CN1338876A - 发送适于运动图像专家组及其他数据格式的逐行视频序列 - Google Patents

发送适于运动图像专家组及其他数据格式的逐行视频序列 Download PDF

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CN1338876A
CN1338876A CN01122861A CN01122861A CN1338876A CN 1338876 A CN1338876 A CN 1338876A CN 01122861 A CN01122861 A CN 01122861A CN 01122861 A CN01122861 A CN 01122861A CN 1338876 A CN1338876 A CN 1338876A
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林伟曼
比利·W·拜尔斯
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Thomson Licensing SAS
International Digital Madison Patent Holding SAS
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Abstract

在编码和解码视频信号时,接收逐行视频位流(201),该逐行视频位流分组包括基准帧和非基准帧,基准帧和非基准帧各具有与初始帧序列结构相一致的初始时间基准。通过忽略非基准帧,仅再映射基准帧的时间基准(202)。使用基本分组标识符(PID)将基准帧分组,使用增强PID将非基准帧分组,以分别提供基本和增强传送位流(210-213)。

Description

发送适于运动图像专家组及其他 数据格式的逐行视频序列
本发明涉及视频处理***,更具体地说,涉及以位流编码视频序列的装置和方法,与通过原有解码器解码成的较低质量视频向后兼容,并且能够由与高质量编码相兼容的新解码器解码成高质量的逐行视频。
数据信号经常经历计算机处理技术,比如数据压缩或编码、以及数据解压缩或解码。数据信号可以比如为视频信号。视频信号是运动视频序列的视频画面(图像)的典型代表。在视频信号处理中,通过根据特定的编码标准编码视频信号来数字压缩视频信号,以形成数字编码位流。可以将编码的视频信号位流解码,以提供解码的视频信号。
术语“帧”通常用作视频序列的单位。一帧包含视频信号的数行空间信息。根据编码格式,一帧可以包含视频数据的一个或多个场。因此,编码位流的不同段代表指定的帧或场。可以将编码位流存储,用于以后由视频解码器重现,和/或在比如综合服务数字网(ISDN)及公共交换电话网(PSTN)电话线路、电缆、直达卫星***(DSS)的传输信道或***上发送给远端视频信号解码***。
视频信号经常被编码、发送和解码,用在电视(TV)类型的***中。许多公共电视***,比如在北美的,按照NTSC(国家电视***委员会)标准运行,工作在(30*1000/1001)≈29.97帧/秒(fps)。SDTV(标准清晰度电视)的空间分辨率有时称作SDTV。NTSC最初使用30fps,即60周的AC电源***的频率的一半。后来变为29.97fps,以使其与电源不同相,从而减少谐波失真。也使用其他***,比如在欧洲的PAL(逐行倒相制)。
在NTSC***中,数据的每一帧通常包括隔行扫描或交织的偶数场和奇数场。每一场包括画面或帧的交替水平行中的像素。因此,NTSC摄像机每秒种输出模拟视频信号的29.97×2=59.94个场,其中包括与29.97个奇数场隔行扫描的29.97个偶数场,以便以29.97fps提供视频。NTSC图像通常具有大约720(h)×480(v)有效像素的分辨率。因此,每一场为720×240,以提供720×480的隔行扫描帧。这些规范在CCIR Rec.601中提供,其中规定了图像格式、语义(semantic)获取、以及部分用于数字“标准”电视信号的编码(“标准”电视指的是在PAL、NTSC和SECAM的分辨率下)。
