CN101743905B - Method for selecting crop varieties with low heavy metal accumulation - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a safe crop production technique in the polluted environment, in particular to a method for selecting crop varieties with low heavy metal accumulation. A crop is cultured in heavy metal-processed soil by way of pot experiment, the temperature is 5 DEG C to 40 DEG C, the soil moisture content is 40 percent to 90 percent of the field moisture capacity, the crop is cultured under the natural light for 50 to 170 days, plants are harvested, and the heavy metal content of edible parts is measured; the selected crop seeds, the edible parts of which have the heavy metal content lower than 30 percent of the heavy metal content of the edible parts of the conventional crop variety, are directly dibbled in the polluted field soil, three to six seeds are planted in each hole, the distance between holes is 10cm to 60cm, the distance between ridges is 10cm to 60cm, ripened plants are harvested, the heavy metal content of edible parts is measured, and if both the heavy metal enrichment coefficient and heavy metal transfer coefficient of the crop are less than 1.0, the crop is a crop with low heavy metal accumulation. The invention has the advantages of economy, high economic safety, high applicability and simple use method.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the crop safety production technology of contaminated environment, specifically a kind of method of screening crop varieties with low heavy metal accumulation.
Background technology
Along with the flourish of the fast development of China's industrial or agricultural, particularly mining industry, metallurgical industry and transportation and contain using of heavy metal chemical fertilizer, agricultural chemicals, heavy metal pollution of soil is serious day by day.It is reported; The whole nation receives the arable land of heavy metal pollution to reach 2,000 ten thousand hectares, and the grain of producing heavy metal pollution every year reaches 12,000,000,000 kilograms, has damaged the sustainable development in China rural area greatly; Also the healthy and safe formation to the people greatly threatens (document 1: Zhu Yinmei; Zhou Qixing. the present situation of soil pollution and China's agriculture environmental protection, theory and prospect [J]. soil circular, 1999,30 (3): 65～71.).And Shenyang as China be main heavy industry city with machining, the heavy metal pollution in farmland, outskirts of a town has caused that people pay close attention to widely.
Heavy metal pollution of soil has following characteristic: 1) disguise and hysteresis quality, and promptly heavy metal pollution of soil is difficult to perusal, in case note abnormalities, possibly reach the level of severe contamination; 2) cumulative bad and region, promptly heavy metal can be accumulated in plant corpus, and can pass through the food chain transmission, thus enrichment in human body and animal body; Heavy metal pollution is also closely related with factors such as the background value of various places soil, industrial and agricultural production situations in addition, has certain Regional Distribution property; In a single day heavy metal pollution promptly takes place in 3) irreversibility and chronicity, it pollutes just difficult reverse and has chronicity; 4) improvement difficulty and cycle are long, i.e. the improvement of heavy metal pollution has suitable difficulty, and heavy metal is difficult to biological degradation, and traditional governing measure cost is high and be difficult to practical operation, and thoroughly administering heavy metal pollution needs considerable time.
It is reported that areas of Shenyang soil has been subjected to heavy metal pollution in various degree, the element that mainly exceeds standard in the agricultural product is lead, the Chinese cabbage exceeding standard rate 100% in suburb, Shenyang, times of ultra standard 3.9; And content of beary metal such as the heavy metal Cd in the soil, Pb have significantly increase year by year trend (document 2: open brave. the Present assessment [J] of suburb, Shenyang and agricultural product heavy metal pollution. soil circular, 2001,32 (4) 182～186.).Not only direct threats existent environment of people and food security of excessive cadmium in the contaminated soil; Can also be through directly contacting perhaps through food chain enrichment in human body; Produce chronic poisoning, influence the metabolism of interior calcium of body and phosphorus, cause the pathological change of kidney, bone, liver; Bring out the multiple disease of bone, digestive system, urinary system, and can cause malignant tumour.Heavy metal Pb can get into the lead of human body through food chain or Body contact can be to nervous centralis, red blood cell, kidney, cardiovascular and men and women's the toxic effects of multiple organ such as genital system, especially children.Long term test shows: the pregnancy duration and contact in infancy are than the Pb (blood Pb concentration is 10-20ug/dl) of low dosage; Can to children's central nervous system cause irreversible, can not treat and follow lifelong infringement; Cause children's intelligence to descend; Reaction reaches absent minded etc. slowly, and big child's blood lead content was higher in 24 months, still showed amentia during to 10 one full year of life; International cancer research institution (International Agency forResearch on Cancer) classifies Pb as the carcinogen possible to the mankind (2B group).
