CN1568668A - Screening method for heavy metal enriched / accumulated plant - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to environmental pollution plant restoration, specifically to a screening method for heavy metal enriching /accumulating plant. 1)choosing experimental field 2) determining the screening object 3) determining the polluted object 4) potted plant screening experiment for heavy metal The invention chooses weeds as screening object, potted plant experiment , wild sampling and analysis, plot experiment as main means, screen plant for plant restoration. The invention is economic, highly effective, high ecological safety, wide adaptability,
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the phytoremediation of contaminated environment, specifically the screening technique of heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant.
Background technology
Phytoremediation (Phytoremedition) is the environmental pollution treatment technology that grows up over nearly 20 years, it extensively utilizes the metabolic activity of green plants to fix, the pollutant in the environment of degrading, extract and volatilize, as one " the green factory that cleans " pollutant is processed into the physical form that can directly remove or is converted into the little even nontoxic material of toxicity, thereby contaminated environment is administered completely; It has and does not cause the underground water secondary pollution, characteristics such as make contaminated soil and water body sustainable use and beautify the environment, thereby also be a very ideal green recovery technique.The range of application of phytoremediation is quite extensive, almost relates to the every aspect that contaminated environment is administered, and both can purify air and water body, can remove the pollutant in the soil again.
The phytoremediation of heavy-metal contaminated soil is meant that the extraction that utilizes plant and rhizospheric microorganism system thereof, volatilization and conversion fixation remove the heavy metal in the contaminated soil, or heavy metal is stabilized in to pollute on-the-spotly prevents that it from causing bigger pollution to underground water and surrounding environment.Phytoremediation mainly comprises plant extract (Phytoextrtion), phytovolatilization (Phytovoltiliztion), rhizosphere filtering (Rhizofiltrtion) and four kinds of modes of action of plant stability (Phytostiliztion), wherein, the research of plant extract aspect is subjected to people's attention [document 1:Chaney R.L. day by day, Malik M., Li Y.M., et al.1997, Phytoremediation of soil metals.Current Opinions in Biotechnology.8:279～284; Document 2:Wong M.H., 2003, Ecological restoration of mine degraded soils, with emphasis on metal contaminated soils.Chemosphere.50:775～780; ].Plant extract, promptly utilize the particularly super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant of heavy metal accumulation/accumulation excess from contaminated soil to absorb one or more heavy metals, and with its transfer, be stored to overground part organs such as stem, leaf, subsequently with plant integral body (comprising the part root) results and concentrated the processing, and then plantation continuously, so that make heavy metal in soil concentration be reduced to the acceptable level.
Super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant (Hyperaccmulator) speech is by [document 3:Brooks R.R. such as Brooks at first, Lee J., Reeves R.D., et al.1977.Detection of nickliferous rocks byanalysis of herbarium species of indicator plants.Journal of GeochemicalExploration.7:49～77] propose, at that time in order to Ni content (dry weight) in the name stem greater than the plant of 1000mg/kg.The notion of existing super enriching plant has expanded the excess accumulation phenomenon of plant to all metal/heavy metal elements to, promptly is meant excess to accumulate plant a kind of or that accumulate several metal/heavy metal elements simultaneously.Now it is generally acknowledged (document 1:Chaney R.L., Malik M., Li Y.M., et al.1997, Phytoremediation of soil metals.Current Opinions in Biotechnology.8:279～284; Document 4:Brooks, R.R., Chambers, M.F., Nicks, L.J., Robinson, B.H., 1998.Phytoming.Trends in Plant Science.3, (9): 359～362; Document 5:SaltD E.Phytoextraction:present applications and future promise.2000.In:Wise DL, et al. (eds.), Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils.New York, MarcelDekker) super enriching plant should possess three features simultaneously: the one, and plant shoot (stem and leaf) tenor is common plant 100 times under same growth conditions, its critical content is respectively Zn10000mg/kg, Cd 100mg/kg, Cu 1mg/kg, and Pb, Cu, Ni, Co are 1000mg/kg; The 2nd, the plant shoot content of beary metal is greater than this heavy metal species content of root; The 3rd, tangible poisoning symptom does not appear in the growth of plant.Certainly, desirable super enriching plant also should have vegetative period short, resistant to diseases and insects is strong, the upperground part biomass is big, the characteristics of enrichment heavy metal more than 2 kinds or 2 kinds simultaneously.In fact, the plant shoot biomass obviously do not descend (with being grown in uncontaminated soil kindred plant biomass and comparing) simultaneously the plant shoot concentration coefficient greater than 1 feature that also is absolutely necessary.
Living on the higher soil of heavy metal pollution degree that the plant shoot biomass significantly do not reduce is the key character that super enriching plant is different from common plant.Super enriching plant can excess accumulation heavy metal and biomass possible the mechanism that not have obviously to descend be that compartmentalization and interior some organic acid of plant corpus of vacuole eliminated inhibition [the document 1:Chaney R.L. that metal/heavy metal on plants is grown to the chelation of metal/heavy metal, Malik M., Li Y.M., et al.1997, Phytoremediation ofsoil metals.Current Opinions in Biotechnology.8:279～284; Document 6:Ortiz, D.F., Ruscitti, T, McCue, K.F., Ow, D.W.1995.Transport of metal-bindingpeptides by HMT1, a fission yeast ABC-type vacuolar membrane protein.JBiol.Chem., 270:4721～4728; Document 7:Kramer, U., Cotter-Howells, J.D., Charnock, J.M., Baker, A.J.M., Smith, J.A.C.1996.Free histidine as a metalchelator in plants that accumulate inckel.Nature, 379:635～638], this is one of performance characteristic of the superpower patience that is different from common plant that has of super enriching plant.And for common plant, though some plant also can survive in this case and finish the history of life, but its upperground part biomass tends to obvious reduction, it is short and small to be usually expressed as plant, the biological property that has also can change as leaf, pattern variable color etc. [document 8: Kong Lingshao .1982. plant is to the absorption and accumulation of heavy metal element and restrain oneself, make a variation. environmental science, 1:65～69].The plant shoot concentration coefficient means the concentration of certain content of beary metal of plant shoot greater than this heavy metal species in institute's soil for growth greater than 1, and this is that super enriching plant is different from common plant another key character to the heavy metal accumulation.Because when heavy metal in soil concentration high during to the critical content standard that should reach above super enriching plant, even exceed under several times the situation, because of plant has the characteristics [document 9: Guo Shuiliang that raises with heavy metal in soil concentration to the accumulation of heavy metal, Huang Chaobiao, the limit beautiful woman, suburbs, woods state flat .2002. Jinhua weeds are to the absorption and the content analysis of enrichment (I)-6 heavy metal species element in weeds and soil of heavy metal-polluted soil element. Shanghai Communications University's journal (agricultural science version), 20 (1): 22～29], though plant has reached the critical content standard of generally acknowledging to the accumulation of heavy metal, but when heavy metal in soil concentration a little less than super enriching plant should reach content standard the time, plant may be with regard to being difficult to reach the critical content standard that super enriching plant should reach to the accumulation of heavy metal and shows the feature identical with common plant, but simultaneously owing to of the influence of factors such as soil pH to heavy metal absorbing state in the contaminated soil, under heavy metal in soil concentration condition with higher, common plant is the possibility normal growth also, the surface characteristics of the strong patience that therefore, those plants showed also may be a kind of illusion.Therefore, the plant shoot biomass does not reduce obviously side by side that the top concentration coefficient also should be the requisite feature that super enriching plant is different from common plant greater than 1.When wherein, the plant shoot concentration coefficient is at least should be in the critical content standard that heavy metal in soil concentration and super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant should reach suitable greater than 1.
