CN1663346A - Method for cultivating spring corn in hilly region - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for cultivating spring corn in hilly region wherein breeds, seeding date, density, mulch film blanketing and mulch film nursery sock grow transplanting, fertilizer application are considered for increasing maize production, experimental investigation and demonstration application are conducted to spread the fine breeds suitable for the Wuling Mountains which have the advantages of late ripening, medium late ripening, big ear, medium-sized to large ear.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the arviculture technical field.More specifically relate to a kind of spring corn in hilly region high-yield cultivating method, this technology is suitable for departments such as peasant, seeds company, agri-scientific research and teaching, agricultural technology spread and carries out Maize Production and technology popularization.
Background technology
Corn is a kind of important grain grain and feed dual-purpose crop, the output height, and custom has " king of high yield " and " king's of feed " laudatory title.China is the world main Maize Production state, is one of the world's three big Saut bands, and corn yield is only second to the U.S., occupies the second in the world, and corn accounts for about 1/4 of Chinese grain yield.In the main producing region, corn is the main source of farmers' income, and corn economy has become one of dominating of regional economy development.Corn is not only grain ration, feed, still the important raw material of industry.Along with the development of modern Processing Industry of Con Grain, corn is more and more wider in industrial purposes, and machinable kind is more and more, and consumption figure is also with increasing.The Chinese maize gross yield reached 1.22 hundred million tons in 2004, and than volume increase about 5.3% in 2003, wherein 78% as feed, will account for more than 90% to the year two thousand twenty field corn according to estimates.Chinese maize aggregate demand total amount is about hundred million tons of 1.23-1.26 at present, and along with the continuous development of livestock breeding and the increment of expanding production of feed, alcohol, starch and lysine industry, domestic demand to corn is ever-increasing trend.In addition, opening-up of china grain purchase and sale market and price, overload of vehicle is carried out in the whole nation in 2004 to transfinite and seeks unity of action, the highway transportation cost significantly increases, and the railway transportation anxiety makes northeast and corn main producing region, North China corn outward transport difficulty strengthen, and southern area (East China, Central China, south China and southwest) livestock breeding prosperity, the corn area is few, and yield level is low, and the problem of " undersupply " is very outstanding.Therefore, enlarge the southern corn cultivated area and have important effect for the adjustment structure of agricultural production, developing rural economy with raising output.
The highest per mu yield of Chinese maize has reached 1100 kilograms at present, and the highest per mu yield in Hunan Province is 700 kilograms.The weather of Wuling mountain area and soil condition are fit to corn planting, are corn main producing regions, Southwest China area, and based on spring corn production, a year maize sown area reaches about 1,000 ten thousand mu, but average yield per mu is less than 320 kilograms.Therefore, increase substantially the Wuling mountain area corn yield and have very big potentiality.
Wuling mountain area is to belong to mountain area, typical subtropics, with a varied topography, hydrothermal resources is abundant, but the spatial and temporal distributions inequality of precipitation, local area corn grouting maturing stage day and night temperature is bigger, good weather conditions are provided for forming big fringe, the summer drought is lighter relatively, and seasonal drought is not obvious, and based on the autumn drought, corn is ripe this moment, and influence is little.The soil of Wuling mountain area maize planting 80% is middle low yield nonirrigated farmland, mostly is the arid hillside field of soil depletion greatly, does not have irrigation conditions, is subject to arid harm; Less input for Maize Production, fertilizer amount deficiency, and inclined to one side nitrogen fertilizer application, and phosphorus, potash fertilizer wretched insufficiency, fertilising and culture technique do not match, and fertilizer utilization ratio is low etc., has limited the development of Maize Production; It is few that the barren-resistant superior corn new varieties cultivated area of drought resisting of suitable hungry soil plantation accounts for the sowing area ratio; Extensive management, the slow ripe large-spike cultivar of suitable selection, the planting density of custom is at 2500～2800 strain/mus, and density is lower, is unfavorable for high yield.
