DE102010033380A1 - Large and open porous C / C composite with high internal surface, as well as methods of making the same and their use - Google Patents
Large and open porous C / C composite with high internal surface, as well as methods of making the same and their use Download PDFInfo
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- DE102010033380A1 DE102010033380A1 DE102010033380A DE102010033380A DE102010033380A1 DE 102010033380 A1 DE102010033380 A1 DE 102010033380A1 DE 102010033380 A DE102010033380 A DE 102010033380A DE 102010033380 A DE102010033380 A DE 102010033380A DE 102010033380 A1 DE102010033380 A1 DE 102010033380A1
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- carbon
- composite
- composite according
- surface area
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon Chemical compound C.C CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- XPFVYQJUAUNWIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfuryl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CO1 XPFVYQJUAUNWIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims 1
- SMQUZDBALVYZAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylaldehyde Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C=O SMQUZDBALVYZAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 abstract description 37
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 36
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 17
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 20
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000002429 nitrogen sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000008098 formaldehyde solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KVBYPTUGEKVEIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,3-diol;formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C.OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 KVBYPTUGEKVEIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004375 physisorption Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002296 pyrolytic carbon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;phenol Chemical compound O=C.OC1=CC=CC=C1 SLGWESQGEUXWJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N furfural Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=CO1 HYBBIBNJHNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000005204 hydroxybenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000009715 pressure infiltration Methods 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BUHVIAUBTBOHAG-FOYDDCNASA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r)-2-[6-[[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methylphenyl)ethyl]amino]purin-9-yl]-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound COC1=CC(OC)=CC(C(CNC=2C=3N=CN(C=3N=CN=2)[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O2)O)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)C)=C1 BUHVIAUBTBOHAG-FOYDDCNASA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGXAGETVRDOQFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1C=O DGXAGETVRDOQFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 102000011782 Keratins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010076876 Keratins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001854 alkali hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000007833 carbon precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004312 hexamethylene tetramine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010299 hexamethylene tetramine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012705 liquid precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012704 polymeric precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002230 thermal chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001456 vanadium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-(C/C-)Komposit, wobei die innere Oberfläche des Trägermaterials aus Kohlenstoff mit einem nanoporösen Kohlenstoffmaterial hoher spezifischer Oberfläche beschichtet ist. Das C/C-Komposit ist groß- und offenporig und weist durch die Beschichtung eine hohe spezifische Oberfläche auf. Das Herstellungsverfahren zeichnet sich durch die Infiltration des Trägermaterials aus Kohlenstoff oder einer organischen Vorstufe mit einer verdünnten Polymerlösung aus. Hierbei wird zunächst über einen Sol-Gel-Prozess mit nachfolgendem Trocknungsschritt eine Polymerschicht auf der inneren Oberfläche des Trägermaterials angelagert und durch Pyrolyse das C/C-Komposit erzeugt. Das Komposit kann für Elektroden insbesondere in Redox-Flow-Batterien, als Katalysatorträger oder zur Filtration eingesetzt werden.The invention relates to a carbon-carbon (C / C) composite, wherein the inner surface of the carrier material made of carbon is coated with a nanoporous carbon material with a high specific surface. The C / C composite is large and open-pored and has a high specific surface due to the coating. The manufacturing process is characterized by the infiltration of the carrier material made of carbon or an organic precursor with a dilute polymer solution. Here, a polymer layer is first deposited on the inner surface of the carrier material using a sol-gel process followed by a drying step, and the C / C composite is generated by pyrolysis. The composite can be used for electrodes, in particular in redox flow batteries, as a catalyst support or for filtration.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-(C/C-)Komposit dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Trägermaterial aus Kohlenstoff mit einem nanoporösen Kohlenstoffmaterial hoher spezifischer Oberfläche beschichtet ist, dabei sind unter Nanoporen Poren kleiner als 1 μm zu verstehen.The invention relates to a carbon-carbon (C / C) composite, characterized in that a carbon carrier material is coated with a nanoporous carbon material of high specific surface, in which case pores smaller than 1 μm are to be understood as meaning nanopores.