各种视频压缩标准用于数字视频处理,其中规定了用于给定视频编码标准的编码位流。这些标准包括国际标准组织/国际电工协会(ISO/IEC)11172运动图像专家组-1国际标准(“用于数字存储介质的运动图像及相关音频的编码”)(MPEG-1),以及IS0/IEC 13818国际标准(“运动图像及相关音频信息的通用编码”)(MPEG-2)。另一种视频编码标准是H.261(P×64),由国际电信同盟(ITU)开发。在MPEG中,术语“图像”指能够代表数据的一帧(即两个场)或数据的单个场的数据的位流。因此,MPEG编码技术用于从视频数据的场或帧编码MPEG“图像”。MPEG-1以每秒30帧(fps)围绕352×240的标准图像格式(SIF)建立。尽管MPEG-1设计为以每秒1.2兆比特或150KB/s的数据速率提供VHS视频质量,但是MPEG数据速率是可变的。在MPEG-1标准中,视频是严格非隔行的(即,是逐行(progressive)的)。对于逐行视频,一帧的各行中包含从某一时间瞬间开始并继续通过随后的行到帧的底部的样本。
在1994年春天采用的MPEG-2是对MPEG-1的兼容性扩展,其建立在MPEG-1之上,并支持隔行的视频格式和许多其他先进的特征,包括支持HDTV(高清晰度电视)的特征。MPEG-2的部分设计被用于采用CCIR Rec.601(29.97fps,每帧480行,720样本/行)的NTSC型广播电视采样率。在MPEG-2采用的隔行扫描中,将一帧分为两个场,一个顶部场和一个底部场。这些场中的一个比另一个迟一个场周期开始。每一个视频场是独立发送的图像的像素的一个子集。MPEG-2是一个视频编码标准,能够用在比如根据该标准编码的视频广播中。MPEG标准可以支持各种帧速率和格式。
在视频信号处理中经常使用运动补偿。运动补偿技术探究在连续图像之间经常存在的时间校正,其中存在某些对象或图像特征在严格的界限内从一个位置到另一个位置、从一幅图像到另一幅图像的运动趋势。在MPEG标准中,比如在MPEG-2标准中,在压缩数字流中可能会有不同的图像或帧类型,比如I帧、P帧和B帧。I帧或内部帧是自包含的,即它们不基于来自先前发送并解码的帧的信息。使用运动补偿技术编码的视频帧称作预测帧或P帧,因为它们的内容是从前面的I或P帧预测的。P帧也可以用作后续P帧的基准。I和P帧两者都是“固定(anchor)”帧,因为它们可以用作其他帧的基准,比如基于固定帧所预测的B或P帧。“双向”或B帧是从最近发送的与该B帧的传输相关的两个固定帧中预测的。其他的标准,比如H.261仅使用I和P帧。
多数MPEG编码方案采用称作一个图像组(GOP)的12至15个压缩帧序列。每一个GOP通常从I帧开始,并可选地包括若干个B和P帧。参数M经常用于代表GOP中P帧之间的距离,参数N代表GOP中帧的总数(即,在连续的GOP中I帧之间的距离)。
MPEG位流通常包含与一个或多个音频流和其他数据、比如定时信息多路复用的一个或多个视频流。在MPEG-2中,描述具体视频序列的编码数据在几个嵌套层中表示:序列层、GOP层、图像层、片(Slice)层、以及宏块层。为了帮助发送该信息,将代表多个视频序列的数字数据流划分为几个较小的单元,这些单元中的每一个被压缩成独立分组的基本流(PES)分组。为了传输,每一个PES分组是在多个固定长度的传送分组中依次划分的。每一个传送分组包含仅与一个PES分组相关的数据。该传送分组还包括保存有在解码该传送分组时使用的控制信息的首标。
因此,MPEG流的基本单位是包括分组首标和分组数据的分组。每一个分组可以代表比如一个场的数据。该分组首标包括流标识码,并可能包括一个或多个时间标记。例如,每一个数据分组的长度可能会超出100字节,前两个8位的字节包含分组标识符(PID)字段。在DSS应用中,比如PID可能为SCID(服务信道ID)和各种标志。SCID通常为一个唯一的12位(bit)数,唯一标识数据分组所属的特定数据流。因此,每一个压缩的视频分组包含一个比如SCID的PID。
当MPEG-2编码的图像由视频解码***收到时,传送解码器解码该传送分组,以重编该PES分组。依次解码该PES分组,以重编代表图像的MPEG-2位流。给定的传送数据流可以同时运载多个图像序列,比如象交织的传送分组。