Current the much technological of repairing and treating heavy metal pollution of soil that be used for mainly comprises various physics, chemistry, physico chemistry improvement technology and bioremediation technology.Wherein, physics, chemical harnessing technology mainly are meant one type of engineering based on the mechanical-physical and the principles of chemistry, and common have soil moved in to improve the original method, solidification method, freezing method, chemical leaching method, chelating method and an ion-exchange etc.These physics, chemical harnessing technology respectively have its advantage; Although administer among a small circle contaminated soil and the effect of handling in the serious burst contamination accident bigger; The improvement cycle is short etc.; But generally exist cost an arm and a leg, quantities is big and be prone to cause secondary pollution problems, generally is difficult in actual applying in the contaminated soil repairing and treating that area is big, degree is light.
With these traditional improvement compared with techniques, phytoremediation has cost, does not destroy environment, is easy to be advantages such as people are accepted as the green recovery technique of a kind of emerging original position; The research that becomes environmental science gradually with use focus [document 3: Zhou Qixing, Song Yufang. contaminated soil is repaired principle and method [M] Beijing: Science Press, 2004.]; But also there is following shortcoming in phytoremediation: the hyperaccumulative plant biomass is less and have tangible Regional Distribution, and repairing efficiency is long, needs to go up century-old usually; Still be difficult to actual popularization (document 4: Liu Weitao at present; Zhang Yinlong, old Zhe is quick, etc. the plantation in mining area trees are to the absorption and the distribution [J] of plumbous and zinc. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology; 2008,19 (4): 752～756.).In view of the actual national conditions of China, large tracts of land mild or moderate polluted agricultural land is stopped farming, it obviously is unpractical carrying out long phytoremediation or adopting the reparation of expensive engineering means.Therefore, utilize the crops genotype of harmful elements such as rejection and low accumulation soil lead, thereby the safety in production that guarantees agricultural product is one of current the most effective and rational approach.
Not only there is significant interspecific difference in plant to the absorption of heavy metal, also has significant intraspecies variation, thereby the crop and the crop gene type that make screening have low accumulation heavy metal characteristic become possibility.Current; Crop and the screening of crop gene type and the focus that cultivation research has become domestic and international research with low heavy metal accumulation potentiality; Numerous results of study show that there are significant difference in paddy rice (OryzasativaL.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), corn (Zea mays L.) and the accumulation of peanut crop different genotype such as (Arachis hypogaea L.) with the distribution heavy metal; And filtered out corresponding low heavy metal accumulation genotype (document 5:Arao T; Ae N.Genotypicvariations in cadmium levels of rice grain [J] .Soil Science and Plant Nutrition; 2003,49 (4): 473～479; Document 6:Zhang G P; Fukami M; Sekimoto H.Genotypicdifferences in effects of cadmium on growth and nutrient compositions in wheat [J] .Journal of Plant Nutrition, 2000,23:1337～1350; Document 7:Tiryakioglu M; Eker S; Ozkutlu F; Et al.Antioxidant defense system and cadmium uptake inbarley genotypes differing in cadmium tolerance [J] .Journal of Trace Elementsin Experimental Medicine, 2006,20 (3): 181～189; Document 8:Kurz H; Schulz R; Romheld V.Selection of cultivars to reduce the concentration of cadmium andthallium in food and fodder plants [J] .Journal of Plant Nutrition and SoilScience; 1999,162 (3): 323～328; Document 9:McLaughlin M J; Bell M J, Wright GC, et al.Uptake and partitioning of cadmium by cultivars of peanut (Arachishypogaea L.) [J] .Plant and Soil; 2000,222 (1-2): 51～58.).Yet for the screening study of low heavy metal accumulation crop, academia does not also form the standard and the method for a cover science both at home and abroad, even there is certain dispute.Therefore, the present invention is through concrete experimental study and combine previous finding, has made rational and effective screening criteria and method.In view of the actual national conditions of China, the present invention has important theoretical and realistic meaning, also can be and screens the reference value that other low accumulation heavy metal plant provides necessity from now on.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of accurately, ecological safety, succinct practicality, cost, applicability extensively reach workable low heavy metal accumulation crop and the screening technique of other corresponding plants; Utilize this method to screen the crop varieties of corresponding low heavy metal accumulation, thereby can in contaminated environment, carry out the production of safe agricultural product.