Für das Verfahren wird ein Trägermaterial aus Kohlenstoff (z. B. Holzkohle, Graphit, Kohlenstoff- und Graphitfilze, Kohlenstoff-Schäume oder die organischen Vorstufen dieser Materialientypen) gewählt. Die Beschichtung des Trägermaterials erfolgt über eine flüssige Vorstufe in einem Sol-Gel-Prozess, wobei die Beschichtung zunächst als organische Vorstufe (z. B. poröses Duromer) vorliegt. Da die Vorstufe des C/C-Komposits noch organische Komponenten enthält, wird mit einem Pyrolyseschritt das C/C-Komposit durch Karbonisierung erzeugt.For the process, a carbon support material (eg charcoal, graphite, carbon and graphite felts, carbon foams or the organic precursors of these types of materials) is chosen. The coating of the carrier material takes place via a liquid precursor in a sol-gel process, the coating initially being present as organic precursor (eg porous duromer). Since the precursor of the C / C composite still contains organic components, the C / C composite is produced by carbonation in a pyrolysis step.
[Stand der Technik][State of the art]
Kohlenstoff-Kohlenstoff-(C/C-)Kompositmaterialien bestehend aus einem Trägermaterial aus Kohlenstoff und einer Pyrokohlenstoffbeschichtung sind aus verschiedenen Quellen bekannt und Stand der Technik. Die Pyrokohlenstoffschicht zeichnet sich durch eine hohe strukturelle Ordnung der Kohlenstoffatome (graphitisch) und eine erhöhte Oxidationsbeständigkeit aus. Die spezifische Oberfläche der Beschichtung liegt deutlich unter 10 m2/g und die Pyrokohlenstoffbeschichtung weist keine signifikante Nanostrukturierung und keine Nanoporosität (Strukturen < 1 μm) auf. Außerdem führt die Beschichtung mit Pyrokohlenstoff über Gasphasenabscheidung (chemical vapor deposition (CVD)), zu einem C/C-Komposit sehr geringer spezifischer Oberfläche. Weist das Trägermaterial aus Kohlenstoff selbst eine hohe spezifische Oberfläche und relevante Mikroporosität (Poren < 2 nm) auf, so führt die Beschichtung mit Pyrokohlenstoff zu einer signifikanten Verringerung der spezifischen Oberfläche, wobei v. a. keine Mikroporen (Definition Mikroporen in:
Aus
In
In
In
In
Aus
In
Es existieren einige Kombinationen verschiedener Kohlenstoffe, allerdings ist kein groß- und offenporiges Trägermaterial aus Kohlenstoff bekannt, bei dem die innere Oberfläche des Trägermaterials mit einer nanoporösen Kohlenstoff- oder kohlenstoffhaltigen Komponente beschichtet ist, die eine hohe spezifische Oberfläche aufweist.There are some combinations of different carbons, but no large- and open-pored carbon carrier material is known in which the inner surface of the carrier material is coated with a nanoporous carbon or carbon-containing component having a high specific surface area.
Bei den aufgeführten Beispielen, in denen ein C/C-Komposit mittels einer Beschichtung hergestellt wurde, handelt es sich bei der Kohlenstoffbeschichtung ausschließlich um glatte, stark graphitische Kohlenstoffschichten geringer spezifischer Oberfläche ohne Nanoporosität, meist als Pyrokohlenstoff bezeichnet. Diese Pyrokohlenstoffbeschichtungen dienen als Schutz vor thermischen und oxidativen Einflüssen und sind für die Verwendung beispielsweise als Elektrodenmaterial aufgrund ihrer geringen spezifischen Oberfläche ungeeignet.In the examples given, in which a C / C composite was produced by means of a coating, the carbon coating is exclusively smooth, highly graphitic carbon layers of low specific surface area without nanoporosity, usually referred to as pyrocarbon. These pyrocarbon coatings serve as protection against thermal and oxidative influences and are unsuitable for use, for example, as an electrode material due to their low specific surface area.
[Aufgabe der Erfindung] OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, bei einem groß- und offenporigen Material aus Kohlenstoff und seiner organischen Vorstufe unter Erhalt der großen Poren die spezifische Oberfläche des Gesamtwerkstoffes deutlich, d. h. um mindestens eine Größenordnung, zu erhöhen.The object of the invention is, in a large and porous material made of carbon and its organic precursor while maintaining the large pores, the specific surface of the total material significantly, d. H. by at least an order of magnitude.