At present, the about kind more than 400 of the super enriching plant of having reported in the world, wherein the Ni super enriching plant is about 300 kinds, 26 kinds of Co, the Cu24 kind, Se19 kind, 16 kinds of Zn, the Mn11 kind, 1 kind of TI, Cd a kind of (document 4:Brooks, R.R., Chambers, M.F., Nicks, L.J., Robinson, B.H., 1998.Phytoming.Trends in Plant Science.3, (9): 359～362), and its reparative potential is studied, and wherein studying more is sky blue blue dish Thlaspicaerulescens and the Indian mustard Brassica juncea of holding back.Several heavy metal super-enriched plants have also been found within Chinese territory, as As super enriching plant ciliate desert-grass Pteris vittata[document 10: Chen Tongbin, Deng. arsenic super enriching plant ciliate desert-grass and to the enrichment characteristics of arsenic. Science Bulletin .2002,47 (3): 207～210], Zn super enriching plant Sedum alfredii Hance Sedum alfredii[document 11: Yang Xiaoe, Deng .2002, Sedum alfredii Hance (Sedumalfredii H): a kind of new zinc hyperaccumulative plant. Science Bulletin .47 (13): 1003～1006] etc.Yet, the plant extract recovery technique also is not widely used in repairs practice, to trace it to its cause be that these known super enriching plants exist that biomass is little, growth cycle is long, be unfavorable for shortcomings such as mechanical work or commerial growing, in that to utilize gene engineering to cultivate aspect the desirable super enriching plant progress also very slow, thereby, need to seek even more ideal, more efficiently super enriching plant and resource thereof, so that the material guarantee of necessity is provided for the industrialization of phytoremediation technology.
The contaminated situation of soil is quite complicated, has plenty of heavy metal pollution, has plenty of organic matter and pollutes, and also has plenty of inorganic-organic composite pollution.Sometimes be that single-element pollutes, but then be the combined pollution that multiple element concurs more.This satisfies the reparation of contaminated soil of all kinds with regard to the rehabilitation plant that needs " rich and varied ".At present, phytoremediation research also is in the starting stage, and the work on basis is the screening of rehabilitation plant.Yet the screening system about rehabilitation plant does not also have unified standard in the world, and the method from the super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant of discovery reported mainly contains field sampling analytical method, microanalysis, open-air test paper tentative diagnosis method etc.
The field sampling analytical method mainly be in heavy metal pollution than herborization and soil sample around important place district such as the metal mine, measure its content of beary metal then, thereby determine the accumulation ability of plant heavy metal.This method is easy, easy operating, and in the 400 various heavy hyperaccumulative plants of having found, great majority find by this method.Yet, metal mine surrounding plants group majority has been climax community, mostly its sociales are fern, shrub or arbor, but utilizing this screening technique often to neglect those easily originally can at this point grow but species that this place does not have, and latent pionner kind and mesophyte kind are drilled by group, and selected super enriching plant may be its result who for a long time contaminated environment is adapted to, itself may not have super enrichment gene. is also having difficulties aspect the plant species identification, the plant species of Cai Jiing is after the botanist identifies often, also may make mistakes during once more to field acquisition, this is because the herborization sample is subjected to the plant bearing time, collection period, factors such as reasearch funds are disturbed and are become complicated unusually, simultaneously, because the growthdevelopmental stage of plant has nothing in common with each other, gather in which of plant fertility in period and also to be difficult to determine.
Microanalysis is herbarium shop sample to be got micro-example (as 1 or several leaves of plants samples) carry out chemical analysis, detects content of beary metal in the plant corpus, thereby judges whether this plant is hyperaccumulative plant.As [document 3:Brooks RR such as Brooks, Lee J, Reeves RD, et al.1977.Detection of nickliferous rocks by analysis of herbarium species ofindicator plants.Journal of Geochemical Exploration.7:49～77], nearly 2000 parts of samples that adopted this methods analyst.They clean the herbarium blade earlier with deionized water, weigh after the oven dry and put into the low temperature dry ashing of borosilicate test tube again, put into muffle furnace then, continue ashing to the ashes look that bleaches at 500 ℃, be the analysis pure hydrochloric acid solution lixiviate that 2mol/l heavily steams purifying with 10ml concentration afterwards, filtrate is measured with atomic absorption spectrography (AAS).Thus, they have confirmed the existence of 3 kinds of hyperaccumulative plants, have found also that simultaneously the plant of other 5 genus has the tired characteristic of ultraproduct.Advantages such as it is big that this method has a screening face, simple, quick, but because sampling amount is few, analyzes with a low credibility, and, differ and establish a capital contaminatedly owing to the sample collection place, thereby many rehabilitation plant resources may be missed.
Open-air test paper tentative diagnosis method is to be suitable for the open-air research method of seeking the nickel hyperaccumulative plant, this method is made special test paper with nickel colorimetric reagent two tetrems, two aldoximes (dimethyglyoxime) with the test paper dipping earlier, when sampling in the open air, fresh leaf is tightly pressed on the test paper of humidity, if the test paper carmetta is darker, show that reagent reacting is stronger on leaf juice and the test paper, nickel content is just high in the blade, and then gathers other positions of this plant species and the soil of being grown is taken back laboratory and further analyzed, identifies.[document 12:Baker AJM such as Baker, Protor J, Van Balgooy MMJ, et al.1996.Hyperaccumulation of nickel by the flora of ultramafics of Palawan, Republic of Philippines.Proceedings of the First International Conference onSerpentine Ecology.Andover, UK:Intercept Ltd, 291～303], make and found 4 kinds of nickel hyperaccumulative plants in this way.This screening technique efficient is higher, but the kind of determining heavy metals is restricted.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of quick, accurate, simple and direct, ecological safety, applicability is wide, expense is cheap, workable and be easy to the screening technique of the heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant of plant identification, the screening technique of especially super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant.
To achieve these goals, technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
1. the selection of test site: requiring will have abundant weeds resource around the test site, and the weeds kind is no less than 20 kinds, and its distribution is no less than 5 sections; Can select that self-sow ruderal plant kind is abundant, unpolluted relatively area is as places such as national ecological stations;
The ruderal species that is applicable to these conditions is mainly from following each section: 1) Moraceae; 2) polygonaceae; 3) Chenopodiaceae; 4) Amaranthaceae; 5) Portulacaceae; 6) Caryophyllaceae; 7) Ranunculaceae; 8) Papaveraceae; 9) Cruciferae; 10) Crassulaceae; 11) Saxifragaceae; 12) rose family; 13) pulse family; 14) Oxalidaceae; 15) Mang ox seedling section; 16) zygophyllaceae; 17) Polygalaceae; 18) Euphorbiaceae; 19) Vitaceae; 20) Malvaceae; 21) Guttiferae; 22) Elatinaceae; 23) Violaceae; 24) Thymelaeceae; 25) Lythraceae; 26) Oenotheraceae; 27) Umbelliferae; 28) Primulaceae; 29) lumbaginaceae; 30) Gentianaceae; 31) Apocynaceae; 32) Asclepiadaceae; 33) Convolvulaceae; 34) Boraginaceae; 35) Verenaceae; 36) Labiatae; 37) Solanaceae; 38) Scrophulariaceae; 39) Bignoniaceae; 40) Orobanchaceae; 41) Acanthaceae; 42) Plantaginaceae; 43) Rubiaceae; 44) Valerianaceae; 45) Campanulaceae; 46) composite family; 47) Typhaceae; 48) Sparganiaceae; 49) Potamogetonaceae; 50) Juncaginaceae; 51) Alismataceae; 52) grass family; 53 sedge familys; 54) Hydrocharctaceae; 55) Araeceae; 56) Eriocaulaceae; 57) Commelianaceae; 58) Pontederiaceae; 59) rush family; 60) Liliaceae etc.;
2. the screening object is definite: can finish the ruderal plant (herbaceous plant of Shenging then) of the history of life season with a growth, be main screening object, requiring these plants is 5～40 ℃ in temperature, soil moisture content is about 80% of a field capacity, can be ripe within 50～170 days under the natural daylight; This class plant is shorter to ripe growth time from emerging, and to the ecotope wide accommodation, is easy to artificial cultivation and observes.