At the test of the corn variety annidation of Wuling mountain area, fertile culture of maize test and demonstration result, show that Wuling mountain area can realize corn with high yield by for many years.1. according to the ecoclimate condition characteristics of locality, suit measures to local conditions, select the barren-resistant high light efficiency improved seeds of middle large spike of drought resisting of suitable hungry soil plantation, improve leaf photosynthesis usefulness; 2. proper seeding is used plastic film mulching cultivation, makes full use of local warm light resources, goes after profits and advoids disadvantages, and makes the hero phase of weaving silk of taking out of corn strive for best weather conditions to grouting maturing stage (the formation phase of output), and plastic film mulching cultivation also has the preserve moisture and fertility effect; 3. Wuling mountain area is hot and humid, sunshine duration is on the low side, and corn planting density is compared with the north can not be too close, does not increase again but cross rare output, on the basis of custom planting density, suitably increase density, increase spike number, set up the high light efficiency of corn colony, control optimum leaf area, increase total grain number, on the basis of sufficient seedling, sufficient strain, sufficient fringe, the big fringe of assaulting the main target is coordinated colony and individual contradiction; 4. according to the moisture of corn growth process and nutrient demand rule with to the ability of restraining oneself of adverse circumstance ecological factor (key elements such as moisture, nutrient are coerced), carry out water-fertilizer conditioning, reasonable disposition moisture and nutrient, the local area corn fertilizing is generally on the low side, limited fertilizer was executed in the critical period, it is the key technology that corn is striven for high yield, should use sufficient fertilizer, use chemical fertilizer such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium in right amount, spraying fertilizer early increases the leaf area of colony, prolong functional period of leaf, promote flower bud differentiation, improve and spend the back physical capacity, increase grain number per spike and thousand kernel weight.
Extend across the Wuling mountain area of Hunan, Hubei Province, Guizhou Province, Chongqing four provinces and cities, unbroken, the ravines and guillies criss-cross of different mountain is typical remote mountains area, tor district.Here the western Hunan, bestow favour, in 31 counties (city, district) of Tongren, Qianjiang Di Zhou, 21 poor counties that are defined as giving special assistance to by country arranged.Its collection always, less, the limit, be poor in all over the body, be that 18 in China concentrates one of poverty-stricken areas in flakes.Wuling mountain area frequent natural calamity, grain-production are long-term low and unstable, corn is these zone staple crops, development along with the enforcement of conceding the land to forestry and cities and towns, road construction, the Maize Production area glides very big in recent years, and corn occupies an important position in this regional grain-production, in order to ensure this zone grain security, must increase the yield per unit area stablizing on the existing maize sown area basis.Therefore, increase input, on the basis of progressively improving agricultural production conditions, the outstanding agricultural cience and farming techniques that rely on, transform the mode of production of traditional farming, apply the key technology of fertile culture of maize, realize corn with high yield, taking this as an opportunity, improve peasant's scientific farming level, solve the poverty-stricken area problem of food and clothing, allow the peasant in scientific and technological progress, constantly be benefited, walked out the road of incremental a, sustainable development.Not only significant to guaranteeing the mountain area grain security, and to promoting the mountain area animal husbandry development, push forward the industrialized operation of agriculture, consolidate the conceding the land to forestry and grass achievement and also have crucial meaning.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of high-yield cultivating method of spring corn in hilly region, method is easy, cultivation is convenient, by begin sowing in good time, mulch film seedling raising and transplanting or plastic film mulching cultivation, rational close planting, applying organic manure, the reasonable chemical fertilizer of planning strategies for, improved corn yield.
In order to realize above-mentioned task, the present invention adopts following technical measures:
(1) select that drought resisting is barren-resistant, the improved seeds of high light efficiency for use, breeding time based in late ripe and slow ripe, the fringe type is based on large spike and middle large spike.