Hierzu wird zunächst ein offenporiges Trägermaterial aus Kohlenstoff oder aus einer organischen Vorstufe, insbesondere Holzkohle, poröse Graphitplatten oder -flocken, Kohlenstoff- oder Graphitfaserfilze, Kohlenstoffschäume oder deren organische Vorstufen, über die Infiltration einer flüssigen Phase in einem Sol-Gel-Verfahren mit einer Kohlenstoff-Vorstufe beschichtet. Die Beschichtung kann beispielsweise über die Infiltration des Trägermaterials mit einer Lösung mit Polymerbestandteilen erfolgen, wobei sich die Polymerbestandteile in der nasschemischen Reaktion oder bei der anschließenden Entfernung des Lösungsmittels über Trocknung auf dem Trägermaterial abscheiden und eine polymere Vorstufe der Kohlenstoffbeschichtung bilden. Entscheidend ist dabei die Bildung einer polymeren, nanostrukturierten (z. B. nanoporösen) Schicht über den Sol-Gel-Prozess auf der inneren Oberfläche des Trägermaterials. Das resultierende beschichtete Material bleibt dabei nach wie vor offenporig.For this purpose, initially an open-pore carrier material made of carbon or of an organic precursor, in particular charcoal, porous graphite plates or flakes, carbon or graphite fiber felts, carbon foams or their organic precursors, via the infiltration of a liquid phase in a sol-gel process with a carbon Precursor coated. The coating can be carried out, for example, by infiltrating the support material with a solution comprising polymer constituents, the polymer constituents depositing on the support material in the wet-chemical reaction or in the subsequent removal of the solvent by drying and forming a polymeric precursor of the carbon coating. The decisive factor here is the formation of a polymeric, nanostructured (eg nanoporous) layer via the sol-gel process on the inner surface of the support material. The resulting coated material remains open-pored.
Während bei der Pyrokohlenstoffabscheidung durch thermische Zersetzung eines kohlenstoffhaltigen Gases an der Oberfläche des Trägermaterials direkt eine unporöse Kohlenstoffschicht erzeugt wird, wird im Gegensatz dazu in der vorliegenden Erfindung das Trägermaterial mit einer Flüssigkeit infiltriert oder getränkt. Die Flüssigkeit enthält molekulare kohlenstoffhaltige Bestandteile, die durch Polymerisation an der Oberfläche oder in den Poren des Trägermaterials zu einer Beschichtung desselben führen. Die Polymerbeschichtung weist bereits wesentliche strukturelle Eigenschaften, die kennzeichnend für das erfindungsgemäße C/C-Komposit sind, auf, z. B. sphärische Bestandteile der Beschichtung siehe Abbildung 1 (rechts) und
Für die Beschichtung eignen sich beispielsweise Furfurylalkohol, Polyacrylnitril (PAN), sowie Kombinationen aus Hydroxybenzolen (z. B. Phenol, Resorzin) mit Aldehyden (z. B. Formaldehyd, Furfural) oder Melamin-Aldehyden, welche in einem Lösungsmittel (z. B. Wasser, Alkoholen, Ketonen) gelöst sind und zur Beschleunigung der Polymerisation mit einem Katalysator (Base oder Säure) oder einem Härter (z. B. Hexamethylentetramin HMTA) gemischt werden. Das Trägermaterial wird dann mit der verdünnten Polymerlösung infiltriert; die Polymerisation kann thermisch oder chemisch kontrolliert werden bis sie abgeschlossen ist.Furfuryl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and combinations of hydroxybenzenes (eg phenol, resorcinol) with aldehydes (eg formaldehyde, furfural) or melamine-aldehydes which are dissolved in a solvent (eg Water, alcohols, ketones) are dissolved and, to accelerate the polymerization, mixed with a catalyst (base or acid) or a hardener (eg hexamethylenetetramine HMTA). The support material is then infiltrated with the diluted polymer solution; the polymerization can be thermally or chemically controlled until it is complete.
Nach Abschluss der Polymerisation wird das verbliebene Lösungsmittel durch Trocknung aus dem beschichteten Komposit entfernt.After completion of the polymerization, the remaining solvent is removed by drying from the coated composite.