For realizing above-mentioned purpose, technical scheme of the present invention is:
The method of screening crop varieties with low heavy metal accumulation: pot experiment: just Different Crop or same crop different cultivars are incubated in the heavy metal processing soil of different content; The plant growth temperature is 5-40 ℃, and soil moisture content is the 40-90% of field capacity, and natural daylight was cultivated 50-170 days down; The results plant; Carry out the edible part content of beary metal and measure, collect 30% the crop that content of beary metal in its edible position is lower than the edible position of crop traditional category content of beary metal, for use;
Open-air contaminated soil screening, with the above-mentioned direct bunch planting of crop seed that filters out in open-air contaminated soil, every cave 3-6 grain seed; Cave spacing 10-60cm, distance between the ridges 10-60cm, treat the plant maturation after; The results plant; Carry out the edible part content of beary metal and measure,, be low accumulation heavy metal crop if the content of beary metal in its edible position is lower than 30% of the edible position of crop traditional category content of beary metal.
Said filter out crop with low accumulation heavy metal can normal growth in contaminated soil, compare with contrast, its yield and quality does not have obvious reduction, edible these crops are harmless, these crops mainly are accumulated in non-edible position with heavy metal.And, said filter out crop with low accumulation heavy metal to the concentration coefficient of heavy metal element less than 1.0, promptly the ratio of overground part content of beary metal and heavy metal content in soil is less than 1.0; Simultaneously crop less than 1.0, promptly the ratio of overground part content of beary metal and root content of beary metal is less than 1.0 to the transhipment coefficient of heavy metal element.
The crop of above-mentioned primary dcreening operation is verified, the direct bunch planting of seed in open-air contaminated soil, every cave 3-6 grain seed; Cave spacing 10-60cm, distance between the ridges 10-60cm, treat the plant maturation after; The results plant; Carry out the edible part content of beary metal and measure, still meet above-mentioned condition, be low accumulation heavy metal crop.
In said potted plant when screening,, the concentration that adds of heavy metal was made as basic, normal, high 3 processing.With local cleaning soil is that cultivation medium is done the earth culture test, adds one or more heavy metals by basic, normal, high 3 kinds of concentration of treatment, adds the soil balance 8-12 week of heavy metal test; Not add the contrast that is treated to of heavy metal; The season that crop begins to grow; Transplant seedlings from the basin of nursing young plants in hothouses and to carry out potted plant screening test; Every basin seedling is counted the 2-6 strain, measures content of beary metal in test plant biomass, the plant corpus in the maturing stage, checks low accumulation potentiality and the patience of plant to heavy metal thus.The Preliminary screening standard that has low accumulation heavy metal potentiality crops and other corresponding plants in the pot experiment: these crops and other corresponding plants can normal growths in contaminated soil, compare with contrast, and its yield and quality does not have obvious reduction; Edible these crops and other corresponding plants are harmless, the content of beary metal in its edible position be lower than traditional crop content of beary metal 30%; These crops and other corresponding plants mainly are accumulated in non-edible position with heavy metal.
During said open-air contaminated soil screening with crop that screens in the pot experiment and the seed of other corresponding plants with low accumulation heavy metal potentiality; According to the soil fertility situation; Use the nitrogen, phosphorus and the potash fertilizer that promote this plant growth, make soil moisture content remain on the 40-90% of field capacity.
Said plant: require the test place to be fit to the growth of these crops and other corresponding plants; Meteorological condition and the cultivation that the soil hydrological environment helps crops and other corresponding plants in test place, and these crops and other corresponding plants have in the experiment area and generally plant and distribute.