(2) begin sowing in good time, sow as early as possible, strive for season, realize keeping away non-irrigated high yield purpose, make corn take out that hero is bloomed and the maturing stage of being in the milk is realized corn with high yield synchronously with weather conditions preferably as far as possible safety planted agent in sowing time.
(3) plastic mulching or seedling raising and transplanting: utilize the plastic film mulching cultivation corn can avoid the corn evil of catching cold seedling stage in early spring, reach the insulation soil moisture conservation protect fertile, save seedling from damage, suppress weed growth, reduce insect pest in seedling stage (cutworm), promote corn growth, increase the purpose of accumulated temperature, premature ripening; Corn mulch film seedling raising and transplanting helps resisting unsuitable environmental condition, go after profits and advoid disadvantages, alleviate damage by disease and insect, guarantee full stand, strong sprout, make full use of the photo-thermal resource, sowing ahead of time, raise the multiple-cropping index, solve front and back crops for rotation contradiction and utilize long high yield fine breeding time, can save the seed about 30%, make the hero phase of weaving silk of taking out of corn strive for best weather conditions to grouting maturing stage (the formation phase of output), promote root system development, the thick stalk of stem is short, and for high yield lays the first stone, general plastic mulching or seedling raising and transplanting can increase production more than 15% than live corn.
(4) rational close planting: according to factor rational close planting such as corn variety characteristic and light, heat, water, gas, fertilizer, coordinate source, storehouse relation and colony and individual contradiction, reach and increase the purpose that the source is urged in the storehouse.On the basis of custom planting density, increase by 300～500 strain/mus, set up the high light efficiency of corn colony, increase total grain number, on the basis of sufficient seedling, sufficient strain, sufficient fringe, the big fringe of assaulting the main target.
(5) apply fertilizers scientifically, applying organic manure, the chemical fertilizer of rationally planning strategies for: fertilising will according to the weather of locality, force level, breediness, corn growth situation decide, growth is healthy and strong to keep, the leaf look normally or partially deeply is advisable.Local area based in late ripe and ripe late, large spike and middle large-spike cultivar, fertilising should be the center with short big fringe, short control combination in early stage makes corn that rational colony be arranged when blooming; The grouting maturing stage is the critical period that forms big fringe, guarantee the supply in sufficient source.Should be according to the rich scarce situation of soil, note mending and execute or on blade, spray little fertilizer at base manure, guarantee that the corn normal growth grows.
The present invention compared with prior art has the following advantages and effect:
1. this inventive method use ripe and ripe late late in breeding time, economical character is excellent, strong stress resistance, the middle large spike of wide adaptability and the corn variety of large spike high yield and high quality, for corn with high yield provides assurance.
2. this inventive method is striven for season in safety sowing as early as possible in sowing time, makes corn take out that hero is bloomed and weather conditions are synchronous as far as possible with preferably the maturing stage of being in the milk; Film mulching and planting and mulch film seedling raising and transplanting in combination, avoid the corn evil of catching cold seedling stage in early spring, reaching soil moisture conservation protects fertile, suppress weed growth, reduce insect pest, resist unsuitable environmental condition, go after profits and advoid disadvantages, economize on kind, promote corn growth, increase accumulated temperature, help raising the multiple-cropping index, solve front and back crops for rotation contradiction and utilize long high yield fine breeding time, guarantee full stand, strong sprout, make full use of the photo-thermal resource, make the hero phase of weaving silk of taking out of corn strive for best weather conditions, realize sowing ahead of time to grouting maturing stage (the formation phase of output), keep away non-irrigated aim of high yield.
3. this inventive method has increased by 300～500 strain/mus on the basis of mountain area custom planting density, has guaranteed sufficient seedling, sufficient strain, sufficient fringe, increases total grain number, has improved colony's storage capacity, sets up the corn with high yield group structure.
4. this inventive method has been determined best fertilizing amount and fertilizing time at the characteristics in mountain area, and nitrogenous fertilizer divides secondary to topdress, and by short control combination, prolongs functional period of leaf, improves corncob line number, row grain number and thousand kernel weight.