Bei der Verwendung von Hydroxybenzolen und Aldehyden erfolgt die Beschichtung über die Anlagerung der Polymerbausteine an der inneren Oberfläche des Trägermaterials. Entscheidend hierbei ist, dass es im Komposit tatsächlich ausschließlich zu einer Beschichtung des Trägermaterials kommt, und der übliche Sol-Gel-Prozess, welcher zu einer Füllung der Zwischenräume des Trägermaterials führen würde, durch geeignete Wahl der Prozessparameter verhindert wird.When using hydroxybenzenes and aldehydes, the coating takes place via the attachment of the polymer building blocks to the inner surface of the support material. The decisive factor here is that in the composite actually comes exclusively to a coating of the carrier material, and the usual sol-gel process, which would lead to a filling of the interstices of the carrier material is prevented by a suitable choice of the process parameters.
Da das Komposit noch organische Bestandteile (Polymere der Beschichtung und z. B. Polyacrylnitril (PAN) oder Pech basierte Faserfilze) enthält, erfolgt die Kohlenstoffkonvertierung durch thermische Zersetzung der organischen Bestandteile bei Temperaturen zwischen 500°C und 1100°C unter einer sauerstofffreien Atmosphäre (Pyrolyse), wodurch das C/C-Komposit erzeugt wird.Since the composite still contains organic constituents (polymers of the coating and, for example, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or pitch-based fiber felts), carbon conversion takes place by thermal decomposition of the organic constituents at temperatures between 500 ° C. and 1100 ° C. under an oxygen-free atmosphere ( Pyrolysis) to produce the C / C composite.
Zur weiteren Erhöhung der spezifischen Oberfläche des C/C-Komposits, kann sich ein Aktivierungsschritt bei 500°C–1500°C (physikalisch, z. B. mit CO2 oder H2O oder chemisch z. B. mit Alkalihydroxiden/-karbonaten) anschließen. Zur Erhöhung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit des C/C-Komposits, insbesondere der Beschichtung bietet sich eine Hochtemperaturbehandlung bei Temperaturen oberhalb von 1100°C an. Für eine, abhängig von der Anwendung, optimale Kombination aus hoher spezifischer Oberfläche und guter elektrischer Leitfähigkeit kann auch eine Kombination von Aktivierung und Hochtemperaturbehandlung erforderlich sein. Hier würde beispielsweise die spezifische Oberfläche des C/C-Komposits zunächst durch eine Aktivierung vergrößert und anschließend die elektrische Leitfähigkeit durch eine Hochtemperaturbehandlung des C/C-Komposits erhöht. Dies ist auch in umgekehrter Reihenfolge möglich.To further increase the specific surface area of the C / C composite, an activation step may occur at 500 ° C-1500 ° C (physically, eg with CO 2 or H 2 O or chemically eg with alkali hydroxides / carbonates ) connect. To increase the electrical conductivity of the C / C composite, in particular the coating, a high-temperature treatment at temperatures above 1100 ° C offers. For a combination of high specific surface area and good electrical conductivity, depending on the application, a combination of activation and high-temperature treatment may be required. Here, for example, the specific surface of the C / C composite would first be enlarged by activation and then the electrical conductivity increased by a high-temperature treatment of the C / C composite. This is also possible in reverse order.
Das erfindungsgemäße großporige C/C-Komposit weist auf der gesamten inneren Oberfläche des ursprünglichen Trägermaterials eine nanoporöse Kohlenstoffbeschichtung auf. Hat das reine Trägermaterial selbst nur eine geringe spezifische Oberfläche (z. B. Holzkohle, gepresster expandierter Graphit, Graphitfaserfilz oder Kohlenstoffschaum), so weist das C/C-Komposit eine signifikant erhöhte spezifische Oberfläche auf, wobei der Unterschied durchaus mehrere Größenordnungen betragen kann. Neben der Vergrößerung der spezifischen Oberfläche, die vor allem durch die Mikroporosität (Poren < 2 nm) der Kohlenstoffbeschichtung bedingt ist, vergrößert sich die innere Oberfläche des C/C-Komposits auch durch die sphärischen Bestandteile der Kohlenstoffschicht, wie aus REM-Aufnahmen ersichtlich ist (siehe
Das großporige C/C-Komposit zeichnet sich z. B. durch geringe Dichte, eine offenporige Überstruktur mit Poren größer 1 Mikrometer, einen geringen Durchflusswiderstand, ein Trägermaterial aus Kohlenstoff mit hoher elektrischer Leitfähigkeit (> 0,1 S/cm, insbesondere > 1,0 S/cm), sowie eine nanoporöse Kohlenstoffbeschichtung mit hoher spezifischer Oberfläche aus.The large-pored C / C composite is characterized z. B. by low density, an open-pore superstructure with pores greater than 1 micrometer, a low flow resistance, a carrier material made of carbon with high electrical conductivity (> 0.1 S / cm, in particular> 1.0 S / cm), and a nanoporous carbon coating with high specific surface area.