例如,当采用DSS传输时,可以借助DSS分组传送MPEG-2编码的视频位流。多数DSS视频节目以544像素/行和480行/帧编码。将所有的29.97帧/s都编码。每秒编码的帧的确切数量根据确切的序列而定。DSS***允许用户使用DSS接收器直接从卫星接收多个电视频道广播。该接收器通常包括一个通过电缆连接到集成接收器/解码器单元(IRD)的18英寸小碟形卫星天线。该碟形卫星天线对准卫星,与类似于传统有线电视解码器的方式,将IRD连接到用户的电视机上。在IRD中,前端电路接收来自卫星的信号,并将其转换为原始的数字数据流,其馈送给执行传送提取和解压缩的视频/音频解码器电路。对于MPEG-2视频,该IRD包括用于解压缩接收的压缩视频的MPEG-2解码器。
在MPEG-2中,定义了四个不同的“分布(profile)”,每一个相应于编码图像的复杂性的一个不同的级别,比如图像/画面分辨率。每一个分布定义色彩空间的分辨率和位流的可伸缩性(scalability)。对于每一个分布,定义不同的等级,每一个等级相应于一个不同的图像分辨率。给定分布的不同等级定义图像分辨率的最大值和最小值、以及每秒的Y(亮度)样本、对于可伸缩的分布支持的视频和音频层的数量、每个分布的最大位速率。分布和等级的组合生成定义解码器处理具***流的能力的分层结构。
广播应用中最常用的分布是主分布(MP)格式。一种称作主分布、主(或介质)等级(MP@ML)的MPEG-2“标准”用于编码符合现有SD电视标准(即NTSC或PAL)的视频信号。该标准可以用于编码具有480有效行、每一行有720有效像素、采用2∶1隔行扫描的视频图像。当水平和垂直消隐间隔加到这些信号时,结果为具有525行、858像素。当被解码、并用13.5MHz显示时钟信号显示时,这些信号生成相应于NTSC型广播图像的图像。另一种称作主分布、高等级(MP@HL)的标准用于编码HDTV图像。
随着一些***比如电视***的质量的改善,期望提供用于视频传输的、与HD兼容的编码视频信号。但是,可能会存在SD和HD两种接收器,并且SD接收器和***可能与改进的传输/编码标准不兼容,即改进的标准可能不能“向后兼容”。例如,传统的SD DSS IRD不能解码好于MP@ML格式的任何格式。因此,一些DSS***不得不同时发送数据的HD频道和该HD频道的SD版本,以便DSS SD接收器能够接收并解码该传输。这是一种非常昂贵的解决办法,因为除了HD频道带宽外,还要占用完整的SD频道。由于发送冗余信息,所以浪费了带宽。因此,存在如下需求,即用于编码和发送与现有标准向后兼容的改善或增强的信号,以避免必须发送冗余或额外的数据频道的技术。
在本发明中,提供用于编码和解码视频信号的方法和装置。接收具有基准帧和非基准帧的逐行视频位流,每一个具有与原始帧序列结构一致的初始的时间基准。通过忽略非基准帧,仅再映射基准帧的时间基准。基准帧使用基本分组标识符(PID)分组,非基准帧使用增强PID分组,以便分别提供基本和增强的传送位流。
图1示出根据本发明的优选实施例、用于编码、发送和解码视频图像信号的数字视频***;
图2为说明图1的视频***的视频编码器执行的编码的流程图;
图3说明图1的视频编码器的DSS传送分组化器执行的位流分组;
图4说明一***的、比如图2的***的标准DSS视频解码器执行的仅基本流解码操作;以及
图5说明一***的、比如图2的***的改进的DSS视频解码器执行的逐行视频解码操作。
在本发明中,将MPEG-2类型的编码处理改进为提供向后与现有MPEG-2 DSS SD IRD兼容、并且提供附加信息给适当改进的解码器以提供较高质量视频的编码位流。
现在参照图1,示出一个依据本发明优选实施例、用于编码、发送、和解码视频图像信号的数字视频***100。视频编码器110从比如视频摄像机的视频数据源接收视频流。这可能是高质量、59.94Hz(fps)的输入视频数据流。如下面参照图2进一步详细描述的,视频编码器使用比如MPEG-2编码器的编码器编码该数据,以生成逐行视频位流。这可以是比如59.94Hz(fps)的逐行位流。然后由编码器110的另外的功能元件、比如传送编码器(传送IC)将该位流分离为两个流,一个基本流和一个增强流,并作为发送位流在比如DSS信道120的通信介质上发送。
