496 A DK138496 A DK 138496A DK 138496 A DK138496 A DK 138496A
- Authority
- DK
- Denmark
- Prior art keywords
- piston
- cylinder
- die
- combustion engine
- internal combustion
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J10/00—Engine or like cylinders; Features of hollow, e.g. cylindrical, bodies in general
- F16J10/02—Cylinders designed to receive moving pistons or plungers
- F16J10/04—Running faces; Liners
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
- C23C4/08—Metallic material containing only metal elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B75/00—Other engines
- F02B75/02—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke
- F02B2075/022—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle
- F02B2075/025—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle two
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2201/00—Metals
- F05C2201/02—Light metals
- F05C2201/021—Aluminium
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2203/00—Non-metallic inorganic materials
- F05C2203/08—Ceramics; Oxides
- F05C2203/0865—Oxide ceramics
- F05C2203/0882—Carbon, e.g. graphite
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
Priority Applications (16)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DK199601384A DK174241B1 (da) | 1996-12-05 | 1996-12-05 | Cylinderelement, såsom en cylinderforing, et stempel, et stempelskørt eller en stempelring, i en forbrændingsmotor af dieseltypen samt en stempelring til en sådan motor. |
MYPI97005574A MY117384A (en) | 1996-12-05 | 1997-11-19 | A cylinder element, such as a cylinder liner, a piston a piston skirt or a piston ring, in an internal combustion engine of the diesel type, and a piston ring for such an engine |
PCT/DK1997/000539 WO1998025017A1 (en) | 1996-12-05 | 1997-11-25 | A cylinder element, such as a cylinder liner, a piston, a piston skirt or a piston ring, in an internal combustion engine of the diesel type, and a piston ring for such an engine |
TW086117655A TW384355B (en) | 1996-12-05 | 1997-11-25 | Cylinder element, such as a cylinder liner, a piston skirt or a piston ring, in an internal combustion engine of the diesel type, and a piston ring for such an engine |
JP52508198A JP3187847B2 (ja) | 1996-12-05 | 1997-11-25 | ディーゼル型内燃機関のシリンダライナー、ピストン、ピストンスカート部又はピストンリングのようなシリンダ要素及び該機関のピストンリング |
CN97196212A CN1093596C (zh) | 1996-12-05 | 1997-11-25 | 柴油内燃机的气缸元件和用于这种内燃机的活塞环 |
ES97945800T ES2135982T3 (es) | 1996-12-05 | 1997-11-25 | Elemento de cilindro. |
RU99100629/06A RU2156370C1 (ru) | 1996-12-05 | 1997-11-25 | Элемент цилиндра, такой как гильза цилиндра, поршень, юбка поршня или поршневое кольцо в двигателе внутреннего сгорания дизельного типа и поршневое кольцо для такого двигателя |
DE69700387T DE69700387T2 (de) | 1996-12-05 | 1997-11-25 | Zylinderbüchse, kolben sowie kolbenring eines dieselmotors |
AU51169/98A AU5116998A (en) | 1996-12-05 | 1997-11-25 | A cylinder element, such as a cylinder liner, a piston, a piston skirt or a piston ring, in an internal combustion engine of the diesel type, and a piston ring for such an engine |
PL97331492A PL187350B1 (pl) | 1996-12-05 | 1997-11-25 | Pierścień tłokowy do wysokoprężnego silnika wewnętrznego spalania |
EP97945800A EP0900326B1 (en) | 1996-12-05 | 1997-11-25 | A cylinder element, such as a cylinder liner, a piston, a piston skirt or a piston ring, in an internal combustion engine of the diesel type, and a piston ring for such an engine |