3. determining of contaminated object: according to local pollution condition (for example, the main heavy metal pollution of Liaoning Area is cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, nickel etc.) or according to national hazardous waste register (as beryllium, chromium, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, antimony, tellurium, mercury, thallium, plumbous (State Environmental Protection Administration, State Economic and Trade Commission, the Commission of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, the Ministry of Public Security issue (encircling [1998] No. 89) on January 4th, 1998, implement from July 1st, 1998)) determine;
4. the potted plant screening test of heavy metal:
A. add the concentration of heavy metal: the combination of heavy metals with the typical contaminated region in locality is that (as Liaoning Area can be cadmium 10mg/kg to simulated concentration; Plumbous 1000mg/kg; Copper 400mg/kg; Zinc 1000mg/kg) or with national soil environment quality standard value is reference frame; Heavy metal adds concentration range, and (as cadmium is the Cmax that 1.0mg/kg～plant can bear between the Cmax that national soil environment quality standard grade III Standard value can bear when plant is hurt; Mercury is the Cmax that 1.5mg/kg～plant can bear; Arsenic is the Cmax that 40mg/kg～plant can bear; Copper is the Cmax that 400mg/kg～plant can bear; The plumbous Cmax that can bear for 500mg/kg～plant; Chromium is the Cmax that 400mg/kg～plant can bear; Zinc is the Cmax that 500mg/kg～plant can bear; Nickel be the Cmax that can bear of 200mg/kg～plant etc. (State Bueau of Environmental Protection. soil environment quality standard .GB15618-1995));
B. pot experiment: with the not comtaminated soil in locality is that cultivation medium is done the earth culture test, adds the reagent of the pure heavy metal of one or more top grades type soluble in water by simulated concentration, adds two weeks of soil balance of heavy metal test.Not add the contrast that is treated to of heavy metal, the season that weeds begin to grow, around test site, get weeds seedling replanting of the same size to adding heavy metal and not adding the basin of heavy metal (contrast), according to the definite seedling number that will transplant of the size of plant and basin, it is consistent that every basin seedling number is wanted, measure content of beary metal in test plant biomass, the plant corpus in the maturing stage, check enrichment/accumulation ability and the patience of plant thus heavy metal.
The principal character of super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant (criterion) is:
1) plant shoot (mainly being meant stem and leaf) content of beary metal is 100 times (as Zn 10000mg/kg, Cd 100mg/kg, Au 1mg/kg, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co are 1000mg/kg) of common plant under same growth conditions;
2) the plant shoot content of beary metal is greater than this heavy metal species content of root;
3) tangible poisoning symptom does not appear in the growth of plant;
4) plant shoot biomass (stem, leaf and inflorescence dry weight sum) is not compared with the contrast that does not add metal and is significantly descended;
5) plant shoot (mean value of stem, leaf and inflorescence) to the concentration coefficient of certain heavy metal species greater than 1, when enrichment/the accumulating level that should reach when heavy metal in soil content and super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant is suitable at least, the overground part concentration coefficient is greater than 1 (be respectively Zn10000mg/kg, Cd 100mg/kg, Au 1mg/kg as heavy metal in soil content, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co are 1000mg/kg);
The criterion of enrichment/accumulator plant is as follows:
For satisfying 1 in the potted plant screening test) the plant shoot content of beary metal is greater than this heavy metal species content of root; 2) plant shoot biomass (stem, leaf and inflorescence dry weight sum) is not compared with the contrast that does not add heavy metal and is significantly descended; 3) tangible poisoning symptom does not appear in the growth of plant; 4) plant shoot (mean value of stem, leaf and inflorescence) to the concentration coefficient of certain heavy metal species greater than 1, but do not satisfy plant shoot (stem and leaf) content of beary metal is that 100 times the plant of common plant under same growth conditions carries out the test of variable concentrations gradient, to verify whether this plant species is super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant, if do not reach super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant standard, then think enrichment/accumulator plant.
The concentration that adds of heavy metal should be 25mg/kg as Cd about the concentration standard that super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant should reach in the different gradient concentrations tests, 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 150mg/kg, 200mg/kg; Zn is 750mg/kg, 1000mg/kg, 1250mg/kg, 1500mg/kg, 1750mg/kg etc.
Typical case's contaminated region sampling analysis and sub-district checking:
After pot experiment, carry out typical contaminated region sampling analysis and sub-district demonstration test: at typical contaminated region, as around the mine and the serious area of the dirty irrigated area heavy metal pollution of soil that contains industrial wastewater, be captured in the plant that has heavy metal accumulation/accumulation characteristic in the screening test, and plant root region soil, analyze in its body and heavy metal in soil content, to determine whether this plant species is super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant.Satisfy the principal character of super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant simultaneously: condition 1) the plant shoot content of beary metal is common plant 100 times under same growth conditions; 2) the plant shoot content of beary metal is greater than this heavy metal species content of root; 3) tangible poisoning symptom and 5 does not appear in the growth of plant) plant shoot to the concentration coefficient of certain metal greater than 1, when enrichment/the accumulating level that should reach when heavy metal in soil content and super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant was suitable at least, the overground part concentration coefficient was heavy metal super-enriched/hyperaccumulative plant greater than 1 weeds.During content of beary metal should reach greater than super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant in typical contaminated soil concentration standard, only satisfy condition 2), 3) and 5) weeds be heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant; And when content of beary metal in the typical contaminated soil is lower than the concentration standard that super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant should reach, for the criterion that satisfies enrichment/accumulator plant: 1) the plant shoot content of beary metal is greater than this heavy metal species content of root; 2) tangible poisoning symptom does not appear in the growth of plant; 3) certain heavy metal accumulation coefficient of plant shoot is greater than 1 weeds, and do not have to distribute at typical contaminated region but in pot experiment, show as the weeds of heavy metal accumulation/accumulation characteristic, need do small plot experiment to determine further whether it is super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant.The method of small plot experiment is identical with pot experiment, and it is darker that just heavy metal adds soil layer, according to test plant under field conditions (factors) the root growth characteristics design, the soil depth that generally adds heavy metal is about 0.2～2m.
By field sampling analysis and small plot experiment, determine weeds enrichment/accumulation to heavy metal under the self-sow state.During sampling, should carry out in the serious place of heavy metal pollution.Erratic behavior because of weeds distribute under weeds distribute less situation, inquires for one and adopts one; Weeds distribute under the more situation, gather soil sample earlier, then according to the pollution level herborization sample of soil.Its heavy metals measurement method and pot experiment are together.