Deshalb eignet sich das erfindungsgemäße C/C-Komposit für verschiedene Anwendungen, vorzugsweise als Elektrodenmaterial in elektrochemischen Speichern, insbesondere in Redoxflussbatterien (z. B. in den Systemen Vanadium/Vanadium, Vanadium/Brom, Brom/Polysulfid sowie Cer/Zink, Zink/Brom u. a.). Hier ist ein C/C-Komposit aus einem elektrisch hoch leitenden Kohlenstoff hoher, gut zugänglicher Porosität, mit gleichzeitig großen Poren im Bereich von 1 μm–5 mm (z. B. Graphit, gepresster expandierter Graphit, Kohlenstoff- oder Graphitfaserfilz, Kohlenstoffschaum) als Trägermaterial wichtig um auch bei geringen Druckdifferenzen hohe Durchflussraten des Elektrolyten durch die Elektrode zu ermöglichen. Die Durchlässigkeit des Komposits für Flüssigkeiten lässt sich über den Permeabilitätskoeffizienten k quantifizieren: mit V . dem pro Zeiteinheit durch das Komposit transportierte Flüssigkeitsvolumen bei einer Querschnittsfläche A senkrecht zum Volumenstrom und einem Druckabfall Δp über der Dicke l des Komposits in Richtung des Stromes. η ist die Viskosität der Flüssigkeit.Therefore, the C / C composite according to the invention is suitable for various applications, preferably as electrode material in electrochemical stores, in particular in redox flow batteries (eg in the systems vanadium / vanadium, vanadium / bromine, bromine / polysulfide and cerium / zinc, zinc / Bromine, etc.). Here is a C / C composite of electrically highly conductive carbon high, readily accessible porosity, with simultaneously large pores in the range of 1 micron-5 mm (eg graphite, pressed expanded graphite, carbon or graphite fiber felt, carbon foam) As a carrier material important to allow high flow rates of the electrolyte through the electrode even at low pressure differences. The permeability of the composite for liquids can be quantified by the permeability coefficient k: with V . the volume of liquid transported per unit time through the composite at a cross-sectional area A perpendicular to the volume flow and a pressure drop Δp over the thickness l of the composite in the direction of the flow. η is the viscosity of the liquid.
Die bisher verwendeten Materialien weisen eine geringe massen- und volumenspezifische Oberfläche und damit auch eine dem Elektrolyten (z. B. Vanadium-Ionen) gegenüber geringe aktive Oberfläche auf, was die Leistung der Zelle pro Volumen beschränkt.The materials used hitherto have a low mass and volume-specific surface and thus also a low active surface area relative to the electrolyte (eg vanadium ions), which limits the performance of the cell per volume.
Die nanoporöse Kohlenstoffbeschichtung, welche eine hohe spezifische Oberfläche aufweist, erhöht die gegenüber dem Elektrolyten aktive Elektrodenoberfläche erheblich, ohne die Durchflussrate des Elektrolyten durch die Elektrode wesentlich zu beeinträchtigen. Insgesamt führt dies zu einer gesteigerten Leistungsdichte pro Volumen im Vergleich zu einer Elektrode mit unbeschichtetem Kohlenstoff.The nanoporous carbon coating, which has a high surface area, significantly increases the electrode surface area active to the electrolyte without significantly affecting the flow rate of the electrolyte through the electrode. Overall, this results in an increased power density per volume compared to an uncoated carbon electrode.
Das C/C-Komposit bietet sich auch für die Verwendung als Elektrodenmaterial in anderen elektrochemischen Anwendungen und anderen Batterieformen an, für die ein grob- und offenporöses Elektrodenmaterial mit hoher Leitfähigkeit und hoher spezifischer Oberfläche vorteilhaft ist, z. B. in Metall-Luft-Batterien (Zn-Luft, Li-Luft).The C / C composite also lends itself to use as electrode material in other electrochemical applications and other battery forms, for which a coarse and open porous electrode material with high conductivity and high surface area is advantageous, e.g. B. in metal-air batteries (Zn-air, Li-air).