Embodiment
A kind of cultivation method of spring corn in hilly region, its step is as follows:
1, select kind: select for use through the authorization or the drought resisting high yield grain barren-resistant, high light efficiency of introducing a fine variety the suitable local plantation of demonstration and raise the improved seeds of dual-purpose type, breeding time based in late ripe and slow ripe, the fringe type is based on large spike and middle large spike.Experiment and demonstration is the result show, the kind at the Wuling mountain area establishing in large scale of suiting at present mainly contains agricultural university 108 or faces No. 1 or Hunan difficult to understand beautiful No. 10 or connect beautiful 15 or No. 2, three Norths or step on the sea No. 11 or Dongdan 60 or No. 5, section or educate No. 1 in north or No. 6, three Norths or step on the sea No. 9 or unite No. three or Great Wall 218 or step on sea 3632 or hold beautiful 15 or abide by beautiful No. 8 or clear beautiful No. 4 or money beautiful No. 3 or difficult to understand beautiful 17 or more than 20 kind such as No. 8, middle section forever.These kinds are planted at Wuling mountain area, and general per mu yield can reach about 500 kilograms.
2, begin sowing in good time: can sow when the ground temperature that upper soll layer is 5～10 centimetres is stabilized in 10～12 ℃, local area live generally with by the end of March to early or mid April be suitable sowing time, high altitude mountainous area suitable sowing date early April to mid-April.
3, plastic mulching or seedling raising and transplanting:
1. corn field film mulching and planting, have tangible soil moisture conservation protect fertile, save seedling from damage, suppress weed growth, reduce insect pest, promote the effect of corn growth, precocity, volume increase, generally can do sth. in advance sowing in 7～12 days, generally than epiphragma corn yield increasing not more than 15%.Level land before the sowing, concentrate the ditch fertilising, epiphragma is after planting carried out earlier in the capable flat specification plantation of doing of employing width, with the method for kind with lid, before the epiphragma foreign material such as the retained root stubble of preceding stubble, stalk is removed totally, breaks up the clods, in order to avoid scratch or the jack-up mulch film; Single plant that to select 60～70 centimetres of fabric widths, thickness for use be 0.007～0.008 millimeter super mulch film, mulch film strain, stretched, paves, spreads even, respectively open a shallow ridges around the film, tight mulch film, press sternly with soil pressure; When treating that maize seedling all sprouts substantially, in time opening is put seedling, GPRS amplifies and not to put for a short time when putting seedling, puts the green Huang of not putting, and the cloudy day assault is put, fine day is kept away noon, strong wind is not put the principle of seedling, and strain strong sprout is only put in every cave, generally is advisable with one-inch in the seedling hole, after seedling is emitted film, should add an amount of ash mixing with thin wet soil at any time seedling setting hole is obturaged.
2. corn mulch film seedling raising and transplanting is generally done sth. in advance more than 10 days than outdoor cropping sowing time, can select long 5～10 days of the kind maturing stage more live than the locality for use, or the kind of many 1～2 leaves, to make full use of accumulated temperature, captures high yield; Select leeward, to cloudy, physical features is smooth, the seedbed is done in the place easily in the water source, the seedbed is wide 1～1.2 meter, length decide on landform and area, preferably select near the vacant lot of transplanting the land for growing field crops, or all border district in land for growing field crops does the seedbed work when alleviating transplanting; Broadcast back with 0.012～0.014 millimeters thick, 200 centimetres of wide plastic mulching; Nutrition soil is base stock with 40%～50% high-quality farmyard manure, 50%～60% fertile pond sludge or ditch mud, and per 100 kilograms of nutrition soil add 1 kilogram of superphosphate, after three's mixing is mixed thoroughly, adds an amount of clear liquid dung; Can adopt nutrition group, nutritive cube, nutritive cube and plastic floppy disk seedling raising manners; The transplanting phase, about 20 days, seedling had 3～4 on visible leaf with seedling age, transplanted when the ground floor secondary root has formed to well.