Confirming of said open-air contaminated soil: (for example according to local pollution condition; The main heavy metal pollution of Liaoning Area is cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, nickel etc.) or according to national hazardous waste register (like beryllium, chromium; Copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, cadmium, antimony, tellurium, mercury, thallium and lead etc. (State Environmental Protection Administration, State Economic and Trade Commission, the Commission of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, the Ministry of Public Security issue (encircling [1998] No. 89) on January 4th, 1998, implement from July 1st, 1998)) confirm.
Principle of the present invention is following: the variety classes plant to the heavy metal in soil element all will be to a certain degree absorption and accumulation.Numerous researchs all show between plant species and plant species in (between genotype) exist significant heavy metal to absorb and accumulation difference, thereby for screening and cultivate that crop varieties with low accumulation heavy metal potentiality and other corresponding plants provide maybe.
The advantage that the present invention had:
1. have systematicness, the screening system method that the present invention utilizes potted plant screening test and land for growing field crops demonstration test to combine is progressively dwindled the screening scope, is expected to screen solid variety of crops.
2. method is simple, and is workable.The potted plant screening technique of the present invention can artificially be controlled pollutional condition; Make the plant of participating in the experiment all be in consistent relatively growing environment; Patience and low accumulation characteristic to heavy metal between the plant have certain comparativity, can increase or reduce the quantity of the plant species of participating in the experiment according to experimental condition confirmed test scale simultaneously; Reduce a lot of uncertain factors, the place of this key of the present invention just; Pass through enrichment, the accumulation characteristic of the method research plant of earth culture to heavy metal earlier, yet utilize open-air field experiment to verify that method is simple again, operability is stronger.
3. expense is lower.The present invention earlier finds the crop with low accumulation characteristic through the stronger screening test of specific aim, and then in the actual environment that receives heavy metal pollution the low accumulation characteristic of this plant species of test, with strong points, reduce some wastes, corresponding cost is lower.And required medicine all is the conventional medicine in laboratory, and cost is lower.
4. have ecological security, screening test overall process of the present invention is under the artificial control all the time, and the pollutant after the test can focus on and surrounding environment do not caused secondary pollution.
5. applicability is wide; The present invention is not high to Test Condition Requirements; All general equal can carrying out of environment that is suitable for plant growing; And test and all carry out outdoor, the environmental condition of pot plant growth is more similar with the environmental condition of self-sow plant, is easier to react the truth of plant under pollutional condition.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is that 3 kinds of Cd handle following 40 kinds of Chinese cabbage overground part Cd concentration profiles.
Fig. 2 handles following 7 kinds of Chinese cabbage the upperground part biomass figure (wherein among the figure same letter representation Chinese cabbage at the difference that different Cd handle biomass down not remarkable (P>0.05)) for different Cd.
Fig. 3 is Cd concentration, transhipment coefficient and the concentration coefficient figure of 7 kinds of Chinese cabbage in the field experiment.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1: pot experiment is an example with the Chinese cabbage, hangs down the screening of accumulation cadmium crop varieties.
Potted plant experiment place is located in the ecological station, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang, and this station is located in the central area of Base of Liaohe Plain down, and about 35km apart from the urban district, Shenyang belongs to warm temperate zone half moistening continental climate.Experiment does not have pollution source around the place, is the uncontaminated district of heavy metal.Pot experiment soil picks up from the topsoil (0-20cm) of pollution-free area in the ecological station, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang, and soil types is a meadow burozem, and heavy metal in soil Cd content is 0.17mg/kg.
4 processing are established in this experiment altogether, and each handles repetition 3 times, and the Cd concentration (mg/kg) that adds is respectively: 0 (CK does not add), 1 (T
1), 2.5 (T
2) and 5 (T
3).The Cd that experiment adds is the pure CdCl of top grade
22.5H
2O, and apply certain density nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer as base fertilizer: 0.25g/kgN (CO (NH
2)
2), 0.065g/kg P and 0.124g/kg K (K
2HPO
4).After will supplying the air-dry 4mm of the mistake sieve of examination soil; Admix cadmium and base fertilizer with solid form; The plastic basin (
of fully packing into behind the mixing; H=15cm) in, every basin is adorned native 2.5kg, and balance 8-12 week is for use.The Chinese cabbage seed directly is seeded in the basin, every basin sowing 3-6 grain, the week back thinning of waiting to germinate is stayed two strains according to the every basin of Chinese cabbage seedling growing way.Pour into an amount of running water according to soil water regime in the basin every day, and soil moisture content is often remained on about the 40-90% of field capacity.