HR970661A HRP970661B1 (en) | 1996-12-05 | 1997-12-05 | A cylinder element, such as a cylinder liner, a piston,a piston skirt or a piston ring, in an internal combustion engine of the diesel type, and a piston ring for such an engine |
NO19990487A NO322968B1 (no) | 1996-12-05 | 1999-02-02 | Sylinderelement, sa som en sylinderfôring, et stempel, et stempelskjort eller en stempelring i en forbrenningsmotor av dieseltypen, samt stempelring for en slik motor |
KR1019997000939A KR100306924B1 (ko) | 1996-12-05 | 1999-02-04 | 디젤엔진과 같은 내연기관의 실린더 라이너, 피스톤, 피스톤스커트 또는 피스톤링과 같은 실린더 요소 및 그러한 엔진용 피스톤링 |
HK00100008A HK1021012A1 (en) | 1996-12-05 | 2000-01-03 | A cylinder element and a piston ring in an internal combustion engine |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DK199601384A DK174241B1 (da) | 1996-12-05 | 1996-12-05 | Cylinderelement, såsom en cylinderforing, et stempel, et stempelskørt eller en stempelring, i en forbrændingsmotor af dieseltypen samt en stempelring til en sådan motor. |
DK138496 | 1996-12-05 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DK138496A true DK138496A (da) | 1998-06-06 |
DK174241B1 DK174241B1 (da) | 2002-10-14 |
Family
ID=8104272
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DK199601384A DK174241B1 (da) | 1996-12-05 | 1996-12-05 | Cylinderelement, såsom en cylinderforing, et stempel, et stempelskørt eller en stempelring, i en forbrændingsmotor af dieseltypen samt en stempelring til en sådan motor. |
Country Status (16)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0900326B1 (da) |
JP (1) | JP3187847B2 (da) |
KR (1) | KR100306924B1 (da) |
CN (1) | CN1093596C (da) |
AU (1) | AU5116998A (da) |
DE (1) | DE69700387T2 (da) |
DK (1) | DK174241B1 (da) |
ES (1) | ES2135982T3 (da) |
HK (1) | HK1021012A1 (da) |
HR (1) | HRP970661B1 (da) |
MY (1) | MY117384A (da) |
NO (1) | NO322968B1 (da) |
PL (1) | PL187350B1 (da) |
RU (1) | RU2156370C1 (da) |
TW (1) | TW384355B (da) |
WO (1) | WO1998025017A1 (da) |
Families Citing this family (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19900942C2 (de) * | 1999-01-13 | 2003-04-10 | Man B & W Diesel As Kopenhagen | Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines Schutzbelags sowie Maschine mit wenigstens einem derartigen Schutzbelag |
DE19908107C2 (de) * | 1999-02-25 | 2003-04-10 | Man B & W Diesel As Kopenhagen | Verfahren zur Erzeugung einer verschleißfesten Oberfläche bei aus Stahl bestehenden Bauteilen sowie Maschine mit wenigstens einem derartigen Bauteil |
JP2003514113A (ja) * | 1999-10-29 | 2003-04-15 | エムエーエヌ・ビー・アンド・ダブリュ・ディーゼル・エーエス | 少なくとも1つの滑り面を有する機械部分を製作する方法 |
US7279227B2 (en) | 2002-01-18 | 2007-10-09 | Kabushiki Kaisha Riken | Spraying piston ring |
AU2002308224A1 (en) * | 2002-02-28 | 2003-09-09 | Koncentra Holding Ab | Thermal spraying of a piston ring |
JP2005307857A (ja) * | 2004-04-21 | 2005-11-04 | Toyota Motor Corp | シリンダブロック及びその製造方法 |
AT7941U1 (de) * | 2004-12-02 | 2005-11-15 | Ceratizit Austria Gmbh | Werkzeug zur spanabhebenden bearbeitung |
DE102005027828A1 (de) * | 2005-06-15 | 2006-12-21 | Mahle International Gmbh | Verfahren zum Beschichten einer Zylinderlaufbuchse |
PT2118534T (pt) * | 2007-01-09 | 2017-05-30 | Federal Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Anel de segmento com estrutura multicamadas e processo para a sua produção |
DE102007019510B3 (de) * | 2007-04-25 | 2008-09-04 | Man Diesel A/S | Zu einer Gleitpaarung gehörendes Maschinenteil sowie Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
DE102008036657B4 (de) * | 2008-08-06 | 2016-09-01 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Kolbenring mit adaptiver Beschichtung und Herstellungsverfahren davon |