Daneben bietet sich die Verwendung des C/C-Komposits als Katalysatorträger an.In addition, the use of the C / C composite as a catalyst carrier offers.
Das C/C-Komposit mit hoher spezifischer Oberfläche und großen Poren, die eine gute Durchflussrate ermöglichen eignet sich zudem hervorragend als Adsorber zur Filtration.The C / C composite with its high specific surface area and large pores, which enable a good flow rate, is also ideal as an adsorber for filtration.
[Beispiele][Examples]
Ausführungsbeispiel 1:
Als Kohlenstoffträgermaterial dient gepresster expandierter Graphit mit einer Dichte von 0,03 g/cm3 und einer aus Stickstoffsorption nach
Für die Beschichtung wird Resorzin, wässrige 37%-Formaldehydlösung (mit ca. 10% Methanol stabilisiert), deionisiertes Wasser und 0,1N-Na2CO3-Lösung miteinander in einem Becherglas auf einem Magnetrührer vermischt. Das molare Verhältnis Formaldehyd zu Resorzin beträgt F/R = 2, das molare Verhältnis von Resorzin zum Katalysator (Na2CO3) beträgt R/C = 1000 und die Masse von Resorzin und Formaldehyd an der Gesamtmasse der Lösung beträgt 20%.For the coating resorcinol, aqueous 37% formaldehyde solution (stabilized with about 10% methanol), deionized water and 0.1N Na 2 CO 3 solution are mixed together in a beaker on a magnetic stirrer. The molar ratio of formaldehyde to resorcinol is F / R = 2, the molar ratio of resorcinol to the catalyst (Na 2 CO 3 ) is R / C = 1000 and the mass of resorcinol and formaldehyde in the total mass of the solution is 20%.
Anschließend wird mit Hilfe von Vakuum-Druck-Infiltration der Graphitpressling in einem Exsikkator mit der Resorzin-Formaldehyd-Lösung infiltriert. Die Probe wird für 24 Stunden auf 90°C aufgeheizt, um eine Beschichtung des Kohlenstoffträgermaterials mit Resorzin-Formaldehyd-Polymeren zu erreichen.Subsequently, the graphite compact is infiltrated in a desiccator with the resorcinol-formaldehyde solution by means of vacuum pressure infiltration. The sample is heated to 90 ° C for 24 hours to achieve coating of the carbon support material with resorcin-formaldehyde polymers.
Anschließend wird die Flüssigkeit durch konvektive Trocknung entfernt. Um die Polymerbeschichtung in eine Kohlenstoffbeschichtung überzuführen, wird die Probe unter nichtoxidierender Atmosphäre (Argon) für eine Stunde bei 800°C pyrolysiert.
Das C/C-Komposit weist eine Dichte von 0,08 g/cm3 auf. Die durch Stickstoffsorption nach
Ausführungsbeispiel 2:Embodiment 2:
Ein Graphit-Hartfilz der Dichte 0,1 g/cm3 und einer aus Stickstoffsorption nach
Ausführungsbeispiel 3:
Als Kohlenstoffträgermaterial dient gepresster expandierter Graphit mit einer Dichte von 0,03 g/cm3 und einer aus Stickstoffsorption nach
Für die Beschichtung wird Phenol, wässrige 37%-Formaldehydlösung (mit ca. 10% Methanol stabilisiert), n-Propanol und 37%-HCl miteinander in einem Becherglas auf einem Magnetrührer vermischt. Das molare Verhältnis Formaldehyd zu Phenol beträgt F/P = 2, das molare Verhältnis von Phenol zum Katalysator (HCl) beträgt P/C = 3 und die Masse von Phenol und Formaldehyd an der Gesamtmasse der Lösung beträgt 15%.For the coating, phenol, aqueous 37% formaldehyde solution (stabilized with about 10% methanol), n-propanol and 37% HCl are mixed together in a beaker on a magnetic stirrer. The molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol is F / P = 2, the molar ratio of phenol to the catalyst (HCl) is P / C = 3 and the mass of phenol and formaldehyde in the total mass of the solution is 15%.