The principle of the invention is as follows: be that the screening object has the certainty of the enrichment of filtering out/accumulator plant with weeds, this be because: weeds particularly farmland weed to be that a class is artificial depress the plant group of the height evolution of generation with natural selection, belong to wild plant, their biomasss are big, strong stress resistance, growth rapidly, through long-term natural selection, has adaptability and indomitable vitality widely, in water and soil conservation, aspects such as soil melioration play an important role, these characteristics may make weeds that heavy metal is had stronger patience and accumulation ability, are beneficial to as abandoned mine to replant by the exploiting species of engineering; Compare with crop, farmland weed has stronger degeneration-resistant border ability and stronger wins honour for, strives water, strives fertile ability, and absorbing capacity is very strong; It is reported that a strain field thistle is grown up and bred, approximately will from the 0.07 hectare farmland, absorb the N9.2 kilogram, 2.6 kilograms of P, 8 kilograms of K.More than these characteristics may be beneficial to weeds to the enrichment of heavy metal/accumulate and improve its patience to heavy metal, this illustrates also and may exist the certainty of sifting out heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant from weeds that this also is to utilize the present invention can successfully screen the cardinal principle of heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant.Yet the weeds kind has kind more than 2000 approximately in the world, wants disposable some heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant that filters out from these plants, may also exist contingency.
The present invention has the following advantages:
1 have initiative.From relevant bibliographical information, serve as that the screening system research of screening object and utilizing the heavy-metal contaminated soil constructed experiment to carry out enrichment/accumulator plant did not at home and abroad all also relate to weeds or farmland weed specially.
2 is with strong points.Surplus the known in the world plant sum about 50 ten thousand kinds, just there is kind more than 30,000 in China only spermatophyte, only begins screening from spermatophyte, also is tantamount to look for a needle in a haystack.Farmland weed with weeds particularly a certain area growth is the screening object, and specific aim is more intense.
3 have certain systematicness.The weeds kind is limited after all, can adhere to separately according to the actual conditions branch and carry out screening system.
4 methods are simple, and are workable.Heavy metal pollution simulation screening technique can artificially be controlled pollutional condition, make the plant of participating in the experiment all be in consistent relatively growing environment, patience and enrichment/accumulation characteristic to heavy metal between the plant have certain comparativity, simultaneously can be according to experimental condition confirmed test scale, increase or reduce the quantity of the plant species of participating in the experiment, reduce a lot of uncertain factors, the place of this key of the present invention just; Pass through the enrichment/accumulation characteristic of the method research plant of earth culture to heavy metal earlier, yet verified that from the sampling of seriously polluted area method is simple again, operability is stronger.
5 expenses are lower.The present invention finds the plant with enrichment/accumulation characteristic by the stronger screening test of specific aim earlier, and then tests this plant species in the actual environment that pollutes, and is with strong points, reduces some wastes, and corresponding cost is lower.
6 are beneficial to by the evaluation of herborization kind and identification.The present invention plant of participating in the experiment will grow in basin a growth season, can observe and utilize shooting or means such as take pictures to carry out record easily to the whole growth phase of plant, is in all the time under the artificial control.
7 are beneficial to corresponding genetic pouring not.Plant all derives from uncontaminated district owing to participate in the experiment, just do not enter test for contamination through any domestication process, compare through the plant of domestication at metal contaminated soil in mining areas environment with long term growth, the time of being tamed is short, plant may be certain specific character that plant itself just has because of pollutant being responded certain feature that shows, and have corresponding gene, and this more helps the searching and the utilization of phytoremediation resource, and this also is the main mechanism of action of the present invention.
8 have ecological security.Screening is under the artificial control all the time, and the pollutant after the test can focus on and surrounding environment do not caused secondary pollution.
9 applicabilities are wide.The present invention is not high to Test Condition Requirements, all general equal can carrying out of environment that is suitable for plant growing, and test is carried out outdoor, and the environmental condition of pot plant growth is more similar to the environmental condition of self-sow plant, is easier to react the truth of plant under pollutional condition.
10 can screen the enrichment/accumulation ability of heavy metal not being grown in plant in the actual contaminated environment.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is overground part Cd concentration coefficient the upperground part biomass greater than 1 plant; Wherein: little wintercherry Physalis angulata; Kitchen garden Portulaca oleracea; Dandelion Taraxacummongolicum; Long beak salsify Tragopogon dubius; Black nightshade Solanum nigrum field thistle Cephalanoplos segetum; Pointed tooth Kirilow Groundsel Herb Tephroseris subdentata; Terebinthaceous hogfennel root Peucedamum terebinthaceum; Little liquor flower Conyza canadensis; Kalimeris integrifolia Kalimeris integrifolia; Argy wormwood Artemisia argyi; Eurasian Inula britannica chinensis Znula Britannica; Water wormwood artemisia Artemigia selengensis; Cottonsedge-like thistle herb Cephalanoplos setosum.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in more detail below by embodiment.
Embodiment
1. the screening of heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant
Enrichment/accumulator plant at single pollution of Cd and Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn combined pollution in the present phytoremediation lacks research, adopt the potted plant simulation experiment method in field, the weeds plant carried out the rudimentary system research of its heavy metal patience and accumulation ability between areas of Shenyang 20 sections 54 in northeast were tilled the land.
Test site is located in the ecological experiment station, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang, the geographical position be 123 ° 41 of east longitude ', 41 ° 31 of north latitude ', belong to temperate zone half moistening continental climate, 5～9 ℃ of mean temperatures, greater than 3100～3400 ℃ of 10 ℃ year active accumulated temperatures, year total spoke amount 520～544KJm
-2, 127～164 days frost-free seasons, annual precipitation 650～700mm.This station weeds resource is very abundant, and its sum has kind more than 100 approximately.Can satisfy screening and get required condition.
According to the Northeast's heavy metal pollution situation and level, determine the single pollution (T of Cd
1) and Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn combined pollution (T
2) 2 groups of tests, wherein to handle and add concentration be 10mg/kg to the single pollution of Cd, the concentration that adds of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn was followed successively by 10,1000,400 and 1000mg/kg respectively during combined pollution was handled, be equivalent to 10,2,1,2 times of national soil environment quality standard (GB15618,1995) grade III Standard value.The heavy metal form that adds is respectively CdCl
22.5H
2O, Pb (CH
3OO)
23H
2O, CuSO
45H
2O and ZnSO
47H
2O is guaranteed reagent, joins in the soil with solid-state respectively, fully mixing; Meanwhile, be treated to contrast (CK) with what do not add heavy metal.
Spring in 2002 began the season of growth in weeds, will be air-dry for examination soil, cross the 2mm sieve after, mixes with a certain amount of heavy metal, the plastic basin of packing into (￠=20m, H=15m) in, balance selects the various weeds seedling of growth unanimity to be transplanted into CK, T respectively after two weeks
1And T
2In the basin of handling.According to the plant size, every basin is planted 2～6 seedlings; Repeat 3 times, plant between each repeats into seedling count unanimity, open-air cultivation does not have the rain of screening facility.According to basin lack of water situation, irregularly water running water (not detecting Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn in the water), make soil moisture content often remain on about 80% of field capacity, treat the plant maturation after, results weeds.
Plant sample after the oven dry adopts HNO
3-HClO
4Method digestion, atomic absorption spectrophotometer content of beary metal wherein.Analyze the data that obtain, on computers with the calculating of Microsoft Excel value of averaging and standard deviation (SD), and utilize the least significant difference method (least significantdifference LSD) carries out the significance of difference and tests.
The result shows:
(1) all plants of participating in the experiment are to Pb, and Cu and Zn all do not show enrichment/accumulation characteristic (shown in table 1～2).