DE102008053641B3 (de) * | 2008-10-29 | 2010-02-18 | Daimler Ag | Thermisch gespritzte Zylinderlaufbahnbeschichtung, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung sowie deren Verwendung in Verbrennungsmotoren |
DE102009022804A1 (de) * | 2009-05-27 | 2010-12-02 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Gleitelement mit freigelegter Funktionsfläche |
BRPI0905228B1 (pt) * | 2009-12-29 | 2017-01-24 | Mahle Metal Leve Sa | anel de pistão nitretado resistente à propagação de trincas |
DE102010002686A1 (de) * | 2010-03-09 | 2011-09-15 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Gleitelement, insbesondere Kolbenring, und Verfahren zur Beschichtung eines Gleitelements |
JP5499790B2 (ja) * | 2010-03-11 | 2014-05-21 | 日産自動車株式会社 | シリンダブロックの加工方法、シリンダブロック及び溶射用シリンダブロック |
DE102010029256A1 (de) * | 2010-05-25 | 2011-12-01 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Gleitelement |
JP5689735B2 (ja) * | 2010-07-29 | 2015-03-25 | 日本ピストンリング株式会社 | ピストンリング |
RU2516040C2 (ru) * | 2011-06-06 | 2014-05-20 | Алексей Александрович Никифоров | Двигатель внутреннего сгорания |
CN102305289A (zh) * | 2011-08-04 | 2012-01-04 | 武汉科技大学 | 一种基于变形活塞环的间隙密封液压缸 |
CN102900663B (zh) * | 2012-09-27 | 2015-08-19 | 四川中物泰沃新材料有限公司 | 缸套及其制造方法 |
KR101731746B1 (ko) * | 2012-12-11 | 2017-04-28 | 가부시끼가이샤 리켄 | 피스톤 링용 용사 피막, 피스톤 링 및 피스톤 링용 용사 피막의 제조 방법 |
RU2549275C2 (ru) * | 2013-08-07 | 2015-04-27 | Валерий Туркубеевич Пчентлешев | Деталь, имеющая, по меньшей мере одну износостойкую поверхность, и сборочная единица, содержащая такую деталь |
CN104373415B (zh) * | 2014-10-27 | 2016-09-07 | 湖州环丰机械有限公司 | 一种液压油缸 |
WO2016126170A1 (ru) * | 2015-02-04 | 2016-08-11 | Валерий Туркубеевич ПЧЕНТЛЕШЕВ | Сборочная единица и деталь с износостойкой поверхностью |
JP2018059404A (ja) * | 2015-02-23 | 2018-04-12 | ヤマハ発動機株式会社 | エンジン、シリンダボディ部材及び車両 |
CN105604722A (zh) * | 2016-01-25 | 2016-05-25 | 重庆长安汽车股份有限公司 | 一种无缸套铝合金发动机缸体及其加工方法 |
DE102017116480A1 (de) * | 2017-07-21 | 2019-01-24 | Federal-Mogul Friedberg Gmbh | Kolbenring mit kugelgestrahlter Einlaufschicht und Verfahren zur Herstellung |
CN109296592B (zh) * | 2018-12-04 | 2023-12-22 | 武汉科技大学 | 一种用于高压低摩擦液压缸的活塞组合件 |
CN111156163B (zh) * | 2019-12-29 | 2021-12-21 | 陕西航天动力高科技股份有限公司 | 一种隔膜泵用十字头与十字头滑套组件 |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4196237A (en) * | 1976-07-19 | 1980-04-01 | Eutectic Corporation | High hardness copper-aluminum alloy flame spray powder |
DE3447784C2 (de) * | 1984-12-20 | 1987-03-12 | Gebrüder Sulzer AG, Winterthur | Kolbenbrennkraftmaschine |
US5080056A (en) * | 1991-05-17 | 1992-01-14 | General Motors Corporation | Thermally sprayed aluminum-bronze coatings on aluminum engine bores |
DK16494A (da) * | 1994-02-08 | 1995-08-09 | Man B & W Diesel Gmbh | Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af en cylinderforing samt en sådan foring |
US5598818A (en) * | 1996-01-26 | 1997-02-04 | Spx Corporation | Method of providing a cylinder bore liner in an internal combustion engine |
-
1996
- 1996-12-05 DK DK199601384A patent/DK174241B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1997
- 1997-11-19 MY MYPI97005574A patent/MY117384A/en unknown
- 1997-11-25 DE DE69700387T patent/DE69700387T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-11-25 RU RU99100629/06A patent/RU2156370C1/ru active
- 1997-11-25 AU AU51169/98A patent/AU5116998A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-11-25 PL PL97331492A patent/PL187350B1/pl unknown