4, rational close planting: better in order to coordinate storehouse and source, colony and individual contradiction at water and fertilizer condition, use the compact kind of plant type, density can be big slightly; Barren at soil, water and fertilizer condition is relatively poor, when using the kind that plant type evacuates, then suitable suitably thin planting.Ripe late, big fringe, plant type flat-type kind are planted Suitable Density only at Wuling mountain area and be should be 2800～3300 strain/mus; In ripe late, in big fringe, plant type compact kind Suitable Density should be 3000～3500 strain/mus; The general capable making ridge planting effect of width that adopts is relatively good, about 90 centimetres of wide row, about 50 centimetres of narrow rows; The rape field is reserved the interplanting row and was interplanted or transplanted in preceding 7～15 days in the rape results, and density 1500～2500 strain/mus after the rape receipts, are intertilled and applied fertilizer corn, and a kind soybean or peanut etc.
5, apply fertilizers scientifically: according to weather, soil fertility, kind and corn growth, the fertilizer of rationally planning strategies for, short control combination in early stage makes that corn growth is healthy and strong, the leaf look normal, set up rational group structure; Will there be the adequate nutrients supply in the grouting maturing stage.At first be fertilizing amount: execute purity nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium for one mu and be respectively 18～20kg, 6～8kg, 8～10kg; Phosphorus, potash fertilizer are all executed (all making seed manure as using composite algorithm fertilizer) as base manure, next is a fertilizing time: nitrogenous fertilizer mainly divides secondary to impose, the one, gently execute (seed manure accounts for 30%～40% of total amount of nitrogen, imposes, and puies forward the short balance of seedling) seedling stage when seedling 3～5 leaf ages; The 2nd, fringe phase heavy dressing (ear manuer accounts for 60%～70% of total amount of nitrogen, generally heavy dressing when 8～10 leaves launch) is topdressed and should be opened the cave deep placement in conjunction with intertill and clean tillage in other 10～15 centimetres of strain; The 3rd, according to the rich scarce situation of trace element in the soil, benefit is executed or spray little fertilizer on blade in base manure, guarantees corn growth.
Corn growth also needs a certain amount of trace element, and requirement increases progressively along with the increase of output, and on average forming 100 kilograms of seeds, need to absorb zinc be 3.5～3.75 grams, manganese 3.43～3.44 gram, copper 1.14～1.25 grams, iron 25.0～62.6 grams.Result of study shows, the critical value that corn soil lacks trace element is: per kilogram soil contains 0.6 milligram on effective zinc, easily reduction manganese is 100 milligrams, 0.5 milligram of water-soluble boron, the soil of content subcritical value, use corresponding little fertilizer (as zinc fertilizer, boron fertilizer, manganese fertilizer etc.), it is very remarkable that corn is executed effect of increasing production.Therefore, according to the rich scarce situation of soil, at the base manure compensating fertilizer or on blade, spray little fertilizer, guarantee that the corn normal growth grows.
Units such as the Huayuan County seeds company in Hunan in 2004, institute of Yongshun County drought section use this method and demonstrate more than 600 mu and more than 1100 mu respectively, and per mu yield all surpasses 500 kilograms, has obtained good demonstration effect.In a word, this cultivation method is simple to operate, is accepted by the peasant easily, to increasing substantially the Wuling mountain area corn yield, solves the poverty-stricken area problem of food and clothing, has fabulous popularizing application prospect.