(2) on the ground the Cd of portion concentration coefficient greater than in 1 14 plant species (shown in Fig. 1 and table 1):
Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) is at the single pollution (T of Cd
1) and Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn combined pollution (T
2) in the processing the upperground part biomass all significantly descend (p＜0.05, Fig. 1), overground part Cd concentration is greater than root Cd concentration, its overground part Cd concentration coefficient is respectively 3.21 (T
1) and 3.13 (T
2) (table 1), have Cd enrichment/accumulator plant essential characteristic;
Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) is at the single pollution (T of Cd
1) and Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn combined pollution (T
2) in the processing the upperground part biomass all significantly descend (p＜0.05, Fig. 1), overground part Cd concentration is greater than root Cd concentration, its overground part Cd concentration coefficient is respectively 3.13 (T
1) and 3.11 (T
2) (table 1), have Cd enrichment/accumulator plant essential characteristic;
Kalimeris integrifolia Kalimeris integrifolia is at the single pollution (T of Cd
1) the upperground part biomass significantly descends (Fig. 1 is seen in p＜0.05) in the processing, overground part Cd concentration is greater than root Cd concentration, and its overground part Cd concentration coefficient is 2.46 (T
1) (table 1), have Cd enrichment/accumulator plant essential characteristic;
Table 1 overground part Cd concentration coefficient is greater than the enrichment condition of 1 plant to heavy metal
The total Zn (mg/kg) of the total Cu (mg/kg) of the total Pb (mg/kg) of the total Cd of plant treatment (mg/kg)
The overground part BC of kind/section root overground part root overground part root overground part root
Terebinthaceous hogfennel root CK 0.15 0.26 4.05 4.87 4.41 7.33 26.11 33.36
Umbelliferae T1 10.85 1.06 14.75
T2 10.99 1.08 14.33 16.79 135.5 6.38 63.07 178.90 209.20
Black nightshade CK 1.29 0.13 1.16 0.82 6.79 31.05 47.22 103.20
Solanaceae T1 31.80 3.13 27.76
T2 31.61 3.11 27.49 51.72 213.70 11.44 79.80 73.76 380.40
Little wintercherry CK 0.69 0.14 1.91 0.02 8.87 8.16 42.44 23.28
Solanaceae T1 12.09 1.19 14.51
T2 27.17 2.67 27.89 51.72 54.55 16.88 43.18 257.80 644.12
Kitchen garden CK nd 0.23 nd nd 6.11 9.88 24.21 54.48
Kitchen garden T1 13.99 1.37 92.82
The T2 of section 13.28 1.31 91.89 0.03 3.17 12.85 17.44 75.00 107.35
Point dog CK 0.73 0.21 3.10 1.60 2.62 6.81 13.85 15.11
Composite family T1 12.45 1.22 17.75
T2 19.06 1.87 23.58 15.13 206.30 12.68 92.33 275.30 240.3
Dandelion CK 0.22 0.03 1.80 2.06 5.46 10.04 71.12 38.64
Composite family T1 32.64 3.21 8.04
T2 31.79 3.13 7.35 24.21 49.18 22.04 35.28 34.38 62.40
Field thistle CK 0.19 0.07 1.47 0.09 5.54 5.30 28.82 16.99
Composite family T1 16.30 1.61 2.37
T2 32.53 3.20 4.85 32.32 76.51 14.96 38.51 49.34 107.81
Full leaf horse CK 0.26 0.26 nd 0.45 3.71 9.75 29.16 14.14
Blue T1 25.04 2.46 17.71
Composite family T2 20.19 1.98 12.78 1.74 65.34 4.18 12.57 30.54 15.65
Little liquor CK 0.23 0.01 1.58 0.30 3.29 13.12 22.19 19.44
Flower T1 18.82 1.85 9.04
Composite family T2 22.68 2.23 18.00 24.87 84.32 15.11 54.52 179.82 96.43
Long beak mother-in-law CK 0.11 0.21 2.48 2.98 10.61 14.92 25.94 19.32
Sieve door ginseng T1 11.73 1.15 11.94
Composite family T2 10.98 1.08 11.44 17.91 189.57 56.81 81.42 188.51 389.52
CK 0.67 0.21 1.73 0.50 6.48 8.83 34.84 14.32 is revolved in the Eurasia
Cover colored T1 24.26 2.39 11.67
Composite family T2 40.56 3.99 24.58 34.06 146.50 13.65 101.22 50.40 218.11
Water wormwood artemisia CK 0.32 0.16 nd nd 2.63 5.15 13.43 22.41
Composite family T1 20.61 2.03 6.18
T2 35.89 3.53 10.76 12.41 37.75 11.44 24.59 46.95 107.74
Big thorn CK 0.18 0.07 8.04 0.88 12.76 12.10 36.24 20.53
Dish T1 15.65 1.54 9.52
Composite family T2 15.22 1.49 8.02 37.16 100.40 13.75 54.98 222.01 216.20
Argy wormwood CK 0.24 0.06 3.39 0.22 5.78 5.01 39.09 19.85
Composite family T1 17.92 1.76 5.75
T2 35.59 3.51 11.46 20.87 36.61 25.62 22.42 510.91 53.05
Annotate: BC is the plant shoot concentration coefficient; Nd is not for detecting
(3) to heavy metal Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn all do not show totally 40 kinds of the plants of enrichment/characteristic of accumulation, i.e. Carex rigescens Carex rigescens; Trailing plants Japonica Metaplexis japonica; Plantago depressa before the flatcar; Wild soybean Glycine soja; Piemarker Abutilon theophrasti; Pepper grass Lepidium apetalum; No awns barnyard grass Echinochloa crusgalli; Common Sage Herb Salviaplebeia; Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne; Fennel fennel garlic Ranunculus chihensis; Dayflower Commelina communis; Dichromatism knotweed Polygonum roseoviride; Wild hemp Cannabissativa; Chinese celery Oenanthe javanica; String leaf prairie dock Silphium perfoliatum; Rumex dentatus Rumex dentatus; Plantago asiatica before the car; Wild mint Mentha laplocalyx; Siberian motherwort Leonurus heterophyllus; Pale persicaria Polygonum lapathifolium; Oenothera erythrosepala Oenothera biennis; Jerusalem artichoke Helianthus tuberosus; Radix Glycyrrhizae Glyoyrrhize uralensis; Purple perilla Perilla frutescens; Lie prostrate the mound dish Potentilla paradoxa that withers; Herba Polygoni viscosi Polygonumviscosum; Water pepper Polygonum hydropiper; Willow leaf thorn knotweed Polygonum bungeanum; Lyrate hemistepta herb Hemistepta lyrata; holds Polygonum aviculare; Smartweed Polygonum orientale; Acalypha copperleaf Acalypha australis; Elscholtiza Elsholtzia ciliata; Upright Radix Astragali Astragalusadsurgens; Amaranthus retroflexus Amarcmthus retroflexus; Recessed amaranth Amaranthus lividus; Fei Naer Premium forage; Hispid arthraxon Arthraxon hispidus; Daghestan sweet clover Melilotus suaveolens; Sudan grass Sorghum sudancense.These plants see Table 2 to the enriched character of heavy metal.