- 1997-11-25 ES ES97945800T patent/ES2135982T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-11-25 JP JP52508198A patent/JP3187847B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-11-25 EP EP97945800A patent/EP0900326B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-11-25 CN CN97196212A patent/CN1093596C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-11-25 WO PCT/DK1997/000539 patent/WO1998025017A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-11-25 TW TW086117655A patent/TW384355B/zh active
- 1997-12-05 HR HR970661A patent/HRP970661B1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1999
- 1999-02-02 NO NO19990487A patent/NO322968B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-02-04 KR KR1019997000939A patent/KR100306924B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2000
- 2000-01-03 HK HK00100008A patent/HK1021012A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DK174241B1 (da) | 2002-10-14 |
RU2156370C1 (ru) | 2000-09-20 |
JP3187847B2 (ja) | 2001-07-16 |
AU5116998A (en) | 1998-06-29 |
JP2000505178A (ja) | 2000-04-25 |
NO322968B1 (no) | 2006-12-18 |
HRP970661A2 (en) | 1998-08-31 |
PL187350B1 (pl) | 2004-06-30 |
KR100306924B1 (ko) | 2001-10-29 |
MY117384A (en) | 2004-06-30 |
DE69700387D1 (de) | 1999-09-09 |
WO1998025017A1 (en) | 1998-06-11 |
EP0900326B1 (en) | 1999-08-04 |
HRP970661B1 (en) | 2000-10-31 |
DE69700387T2 (de) | 2000-01-13 |
HK1021012A1 (en) | 2000-05-26 |
PL331492A1 (en) | 1999-07-19 |
EP0900326A1 (en) | 1999-03-10 |
ES2135982T3 (es) | 1999-11-01 |
NO990487D0 (no) | 1999-02-02 |
CN1225152A (zh) | 1999-08-04 |
NO990487L (no) | 1999-06-04 |
TW384355B (en) | 2000-03-11 |
KR20000029804A (ko) | 2000-05-25 |
CN1093596C (zh) | 2002-10-30 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DK138496A (da) | Cylinderelement, såsom en cylinderforing, et stempel, et stempelskørt eller en stempelring, i en forbrændingsmotor af diese | |
PL323996A1 (en) | Piston ring for internal combustion engine pistons | |
GB2296504B (en) | Nitride-plated piston ring for internal combustion engines | |
DE59609811D1 (de) | Kolbenring für Verbrennungsmotoren | |
DE59406924D1 (de) | Hubkolbenbrennkraftmaschine der Dieselbauart | |
DK140392A (da) | Stempeltopring til en forbrændingsmotor | |
DE59810543D1 (de) | Kolbenbrennkraftmaschine, insbesondere mehrzylindrige Kolbenbrennkraftmaschine | |
DK28697A (da) | Stempel til en forbrænmdingsmotor, navnlig en totakts krydshovedmotor af dieseltypen | |
DK0764801T3 (da) | Stempelring til forbrændingsmotorer | |
DK54796A (da) | Cylinderforing til en forbrændingsmotor | |
FI982637A (fi) | Mäntäroottorilla varustettu polttomoottori | |
DK56897A (da) | Cylinderforing til en forbrændingsmotor af dieseltypen | |
GB2306350B (en) | Wear-resistant parts, particularly the piston ring of an internal combustion engine | |
DE69810236D1 (de) | Kolbenbrennkraftmaschine | |
DE59703954D1 (de) | Kolbenring für eine Verbrennungskraftmaschine | |
KR970041225U (ko) | 내연기관용 실린더 피스톤과 피스톤링 구조 | |
DK102293A (da) | Cylinderforing til forbrændingsmotor | |
KR970041222U (ko) | 내연기관용 실린더의 피스톤링 | |
ATA48894A (de) | Brennkraftmaschine, insbesondere mit einzelzylinderköpfen | |
KR970058837U (ko) | 내연기관용 갤러리 피스톤 | |
KR970058836U (ko) | 내연기관용 갤러리 피스톤 | |
DK52797A (da) | Cylinderforing til en forbrændingsmotor af dieseltypen | |
KR970041231U (ko) | 자동차 내연기관용 피스턴 링 | |
FIU960214U0 (fi) | Mäntä polttomoottoreita varten | |
KR960037794U (ko) | 내연기관용 피스톤 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
B1 | Patent granted (law 1993) | ||
PUP | Patent expired |
Expiry date: 20161205 |