Claims (2)
1, a kind of cultivation method of spring corn in hilly region, it comprises the following steps:
A, select kind: select for use through country or provincial authorization or introduce a fine variety the drought resisting of the suitable Wuling mountain area plantation of demonstration, barren-resistant high yielding variety, breeding time based in late ripe and slow ripe, the fringe type is based on large spike and middle large spike;
B, sowing: the ground temperature according to 5～10 centimetres of upper soll layers is stabilized in 10～12 ℃, be 28～April 18 March sowing time, high altitude mountainous area sowing time is in 5～April 25 April, or adopts plastic film mulching cultivation and mulch film seedling raising and transplanting, 7～12 days ahead of time sowing time;
C, plastic mulching;
D, rational close planting: planting density is determined method: ripe late, big fringe, plant type flat-type kind are planted Suitable Density only at Wuling mountain area and be should be 2800-3300 strain/mu; In ripe late, in big fringe, plant type compact kind Suitable Density should be 3000～3500 strain/mus; Adopting the capable making ridge planting effect of width for well, about 90 centimetres of wide row, about 50 centimetres of narrow rows; The rape field is reserved the interplanting row and was interplanted or transplanted in preceding 7～15 days in the rape results, and density 1500～2500 strain/mus after the rape receipts, are intertilled and applied fertilizer corn, and a kind soybean or peanut etc.
E, fertilising: at first be fertilizing amount, execute purity nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium for one mu and be respectively 18～20kg, 6～8kg, 8～10kg; Phosphorus, potash fertilizer are executed as base manure, secondly are fertilizing times: nitrogenous fertilizer divides secondary to impose, and the one, account for 30%～40% of total amount of nitrogen seedling stage; The 2nd, the fringe phase accounts for 60%～70% of total amount of nitrogen, topdresses and should open the cave deep placement in conjunction with intertill and clean tillage in other 10～15 centimetres of strain; The 3rd is that benefit is executed or spray little fertilizer on blade in base manure, guarantees corn growth according to the rich scarce situation of trace element in the soil.
2, the cultivation method of a kind of spring corn in hilly region according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: plastic mulching: at first be the corn field film mulching and planting, level land before the sowing, concentrate the ditch fertilising, adopt the capable flat specification plantation of doing of width, carry out elder generation's epiphragma after planting, with planting with lid, epiphragma is preceding the retained root stubble of preceding stubble, the stalk foreign material are removed clean, break up the clods, in order to avoid scratch or the jack-up mulch film, the single kind selected 60～70 centimetres of fabric widths for use, thickness is 0.007～0.008 millimeter super mulch film, mulch film is strained, stretch, pave, the shop is even, respectively opens Yi Tiaogou around the film, and is tight with soil pressure mulch film, press tight; Next is when treating that maize seedling all sprouts, in time opening is put seedling, GPRS amplifies and not to put for a short time when putting seedling, puts the green Huang of not putting, and the cloudy day assault is put, fine day is kept away noon, strong wind is not put seedling, and strain strong sprout is only put in every cave, generally is advisable with one-inch in the seedling hole, after seedling is emitted film, should add the ash mixing with thin wet soil at any time seedling setting hole is obturaged; The 3rd is that sowing time is generally done sth. in advance 10 days than outdoor cropping in the transplantation of seedlings of corn mulch film covered rearing, select the kind maturing stage long 5～10 day more live for use than the locality, or the kind of many 1～2 leaves, select leeward, to the moon, physical features is smooth, the seedbed is done at water source place easily, the seedbed is wide 1～1.2 meter, length is decided on landform and area, select near the vacant lot of transplanting the land for growing field crops, or the seedbed is done in all border district in land for growing field crops, broadcast back with 0.012～0.014 millimeters thick, 200 centimetres of wide plastic mulching, nutrition soil is with 40%～50% farmyard manure, 50%～60% fertile pond sludge or ditch mud are raw material, per 100 kilograms of nutrition soil add 1 kilogram of superphosphate, after three's mixing is mixed thoroughly, add liquid dung clearly, adopt nutrition group, nutritive cube, nutritive cube and plastic floppy disk seedling raising manners, the transplanting phase was with seedling age 20 days, seedling has 3～4 on visible leaf, transplants when the ground floor secondary root has formed.
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