Table 2 plant is to the characteristic of heavy metal accumulation
The total Zn (mg/kg) of the total Cu (mg/kg) of the total Pb (mg/kg) of the total Cd of plant treatment (mg/kg)
The overground part BC of kind/section root overground part root overground part root overground part root
Wild soybean CK nd 0.19 nd 3.37 11.66 15.66 31.66 32.71
Pulse family T1 2.38 0.23 10.34
T2 12.08 1.19 25.17 44.31 91.74 20.27 62.22 191.32 195.24
Pale persicaria CK 0.09 0.11 nd 0.87 3.94 4.41 19.71 12.63
Polygonaceae T1 1.31 0.12 3.56
T2 11.84 1.16 31.92 6.26 422.51 6.02 199.31 132.92 209.22
Dichromatism knotweed CK 0.02 0.21 nd 0.22 2.02 5.53 14.84 28.31
Polygonaceae T1 2.47 0.24 7.17
T2 11.26 1.11 24.99 19.32 230.14 9.20 136.50 202.90 115.72
Rumex dentatus CK 0.07 0.21 2.15 2.64 6.82 8.31 23.63 17.57
Polygonaceae T1 1.51 0.14 7.23
T2 21.61 2.12 14.69 14.93 190.91 18.84 166.21 152.21 132.80
Piemarker CK 0.13 0.31 0.91 5.06 4.28 13.12 59.85 105.82
Malvaceae T1 9.48 0.93 10.82
T2 11.88 1.17 18.83 14.38 151.31 5.92 100.08 135.41 238.02
Carex rigescens CK 0.23 0.06 3.37 0.82 3.44 4.09 nd 40.04
Sedge family T1 1.43 0.14 3.03
T2 1.25 0.12 2.36 11.06 38.42 8.22 48.82 62.83 138.41
Wild hemp CK Nd nd 1.15 1.13 1.50 1.10 19.59 14.81
Moraceae T1 0.94 0.09 0.89
T2 1.04 0.10 1.08 19.71 45.61 5.34 12.85 104.21 50.77
Chinese celery CK 0.21 0.11 4.44 1.20 7.05 7.67 65.44 56.16
Umbelliferae T1 4.84 0.47 6.49
T2 9.89 0.97 32.17 57.59 104.60 20.99 51.12 244.73 57.57
Piemarker fennel garlic CK 0.01 0.22 2.23 3.20 5.33 18.04 20.93 27.86
Ranunculaceae T1 2.58 0.28 23.08
T2 2.35 0.23 24.17 6.48 87.10 6.14 101.72 86.34 255.21
Trailing plants Japonica CK nd nd 0.13 0.03 3.39 4.46 27.93 22.04
Asclepiadaceae T1 2.94 0.28 9.88
T2 2.29 0.22 9.49 16.73 25.06 4.69 21.62 218.30 232.22
Oenothera erythrosepala CK nd nd 2.40 0.12 3.94 2.61 16.29 15.76
Oenotheraceae T1 0.30 0.02 1.43
T2 0.29 0.03 1.70 6.11 38.66 5.40 15.44 22.01 27.44
CK 0.10 0.42 1.61 3.48 2.96 20.46 8.47 34.48 before the flatcar
Plantaginaceae T1 0.70 0.06 14.08
T2 0.88 0.08 14.38 13.00 55.59 8.35 25.44 92.86 98.21
CK 0.05 0.26 5.39 2.80 6.80 19.68 29.70 31.47 before the car
Plantaginaceae T1 1.23 0.12 7.66
T2 3.04 0.29 9.28 9.42 78.38 7.43 50.71 85.30 49.77
Common Sage Herb CK 0.02 nd 1.72 7.14 5.56 12.62 23.95 69.04
Labiatae T1 4.02 0.39 31.27
T2 4.26 0.41 31.90 29.08 274.91 9.14 163.63 177.92 423.71
Wild mint CK 0.06 0.10 2.37 0.55 3.61 9.48 33.32 23.73
Labiatae T1 1.44 0.14 8.59
T2 1.72 0.16 9.31 23.05 62.85 6.49 35.64 111.91 119.12
Siberian motherwort CK 0.03 nd 2.58 1.13 2.74 3.86 26.46 19.21
Labiatae T1 0.72 0.07 5.49
T2 1.66 0.16 14.01 27.74 117.42 8.74 63.56 130.12 250.74
Perennial ryegrass CK 0.10 0.03 3.60 2.41 0.77 3.79 30.85 61.21
Grass family T1 3.73 0.36 20.03
T2 1.85 0.18 11.80 9.21 9.91 2.38 6.59 54.81 103.01
No awns barnyard grass CK 0.18 1.22 2.37 2.25 4.46 45.46 38.04 33.01
Grass family T1 1.22 0.12 11.46
T2 9.07 0.89 17.51 19.44 161.51 9.94 85.87 42.35 554.10
String leaf rosin CK 0.19 0.30 0.03 3.71 7.32 4.78 40.58 22.62
Grass T1 0.80 0.07 7.83
Composite family T2 1.47 0.14 22.45 34.89 88.67 9.95 32.44 130.40 827.51
Jerusalem artichoke CK 0.06 0.06 1.25 0.03 3.41 4.28 15.43 20.76
Composite family T1 1.31 0.12 2.13
T2 3.34 0.32 5.24 9.01 74.77 6.85 29.92 144.90 62.84
Dayflower CK 0.16 0.17 2.66 0.74 4.88 4.57 47.76 41.38
Commelianaceae T1 0.64 0.06 5.41
T2 0.55 0.05 6.74 20.82 82.04 12.14 39.47 214.51 216.62
Pepper grass CK 0.15 0.20 1.38 2.20 1.11 2.01 12.01 26.62
Cruciferae T1 3.36 0.33 9.70
T2 3.91 0.38 8.21 18.68 72.20 10.59 31.51 217.75 296.42
Elscholtiza CK 0.17 0.14 2.16 1.13 3.44 5.87 30.41 19.48
Labiatae T1 2.31 0.22 6.06
T2 8.14 0.80 14.23 19.66 157.71 5.55 62.76 177.92 162.71
Purple perilla CK 0.19 0.29 nd 0.49 4.86 12.64 34.65 28.04
Labiatae T1 0.31 0.03 8.46
T2 1.22 0.12 15.74 19.75 127.62 14.43 91.27 26.31 202.11
Acalypha copperleaf CK 0.06 0.17 3.86 7.24 3.08 16.79 45.08 110.70
Euphorbiaceae T1 1.23 0.12 9.29
T2 1.23 0.12 9.28 28.93 222.92 8.82 119.43 238.20 673.01
Radix Glycyrrhizae CK 0.19 0.14 nd nd 7.48 7.35 45.54 40.38
Pulse family T1 3.95 0.38 4.36
T2 3.43 0.33 4.35 18.24 42.55 8.92 25.99 92.13 107.79
Fei Naer CK 0.08 0.21 1.58 0.08 5.80 4.56 41.34 57.31
Pulse family T1 4.65 0.45 7.79
T2 4.16 0.41 6.14 25.32 31.12 11.05 24.38 138.50 156.01
Upright Radix Astragali CK 0.11 0.18 nd 1.27 2.49 9.15 29.30 24.48
Pulse family T1 6.83 0.67 5.43
T2 6.47 0.63 5.80 52.15 40.40 19.39 40.06 197.39 130.51
Daghestan sweet clover CK nd nd 1.26 1.01 2.76 6.92 23.66 33.79
Pulse family T1 2.16 0.21 3.94
T2 5.54 0.54 6.79 8.88 23.22 7.14 17.26 60.64 109.79
Lie prostrate the mound dish CK 0.19 0.36 7.55 2.78 5.63 6.32 37.32 18.01 that withers
Rose family T1 8.43 0.83 34.87
T2 8.39 0.82 36.44 26.11 386.01 20.91 139.22 200.90 674.69
Amaranthus retroflexus CK 0.08 0.24 1.67 0.82 3.10 3.33 34.09 21.98
Amaranthaceae T1 6.56 0.64 12.07
T2 9.20 0.91 15.53 4.89 39.49 6.06 7.74 178.70 167.79
Recessed amaranth CK 0.11 0.13 1.79 0.26 4.08 4.54 46.82 27.58
Amaranthaceae T1 8.62 0.84 20.09
T2 22.94 2.26 33.52 4.72 38.09 8.04 15.46 160.61 168.29
Hispid arthraxon CK 0.10 0.22 5.01 1.34 3.34 4.72 43.17 30.74
Grass family T1 5.78 0.56 11.35
T2 8.08 0.79 16.03 60.34 52.39 21.01 77.67 279.69 227.39
Sudan grass CK 0.01 0.04 0.61 1.46 1.49 3.94 19.81 22.97
Grass family T1 1.24 0.12 16.94
T2 1.07 0.11 16.66 7.03 31.99 1.25 32.76 71.92 50.17
Lyrate hemistepta herb CK 0.16 0.17 1.82 1.36 3.04 5.61 19.58 28.82
Composite family T1 3.51 0.34 7.06
T2 6.11 0.60 13.66 9.61 77.03 10.12 31.84 233.09 247.21