Mit Hilfe von Vakuum-Druck-Infiltration wird der Graphitpressling in einem Exsikkator mit der Phenol-Formaldehyd-Lösung infiltriert. Die Probe wird für 24 Stunden auf 90°C aufgeheizt um eine Beschichtung des Kohlenstoffträgermaterials mit Phenol-Formaldehyd-Polymeren zu erreichen. Anschließend wird die Flüssigkeit durch konvektive Trocknung entfernt. Um die Polymerbeschichtung in eine Kohlenstoffbeschichtung überzuführen, wurde die Probe unter nicht-oxidierender Atmosphäre (Argon) für eine Stunde bei 800°C pyrolysiert.With the help of vacuum pressure infiltration, the graphite compact is infiltrated in a desiccator with the phenol-formaldehyde solution. The sample is heated for 24 hours at 90 ° C to achieve a coating of the carbon support material with phenol-formaldehyde polymers. Subsequently, the liquid is removed by convective drying. To convert the polymer coating to a carbon coating, the sample was pyrolyzed under non-oxidizing atmosphere (argon) for one hour at 800 ° C.
Das C/C-Komposit weist eine Dichte von 0,09 g/cm3 auf. Die durch Stickstoffsorption nach
BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
- 11
- Trägermaterial aus KohlenstoffCarrier material made of carbon
- 22
- nanoporöser Kohlenstoffnanoporous carbon
- 33
- große, offene Porenbig, open pores
- kk
- Permeabilitätskoeffizientpermeability coefficient
- V .V.
- pro Zeiteinheit durch das Komposit transportiertes Flüssigkeitsvolumenper unit of time through the composite transported liquid volume
- AA
- Querschnittsfläche senkrecht zum VolumenstromCross-sectional area perpendicular to the volume flow
- ΔpAp
- Druckabfall pressure drop
- ll
- Dicke des Komposits in Richtung des FlüssigkeitstromesThickness of the composite in the direction of the liquid flow
- ηη
- Viskosität der Flüssigkeit.Viscosity of the liquid.
- SBET S BET
- spezifische BET-Oberflächespecific BET surface area
- p/p0 p / p 0
- relativer Druckrelative pressure
- STPSTP
- „standard temperature and pressure”"Standard temperature and pressure"
[Literatur][Literature]
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Sing KSW, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, et al. Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure and Applied Chemistry 1985; 57: 603 Sing KSW, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, et al. Reporting physisorption data for gas / solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure and Applied Chemistry 1985; 57: 603 -
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JP6143469AA JP6143469AA -
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JP10045473AA JP10045473AA -
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JP10045474AA JP10045474AA -
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JP61219708A JP61219708A -
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EP1961701A1 EP1961701A1 -
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CN101209837A CN101209837A -
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JP60025163A JP60025163A -
[
US005626977A US005626977A -
[
DIN ISO 9277:2003-05 DIN ISO 9277: 2003-05 -
[
DIN 66135-2 DIN 66135-2
ZITATE ENTHALTEN IN DER BESCHREIBUNG QUOTES INCLUDE IN THE DESCRIPTION
Diese Liste der vom Anmelder aufgeführten Dokumente wurde automatisiert erzeugt und ist ausschließlich zur besseren Information des Lesers aufgenommen. Die Liste ist nicht Bestandteil der deutschen Patent- bzw. Gebrauchsmusteranmeldung. Das DPMA übernimmt keinerlei Haftung für etwaige Fehler oder Auslassungen.This list of the documents listed by the applicant has been generated automatically and is included solely for the better information of the reader. The list is not part of the German patent or utility model application. The DPMA assumes no liability for any errors or omissions.