在一个实施例中,传送IC使基本流与现有解码器、比如DSS SD IRD向后兼容,并遵循MPEG-2 MP@ML语法。因此,一个标准、未改进的DSSSD IRD能够接收该压缩的逐行视频的基本流部分。由此,增强的视频传输对未升级的SD接收器和解码器是透明的。也就是说,该增强的视频传输与先前的现有SD格式向后兼容。适当改进的MP@HL类型视频解码器和传送解码器可以用于解码该基本和增强流,以提供高质量的逐行视频。比如,HDTV或EDTV(增强清晰度电视)解码***可以用于此目的。
在一个实施例中,基本流具有29.97Hz(fps)的帧速率,即SDTV速率。与基本流相组合的增强流能够由比如EDTV解码器解码,以为EDTV***提供59.94Hz的逐行位流。因此,编码器110提供具有基本和增强流的组合流。这些一起形成一个能够由比如HDTV或EDTV的增强接收器和解码器接收和解码的增强的传输,以提供逐行视频(比如,59.94Hz)。该基本流可以由比如SDTV的MP@ML型***自身使用,以仅恢复29.97Hz(fps)的MP@ML视频信息。
由此,视频解码器130接收该传送流,并解调和解码以提供有用的输出,比如在监视器(未示出)上的显示。在一个实施例中,视频解码器130是传统的DSS IRD,其提取基本流并将其解码,以提供SDTV 29.97fps的隔行视频。在另一个实施例中,解码器130是依据本发明的HDTV或EDTV解码器,提取并解码基本和增强流两者,以便为EDTV应用提供59.94fps的逐行视频。
在下面的叙述中,使用采用SCID的DSS实施例,并因此参考SCID,尽管将会明白可以使用一般的PID。在一个实施例中,初等基本流为MPEG-2MP@ML视频流,具有按照下述编码顺序的GOP位流结构:
I0 P1 P2…P14在该GOP中,M=1,N=15,并且该GOP位流长度在时间上为15帧/29.97fps=0.5秒。两个显示帧之间的时间间隔为1/29.97秒,与NTSC视频的间隔相同。在一个实施例中,该基本流被分组为带有一个SCID(SCID i)的DSS传送流。
增强流不是遵循MPEG-2的视频位流。在一个实施例中,其仅包括B帧并具有下面的结构:
B0 B1 B2…B14对于该增强位流,和基本位流一样,N=15。两个显示帧之间的时间间隔为1/29.97秒。该增强位流被分组为带有与基本位流的SCID不相同的SCID(即SCID j)的DSS传送流。
现在参照图2,示出说明视频***100的视频编码器110执行的编码的流程图200,生成通过DSS信道120发送的视频传送位流。在一个实施例中,视频编码器110包括一个MPEG-2编码器,提供59.94Hz的逐行视频位流(步骤210)。该逐行视频位流具有按照下面通常的GOP结构顺序的M=2、N=30的GOP结构:
B0 I1 B2 P3 B4 P5 B6 P7 B8 P9 B10 P11 B12 P13 B14 P15 B16 P17 B18P19 B20 P21 B22 P23 B24 P25 B26 P27 B28 P29
编码器110如下所述再映射基本流中基准(I和P)帧的时间基准(步骤202):
I1I0
PnP(n-1)/2再映射基准帧的目的是便于将仅包括这些基准帧的基本流具有连续的时间基准,并且从MP@ML解码器看来是自身包含的,即尽管存在增强流,也与MP@ML解码器向后兼容。
然后视频编码器110的传送IC分别为基本和增强位流从B帧中分离I、P帧(步骤210),并分别给特定帧的每一个分组分配SCID i或SCID j(步骤211、212)。接着视频编码器110的DSS传送分组化器将位流分组为如图3所示的(步骤213)。如图3所示,例如分配SCID i给帧IO的各个分组(在图3中仅示出两个)。
然后,再映射基本位流中的一些传送流参数(步骤220),以便生成遵循DSS传送规范的基本位流。接着,通过DSS信道120传送分组含各自SCID i、j的基本和增强位流,这些分组由包含用于在DSS信道120上接收DSS信号的碟形卫星天线或与其耦合并包括一IRD的视频解码器130接收。IRD自身包含执行传送提取和解压缩的视频/音频解码器电路,即一个传送解码器和一个MPEG视频解码器。