Water pepper CK 0.10 0.51 1.24 4.25 5.00 15.76 47.29 64.41
Polygonaceae T1 0.82 0.08 17.01
T2 3.86 0.38 61.09 72.44 173.54 11.10 251.50 46.90 45.11
Herba Polygoni viscosi CK nd 0.06 3.96 3.66 2.94 6.07 30.21 33.51
Polygonaceae T1 0.63 0.06 5.28
T2 2.64 0.26 28.05 22.11 295.80 11.93 132.64 115.19 385.91
Smartweed CK 0.05 0.27 5.60 4.82 0.46 2.53 44.74 49.13
Polygonaceae T1 1.08 0.11 12.34
T2 16.40 1.61 54.34 21.01 724.62 7.86 615.69 51.76 864.02
Willow leaf thorn knotweed CK 0.01 0.08 nd 0.52 2.73 8.69 17.08 27.28
Polygonaceae T1 1.79 0.17 5.24
T2 11.35 1.11 27.75 7.18 320.78 12.18 237.19 18.28 481.39
holds CK 0.46 0.59 0.07 1.83 1.41 1.25 19.84 9.17
Polygonaceae T1 2.15 0.21 1.93
T2 27.18 2.67 21.17 24.00 154.84 11.89 55.29 280.01 143.50
Annotate: BC is the plant shoot concentration coefficient; Nd is not for detecting
It is to be noted, from each plant trend (table 1 to the Cd enrichment condition under Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn combined pollution condition, 2), the accumulation of Cd remarkable (p＜0.05) was higher than the accumulation of its Cd under the single pollutional condition of Cd during little wintercherry, field thistle, pointed tooth Kirilow Groundsel Herb, little liquor were spent, when the single pollution of Cd, root and overground part Cd content are respectively 2.37 and 16.3mg/kg as field thistle; And under the combined pollution condition, its content is respectively 4.85 and 32.53mg/kg, and its accumulation has significantly improved, and Pb is described, Cu, and the existence of Zn may promote the absorption of these plants to Cd, exists synergistic effect between them.Kalimeris integrifolia to the enrichment of Cd then in contrast, under the Cd-Pb-Cu-Zn combined pollution condition to the enriching quantity of Cd significantly (p＜0.05) be lower than the accumulation of Cd under the single pollutional condition of Cd, illustrate between them to exist antagonistic effect.In like manner, wild soybean, pale persicaria, dichromatism knotweed, rumex dentatus, piemarker are controlled (T under the condition of dying in compound dirt
2Though) to the concentration coefficient of Cd also greater than 1 (table 2), may be Pb, Cu, the result of Zn synergistic effect, and will it classify overground part Cd concentration coefficient as less than 1 plant.
2 typical contaminated region sampling demonstration tests
Plumbous zinc ore in Feng Cheng Qincheng city, Liaoning typical case contaminated region Liaoning Province is positioned at the northwestward, Manchu Autonomous County of Fengcheng, Liaoning Province, 123 ° 37 of east longitude ', 40 ° 41 of north latitude ', 6.5～8.7 ℃ of year-round average temperatures, the average annual 674.4mm of precipitation.The main parent rock in mining area is marble and mica schist, and soil is brown earth soil.Vegetation covers and to be mainly secondary forest and sparse shrubbery and the artificial water shirt of part, locust tree woods.Ore body is based on plumbous zinc ore, it is more near coal-mine that the exploitation place intersperses among 7 in South Mountain, big Donggou, Er Daogou, magpie ditch, fibert ditch, Dian Nan, new mountain range ditch etc., near coal-mine apart from ground about 300～390m, plumbous zinc ore grade about 70～80%, Cd is mainly in zinc blend lattice, average grade is about 0.034%, but does not become the ore deposit separately.
This research in South Mountain, four in Er Daogou, magpie ditch, south, pasture gathers ruderal plants around near coal-mine.Why select near coal-mine on every side as the sampling emphasis, be because the mineral deposit of heavy metal element enrichment is main natural pollution source, the soil of near the stratum mineral deposit, growing, the soil of growing on the dispersion halo that in flow process, forms by near the underground water that is rich in heavy metal that flows out the mineral deposit and be the soil that matrix is grown with the mineralized material that is handled upside down, its content of beary metal often severe overweight forms and is the serious soil of heavy metal pollution, and many heavy metals mineral deposit or be rich in the rock of heavy metal, even buried depth reaches 200～300m or covered by the thick soil of over one hundred rice, still can become the source, deep of some heavy metal pollution in the ecosystem of the face of land.
When gathering a certain weeds also at the soil sample in weeds collection place herborization root district, i.e. 0～35cm root region soil.Plant sample and soil sample processing are identical with pot experiment with Determination of Heavy Metal.
The content of beary metal measurement result shows in the soil sample, and the concentration range of Cd is 0.66～32.10mg/kg in 20 sampling point soil, Pb 169.90～8958.96mg/kg, Cu 13.07～521.47mg/kg, Zn 201.20～3240.38mg/kg.China soil environment quality standard (GB15618,1995) regulation, grade III Standard such as mainly is applicable near high background value soil that timbered soil and contaminant capacity are bigger and the mineral products at the agricultural land soil (except the vegetable field) on ground, wherein the concentration of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn be no more than 1,500,400 respectively, 500mg/kg.This shows that Cd in the soil sample of collection, Pb, the maximum concentration of Cu and Zn are about 32.1,17.9,1.3,6.5 times of China's soil environment quality standard grade III Standard, soil has been subjected to severe contamination.