Gather in the crops plant after plant growing 60-85 days.To gather in the crops sample and be divided into root and overground part two parts, and fully wash with removal with running water respectively and adhere to earth and dirt on the plant sample, and then use deionized water rinsing, the drop branch that anhydrates, complete 1 hour at 105 ℃; Under 65 ℃, dry then, pulverize subsequent use after the weighing dry weight to weight.Plant sample adopts HNO
3-HClO
4Method digestion (the two volume ratio is 87:13) is with atomic absorption spectrophotometer Cd content wherein.
Experimental result is following:
The Cd that Fig. 1 has provided at above-mentioned variable concentrations handles the Cd content of following 40 kinds of Chinese cabbage overground parts, and there is significant difference in the different cultivars Chinese cabbage to the absorptive amount of Cd.The average moisture content that Chinese cabbage records in this test is 90%; According to the maximum permissible level of agricultural product security quality pollution-free vegetable safety requirements (GB 18406.1-2001) Cd (MPC) is the 0.05mg/kg fresh weight; Chinese cabbage overground part Cd content surpasses the 0.50mg/kg dry weight and thinks that promptly Cd exceeds standard. by this standard, handle (T at low Cd
1) under, 16 kinds of Chinese cabbage do not exceed standard (referring to shown in the table 1) are arranged.In addition, two kinds of traditional Chinese cabbage cultivar Beijing little assorted 56 are all very high with sauerkraut king's Cd content, so further checking in field experiment.According to low 30% this standard that accumulates the Cd content of crop less than traditional crop, further dwindle the screening scope, through T
2And T
3Handle the Cd content of Chinese cabbage down, tentatively assert Beijing new No. 3, new No. 5 of match, new No. 3 of Feng Yuan, the distant section autumn is anti-and the 91-12 of battalion of waterborne forces has the low accumulation of certain Cd potentiality (referring to shown in the table 1).
Handle the variation of Chinese cabbage the upperground part biomass down through contrasting different Cd, it is strong and weak to the patience of Cd to draw Chinese cabbage, and as along with the increase that adds Cd concentration, the biomass of Chinese cabbage overground part significantly reduces, and explains that then this Chinese cabbage is poor to the patience of Cd; Otherwise explain that then it has higher Cd patience.Can know that referring to Fig. 2 the biomass that removes new other the 6 kinds of Chinese cabbage of 5 extras of match is along with the rising that adds Cd concentration, its biomass is not seen remarkable reduction, shows that these 6 kinds of Chinese cabbage have stronger Cd patience.
The overground part Cd concentration (mg/kg) of 18 kinds of Chinese cabbage under three kinds of Cd handle in table 1 pot experiment
Annotate:
aMean+SD (n=3)
Embodiment 2: field experiment, Shen are comforted the affirmation of irrigated area low heavy metal accumulation Chinese cabbage
The Shen that the experiment place is located at Shenyang City's Dongling District is comforted the experimental field, irrigated area and is carried out, and the meteorological condition on this ground is stood with Shenyang ecology and relatively is more or less the same.Soil types is a yellowish soil, and its physicochemical property is a pH value 8.5, organic 18.32mg/kg, full N1.27mg/kg, full P1.42mg/kg, quick-acting K145.68mg/kg, total Cd1.25mg/kg.Above-mentioned 7 kinds of filtering out had the stronger direct bunch planting of Cd patience Chinese cabbage seed in lead-contaminated soil, every cave 3-6 grain Chinese cabbage seed, cave spacing 10-60cm, distance between the ridges 10-60cm.According to the rich scarce situation of soil moisture, irregularly water (not detecting Cd in the water) with well water, soil moisture content is often remained on about the 40-90% of field capacity; Be to promote the Feng Yuan growth, apply urea according to the consumption of 300kg/ hectare.Wait to grow and gathered in the crops Chinese cabbage in 60-85 days later on, sample treatment is with embodiment 1.