Zitierte PatentliteraturCited patent literature
- JP 6143469 AA [0004] JP 6143469 AA [0004]
- JP 10045473 AA [0005] JP 10045473 AA [0005]
- JP 10045474 AA [0005] JP 10045474 AA [0005]
- JP 61219708 A [0006] JP 61219708 A [0006]
- EP 1961701 A1 [0007] EP 1961701 A1 [0007]
- CN 101209837 A [0008] CN 101209837 A [0008]
- JP 60025163 A [0009] JP 60025163 A [0009]
- US 005626977 A [0010] US 005626977A [0010]
Zitierte Nicht-PatentliteraturCited non-patent literature
- Sing KSW, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, et al. Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure and Applied Chemistry 1985; 57:603 [0003] Sing KSW, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, et al. Reporting physisorption data for gas / solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure and Applied Chemistry 1985; 57: 603 [0003]
- DIN ISO 9277:2003-05 [0029] DIN ISO 9277: 2003-05 [0029]
- DIN ISO 9277:2003-05 [0033] DIN ISO 9277: 2003-05 [0033]
- DIN 66135-2 [0033] DIN 66135-2 [0033]
- DIN ISO 9277:2003-05 [0034] DIN ISO 9277: 2003-05 [0034]
- DIN ISO 9277:2003-05 [0034] DIN ISO 9277: 2003-05 [0034]
- DIN 66135-2 [0034] DIN 66135-2 [0034]
- DIN ISO 9277:2003-05 [0035] DIN ISO 9277: 2003-05 [0035]
- DIN ISO 9277:2003-05 [0038] DIN ISO 9277: 2003-05 [0038]
Claims (13)
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102010033380A DE102010033380A1 (en) | 2010-08-04 | 2010-08-04 | Large and open porous C / C composite with high internal surface, as well as methods of making the same and their use |
PCT/DE2011/001535 WO2012051973A1 (en) | 2010-08-04 | 2011-07-28 | Large-pore and open-pore c/c composite having a high inner surface area, and process for producing it and use thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102010033380A DE102010033380A1 (en) | 2010-08-04 | 2010-08-04 | Large and open porous C / C composite with high internal surface, as well as methods of making the same and their use |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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DE102010033380A1 true DE102010033380A1 (en) | 2012-02-09 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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DE102010033380A Pending DE102010033380A1 (en) | 2010-08-04 | 2010-08-04 | Large and open porous C / C composite with high internal surface, as well as methods of making the same and their use |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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DE (1) | DE102010033380A1 (en) |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6025163A (en) | 1983-07-20 | 1985-02-07 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Electrode for redox flow battery |
JPS61219708A (en) | 1985-03-22 | 1986-09-30 | Hitachi Chem Co Ltd | Preparation of graphite article coated with pyrolytically prepared carbon |
JPH06143469A (en) | 1992-11-11 | 1994-05-24 | Japan Atom Energy Res Inst | Carbon composite heat inulating material and production thereof |
US5626977A (en) | 1995-02-21 | 1997-05-06 | Regents Of The University Of California | Composite carbon foam electrode |
JPH1045473A (en) | 1996-08-01 | 1998-02-17 | Toyo Tanso Kk | Graphite material coated with thermally decomposed carbon excellent in oxidation resistance |
JPH1045474A (en) | 1996-08-01 | 1998-02-17 | Toyo Tanso Kk | Production of graphite material coated with pyrolyzed carbon |
CN101209837A (en) | 2006-12-27 | 2008-07-02 | 宁波杉杉新材料科技有限公司 | Modification method of graphite and modified graphite |
EP1961701A1 (en) | 2005-12-14 | 2008-08-27 | Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd. | Graphite particle, carbon-graphite composite particle and their production processes |
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2010
- 2010-08-04 DE DE102010033380A patent/DE102010033380A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6025163A (en) | 1983-07-20 | 1985-02-07 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Electrode for redox flow battery |
JPS61219708A (en) | 1985-03-22 | 1986-09-30 | Hitachi Chem Co Ltd | Preparation of graphite article coated with pyrolytically prepared carbon |
JPH06143469A (en) | 1992-11-11 | 1994-05-24 | Japan Atom Energy Res Inst | Carbon composite heat inulating material and production thereof |
US5626977A (en) | 1995-02-21 | 1997-05-06 | Regents Of The University Of California | Composite carbon foam electrode |
JPH1045473A (en) | 1996-08-01 | 1998-02-17 | Toyo Tanso Kk | Graphite material coated with thermally decomposed carbon excellent in oxidation resistance |
JPH1045474A (en) | 1996-08-01 | 1998-02-17 | Toyo Tanso Kk | Production of graphite material coated with pyrolyzed carbon |
EP1961701A1 (en) | 2005-12-14 | 2008-08-27 | Mitsui Mining Co., Ltd. | Graphite particle, carbon-graphite composite particle and their production processes |
CN101209837A (en) | 2006-12-27 | 2008-07-02 | 宁波杉杉新材料科技有限公司 | Modification method of graphite and modified graphite |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
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DIN 66135-2 |
DIN ISO 9277:2003-05 |
Sing KSW, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, et al. Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure and Applied Chemistry 1985; 57:603 |
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