Result of the test shows (referring to table 3):
(1) dandelion, black nightshade, Kalimeris integrifolia are to Pb, and Cu, Zn overground part concentration coefficient are not Pb all less than 1, Cu, Zn enrichment/accumulator plant;
(2) dandelion, black nightshade, Kalimeris integrifolia to Cd overground part concentration coefficient all greater than 1, and overground part content is greater than root content, be Cd enrichment/accumulator plant, verified the result of potted plant screening test, as for whether being the further checking that awaits of super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant;
The near coal-mine plant in table 3 mining area is to the enrichment/accumulation (mg/kg) of heavy metal
Plant parts Cd BC Pb BC Cu BC Zn BC sampled point
Dandelion 0.4 0.6 127.1 1
Root 0.92 1.06 71.71 1 8.88 89 0.56
1.2 0.8
Ground 2.11 2.43 212.2 2 11.51 8 23.13 0.1
Dandelion 0.0 0.1 2
Root 2.2 1.68 51.66 7 7.3 2 35.85 0.07
128.3 0.1 0.0
Ground 5.17 3.95 88 5.8 9 58.15 0.12
Dandelion 282.8 0.1 0.0 3
Root 7.15 0.6 38 9.17 9 31.16 0.21
31.6 679.3 0.4 0.1 131.6
Ground 5 2.66 23 16.84 73 0.9
Dandelion 71.71 0.1 127.1 4
Root 0.93 0.76 1 0.1 8.882 49 0.27
212.1 0.1 23.13
Ground 2.11 1.73 9 0.3 11.51 99 0.05
Dandelion 0.0 5
Root 2.2 0.52 51.66 3 7.3 0.11 35.85 0.04
128.3 0.0 0.0
Ground 5.18 1.22 89 5.81 9 58.16 0.06
Black nightshade 0.1 0.3 6
Root 0.66 0.57 115.9 7 21.4 8 176.4 0.36
0.0 0.1
Ground 1.84 1.59 38.64 6 9.16 6 41.37 0.08
Kalimeris integrifolia 0.0 4
Root 1.36 1.11 67.41 0.1 5.81 9 25.68 0.05
133.4 0.1 0.1
Ground 1.82 1.49 29 7.71 3 98.12 0.21
Annotate: BC is the plant shoot concentration coefficient
Table 4 sampled point content of beary metal (mg/kg)
The total Zn of the total Cu of the total Pb of the total Cd of sampled point
1 0.87 173.86 13.07 228.89
2 1.31 720.89 61.37 493.62
3 11.9 1594.58 99.42 146.58
4 1.22 697.29 61.4 146.58
5 4.23 1469.29 67.08 899.33
6 1.16 676.5 56.8 491.7
Relevant comparative example
Thailand scholar P.Visoottiviseth etc. adopt the field sampling analytical method to carry out studying in local As contaminated area to As enrichment/accumulation ability of plant and [see document 14:Visoottiviseth P for details, et al.2002, The potential of Thai indigenous plant species for the phytoremediation ofarsenic contaminated land.Environmental Pollution, 118:453～461]; They gather soil sample at the with serious pollution Ron Phibun of Thailand As and two areas of BannangSata in May, 1998～1999 year October, 73 samples have been gathered altogether, the As total amount is 21～15900mg/kg in the soil, and greatly about herborization in the period sample of blooming of plant, has gathered 30 sections, 36 plant species totally 99 samples, wherein weeds class plant is 4 kinds, 13 kinds of gramineae plants, 2 kinds of climbing plantss, 6 kinds of the class of fainting plants, 6 kinds in shrub is set 5 kinds.The content of measuring As in the plant corpus shows, only faint Pteris vittata Linn and Venus of Sinopteridaceae phoenix tail faints that As content reaches the super enrichment of As/hyperaccumulative plant critical content standard in the Thelypteris.sp plant corpus of section marsh Cyclosorus, it is the super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant of As, other plant is inconsistent period because of sampling, and As content is inconsistent in the soil, is not enrichment/accumulator plant just hardly also;
As seen this method exists very big blindness, and causes certain waste.Utilize the inventive method to carry out the screening of heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant, test objective is clearer and more definite, can improve screening effeciency.
Claims (6)
1. the screening technique of heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant is characterized in that:
1) selection of test site: requiring will have abundant weeds resource around the test site, and the weeds kind is no less than 20 kinds, and its distribution is no less than 5 sections;
2) determining of screening object: a growth can be finished the ruderal plant of the history of life in season; Requiring these plants is 5～40 ℃ in temperature, and soil moisture content is about 80% of a field capacity, can be ripe within 50～170 days under the natural daylight;
3) determining of contaminated object: determine according to local pollution condition or according to national hazardous waste register;
4) the potted plant screening test of heavy metal:
A. add the concentration of heavy metal: be simulated concentration or be reference frame with national soil environment quality standard value with the combination of heavy metals of the typical contaminated region in locality; Heavy metal adds concentration range between the Cmax that national soil environment quality standard grade III Standard value can bear when plant is hurt;
B. pot experiment: with the not comtaminated soil in locality is that cultivation medium is done the earth culture test, adds the reagent of the pure heavy metal of one or more top grades type soluble in water by simulated concentration, adds two weeks of soil balance of heavy metal test; Not add the contrast that is treated to of heavy metal, the season that weeds begin to grow, around test site, get weeds seedling replanting of the same size to adding heavy metal and not adding the basin of heavy metal, according to the definite seedling number that will transplant of the size of plant and basin, it is consistent that every basin seedling number is wanted, measure content of beary metal in test plant biomass, the plant corpus in the maturing stage, check enrichment/accumulation ability and the patience of plant thus heavy metal.
2. according to the screening technique of the described heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant of claim 1, it is characterized in that: described screening plant is a ruderal plant.
3. according to the screening technique of the described heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant of claim 1, it is characterized in that:
The principal character of super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant is:
1) the plant shoot content of beary metal is common plant 100 times under same growth conditions;
2) the plant shoot content of beary metal is greater than this heavy metal species content of root;
3) tangible poisoning symptom does not appear in the growth of plant;
4) the plant shoot biomass is not compared with the contrast that does not add metal and is significantly descended;
5) greater than 1, when the enrichment/accumulating level that should reach when heavy metal in soil content and super enrichment/accumulator plant was suitable at least, the overground part concentration coefficient was greater than 1 to the concentration coefficient of certain metal for plant shoot.
4. according to the screening technique of the described heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant of claim 1, it is characterized in that:
The criterion of enrichment/accumulator plant is as follows:
For satisfying 1 in the pot experiment) the plant shoot content of beary metal is greater than this heavy metal species content of root; 2) tangible poisoning symptom does not appear in the growth of plant; 3) the plant shoot biomass is not compared with the contrast that does not add metal and is significantly descended; 4) certain heavy metal accumulation coefficient of plant shoot is greater than 1; Whether, to check this plant species be super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant, if do not reach super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant standard, then think enrichment/accumulator plant for the weeds of satisfying these four conditions if carrying out the test of variable concentrations gradient; Heavy metal adds concentration and should comprise the suitable concentration of concentration standard that should reach with super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant in the different gradient concentrations tests.
5. according to the screening technique of the described heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant of claim 1, it is characterized in that:
Carrying out typical contaminated region sampling analysis after the pot experiment: be captured in the plant that has heavy metal accumulation/accumulation characteristic in the screening test at typical contaminated region, and plant root region soil, analyze in its body and heavy metal in soil content, to determine whether this plant species is super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant; Satisfy the principal character of super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant simultaneously: condition 1) the plant shoot content of beary metal is common plant 100 times under same growth conditions; 2) the plant shoot content of beary metal is greater than this heavy metal species content of root; 3) tangible poisoning symptom and 5 does not appear in the growth of plant) plant shoot to the concentration coefficient of certain metal greater than 1, when enrichment/the accumulating level that should reach when heavy metal in soil content and super enrichment/accumulator plant was suitable at least, the overground part concentration coefficient was heavy metal super-enriched/hyperaccumulative plant greater than 1 weeds; During content of beary metal should reach greater than super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant in typical contaminated soil concentration standard, only satisfy condition 2), 3) and 5) weeds be heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant.
6. according to the screening technique of the described heavy metal accumulation/accumulator plant of claim 5, it is characterized in that:
When content of beary metal in the typical contaminated soil is lower than the concentration standard that super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant should reach, for the criterion that satisfies enrichment/accumulator plant: 1) the plant shoot content of beary metal is greater than this heavy metal species content of root; 2) tangible poisoning symptom does not appear in the growth of plant; 3) certain heavy metal accumulation coefficient of plant shoot is greater than 1 weeds, and do not have to distribute at typical contaminated region but in pot experiment, show as the weeds of heavy metal accumulation/accumulation characteristic, need do small plot experiment to determine further whether it is super enrichment/hyperaccumulative plant; The method of small plot experiment is identical with pot experiment, and it is darker that just heavy metal adds soil layer, according to test plant under field conditions (factors) the root growth characteristics determine to add the soil depth of heavy metal.
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