如果视频解码器130是标准MPEG-2 DSS兼容(MP@ML)的解码器,则它不能解码所有的两部分位流以提供逐行视频。但是,由于增强的位流是与现有MPEG-2 DSS型MP@ML解码器向后兼容的,所以解码器130能够解码基本流。因为基本流是MP@ML流,所以DSS视频解码器130能够对其解码,并将其作为59.94Hz隔行视频序列显示。该基本流解码操作在图4中说明,标注SCID i的分组是基本流分组,标注SCID j的分组是增强流分组。如所示的,解码器130的传送解码器电路(IC)提取包含SCID i的I和P帧分组,然后由解码器130的MP@ML兼容的MPEG-2解码单元解码。例如,传送解码器IC提取作为部分基本流、表示用于帧IO的两个SCID I分组以及表示用于帧P1的两个SCID I分组,然后由MP@ML视频解码器解码,以提供SDTV质量视频。
另外,可以将视频解码器130更改为具有传送提取和解码单元的MP@HL-1440 DSS解码器,能够充分利用所有的两部分位流的优点,以提供逐行视频。由此,如果视频解码器130可以解码59.94Hz逐行视频序列,它提取基本和增强流两者并将它们解码,以提供59.94Hz逐行视频,如图5所示。
因此,在本发明中,本发明的编码确保基本流看起来只是单独的SD流,以便SD IRD能够将它们解码,而特别更改的HD IRD能够解码基本和增强流两者以提供逐行视频。因此,本发明提供一种使用非可升级的MPEG语法支持“可升级”传输的方法,而不用特殊的语法支持“可伸缩性”(否则,特殊语法将阻止没有改进的SD IRD解码所发送的位流)。

Claims (12)

1.一种编码视频信号的方法,其特征在于包括下列步骤:
(a)接收包括基准帧和非基准帧的逐行视频位流,基准帧和非基准帧各具有与初始帧序列结构相一致的初始时间基准;
(b)通过忽略非基准帧,再映射基准帧的时间基准;和
(c)使用基本分组标识符(PID)将基准帧分组,使用增强PID将非基准帧分组,以分别提供基本和增强传送位流。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于进一步包括步骤:使用MP@ML解码器,提取和解码仅具有基本PID的分组,以提供MP@ML解码的视频位流。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于进一步包括步骤:使用MP@HL解码器,提取和解码具有基本PID和增强PID两者的分组,以提供基本和增强位流,并组合所述位流以提供MP@HL解码的视频位流。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述基准帧包括I和P帧,所述非基准帧包括B帧。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤(b)包括步骤:再映射基准帧的时间基准,以便使基准帧序号连续。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于每一个PID是一个服务信道标识符(SCID)。
7.一种编码视频信号的装置(110),其特征在于包括:
(a)一个再映射器(202),用于接收包括基准帧和非基准帧的逐行视频位流,基准帧和非基准帧各具有与初始帧序列结构相一致的初始时间基准,并用于通过忽略非基准帧,仅再映射基准帧的时间基准;和
(b)传送分组化器(210-213),用于使用基本分组标识符(PID)将基准帧分组,使用增强PID将非基准帧分组,以分别提供基本和增强传送位流。
8.如权利要求7所述的装置,其特征在于进一步包括MP@ML解码器,用于提取和解码仅具有基本PID的分组,以提供MP@ML解码的视频位流。
9.如权利要求7所述的装置,其特征在于进一步包括MP@HL解码器,用MP@HL解码器提取和解码具有基本PID和增强PID两者的分组,以提供基本和增强位流,并组合所述位流以提供MP@HL解码的视频位流。
10.如权利要求7所述的装置,其特征在于所述基准帧包括I和P帧,所述非基准帧包括B帧。
11.如权利要求7所述的装置,其特征在于再映射器再映射基准帧的时间基准,以便使基准帧序号连续。
12.如权利要求7所述的装置,其特征在于每一个PID是一个服务信道标识符(SCID)。
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JP5118794B2 (ja) 2013-01-16
EP1182877A3 (en) 2004-06-30

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