Experimental result is following:
Fig. 3 has provided in the field experiment absorptive amount, transhipment coefficient and the concentration coefficient of 7 kinds of Chinese cabbage to Cd.Screening criteria according to the low heavy metal accumulation crop; Promptly to Cd have stronger patience, overground part Cd concentration less than 0.5mg/kg, transhipment coefficient less than 1 and concentration coefficient less than 1, can filter out Beijing and hang down the accumulation Chinese cabbage kind for Cd new No. 3 with Feng Yuan new No. 3.And match new No. 5 because patience is poor, 91-12 of waterborne forces battalion and distant section autumn are anti-then because Cd concentration is excluded greater than 0.5mg/kg.Sauerkraut king and Beijing little assorted 56 surpass 0.5mg/kg at big its Cd content of Tanaka, and have higher concentration coefficient and transhipment coefficient, and suggestion not can be used as vegetables, and to continue plantation edible.Pot experiment and field experiment prove, Beijing has low accumulation characteristic new No. 3 with Feng Yuan new No. 3, plants this 2 kinds of Chinese cabbage at low heavy metal contaminated soil (Cd concentration < 1.25mg/>kg), can satisfy the pollution-free vegetable national standard, can not work the mischief to people and animals.
Claims (4)
1. method of screening crop varieties with low heavy metal accumulation is characterized in that:
Pot experiment: crop and crop traditional category are incubated at respectively in the heavy metal processing soil of different content; Growth temperature is 5-40 ℃, and soil moisture content is the 40-90% of field capacity, and natural daylight was cultivated 50-170 days down; The results plant; Carry out the edible part content of beary metal and measure, collect crop or its seed that content of beary metal in its edible position is lower than the edible position of crop traditional category content of beary metal 30%, for use;
The screening of field contaminated soil: with the above-mentioned direct bunch planting of crop seed that filters out in open-air contaminated soil; Every cave 3-6 grain seed, cave spacing 10-60 cm, distance between the ridges 10-60 cm; Treat to gather in the crops plant after the plant maturation; Carry out the edible part content of beary metal and measure, if the content of beary metal in its edible position still is lower than 30% of the edible position of crop traditional category content of beary metal, and its to the concentration coefficient of heavy metal element less than 1.0; The ratio that is overground part content of beary metal and heavy metal content in soil is less than 1.0; Simultaneously crop less than 1.0, promptly the ratio of overground part content of beary metal and root content of beary metal is the low heavy metal crop that accumulates less than 1.0 to the transhipment coefficient of heavy metal element;
Said crop is a Chinese cabbage, is specially Beijing new No. 3, new No. 5 of match, the 91-12 of battalion of new No. 3 of Feng Yuan, waterborne forces, distant section autumn are anti-, anti-many precious No. 3 of autumn, autumn hat, anti-No. 2 of Shanxi, green star 80, super No. 6 of Shen Nong, Beijing-12, big dish of flourishing, green star, lucky star 80, days green 60 and Beijing Da Bao heart; Said crop traditional category is that sauerkraut king and Beijing are little by assorted 56; Said heavy metal is a cadmium.
2. press the method for the described screening crop varieties with low heavy metal accumulation of claim 1; It is characterized in that: said crop of just sifting out can be compared with the experimental group that does not add pollutant by normal growth in contaminated soil; Its yield and quality does not have obvious reduction; Edible these crops are harmless, and these crops mainly are accumulated in non-edible position with heavy metal.
3. press the method for the described screening crop varieties with low heavy metal accumulation of claim 1; It is characterized in that: said soil is to add cadmium in the cleaning soil; Make it be divided into cadmium low, the high different content of neutralization and handle soil, balance 8-12 week is subsequent use, and potted plant every basin seedling is counted the 2-6 strain.
4. press the method for the described screening crop varieties with low heavy metal accumulation of claim 1; It is characterized in that: during said open-air contaminated soil screening according to the soil fertility situation; Use the nitrogen, phosphorus and the potash fertilizer that promote this plant growth, make soil moisture content remain on the 40-90% of field capacity.
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